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Hu Z, Ye W, Zhang Z, Xie T, Yuan W, Wu T. Sensitive detection of abasic sites in double-stranded DNA based on the selective reaction of enzymes. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1223:340220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Bacteria are continuously exposed to numerous endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging agents. To maintain genome integrity and ensure cell survival, bacteria have evolved several DNA repair pathways to correct different types of DNA damage and non-canonical bases, including strand breaks, nucleotide modifications, cross-links, mismatches and ribonucleotide incorporations. Recent advances in genome-wide screens, the availability of thousands of whole-genome sequences and advances in structural biology have enabled the rapid discovery and characterization of novel bacterial DNA repair pathways and new enzymatic activities. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, and we discuss several new repair processes including the EndoMS mismatch correction pathway and the MrfAB excision repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wozniak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lyle A Simmons
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Ntouros PA, Kravvariti E, Vlachogiannis NI, Pappa M, Trougakos IP, Terpos E, Tektonidou MG, Souliotis VL, Sfikakis PP. Oxidative stress and endogenous DNA damage in blood mononuclear cells may predict anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers after vaccination in older adults. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166393. [PMID: 35314351 PMCID: PMC8930778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune senescence in the elderly has been associated with chronic oxidative stress and DNA damage accumulation. Herein we tested the hypothesis that increased endogenous DNA damage and oxidative stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of older adults associate with diminished humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Increased oxidative stress and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were detected in 9 non-immunocompromised individuals aged 80-96 years compared to 11 adults aged 27-44 years, before, as well as on days 1 and 14 after the first dose, and on day 14 after the second dose of the BNT162B2-mRNA vaccine (all p < 0.05). SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced a resolvable increase in oxidative stress and DNA damage, but individual DSB-repair efficiency was unaffected by vaccination irrespective of age, confirming vaccination safety. Individual titers of anti-Spike-Receptor Binding Domain (S-RBD)-IgG antibodies, and the neutralizing capacity of circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, measured on day 14 after the second dose in all participants, correlated inversely with the corresponding pre-vaccination endogenous oxidative stress and DSB levels (all p < 0.05). In particular, a strong inverse correlation of individual pre-vaccination DSB levels with both the respective anti-S-RBD-IgG antibodies titers (r = -0.867) and neutralizing capacity of circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (r = -0.983) among the 9 older adults was evident. These findings suggest that humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may be weaker when immune cells are under oxidative and/or genomic stress. Whether such measurements may serve as biomarkers of vaccine efficacy in older adults warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Ntouros
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evrydiki Kravvariti
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Postgraduate Medical Studies in the Physiology of Aging and Geriatric Syndromes, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I Vlachogiannis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria G Tektonidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L Souliotis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Postgraduate Medical Studies in the Physiology of Aging and Geriatric Syndromes, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Tang MS, Lee HW, Weng MW, Wang HT, Hu Y, Chen LC, Park SH, Chan HW, Xu J, Wu XR, Wang H, Yang R, Galdane K, Jackson K, Chu A, Halzack E. DNA damage, DNA repair and carcinogenicity: Tobacco smoke versus electronic cigarette aerosol. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108409. [PMID: 35690412 PMCID: PMC9208310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The allure of tobacco smoking is linked to the instant gratification provided by inhaled nicotine. Unfortunately, tobacco curing and burning generates many mutagens including more than 70 carcinogens. There are two types of mutagens and carcinogens in tobacco smoke (TS): direct DNA damaging carcinogens and procarcinogens, which require metabolic activation to become DNA damaging. Recent studies provide three new insights on TS-induced DNA damage. First, two major types of TS DNA damage are induced by direct carcinogen aldehydes, cyclic-1,N2-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (γ-OH-PdG) and α-methyl-1, N2-γ-OH-PdG, rather than by the procarcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. Second, TS reduces DNA repair proteins and activity levels. TS aldehydes also prevent procarcinogen activation. Based on these findings, we propose that aldehydes are major sources of TS induce DNA damage and a driving force for carcinogenesis. E-cigarettes (E-cigs) are designed to deliver nicotine in an aerosol state, without burning tobacco. E-cigarette aerosols (ECAs) contain nicotine, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin. ECAs induce O6-methyl-deoxyguanosines (O6-medG) and cyclic γ-hydroxy-1,N2--propano-dG (γ-OH-PdG) in mouse lung, heart and bladder tissues and causes a reduction of DNA repair proteins and activity in lungs. Nicotine and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) induce the same types of DNA adducts and cause DNA repair inhibition in human cells. After long-term exposure, ECAs induce lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice. We propose that E-cig nicotine can be nitrosated in mouse and human cells becoming nitrosamines, thereby causing two carcinogenic effects, induction of DNA damage and inhibition of DNA repair, and that ECA is carcinogenic in mice. Thus, this article reviews the newest literature on DNA adducts and DNA repair inhibition induced by nicotine and ECAs in mice and cultured human cells, and provides insights into ECA carcinogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States.
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Huei-Wei Chan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Jiheng Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departmemt of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016, United States
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson MedicalSchool, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Karen Galdane
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Kathryn Jackson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Annie Chu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Elizabeth Halzack
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
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5
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Ripanti F, Fasolato C, Mazzarda F, Palleschi S, Ceccarini M, Li C, Bignami M, Bodo E, Bell SEJ, Mazzei F, Postorino P. Advanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection of Oxidative Damage in Nucleic Acid Bases: Probing Chemical Changes and Intermolecular Interactions in Guanosine at Ultralow Concentration. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10825-10833. [PMID: 34324303 PMCID: PMC8382216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA/RNA synthesis precursors are especially vulnerable to damage induced by reactive oxygen species occurring following oxidative stress. Guanosine triphosphates are the prevalent oxidized nucleotides, which can be misincorporated during replication, leading to mutations and cell death. Here, we present a novel method based on micro-Raman spectroscopy, combined with ab initio calculations, for the identification, detection, and quantification of oxidized nucleotides at low concentration. We also show that the Raman signature in the terahertz spectral range (<100 cm-1) contains information on the intermolecular assembly of guanine in tetrads, which allows us to further boost the oxidative damage detection limit. Eventually, we provide evidence that similar analyses can be carried out on samples in very small volumes at very low concentrations by exploiting the high sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering combined with properly designed superhydrophobic substrates. These results pave the way for employing such advanced spectroscopic methods for quantitatively sensing the oxidative damage of nucleotides in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ripanti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fasolato
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, Perugia, Italy
| | - Flavia Mazzarda
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Palleschi
- Department of Environment & Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Ceccarini
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Chunchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Margherita Bignami
- Department of Environment & Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bodo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven E J Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Filomena Mazzei
- Department of Environment & Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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6
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Vaidyanathan S, Weerakoon-Ratnayake KM, Uba FI, Hu B, Kaufman D, Choi J, Park S, Soper SA. Thermoplastic nanofluidic devices for identifying abasic sites in single DNA molecules. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1579-1589. [PMID: 33651049 PMCID: PMC8293902 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage can take many forms such as double-strand breaks and/or the formation of abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic; AP) sites. The presence of AP sites can be used to determine therapeutic efficacy of many drugs, such as doxorubicin. While there are different assays to search for DNA damage, they are fraught with limitations, such as the need for large amounts of DNA secured from millions of cells. This is challenging due to the growing importance of using liquid biopsies as a source of biomarkers for many in vitro diagnostic assays. To accommodate the mass limits imposed by the use of liquid biopsies, we report a single-molecule DNA damage assay that uses plastic nanofluidic chips to stretch DNA to near its full contour length when the channel dimensions (width and depth) are near the persistence length (∼50 nm) of double-stranded (ds) DNA. The nanofluidic chip consisted of input funnels for high loading efficiency of single DNA molecules, entropic traps to store the DNA and simultaneously load a series of nanochannels for high throughput processing, and an array of stretching nanochannels to read the AP sites. Single dsDNA molecules, which were labeled with an intercalating dye and a biotinylated aldehyde reactive probe (bARP), could be parked in the stretching nanochannels, where the AP sites were read directly using a dual-color fluorescence microscope equipped with an EMCCD camera. One color of the microscope was used to read the DNA length and the second color detected the AP sites. The nanofluidic chip was made from thermoplastics via nanoimprint lithography, which obviated the need for direct writing the devices in glass or quartz using focused ion beam milling. We show that we can read the frequency of AP sites in single dsDNA molecules with the frequency of AP sites determined by associating fluorescently-labeled streptavidin with bARP through a biotin/streptavidin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnagowri Vaidyanathan
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA and Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kumuditha M Weerakoon-Ratnayake
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA and Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Franklin I Uba
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David Kaufman
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Junseo Choi
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA and Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sunggook Park
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA and Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Steven A Soper
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA and Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA and Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA and Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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7
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Detection of Genomic Uracil Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083902. [PMID: 33918885 PMCID: PMC8070346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of uracil in the deoxyuridine moiety of DNA is among the most frequently occurring genomic modifications. Three different routes can result in genomic uracil, two of which do not require specific enzymes: spontaneous cytosine deamination due to the inherent chemical reactivity of living cells, and thymine-replacing incorporation upon nucleotide pool imbalances. There is also an enzymatic pathway of cytosine deamination with multiple DNA (cytosine) deaminases involved in this process. In order to describe potential roles of genomic uracil, it is of key importance to utilize efficient uracil-DNA detection methods. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and critical assessment of currently available uracil detection methods with special focus on genome-wide mapping solutions. Recent developments in PCR-based and in situ detection as well as the quantitation of genomic uracil are also discussed.
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Pitucha M, Korga-Plewko A, Czylkowska A, Rogalewicz B, Drozd M, Iwan M, Kubik J, Humeniuk E, Adamczuk G, Karczmarzyk Z, Fornal E, Wysocki W, Bartnik P. Influence of Complexation of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives with Cu (II) Ions on Their Antitumor Activity against Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063104. [PMID: 33803618 PMCID: PMC8002893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of thiosemicarbazone derivatives was prepared and their anti-tumor activity in vitro was tested. The X-ray investigation performed for compounds T2, T3 and T5 confirmed the synthesis pathway and assumed molecular structures of analyzed thiosemicarbazones. The conformational preferences of the thiosemicarbazone system were characterized using theoretical calculations by AM1 method. Selected compounds were converted into complexes of Cu (II) ions. The effect of complexing on anti-tumor activity has been investigated. The copper(II) complexes, with Schiff bases T1, T10, T12, T13, and T16 have been synthesized and characterized by chemical and elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and TGA method. Thermal properties of coordination compounds were studied using TG-DTG techniques under dry air atmosphere. G361, A375, and SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells and BJ human normal fibroblast cells were treated with tested compounds and their cytotoxicity was evaluated with MTT test. The compounds with the most promising anti-tumour activity were then selected and their cytotoxicity was verified with cell cycle analysis and apoptosis/necrosis detection. Additionally, DNA damages in the form of a basic sites presence and the expression of oxidative stress and DNA damage response genes were evaluated. The obtained results indicate that complexation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives with Cu (II) ions improves their antitumor activity against melanoma cells. The observed cytotoxic effect is associated with DNA damage and G2/M phase of cell cycle arrest as well as disorders of the antioxidant enzymes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-7240
| | - Agnieszka Korga-Plewko
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (G.A.)
| | - Agnieszka Czylkowska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Bartłomiej Rogalewicz
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Monika Drozd
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Iwan
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kubik
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (G.A.)
| | - Ewelina Humeniuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (G.A.)
| | - Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.-P.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (G.A.)
| | - Zbigniew Karczmarzyk
- Faculty of Science, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (Z.K.); (W.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Chair and Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Waldemar Wysocki
- Faculty of Science, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (Z.K.); (W.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Paulina Bartnik
- Faculty of Science, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (Z.K.); (W.W.); (P.B.)
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Saha A, Zhao S, Chen Z, Georgiou G, Stone E, Kidane D, DiGiovanni J. Combinatorial Approaches to Enhance DNA Damage following Enzyme-Mediated Depletion of L-Cys for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Ther 2021; 29:775-787. [PMID: 33091613 PMCID: PMC7854304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest forms of cancer with very few available therapeutic options. We previously reported that an engineered human enzyme, cyst(e)inase, which degrades L-cysteine (L-Cys) and cystine, inhibits growth of multiple cancer cells, including PDAC both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that cyst(e)inase treatment leads to increased clustered oxidative DNA damage, DNA single-strand breaks, apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in PDAC cells sensitive to intracellular depletion of L-Cys that is associated with reduced survival. BRCA2-deficient PDAC cells exhibited increased DSBs and enhanced sensitivity to cyst(e)inase. The blocking of a second antioxidant pathway (thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase) using auranofin or inhibiting DNA repair using the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, led to significant increases in DSBs following cyst(e)inase treatment in all PDAC cells examined. Cyst(e)inase plus olaparib also synergistically inhibited growth of sensitive and resistant PDAC cells in both xenograft and allograft tumor models. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for oxidative DNA damage and ultimately DNA DSBs in the anticancer action of cyst(e)inase. The data further show the potential for combining agents that target alternate antioxidant pathways or by targeting DNA repair pathways or genetic liabilities in DNA repair pathways to enhance the therapeutic action of cyst(e)inase for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Shengyuan Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Everett Stone
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA; Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA; Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes, Austin, TX, USA.
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10
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Guo J, Chen H, Upadhyaya P, Zhao Y, Turesky RJ, Hecht SS. Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in Tissue DNA of Rats Exposed to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and in Lung and Leukocyte DNA of Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2475-2486. [PMID: 32833447 PMCID: PMC7574376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) results in formation of reactive electrophiles that modify DNA to produce a variety of products including methyl, 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobutyl (POB)-, and 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-hydroxybutyl adducts. Among these are adducts such as 7-POB-deoxyguanosine (N7POBdG) which can lead to apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites by facile hydrolysis of the base-deoxyribonucleoside bond. In this study, we used a recently developed highly sensitive mass spectrometric method to quantitate AP sites by derivatization with O-(pyridin-3-yl-methyl)hydroxylamine (PMOA) (detection limit, 2 AP sites per 108 nucleotides). AP sites were quantified in DNA isolated from tissues of rats treated with NNN and NNK and from human lung tissue and leukocytes of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Rats treated with 5 or 21 mg/kg bw NNK for 4 days by s.c. injection had 2-6 and 2-17 times more AP sites than controls in liver and lung DNA (p < 0.05). Increases in AP sites were also found in liver DNA of rats exposed for 10 and 30 weeks (p < 0.05) but not for 50 and 70 weeks to 5 ppm of NNK in their drinking water. Levels of N7POBG were significantly correlated with AP sites in rats treated with NNK. In rats treated with 14 ppm (S)-NNN in their drinking water for 10 weeks, increased AP site formation compared to controls was observed in oral and nasal respiratory mucosa DNA (p < 0.05). No significant increase in AP sites was found in human lung and leukocyte DNA of cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers, although AP sites in leukocyte DNA were significantly correlated with urinary levels of the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). This is the first study to use mass spectrometry based methods to examine AP site formation by carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in laboratory animals and to evaluate AP sites in DNA of smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haoqing Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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11
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Liu ZJ, Martínez Cuesta S, van Delft P, Balasubramanian S. Sequencing abasic sites in DNA at single-nucleotide resolution. Nat Chem 2019; 11:629-637. [PMID: 31209299 PMCID: PMC6589398 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In DNA, the loss of a nucleobase by hydrolysis generates an abasic site. Formed as a result of DNA damage, as well as a key intermediate during the base excision repair pathway, abasic sites are frequent DNA lesions that can lead to mutations and strand breaks. Here we present snAP-seq, a chemical approach that selectively exploits the reactive aldehyde moiety at abasic sites to reveal their location within DNA at single-nucleotide resolution. Importantly, the approach resolves abasic sites from other aldehyde functionalities known to exist in genomic DNA. snAP-seq was validated on synthetic DNA and then applied to two separate genomes. We studied the distribution of thymine modifications in the Leishmania major genome by enzymatically converting these modifications into abasic sites followed by abasic site mapping. We also applied snAP-seq directly to HeLa DNA to provide a map of endogenous abasic sites in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergio Martínez Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Kahanda D, Singh N, Boothman DA, Slinker JD. Following anticancer drug activity in cell lysates with DNA devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 119:1-9. [PMID: 30098460 PMCID: PMC6217983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need to track the selectivity of anticancer drug activity and to understand the mechanisms of associated biological activity. Here we focus our studies on the specific NQO1 bioactivatable drug, ß-lapachone, which is in several Phase I clinical trials to treat human non-small cell lung, pancreatic and breast cancers. Multi-electrode chips with electrochemically-active DNA monolayers are used to track anticancer drug activity in cellular lysates and correlate cell death activity with DNA damage. Cells were prepared from the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231 (231) to be proficient or deficient in expression of the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) enzyme, which is overexpressed in most solid cancers and lacking in control healthy cells. Cells were lysed and added to chips, and the impact of β-lapachone (β-lap), an NQO1-dependent DNA-damaging drug, was tracked with DNA electrochemical signal changes arising from drug-induced DNA damage. Electrochemical DNA devices showed a 3.7-fold difference in the electrochemical responses in NQO1+ over NQO1- cell lysates, as well as 10-20-fold selectivity to catalase and dicoumarol controls that deactivate DNA damaging pathways. Concentration-dependence studies revealed that 1.4 µM β-lap correlated with the onset of cell death from viability assays and the midpoint of DNA damage on the chip, and 2.5 µM β-lap correlated with the midpoint of cell death and the saturation of DNA damage on the chip. Results indicate that these devices could inform therapeutic decisions for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimithree Kahanda
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., PHY 36, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, 980 W. Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3 C524, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David A Boothman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, 980 W. Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3 C524, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jason D Slinker
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., PHY 36, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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13
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Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Wadhwa M, Sanders LH. DNA damage by oxidative stress: Measurement strategies for two genomes. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Sachla AJ, Eichenbaum Z. The GAS PefCD exporter is a MDR system that confers resistance to heme and structurally diverse compounds. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:68. [PMID: 27095127 PMCID: PMC4837585 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the etiological agent of a variety of local and invasive infections as well as post-infection complications in humans. This β-hemolytic bacterium encounters environmental heme in vivo in a concentration that depends on the infection type and stage. While heme is a noxious molecule, the regulation of cellular heme levels and toxicity is underappreciated in GAS. We previously reported that heme induces three GAS genes that are similar to the pefRCD (porphyrin regulated efflux) genes from group B streptococcus. Here, we investigate the contributions of the GAS pef genes to heme management and physiology. Results In silico analysis revealed that the PefCD proteins entail a Class-1 ABC-type transporter with homology to selected MDR systems from Gram-positive bacteria. RT-PCR experiments confirmed that the pefRCD genes are transcribed to polycistronic mRNA and that a pefC insertion inactivation mutant lost the expression of both pefC and pefD genes. This mutant was hypersensitive to heme, exhibiting significant growth inhibition already in the presence of 1 μM heme. In addition, the pefC mutant was more sensitive to several drugs and nucleic acid dyes and demonstrated higher cellular accumulation of heme in comparison with the wild type and the complemented strains. Finally, the absence of the PefCD transporter potentiated the damaging effects of heme on GAS building blocks including lipids and DNA. Conclusion We show here that in GAS, the pefCD genes encode a multi-drug efflux system that allows the bacterium to circumvent the challenges imposed by labile heme. This is the first heme resistance machinery described in GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita J Sachla
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA, 30302-4010, USA
| | - Zehava Eichenbaum
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA, 30302-4010, USA.
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15
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Li C, Wang H. Selective enzymatic cleavage and labeling for sensitive capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence analysis of oxidized DNA bases. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Wei S, Shalhout S, Ahn YH, Bhagwat AS. A versatile new tool to quantify abasic sites in DNA and inhibit base excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 27:9-18. [PMID: 25616257 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of endogenous and exogenous agents, and cellular processes create abasic (AP) sites in DNA. If unrepaired, AP sites cause mutations, strand breaks and cell death. Aldehyde-reactive agent methoxyamine reacts with AP sites and blocks their repair. Another alkoxyamine, ARP, tags AP sites with a biotin and is used to quantify these sites. We have combined both these abilities into one alkoxyamine, AA3, which reacts with AP sites with a better pH profile and reactivity than ARP. Additionally, AA3 contains an alkyne functionality for bioorthogonal click chemistry that can be used to link a wide variety of biochemical tags to AP sites. We used click chemistry to tag AP sites with biotin and a fluorescent molecule without the use of proteins or enzymes. AA3 has a better reactivity profile than ARP and gives much higher product yields at physiological pH than ARP. It is simpler to use than ARP and its use results in lower background and greater sensitivity for AP site detection. We also show that AA3 inhibits the first enzyme in the repair of abasic sites, APE-1, to about the same extent as methoxyamine. Furthermore, AA3 enhances the ability of an alkylating agent, methylmethane sulfonate, to kill human cells and is more effective in such combination chemotherapy than methoxyamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqiao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Sophia Shalhout
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Ashok S Bhagwat
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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17
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Accumulation of abasic sites induces genomic instability in normal human gastric epithelial cells during Helicobacter pylori infection. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e128. [PMID: 25417725 PMCID: PMC4259965 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of the human stomach is associated with inflammation that leads to the release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs), eliciting DNA damage in host cells. Unrepaired DNA damage leads to genomic instability that is associated with cancer. Base excision repair (BER) is critical to maintain genomic stability during RONs-induced DNA damage, but little is known about its role in processing DNA damage associated with H. pylori infection of normal gastric epithelial cells. Here, we show that upon H. pylori infection, abasic (AP) sites accumulate and lead to increased levels of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). In contrast, downregulation of the OGG1 DNA glycosylase decreases the levels of both AP sites and DSBs during H. pylori infection. Processing of AP sites during different phases of the cell cycle leads to an elevation in the levels of DSBs. Therefore, the induction of oxidative DNA damage by H. pylori and subsequent processing by BER in normal gastric epithelial cells has the potential to lead to genomic instability that may have a role in the development of gastric cancer. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that precise coordination of BER processing of DNA damage is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability.
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18
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Fedorova M, Bollineni RC, Hoffmann R. Protein carbonylation as a major hallmark of oxidative damage: update of analytical strategies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:79-97. [PMID: 23832618 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation, one of the most harmful irreversible oxidative protein modifications, is considered as a major hallmark of oxidative stress-related disorders. Protein carbonyl measurements are often performed to assess the extent of oxidative stress in the context of cellular damage, aging and several age-related disorders. A wide variety of analytical techniques are available to detect and quantify protein-bound carbonyls generated by metal-catalyzed oxidation, lipid peroxidation or glycation/glycoxidation. Here we review current analytical approaches for protein carbonyl detection with a special focus on mass spectrometry-based techniques. The utility of several carbonyl-derivatization reagents, enrichment protocols and especially advanced mass spectrometry techniques are compared and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms and biology of protein carbonylation are summarized based on recent high-throughput proteomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Tadesse S, Kidane D, Guller S, Luo T, Norwitz NG, Arcuri F, Toti P, Norwitz ER. In vivo and in vitro evidence for placental DNA damage in preeclampsia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86791. [PMID: 24466242 PMCID: PMC3899334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is an idiopathic multisystem disease affecting 5–7% of pregnant women. Placental oxidative stress is a characteristic feature of PE and occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the placenta overwhelms the intrinsic anti-oxidant defenses. We hypothesize that excessive oxidative DNA damage at the fetal-maternal interface coupled with a defective DNA damage/repair response is causally related to PE. Here we demonstrate that γH2AX (a sensitive marker of DNA damage) is expressed in the maternal decidua but not trophoblast of normal placentas, and that expression is significantly higher in PE placental tissues in vivo. Using primary in vitro cultures of maternal decidual stromal cells (DSCs) and fetal cytotrophoblast cells (CTs), we show an increase in γH2AX foci in DSCs cultured with vs without H2O2 (70.6% vs 11.6%; P<0.0001) or under hypoxia-reperfusion vs normoxia (20- vs 3-fold; P = 0.01); no foci were seen in CTs. We further demonstrate that Base Excision Repair (BER) intermediates are significantly increased in DSCs (not CTs) under these same conditions. Our data show that DNA damage is significantly more common in PE placentas, and that this DNA damage is localized to the maternal and not fetal side of the placenta. CTs may be selectively resistant to DNA damage in an effort to protect the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkalem Tadesse
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tianmeng Luo
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G. Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Felice Arcuri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Toti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Errol R. Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Iyer P, Srinivasan A, Singh SK, Mascara GP, Zayitova S, Sidone B, Fouquerel E, Svilar D, Sobol RW, Bobola MS, Silber JR, Gold B. Synthesis and characterization of DNA minor groove binding alkylating agents. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:156-68. [PMID: 23234400 DOI: 10.1021/tx300437x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of methyl 3-(1-methyl-5-(1-methyl-5-(propylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylamino)-3-oxopropane-1-sulfonate (1), a peptide-based DNA minor groove binding methylating agent, were synthesized and characterized. In all cases, the N-terminus was appended with an O-methyl sulfonate ester, while the C-terminus group was varied with nonpolar and polar side chains. In addition, the number of pyrrole rings was varied from 2 (dipeptide) to 3 (tripeptide). The ability of the different analogues to efficiently generate N3-methyladenine was demonstrated as was their selectivity for minor groove (N3-methyladenine) versus major groove (N7-methylguanine) methylation. Induced circular dichroism studies were used to measure the DNA equilibrium binding properties of the stable sulfone analogues; the tripeptide binds with affinity that is >10-fold higher than that of the dipeptide. The toxicities of the compounds were evaluated in alkA/tag glycosylase mutant E. coli and in human WT glioma cells and in cells overexpressing and under-expressing N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase, which excises N3-methyladenine from DNA. The results show that equilibrium binding correlates with the levels of N3-methyladenine produced and cellular toxicity. The toxicity of 1 was inversely related to the expression of MPG in both the bacterial and mammalian cell lines. The enhanced toxicity parallels the reduced activation of PARP and the diminished rate of formation of aldehyde reactive sites observed in the MPG knockdown cells. It is proposed that unrepaired N3-methyladenine is toxic due to its ability to directly block DNA polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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21
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Song S, Xing G, Yuan L, Wang J, Wang S, Yin Y, Tian C, He F, Zhang L. N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase inhibits p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and coordinates with p53 to determine sensitivity to alkylating agents. Cell Res 2012; 22:1285-303. [PMID: 22801474 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents induce genome-wide base damage, which is repaired mainly by N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG). An elevated expression of MPG in certain types of tumor cells confers higher sensitivity to alkylation agents because MPG-induced apurinic/apyrimidic (AP) sites trigger more strand breaks. However, the determinant of drug sensitivity or insensitivity still remains unclear. Here, we report that the p53 status coordinates with MPG to play a pivotal role in such process. MPG expression is positive in breast, lung and colon cancers (38.7%, 43.4% and 25.3%, respectively) but negative in all adjacent normal tissues. MPG directly binds to the tumor suppressor p53 and represses p53 activity in unstressed cells. The overexpression of MPG reduced, whereas depletion of MPG increased, the expression levels of pro-arrest gene downstream of p53 including p21, 14-3-3σ and Gadd45 but not proapoptotic ones. The N-terminal region of MPG was specifically required for the interaction with the DNA binding domain of p53. Upon DNA alkylation stress, in p53 wild-type tumor cells, p53 dissociated from MPG and induced cell growth arrest. Then, AP sites were repaired efficiently, which led to insensitivity to alkylating agents. By contrast, in p53-mutated cells, the AP sites were repaired with low efficacy. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence to show that a DNA repair enzyme functions as a selective regulator of p53, and these findings provide new insights into the functional linkage between MPG and p53 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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22
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Fattorini P, Marrubini G, Sorçaburu-Cigliero S, Pitacco P, Grignani P, Previderè C. CE analysis and molecular characterisation of depurinated DNA samples. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3042-52. [PMID: 22002769 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A DNA sample was partially degraded by scalar heat-acid treatments to study the extent of apurinic-apyrimidinic (A-P) lesions produced along the molecule. A CE-UV method allowed us to measure the rate of depurination at pH 5.0 and 70°C which was calculated to be 5.41×10(-6) s(-1) for adenine and 6.27×10(-6) s(-1) for guanine. CE identified depurination on treated samples when it occurred with a loss of >4% of the basic moieties. The molecular features of the A-P enriched samples were investigated by using molecular assays (agarose gel electrophoresis, UV spectrophotometry and quantitative PCR) and the consistency of the results of the STR typing were compared with the degree of depurination of the PCR template. The treated DNA samples showed molecular features such as fragmentation, altered OD(260) /OD(280) ratios and decreased ability of the quantitative PCR to synthesise the human target, related to the severity of depurination. A satisfactory correlation between the degree of damage and the amount of residual PCR-sensitive target sequences was also demonstrated (r(2) =0.9717). The conventional and mini-STR typing of the samples showed that the genetic outcome was influenced by a depurination damage that exceeded 4% when locus drop-outs and artefactual PCR results were evident. As the success of STR typing depends on the integrity of the DNA recovered from the samples, the CE-UV, physical and molecular assays described here are proposed as a set of useful methods in the analysis of certain forensic and clinical samples, for a critical evaluation of the outcome of the genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fattorini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health, University of Trieste, Italy.
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23
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Noguera JC, Lores M, Alonso-Álvarez C, Velando A. Thrifty development: early-life diet restriction reduces oxidative damage during later growth. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bapat A, Glass LS, Luo M, Fishel ML, Long EC, Georgiadis MM, Kelley MR. Novel small-molecule inhibitor of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 blocks proliferation and reduces viability of glioblastoma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:988-98. [PMID: 20504914 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (Ape1) is an essential DNA repair protein that plays a critical role in repair of AP sites via base excision repair. Ape1 has received attention as a druggable oncotherapeutic target, especially for treating intractable cancers such as glioblastoma. The goal of this study was to identify small-molecule inhibitors of Ape1 AP endonuclease. For this purpose, a fluorescence-based high-throughput assay was used to screen a library of 60,000 small-molecule compounds for ability to inhibit Ape1 AP endonuclease activity. Four compounds with IC(50) values less than 10 microM were identified, validated, and characterized. One of the most promising compounds, designated Ape1 repair inhibitor 03 [2,4,9-trimethylbenzo[b][1,8]-naphthyridin-5-amine; AR03), inhibited cleavage of AP sites in vivo in SF767 glioblastoma cells and in vitro in whole cell extracts and inhibited purified human Ape1 in vitro. AR03 has low affinity for double-stranded DNA and weakly inhibits the Escherichia coli endonuclease IV, requiring a 20-fold higher concentration than for inhibition of Ape1. AR03 also potentiates the cytotoxicity of methyl methanesulfonate and temozolomide in SF767 cells. AR03 is chemically distinct from the previously reported small-molecule inhibitors of Ape1. AR03 is a novel small-molecule inhibitor of Ape1, which may have potential as an oncotherapeutic drug for treating glioblastoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bapat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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26
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O'Callaghan NJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Fenech M. Weight Loss in Obese Men Is Associated with Increased Telomere Length and Decreased Abasic Sites in Rectal Mucosa. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:169-76. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. O'Callaghan
- CSIRO Human Nutrition and Food Science Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter M. Clifton
- CSIRO Human Nutrition and Food Science Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- CSIRO Human Nutrition and Food Science Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Human Nutrition and Food Science Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Chapter 6 Application of New Methods for Detection of DNA Damage and Repair. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 277:217-51. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)77006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Monaghan P, Metcalfe NB, Torres R. Oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs: mechanisms, measurements and interpretation. Ecol Lett 2008; 12:75-92. [PMID: 19016828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of trade-offs is central to our understanding of life-history evolution. The underlying mechanisms, however, have been little studied. Oxidative stress results from a mismatch between the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the organism's capacity to mitigate their damaging effects. Managing oxidative stress is likely to be a major determinant of life histories, as virtually all activities generate ROS. There is a recent burgeoning of interest in how oxidative stress is related to different components of animal performance. The emphasis to date has been on immediate or short-term effects, but there is an increasing realization that oxidative stress will influence life histories over longer time scales. The concept of oxidative stress is currently used somewhat loosely by many ecologists, and the erroneous assumption often made that dietary antioxidants are necessarily the major line of defence against ROS-induced damage. We summarize current knowledge on how oxidative stress occurs and the different methods for measuring it, and highlight where ecologists can be too simplistic in their approach. We critically review the potential role of oxidative stress in mediating life-history trade-offs, and present a framework for formulating appropriate hypotheses and guiding experimental design. We indicate throughout potentially fruitful areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Monaghan
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK.
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29
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Palud A, Villani G, L'Haridon S, Querellou J, Raffin JP, Henneke G. Intrinsic properties of the two replicative DNA polymerases of Pyrococcus abyssi in replicating abasic sites: possible role in DNA damage tolerance? Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:746-61. [PMID: 18826407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous and induced abasic sites in hyperthermophiles DNA have long been suspected to occur at high frequency. Here, Pyrococcus abyssi was used as an attractive model to analyse the impact of such lesions onto the maintenance of genome integrity. We demonstrated that endogenous AP sites persist at a slightly higher level in P. abyssi genome compared with Escherichia coli. Then, the two replicative DNA polymerases, PabpolB and PabpolD, were characterized in presence of DNA containing abasic sites. Both Pabpols had abortive DNA synthesis upon encountering AP sites. Under running start conditions, PabpolB could incorporate in front of the damage and even replicate to the full-length oligonucleotides containing a specific AP site, but only when present at a molar excess. Conversely, bypassing activity of PabpolD was strictly inhibited. The tight regulation of nucleotide incorporation opposite the AP site was assigned to the efficiency of the proof-reading function, because exonuclease-deficient enzymes exhibited effective TLS. Steady-state kinetics reinforced that Pabpols are high-fidelity DNA polymerases onto undamaged DNA. Moreover, Pabpols preferentially inserted dAMP opposite an AP site, albeit inefficiently. While the template sequence of the oligonucleotides did not influence the nucleotide insertion, the DNA topology could impact on the progression of Pabpols. Our results are interpreted in terms of DNA damage tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Palud
- Ifremer, UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Rodriguez-Calvo R, Serrano L, Barroso E, Coll T, Palomer X, Camins A, Sanchez RM, Alegret M, Merlos M, Pallas M, Laguna JC, Vazquez-Carrera M. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Down-Regulation Is Associated With Enhanced Ceramide Levels in Age-Associated Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:1326-36. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.12.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Kow YW, Imhoff B, Weiss B, Hung DCI, Hindoyan AA, Story RM, Goodman SD. Escherichia coli HU protein has a role in the repair of abasic sites in DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6672-80. [PMID: 17916578 PMCID: PMC2095813 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HU is one of the most abundant DNA binding proteins in Escherichia coli. We find that it binds strongly to DNA containing an abasic (AP) site or tetrahydrofuran (THF) (apparent K(d) approximately 50 nM). It also possesses an AP lyase activity that cleaves at a deoxyribose but not at a THF residue. The binding and cleavage of an AP site was observed only with the HUalphabeta heterodimer. Site-specific mutations at K3 and R61 residues led to a change in substrate binding and cleavage. Both K3A(alpha)K3A(beta) and R61A(alpha)R61A(beta) mutant HU showed significant reduction in binding to DNA containing AP site; however, only R61A(alpha)R61A(beta) mutant protein exhibited significant loss in AP lyase activity. Both K3A(alpha)K3A(beta) and R61K(alpha)R61K(beta) showed slight reduction in AP lyase activities. The function of HU protein as an AP lyase was confirmed by the ability of hupA or hupB mutations to further reduce the viability of an E. coli dut(Ts) xth mutant, which generates lethal AP sites at 37 degrees C; the hupA and hupB derivatives, respectively, had a 6-fold and a 150-fold lower survival at 37 degrees C than did the parental strain. These data suggest, therefore, that HU protein plays a significant role in the repair of AP sites in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke W Kow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Fundador E, Rusling J. Detection of labeled abasic sites in damaged DNA by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1883-90. [PMID: 17206410 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Removal of nucleobases from the DNA backbone leads to the formation of abasic sites. The rate of abasic site formation is significantly increased for chemically damaged nucleobases. Thus, abasic sites serve as general biomarkers for the quantification of DNA damage. Herein, we show that capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) can be used to detect the amount of abasic sites with very high sensitivity. For proof of concept, DNA was incubated with methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and the damaged bases were removed by incubation at 80 degrees C. The resulting abasic sites were then tagged with a fluorescent aldehyde-reactive probe (FARP). The DNA was precipitated with ethanol, and then analyzed by CE-LIF. CE-LIF and HPLC analysis shows that the fluorescently tagged DNA (DNA-FARP) had a peak area directly proportional to the amount of N-7 methyl guanines. The CE-LIF method had a detection limit of 1.2 abasic sites per 1,000,000 bases or ca. 20 attomoles of abasic sites. This provides a general method for detecting DNA damage that is not only faster but also has comparable or better sensitivity than the alternative ELISA-like method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Fundador
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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Bennett SE, Kitner J. Characterization of the aldehyde reactive probe reaction with AP-sites in DNA: influence of AP-lyase on adduct stability. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:823-42. [PMID: 16898421 PMCID: PMC3038638 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600726133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxyamines react with the open-chain aldehyde form of AP-sites in DNA to produce open-chain aldehyde oximes. Here we characterize the effect of AP-site cleavage by yeast AP-endonuclease 1 (APN1) or T4 pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase/AP-lyase (T4 Pdg) on the efficiency and stability of the alkoxyamine aldehyde reactive probe (ARP) condensation reaction with AP-sites. The results indicate that (1) reaction of ARP with the open-chain aldehyde equilibrium form of the AP-site was less efficient than with the 3'-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde produced by T4 Pdg; (2) the dRP moiety was least reactive with ARP; (3) both the AP-site and 3'-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde were stable with regard to reaction with ARP over a 30-min incubation period at 37 degrees C; and (4) ARP adducted to the open-chain aldehyde form of the AP-site could be replaced by methoxyamine, but the 3'-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde ARP oxime was stable against methoxyamine attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Bennett
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7301, USA.
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Yanagisawa H, Hirano A, Sugawara M. A dot-blot method for quantification of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in DNA using an avidin plate and liposomes encapsulating a fluorescence dye. Anal Biochem 2005; 332:358-67. [PMID: 15325305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A dot-blot method for quantification of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in genomic DNA (calf thymus DNA) is described using an avidin-modified glass slip and biotinylated liposomes containing sulforhodamine B as a fluorescence marker. Aldehyde reactive probe (ARP)-tagged DNA was found to be strongly adsorbed on an avidin slip, even if treated with ethanolamine and biotin, with an efficiency of 51% due to the positive surface charge of avidin, and unbound ARP was easily washed out of the surface with Milli-Q water. In the assay protocol, calf thymus DNA containing AP sites is reacted with ARP in solution and immobilized on an ethanolamine- and biotin-treated avidin slip (EAB-avidin slip), followed by incubation with streptavidin. The AP sites were finally quantified with biotinylated liposomes containing 1.5 mM sulforhodamine B as a fluorescence marker. The mean fluorescence intensity over the surface of the slip was an analytically relevant measure of the amount of AP sites in calf thymus DNA. By using the dot-blot assay, 1-5 AP sites per 10(4) nucleotides in 5 and 100 ng of DNA were quantified. The current dot-blot method has potential for quantification of AP sites in genomic DNA at a level of several nanograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Belinky PA, Flikshtein N, Lechenko S, Gepstein S, Dosoretz CG. Reactive oxygen species and induction of lignin peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6500-6. [PMID: 14602606 PMCID: PMC262269 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.11.6500-6506.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied oxidative stress in lignin peroxidase (LIP)-producing cultures (cultures flushed with pure O(2)) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by comparing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cumulative oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzymes with those found in non-LIP-producing cultures (cultures grown with free exchange of atmospheric air [control cultures]). A significant increase in the intracellular peroxide concentration and the degree of oxidative damage to macromolecules, e.g., DNA, lipids, and proteins, was observed when the fungus was exposed to pure O(2) gas. The specific activities of manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and the consumption of glutathione were all higher in cultures exposed to pure O(2) (oxygenated cultures) than in cultures grown with atmospheric air. Significantly higher gene expression of the LIP-H2 isozyme occurred in the oxygenated cultures. A hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mM), added to the culture every 12 h, completely abolished LIP expression at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was confirmed by in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, which significantly enhanced LIP expression. The level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) was correlated with the starvation conditions regardless of the oxygenation regimen applied, and similar cAMP levels were obtained at high O(2) concentrations and in cultures grown with atmospheric air. These results suggest that even though cAMP is a prerequisite for LIP expression, high levels of ROS, preferentially hydroxyl radicals, are required to trigger LIP synthesis. Thus, the induction of LIP expression by O(2) is at least partially mediated by the intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Belinky
- MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 10200, Israel
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Musiani S, Battelli MG. Mannose receptor determination by an ELISA-like method. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2003; 55:121-5. [PMID: 12628695 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(03)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mannose receptor determination may be a useful tool in research, because endocytosis via this animal lectin is involved in many functions of macrophage cells, in particular, the scavenger activity, the specific and unspecific defence against infective diseases, the recognition of neoplastic cells and the activation/differentiation process of the monocyte/macrophage and microglial population. To date, available tests required expensive equipment, the use of radioactive material or the availability of a specific antiserum. We describe an ELISA-like assay, based on biotinylated mannose-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA), which specifically binds to the cell mannose receptor. Biotin-labelled receptors can be quantified colorimetrically, utilising an avidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate as the indicator enzyme. This new method is sensitive and reproducible, as well as simple and rapid, and can be performed with standard laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Musiani
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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