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Mickey D, Camacho JV, Khan A, Kaufman D. Immunodeficiency: Quantitative and qualitative phagocytic cell defects. Allergy Asthma Proc 2024; 45:299-304. [PMID: 39294912 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2024.45.240049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is divided into two major branches: innate and adaptive. The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense and rapidly responds in a nonspecific manner to various microorganisms, foreign materials, or injuries. Phagocytes, which include macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils, are innate immune cells that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells. They also indirectly boost both innate and adaptive immune responses through various activation signals. Phagocytic defects characteristically lead to fungal and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, lymph nodes, skin, and other organ systems, and they are commonly associated with inflammatory bowel disease. This primer will review high-yield innate defects of phagocytic cells, including defects of respiratory (oxidative) burst, defects of neutrophil migration, cyclic and severe congenital neutropenias and associated disorders, and other phagocyte defect disorders.
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2
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Parisi X, Bledsoe JR. Discerning clinicopathological features of congenital neutropenia syndromes: an approach to diagnostically challenging differential diagnoses. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:586-604. [PMID: 38589208 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The congenital neutropenia syndromes are rare haematological conditions defined by impaired myeloid precursor differentiation or function. Patients are prone to severe infections with high mortality rates in early life. While some patients benefit from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment, they may still face an increased risk of bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukaemia. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for improved outcomes; however, diagnosis depends on familiarity with a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that remain incompletely characterised. The clinical and pathological overlap between reactive conditions, primary and congenital neutropenias, bone marrow failure, and myelodysplastic syndromes further clouds diagnostic clarity.We review the diagnostically useful clinicopathological and morphological features of reactive causes of neutropenia and the most common primary neutropenia disorders: constitutional/benign ethnic neutropenia, chronic idiopathic neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, severe congenital neutropenia (due to mutations in ELANE, GFI1, HAX1, G6PC3, VPS45, JAGN1, CSF3R, SRP54, CLPB and WAS), GATA2 deficiency, Warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis syndrome, Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome, the lysosomal storage disorders with neutropenia: Chediak-Higashi, Hermansky-Pudlak, and Griscelli syndromes, Cohen, and Barth syndromes. We also detail characteristic cytogenetic and molecular factors at diagnosis and in progression to myelodysplastic syndrome/leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Parisi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob R Bledsoe
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Turner ME, Che J, Mirhaidari GJM, Kennedy CC, Blum KM, Rajesh S, Zbinden JC, Breuer CK, Best CA, Barker JC. The lysosomal trafficking regulator "LYST": an 80-year traffic jam. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404846. [PMID: 38774881 PMCID: PMC11106369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosome related organelles (LROs) are dynamic organelles at the intersection of various pathways involved in maintaining cellular hemostasis and regulating cellular functions. Vesicle trafficking of lysosomes and LROs are critical to maintain their functions. The lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) is an elusive protein important for the regulation of membrane dynamics and intracellular trafficking of lysosomes and LROs. Mutations to the LYST gene result in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency characterized by defective granule exocytosis, cytotoxicity, etc. Despite eight decades passing since its initial discovery, a comprehensive understanding of LYST's function in cellular biology remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of LYST function also manifests in other disease states. Here, we review the available literature to consolidate available scientific endeavors in relation to LYST and discuss its relevance for immunomodulatory therapies, regenerative medicine and cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Turner
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jingru Che
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gabriel J. M. Mirhaidari
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Catherine C. Kennedy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M. Blum
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sahana Rajesh
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jacob C. Zbinden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cameron A. Best
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenny C. Barker
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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4
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Kim TS, Moutsopoulos NM. Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in oral health and disease. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1055-1065. [PMID: 38689085 PMCID: PMC11148164 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils perform essential functions in antimicrobial defense and tissue maintenance at mucosal barriers. However, a dysregulated neutrophil response and, in particular, the excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are implicated in the pathology of various diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic concepts related to neutrophil functions, including NET formation, and discuss the mechanisms associated with NET activation and function in the context of the prevalent oral disease periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Sung Kim
- Oral Immunity and Infection Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Infection Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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5
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Choi Y. Association of neutrophil defects with oral ulcers but undetermined role of neutrophils in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26740. [PMID: 38439826 PMCID: PMC10911260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Recurrent oral ulcers and severe periodontal diseases in patients with quantitative or qualitative neutrophil defects highlight the important role of neutrophils in maintaining oral mucosal barrier homeostasis. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disease affecting up to 25% of the population, yet its etiopathogenesis remains unclear, and management is unsatisfactory. This review aims to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RAS. Design This narrative review examines the characteristics of oral and blood neutrophils, the associations between neutrophil defects and the occurrence of oral ulcers, and the evidence for the involvement of neutrophils in RAS. To conduct the review, relevant literature was searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, which was then thoroughly reviewed and critically appraised. Results Neutropenia, specifically a decrease in the number of oral neutrophils, impaired extravasation, and defective ROS production appear to be associated with oral ulcers, while defects in granule enzymes or NETosis are unlikely to have a link to oral ulcers. The review of the histopathology of RAS shows that neutrophils are concentrated in the denuded area but are latecomers to the scene and early leavers. However, the evidence for the involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of RAS is inconsistent, leading to the proposal of two different scenarios involving either impaired or hyperactive neutrophils in the pathogenesis of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Morimoto M, Nicoli ER, Kuptanon C, Roney JC, Serra-Vinardell J, Sharma P, Adams DR, Gallin JI, Holland SM, Rosenzweig SD, Barbot J, Ciccone C, Huizing M, Toro C, Gahl WA, Introne WJ, Malicdan MCV. Spectrum of LYST mutations in Chediak-Higashi syndrome: a report of novel variants and a comprehensive review of the literature. J Med Genet 2024; 61:212-223. [PMID: 37788905 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by partial oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding diathesis, immunological dysfunction and neurological impairment. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in LYST cause CHS. LYST encodes the lysosomal trafficking regulator, a highly conserved 429 kDa cytoplasmic protein with an unknown function. METHODS To further our understanding of the pathogenesis of CHS, we conducted clinical evaluations on individuals with CHS enrolled in our natural history study. Using genomic DNA Sanger sequencing, we identified novel pathogenic LYST variants. Additionally, we performed an extensive literature review to curate reported LYST variants and classified these novel and reported variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics/Association for Molecular Pathology variant interpretation guidelines. RESULTS Our investigation unveiled 11 novel pathogenic LYST variants in eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of CHS, substantiated by the presence of pathognomonic giant intracellular granules. From these novel variants, together with a comprehensive review of the literature, we compiled a total of 147 variants in LYST, including 61 frameshift variants (41%), 44 nonsense variants (30%), 23 missense variants (16%), 13 splice site variants or small genomic deletions for which the coding effect is unknown (9%), 5 in-frame variants (3%) and 1 start-loss variant (1%). Notably, a genotype-phenotype correlation emerged, whereby individuals harbouring at least one missense or in-frame variant generally resulted in milder disease, while those with two nonsense or frameshift variants generally had more severe disease. CONCLUSION The identification of novel pathogenic LYST variants and improvements in variant classification will provide earlier diagnoses and improved care to individuals with CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morimoto
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chulaluck Kuptanon
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Roney
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashant Sharma
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John I Gallin
- Clinical Pathophysiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose Barbot
- Unidade de Hematologia, Serviço de Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Letafati A, Ardekani OS, Naderisemiromi M, Norouzi M, Shafiei M, Nik S, Mozhgani SH. Unraveling the dynamic mechanisms of natural killer cells in viral infections: insights and implications. Virol J 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38216935 PMCID: PMC10785350 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a constant threat to human well-being, necessitating the immune system to develop robust defenses. Natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in the immune system, have become recognized as vital participants in protecting the body against viral infections. These remarkable innate immune cells possess the unique ability to directly recognize and eliminate infected cells, thereby contributing to the early control and containment of viral pathogens. However, recent research has uncovered an intriguing phenomenon: the alteration of NK cells during viral infections. In addition to their well-established role in antiviral defense, NK cells undergo dynamic changes in their phenotype, function, and regulatory mechanisms upon encountering viral pathogens. These alterations can significantly impact the effectiveness of NK cell responses during viral infections. This review explores the multifaceted role of NK cells in antiviral immunity, highlighting their conventional effector functions as well as the emerging concept of NK cell alteration in the context of viral infections. Understanding the intricate interplay between NK cells and viral infections is crucial for advancing our knowledge of antiviral immune responses and could offer valuable information for the creation of innovative therapeutic approaches to combat viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Naderisemiromi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheil Nik
- School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Nakatsuka Y, Matsumoto M, Inohara N, Núñez G. Pseudomonas aeruginosa hijacks the murine nitric oxide metabolic pathway to evade killing by neutrophils in the lung. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112973. [PMID: 37561628 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen causing lung infection. However, the mechanisms used by the pathogen to evade neutrophil-mediated killing remain poorly understood. Using a high-density transposon screen, we find that P. aeruginosa colonization in the lung is promoted by pathogen nitrite reductase nirD. nirD is required for ammonia production from nitrite, a metabolite derived from nitrogen oxide (NO) generated by inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) in phagocytes. P. aeruginosa deficient in nirD exhibit reduced survival in wild-type neutrophils but not in iNOS-deficient neutrophils. Mechanistically, nirD enhances P. aeruginosa survival in neutrophils by inhibiting the localization of the pathogen in late phagosomes. P. aeruginosa deficient in nirD show impaired lung colonization after infection in wild-type mice but not in mice with selective iNos deficiency in neutrophils. Thus, P. aeruginosa uses neutrophil iNOS-mediated NO production to limit neutrophil pathogen killing and to promote its colonization in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Nakatsuka
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA.
| | - Masanori Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital immunodeficiency, bleeding diathesis, pyogenic infection, partial oculocutaneous albinism, and progressive neurodegeneration. Treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation; however, this does not treat the neurologic aspect of the disease. Mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene were identified to be causative of Chediak-Higashi, but despite many analyses, there is little functional information about the LYST protein. This review serves to provide an update on the clinical manifestations and cellular defects of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS More recent papers expand the neurological spectrum of disease in CHS, to include hereditary spastic paraplegia and parkinsonism. Granule size and distribution in NK cells have been investigated in relation to the location of mutations in LYST. Patients with mutations in the ARM/HEAT domain had markedly enlarged granules, but fewer in number. By contrast, patients with mutations in the BEACH domain had more numerous granules that were normal in size to slightly enlarged, but demonstrated markedly impaired polarization. The role of LYST in autophagosome formation has been highlighted in recent studies; LYST was defined to have a prominent role in autophagosome lysosome reformation for the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis in neurons, while in retinal pigment epithelium cells, LYST deficiency was shown to lead to phagosome accumulation. SUMMARY Despite CHS being a rare disease, investigation into LYST provides an understanding of basic vesicular fusion and fission. Understanding of these mechanisms may provide further insight into the function of LYST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L. Talbert
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy J. Introne
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Mitchell A, Frontini M, Islam S, Sivapalaratnam S, Krishnan A. Increased bleeding and thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms mediated through altered expression of inherited platelet disorder genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.23.541977. [PMID: 37292725 PMCID: PMC10245891 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An altered thrombo-hemorrhagic profile has long been observed in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). We hypothesized that this observed clinical phenotype may result from altered expression of genes known to harbor genetic variants in bleeding, thrombotic, or platelet disorders. Here, we identify 32 genes from a clinically validated gene panel that were also significantly differentially expressed in platelets from MPN patients as opposed to healthy donors. This work begins to unravel previously unclear mechanisms underlying an important clinical reality in MPNs. Knowledge of altered platelet gene expression in MPN thrombosis/bleeding diathesis opens opportunities to advance clinical care by: (1) enabling risk stratification, in particular, for patients undergoing invasive procedures, and (2) facilitating tailoring of treatment strategies for those at highest risk, for example, in the form of antifibrinolytics, desmopressin or platelet transfusions (not current routine practice). Marker genes identified in this work may also enable prioritization of candidates in future MPN mechanistic as well as outcome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Barts Health NHS Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW
| | - Mattia Frontini
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW
| | | | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Barts Health NHS Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London
| | - Anandi Krishnan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
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11
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Paul M, Golla K, Kim H. Gelsolin Modulates Platelet Dense Granule Secretion and Hemostasis via the Actin Cytoskeleton. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:219-230. [PMID: 36522181 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying platelet granule release are not fully understood. The actin cytoskeleton serves as the platelet's structural framework that is remodeled upon platelet activation. Gelsolin is a calcium-dependent protein that severs and caps existing actin filaments although its role in modulating platelet granule exocytosis is unknown. METHODS The hemostatic function of wild-type (WT) and gelsolin null (Gsn-/- ) mice was measured ex vivo by rotational thromboelastometry analysis of whole blood. Platelets were purified from WT and Gsn-/- mouse blood and activated with thrombin. Platelet aggregation was assessed by light-transmission aggregometry. Clot retraction was measured to assess outside-in integrin signaling. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and surface P-selectin were measured as markers of dense- and α-granule secretion, respectively. RESULTS The kinetics of agonist-induced aggregation, clot retraction, and ATP release were accelerated in Gsn-/- platelets relative to WT. However, levels of surface P-selectin were diminished in Gsn-/- platelets. ATP release was also accelerated in WT platelets pretreated with the actin-depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D, thus mimicking the kinetics observed in Gsn-/- platelets. Conversely, ATP release kinetics were normalized in Gsn-/- platelets treated with the actin polymerization agonist jasplakinolide. Rab27b and Munc13-4 are vesicle-priming proteins known to promote dense granule secretion. Co-immunoprecipitation indicates that the association between Rab27b and Munc13-4 is enhanced in Gsn-/- platelets. CONCLUSIONS Gelsolin regulates the kinetics of hemostasis by modulating the platelet's actin cytoskeleton and the protein machinery of dense granule exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Paul
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kalyan Golla
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh Kim
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Serra-Vinardell J, Sandler MB, De Pace R, Manzella-Lapeira J, Cougnoux A, Keyvanfar K, Introne WJ, Brzostowski JA, Ward ME, Gahl WA, Sharma P, Malicdan MCV. LYST deficiency impairs autophagic lysosome reformation in neurons and alters lysosome number and size. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:53. [PMID: 36707427 PMCID: PMC11072721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene. Even though enlarged lysosomes and/or lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are the typical cellular hallmarks of CHS, they have not been investigated in human neuronal models. Moreover, how and why the loss of LYST function causes a lysosome phenotype in cells has not been elucidated. We report that the LYST-deficient human neuronal model exhibits lysosome depletion accompanied by hyperelongated tubules extruding from enlarged autolysosomes. These results have also been recapitulated in neurons differentiated from CHS patients' induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), validating our model system. We propose that LYST ensures the correct fission/scission of the autolysosome tubules during autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR), a crucial process to restore the number of free lysosomes after autophagy. We further demonstrate that LYST is recruited to the lysosome membrane, likely to facilitate the fission of autolysosome tubules. Together, our results highlight the key role of LYST in maintaining lysosomal homeostasis following autophagy and suggest that ALR dysregulation is likely associated with the neurodegenerative CHS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Maxwell B Sandler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Javier Manzella-Lapeira
- Twinbrook Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antony Cougnoux
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keyvan Keyvanfar
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Flow Cytometry Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph A Brzostowski
- Twinbrook Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael E Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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13
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Chan KS, Bohnsack BL, Ing A, Drackley A, Castelluccio V, Zhang KX, Ralay-Ranaivo H, Rossen JL. Diagnostic Yield of Genetic Testing for Ocular and Oculocutaneous Albinism in a Diverse United States Pediatric Population. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14010135. [PMID: 36672876 PMCID: PMC9859104 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic yield of genetic testing for ocular/oculocutaneous albinism (OA/OCA) in a diverse pediatric population in the United States (U.S.) is unclear. Phenotypes of 53 patients who presented between 2006-2022 with OA/OCA were retrospectively correlated with genetic testing results. Genetic diagnostic yield was defined as detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant(s) matching the anticipated inheritance for that gene-disease relationship. Variant reclassifications of those with variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and without positive diagnostic yield were completed. Overall initial genetic diagnostic yield of OA/OCA was 66%. There was no significant difference (p = 0.59) between race and ethnicities (Black (78%), White (59%), Hispanic/Latino (64%)); however, the diagnostic yield of OA (33%) was significantly lower (p = 0.007) than OCA (76%). Causative variants in OCA2 (28%) and TYR (20%) were most common. Further, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome variants were identified in 9% of patients. Re-classification of VUS in non-diagnostic cases resulted in genetic diagnoses for 29% of individuals and increased overall diagnostic yield to 70% of all subjects. There is a high diagnostic yield of genetic testing of patients overall with OA/OCA in a diverse U.S. based pediatric population. Presence or absence of cutaneous involvement of albinism significantly affects genetic diagnostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bohnsack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexander Ing
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andy Drackley
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Valerie Castelluccio
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kevin X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hanta Ralay-Ranaivo
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Rossen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(312)-227-6180
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14
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Kuptanon C, Morimoto M, Nicoli ER, Stephen J, Yarnell DS, Dorward H, Owen W, Parikh S, Ozbek NY, Malbora B, Ciccone C, Gunay-Aygun M, Gahl WA, Introne WJ, Malicdan MCV. cDNA sequencing increases the molecular diagnostic yield in Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 14:1072784. [PMID: 36968585 PMCID: PMC10031035 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1072784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by bi-allelic variants in the Lysosomal Trafficking Regulator (LYST) gene. Diagnosis is established by the detection of pathogenic variants in LYST in combination with clinical evidence of disease. Conventional molecular genetic testing of LYST by genomic DNA (gDNA) Sanger sequencing detects the majority of pathogenic variants, but some remain undetected for several individuals clinically diagnosed with CHS. In this study, cDNA Sanger sequencing was pursued as a complementary method to identify variant alleles that are undetected by gDNA Sanger sequencing and to increase molecular diagnostic yield. Methods: Six unrelated individuals with CHS were clinically evaluated and included in this study. gDNA Sanger sequencing and cDNA Sanger sequencing were performed to identify pathogenic LYST variants. Results: Ten novel LYST alleles were identified, including eight nonsense or frameshift variants and two in-frame deletions. Six of these were identified by conventional gDNA Sanger sequencing; cDNA Sanger sequencing was required to identify the remaining variant alleles. Conclusion: By utilizing cDNA sequencing as a complementary technique to identify LYST variants, a complete molecular diagnosis was obtained for all six CHS patients. In this small CHS cohort, the molecular diagnostic yield was increased, and canonical splice site variants identified from gDNA Sanger sequencing were validated by cDNA sequencing. The identification of novel LYST alleles will aid in diagnosing patients and these molecular diagnoses will also lead to genetic counseling, access to services and treatments and clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulaluk Kuptanon
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marie Morimoto
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David S. Yarnell
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heidi Dorward
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William Owen
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Suhag Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Namik Yasar Ozbek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Yeni Yuzyil, Gaziosmanpasa Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Baris Malbora
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, The University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William A. Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wendy J. Introne
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: May Christine V. Malicdan,
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15
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Gauthier Y, Lepreux S, Cario‐Andre M, Rambert J, Dakdaki A, Lafon M, Abouqal R, Benzekri L. Varicella-zoster virus in actively spreading segmental vitiligo skin: Pathological, immunochemical, and ultrastructural findings (a first and preliminary study). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:78-85. [PMID: 36112095 PMCID: PMC10092484 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Segmental vitiligo (SV) is a unilateral subtype of vitiligo which is clinically characterized by a cutaneous depigmentation and histologically by a melanocyte loss from the epidermis and hair follicle reservoirs. To date, its pathogenesis remains a mystery. In many cases, this skin depigmentation shares several clinical features and dysfunctions with herpes zoster (HZ). So, for the first time, we examined whether any nucleus and cell fusion associated with a positive immunolabelling of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and VZV mature virions could be found in SV skin samples as in herpes zoster (HZ). A total of 40 SV samples were used for histological and immunochemical studies. Control samples were obtained from three HZ, and 10 generalized vitiligo lesions. For ultrastructural study, three recent SV and one HZ as controls were recruited. Here, we report that nuclear fusion in epidermal cells were statistically associated with recent SV (p < .001), whereas syncytia formation was associated with long-lasting SV (p = .001). A positive detection of VZV antigen was statistically associated in the epidermis with recent SV and in the dermis with long-lasting SV (p = .001). Finally, the discovery of mature virions in 3/3 recent SV samples provides additional arguments for our viral hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Gauthier
- Vitiligo and Melasma Research Association (V.M.R.A.)BordeauxFrance
| | | | - Muriel Cario‐Andre
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312BordeauxFrance
- National Reference Center for Rare skin DiseasesBordeaux University HospitalBordeauxFrance
- AquidermBordeauxFrance
| | - Jérome Rambert
- National Reference Center for Rare skin DiseasesBordeaux University HospitalBordeauxFrance
| | - Adrien Dakdaki
- Tumor Bank and Tumor Biology LaboratoryCHU BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - Marie‐Edith Lafon
- Department of Virology Bordeaux University HospitalBordeaux University, CNRS, UMR5234BordeauxFrance
| | - Redouane Abouqal
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Clinical Research and EpidemiologyMohammed V University in Rabat, Acute Medical Unit, Ibn Sina Teaching HospitalRabatMorocco
| | - Laila Benzekri
- Dermatology Department, Ibn Sina Teaching HospitalMohammed V University in Rabat, Pigmentary Disorders Outpatient ClinicRabatMorocco
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16
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Caux M, Mansour R, Xuereb JM, Chicanne G, Viaud J, Vauclard A, Boal F, Payrastre B, Tronchère H, Severin S. PIKfyve-Dependent Phosphoinositide Dynamics in Megakaryocyte/Platelet Granule Integrity and Platelet Functions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:987-1004. [PMID: 35708031 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory granules are key elements for platelet functions. Their biogenesis and integrity are regulated by fine-tuned mechanisms that need to be fully characterized. Here, we investigated the role of the phosphoinositide 5-kinase PIKfyve and its lipid products, PtdIns5P (phosphatidylinositol 5 monophosphate) and PtdIns(3,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,5) bisphosphate) in granule homeostasis in megakaryocytes and platelets. METHODS For that, we invalidated PIKfyve by pharmacological inhibition or gene silencing in megakaryocytic cell models (human MEG-01 cell line, human imMKCLs, mouse primary megakaryocytes) and in human platelets. RESULTS We unveiled that PIKfyve expression and its lipid product levels increased with megakaryocytic maturation. In megakaryocytes, PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 were found in alpha and dense granule membranes with higher levels in dense granules. Pharmacological inhibition or knock-down of PIKfyve in megakaryocytes decreased PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis and induced a vacuolar phenotype with a loss of alpha and dense granule identity. Permeant PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 and the cation channel TRPML1 (transient receptor potential mucolipins) and TPC2 activation were able to accelerate alpha and dense granule integrity recovery following release of PIKfyve pharmacological inhibition. In platelets, PIKfyve inhibition specifically impaired the integrity of dense granules culminating in defects in their secretion, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that PIKfyve and its lipid products PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 control granule integrity both in megakaryocytes and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Caux
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Rana Mansour
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Jean-Marie Xuereb
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Julien Viaud
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Alicia Vauclard
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Frédéric Boal
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.).,CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Toulouse, France (B.P.)
| | - Hélène Tronchère
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
| | - Sonia Severin
- INSERM U1297, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (M.C., R.M., J.-M.X., G.C., J.V., A.V., F.B., B.P., H.T., S.S.)
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17
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Ji X, Zhao L, Umapathy A, Fitzmaurice B, Wang J, Williams DS, Chang B, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. Deficiency in Lyst function leads to accumulation of secreted proteases and reduced retinal adhesion. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254469. [PMID: 35239671 PMCID: PMC8893605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome, caused by mutations in the Lysosome Trafficking Regulator (Lyst) gene, is a recessive hypopigmentation disorder characterized by albinism, neuropathies, neurodegeneration, and defective immune responses, with enlargement of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. Although recent studies have suggested that Lyst mutations impair the regulation of sizes of lysosome and lysosome-related organelle, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of Chediak-Higashi syndrome is still unclear. Here we show striking evidence that deficiency in LYST protein function leads to accumulation of photoreceptor outer segment phagosomes in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and reduces adhesion between photoreceptor outer segment and retinal pigment epithelial cells in a mouse model of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. In addition, we observe elevated levels of cathepsins, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 3 and oxidative stress markers in the retinal pigment epithelium of Lyst mutants. Previous reports showed that impaired degradation of photoreceptor outer segment phagosomes causes elevated oxidative stress, which could consequently lead to increases of cysteine cathepsins and MMPs in the extracellular matrix. Taken together, we conclude that the loss of LYST function causes accumulation of phagosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium and elevation of several extracellular matrix-remodeling proteases through oxidative stress, which may, in turn, reduce retinal adhesion. Our work reveals previously unreported pathogenic events in the retinal pigment epithelium caused by Lyst deficiency. The same pathogenic events may be conserved in other professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages in the immune system, contributing to overall Chediak-Higashi syndrome pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ji
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhao
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Ankita Umapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Jieping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
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18
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Shin J, Park S, Trinh TX, Kwon SJ, Bae J, Lee H, Valsami-Jones E, Wang J, Song J, Yoon TH. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy study of subcellular granules in human platelets at the carbon K- and calcium L2,3-edges. Platelets 2021; 33:632-639. [PMID: 34904525 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1981846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelets and their subcellular components (e.g., dense granules) are essential components in hemostasis. Understanding their chemical heterogeneities at the sub-micrometer scale, particularly their activation during hemostasis and production of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles, may provide important insights into their mechanisms; however, this has rarely been investigated, mainly owing to the lack of appropriate chemical characterization tools at nanometer scale. Here, the use of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) combined with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) to characterize human platelets and their subcellular components at the carbon K-edge and calcium L2,3-edge, is reported. STXM images can identify not only the spatial distribution of subcellular components in human platelets, such as dense granules (DGs) with sizes of ~200 nm, but also their granule-to-granule chemical heterogeneities on the sub-micrometer scale, based on their XANES spectra. The calcium distribution map as well as the principal component analysis of the STXM image stacks clearly identified the numbers and locations of the calcium-rich DGs within human platelets. Deconvolution of the carbon K-edge XANES spectra, extracted from various locations in the platelets, showed that amide carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups were mainly found in the cytoplasm, while ketone-phenol-nitrile-imine, aliphatic, and carbonate functional groups were dominant in the platelet DGs. These observations suggest that platelet DGs are most likely composed of calcium polyphosphate associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), with significant granule-to-granule variations in their compositions, while the cytoplasm regions of platelets contain significant amounts of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghee Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tung X Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Bae
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Walkovich K. Understanding neutropenia secondary to intrinsic or iatrogenic immune dysregulation. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2021; 2021:504-513. [PMID: 34889406 PMCID: PMC8791120 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2021000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As a key member of the innate and adaptive immune response, neutrophils provide insights into the hematopoietic and inflammatory manifestations of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and the consequences of immunotherapy. The facile recognition of IEI presenting with neutropenia provides an avenue for hematologists to facilitate early diagnosis and expedite biologically rationale care. Moreover, enhancing the understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving neutropenia in IEI-decreased bone marrow reserves, diminished egress from the bone marrow, and decreased survival-offers an opportunity to further dissect the pathophysiology driving neutropenia secondary to iatrogenic immune dysregulation, eg, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Walkovich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Correspondence Kelly Walkovich, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1540 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; e-mail:
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20
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Tsai FD, Battinelli EM. Inherited Platelet Disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:1069-1084. [PMID: 34391603 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bleeding disorders due to platelet dysfunction are a common hematologic complication affecting patients, and typically present with mucocutaneous bleeding or hemorrhage. An inherited platelet disorder should be suspected in individuals with a suggestive family history and no identified secondary causes of bleeding. Genetic defects have been described at all levels of platelet activation, including receptor binding, signaling, granule release, cytoskeletal remodeling, and platelet hematopoiesis. Management of these disorders is typically supportive, with an emphasis on awareness, patient education, and anticipatory guidance to prevent future episodes of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick D Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Battinelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Matsumoto M, Nakagawa S, Zhang L, Nakamura Y, Villaruz AE, Otto M, Wolz C, Inohara N, Núñez G. Interaction between Staphylococcus Agr virulence and neutrophils regulates pathogen expansion in the skin. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:930-940.e4. [PMID: 33852876 PMCID: PMC11024063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus commonly infects the skin, but the host-pathogen interactions controlling bacterial growth remain unclear. S. aureus virulence is regulated by the Agr quorum-sensing system that controls factors including phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), a group of cytotoxic peptides. We found a differential requirement for Agr and PSMα for pathogen growth in the skin. In neutrophil-deficient mice, S. aureus growth on the epidermis was unaffected, but the pathogen penetrated the dermis through mechanisms that require PSMα. In the dermis, pathogen expansion required Agr in wild-type mice, but not in neutrophil-deficient mice. Agr limited oxidative and non-oxidative killing in neutrophils by inhibiting pathogen late endosome localization and promoting phagosome escape. Unlike Agr, the SaeR/S virulence program was dispensable for growth in the epidermis and promoted dermal pathogen expansion independently of neutrophils. Thus, S. aureus growth and invasion are differentially regulated with Agr limiting intracellular killing within neutrophils to promote pathogen expansion in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Cutaneous Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Immune checkpoint deficiencies and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes. Biomed J 2021; 44:400-411. [PMID: 34384744 PMCID: PMC8514790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is an inherited non-malignant and non-infectious lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by mutations in genes affecting the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (FAS, FASL, CASP10). The resulting FAS-mediated apoptosis defect accounts for the expansion and accumulation of autoreactive (double-negative) T cells leading to cytopenias, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoimmune disorders, and risk of lymphoma. However, there are other monogenetic disorders known as ALPS-like syndromes that can be clinically similar to ALPS but are genetically and biologically different, such as observed in patients with immune checkpoint deficiencies, particularly cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) insufficiency and lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein LRBA deficiency. CTLA-4 insufficiency is caused by heterozygous mutations in CTLA-4, an essential negative immune regulator that is constitutively expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mutations in CTLA-4 affect CTLA-4 binding to CD80-CD86 costimulatory molecules, CTLA-4 homodimerization, or CTLA-4 intracellular vesicle trafficking upon cell activation. Abnormal CTLA-4 trafficking is also observed in patients with LRBA deficiency, a syndrome caused by biallelic mutations in LRBA that abolishes the LRBA protein expression. Both immune checkpoint deficiencies are biologically characterized by low levels of CTLA-4 protein on the cell surface of Tregs, accounting for the autoimmune manifestations observed in CTLA4-insufficient and LRBA-deficient patients. In addition, both immune checkpoint deficiencies present with an overlapping but heterogeneous clinical picture despite the difference in inheritance and penetrance. In this review, we describe the most prominent clinical features of ALPS, CTLA-4 insufficiency and LRBA deficiency, emphasizing their corresponding biological mechanisms. We also provide some clinical and laboratory approaches to diagnose these three rare immune disorders, together with therapeutic strategies that have worked best at improving prognosis and quality life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Alhaddad H, Abdi M, Lyons LA. Patterns of allele frequency differences among domestic cat breeds assessed by a 63K SNP array. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247092. [PMID: 33630878 PMCID: PMC7906347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cats are ubiquitous companion animals that have been keenly associated with humans for thousands of years and only recently have been intentionally bred for aesthetically appealing coat looks and body forms. The intense selection on single gene phenotypes and the various breeding histories of cat breeds have left different marks on the genomes. Using a previously published 63K Feline SNP array dataset of twenty-six cat breeds, this study utilized a genetic differentiation-based method (di) to empirically identify candidate regions under selection. Defined as three or more overlapping (500Kb) windows of high levels of population differentiation, we identified a total of 205 candidate regions under selection across cat breeds with an average of 6 candidate regions per breed and an average size of 1.5 Mb per candidate region. Using the combined size of candidate regions of each breed, we conservatively estimate that a minimum of ~ 0.1-0.7% of the autosomal genome is potentially under selection in cats. As positive controls and tests of our methodology, we explored the candidate regions of known breed-defining genes (e.g., FGF5 for longhaired breeds) and we were able to detect the genes within candidate regions, each in its corresponding breed. For breed specific exploration of candidate regions under selection, eleven representative candidate regions were found to encompass potential candidate genes for several phenotypes such as brachycephaly of Persian (DLX6, DLX5, DLX2), curled ears of American Curl (MCRIP2, PBX1), and body-form of Siamese and Oriental (ADGRD1), which encourages further molecular investigations. The current assessment of the candidate regions under selection is empiric and detailed analyses are needed to rigorously disentangle effects of demography and population structure from artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mona Abdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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24
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Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Biber G, Barda-Saad M. The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Regulating the Natural Killer Cell Immune Response in Health and Disease: From Signaling Dynamics to Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609532. [PMID: 33598461 PMCID: PMC7882700 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play key roles in elimination of virally infected and malignant cells. The balance between activating and inhibitory signals derived from NK surface receptors govern the NK cell immune response. The cytoskeleton facilitates most NK cell effector functions, such as motility, infiltration, conjugation with target cells, immunological synapse assembly, and cytotoxicity. Though many studies have characterized signaling pathways that promote actin reorganization in immune cells, it is not completely clear how particular cytoskeletal architectures at the immunological synapse promote effector functions, and how cytoskeletal dynamics impact downstream signaling pathways and activation. Moreover, pioneering studies employing advanced imaging techniques have only begun to uncover the architectural complexity dictating the NK cell activation threshold; it is becoming clear that a distinct organization of the cytoskeleton and signaling receptors at the NK immunological synapse plays a decisive role in activation and tolerance. Here, we review the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in NK cells. We focus on how actin dynamics impact cytolytic granule secretion, NK cell motility, and NK cell infiltration through tissues into inflammatory sites. We will also describe the additional cytoskeletal components, non-muscle Myosin II and microtubules that play pivotal roles in NK cell activity. Furthermore, special emphasis will be placed on the role of the cytoskeleton in assembly of immunological synapses, and how mutations or downregulation of cytoskeletal accessory proteins impact NK cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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25
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Yliranta A, Mäkinen J. Chediak-Higashi syndrome: neurocognitive and behavioral data from infancy to adulthood after bone marrow transplantation. Neurocase 2021; 27:1-7. [PMID: 33295840 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2020.1856384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, albinism, and progressive neurologic abnormalities. While survivors of the childhood-onset disease are known to exhibit learning disabilities and neuropsychiatric disorders followed by middle-age dementia, we lack detailed data on the progression. We present the case of a young adult with records from infancy to the first signs of deterioration. An early neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric profiling is crucial to intervention selection as children with CHS may not benefit from regular special education. Our patient never showed neuropsychiatric symptoms but high levels of socioemotional adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Yliranta
- Department of Neurology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Jussi Mäkinen
- Department of Neurology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
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26
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Sharma P, Nicoli ER, Serra-Vinardell J, Morimoto M, Toro C, Malicdan MCV, Introne WJ. Chediak-Higashi syndrome: a review of the past, present, and future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 31:31-36. [PMID: 33424983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial description of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), over 75 years ago, several studies have been conducted to underscore the role of the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene in the pathogenesis of disease. CHS is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, which is caused by biallelic mutations in the highly conserved LYST gene. The disease is characterized by partial oculocutaneous albinism, prolonged bleeding, immune and neurologic dysfunction, and risk for the development of hemophagocytic lympohistiocytosis (HLH). The presence of giant secretory granules in leukocytes is the classical diagnostic feature, which distinguishes CHS from closely related Griscelli and Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. While the exact mechanism of the formation of the giant granules in CHS patients is not understood, dysregulation of LYST function in regulating lysosomal biogenesis has been proposed to play a role. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of the disease and highlight the functional consequences of enlarged lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles (LROs) in CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marie Morimoto
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Frater JL. How I investigate neutropenia. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 42 Suppl 1:121-132. [PMID: 32543073 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a common laboratory finding in adults and children. Its underlying causes are extremely heterogeneous and include benign conditions, autoimmune disorders, infections, and malignancies. The clinical laboratory plays a central role in the diagnosis of these disorders, including data derived from hematology, microbiology, molecular biology/cytogenetics, and clinical chemistry. The purpose of this review is to (a) highlight the clinical, hematologic, and molecular genetic features of the major entities resulting in neutropenia and (b) outline an algorithm-based approach to permit the classification of neutropenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Frater
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Xu C, Xiang Y, Li H, Xu Y, Mao Y, Zhou L, Xu X, Tang S. Genetic analysis and prenatal diagnosis of 20 Chinese families with oculocutaneous albinism. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23647. [PMID: 33124154 PMCID: PMC7891544 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of heterogeneous genetic disorders characterized by abnormal melanin synthesis in the hair, skin, and eyes. OCA exhibits obvious genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Molecular diagnosis of causal genes can be of help in the classification of OCA subtypes and the study of OCA pathogenesis. Methods In this study, Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing were used to genetically diagnose 20 nonconsanguineous Chinese OCA patients. In addition, prenatal diagnosis was provided to six OCA families. Results Variants of TYR, OCA2, and HPS1 were detected in 85%, 10%, and 5% of affected patients, respectively. A total of 21 distinct variants of these three genes were identified. Exons 1 and 2 were the hotspot regions of the TYR variants, and c.895C > A and c.896G > A were the hotspot variants. We also found seven novel variants: c.731G > A, c.741C > A, c.867C > A, and c.1037‐2A > T in TYR, c.695dupT and c.1054A > G in OCA2, and c.9C > A in HPS1. Genetic tests on six fetuses revealed three carrier fetuses, two normal fetuses, and one affected fetus. The follow‐up results after birth were consistent with the results of prenatal diagnosis (one fetus terminated during pregnancy was not followed up). Conclusions This study expands our understanding of the genotypic spectrum of the Chinese OCA population. The findings indicate that prenatal diagnosis can provide important information for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanbao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanzheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yijian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Department of Genetics, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Genetic, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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29
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Eguizabal C, Herrera L, Inglés-Ferrándiz M, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Treating primary immunodeficiencies with defects in NK cells: from stem cell therapy to gene editing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:453. [PMID: 33109263 PMCID: PMC7590703 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are rare diseases that are characterized by genetic mutations that damage immunological function, defense, or both. Some of these rare diseases are caused by aberrations in the normal development of natural killer cells (NKs) or affect their lytic synapse. The pathogenesis of these types of diseases as well as the processes underlying target recognition by human NK cells is not well understood. Utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) will aid in the study of human disorders, especially in the PIDs with defects in NK cells for PID disease modeling. This, together with genome editing technology, makes it possible for us to facilitate the discovery of future therapeutics and/or cell therapy treatments for these patients, because, to date, the only curative treatment available in the most severe cases is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Recent progress in gene editing technology using CRISPR/Cas9 has significantly increased our capability to precisely modify target sites in the human genome. Among the many tools available for us to study human PIDs, disease- and patient-specific iPSCs together with gene editing offer unique and exceptional methodologies to gain deeper and more thorough understanding of these diseases as well as develop possible alternative treatment strategies. In this review, we will discuss some immunodeficiency disorders affecting NK cell function, such as classical NK deficiencies (CNKD), functional NK deficiencies (FNKD), and PIDs with involving NK cells as well as strategies to model and correct these diseases for further study and possible avenues for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.
| | - L Herrera
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain
| | - M Inglés-Ferrándiz
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain
| | - J C Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 93027, USA
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30
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Yarnell DS, Roney JC, Teixeira C, Freitas MI, Cipriano A, Leuschner P, Krzewski K, Stephen J, Dorward H, Gahl WA, Gochuico BR, Toro C, Malicdan MC, Introne WJ. Diagnosis of Chediak Higashi disease in a 67-year old woman. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:3007-3013. [PMID: 32990340 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi disease is a rare disease caused by bi-allelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene, LYST. Individuals typically present in early childhood with partial oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding diathesis, recurrent infections secondary to immune dysfunction, and risk of developing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Without intervention, mortality is high in the first decade of life. However, some individuals with milder phenotypes have attenuated hematologic and immunologic presentations, and lower risk of HLH. Both classic and milder phenotypes develop progressive neurodegeneration in early adulthood. Here we present a remarkable patient diagnosed with Chediak-Higashi disease at age 67, many decades after the diagnosis is usually established. Diagnosis was suspected by observing the pathognomonic granules within leukocytes, and confirmed by identification of bi-allelic mutations in LYST, reduced LYST mRNA expression, enlarged lysosomes within fibroblasts, and decreased NK cell lytic activity. This case further expands the phenotype of Chediak-Higashi disease and highlights the need for increased awareness. Individuals with milder phenotypes may escape early diagnosis, but identification is important for close monitoring of potential complications, and to further our understanding of the function of LYST.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Yarnell
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Roney
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cláudia Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de S. João, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria I Freitas
- Laboratorial Hematology Unit, Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cipriano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Leuschner
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidi Dorward
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - May C Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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31
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Ibrahim-Kosta M, Alessi MC, Hezard N. Laboratory Techniques Used to Diagnose Constitutional Platelet Dysfunction. Hamostaseologie 2020; 40:444-459. [PMID: 32932546 DOI: 10.1055/a-1223-3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a major role in primary hemostasis, where activated platelets form plugs to stop hemorrhaging in response to vessel injuries. Defects in any step of the platelet activation process can cause a variety of platelet dysfunction conditions associated with bleeding. To make an accurate diagnosis, constitutional platelet dysfunction (CPDF) should be considered once von Willebrand disease and drug intake are ruled out. CPDF may be associated with thrombocytopenia or a genetic syndrome. CPDF diagnosis is complex, as no single test enables the analysis of all aspects of platelet function. Furthermore, the available tests lack standardization, and repeat tests must be performed in specialized laboratories especially for mild and moderate forms of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the laboratory tests used to diagnose CPDF, with a focus on light transmission platelet aggregation (LTA), flow cytometry (FC), and granules assessment. Global tests, mainly represented by LTA, are often initially performed to investigate the consequences of platelet activation on platelet aggregation in a single step. Global test results should be confirmed by additional analytical tests. FC represents an accurate, simple, and reliable test to analyze abnormalities in platelet receptors, and granule content and release. This technique may also be used to investigate platelet function by comparing resting- and activated-state platelet populations. Assessment of granule content and release also requires additional specialized analytical tests. High-throughput sequencing has become increasingly useful to diagnose CPDF. Advanced tests or external research laboratory techniques may also be beneficial in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Ibrahim-Kosta
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille Cedex 05, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Timone, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Marie-Christine Alessi
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille Cedex 05, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Timone, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nathalie Hezard
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Timone, Marseille Cedex 05, France
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32
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Hawley MH, Moschovis PP, Lu M, Kinane TB, Yonker LM. The future is here: Integrating genetics into the pediatric pulmonary clinic. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:1810-1818. [PMID: 32533912 PMCID: PMC7384239 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of underlying genetic etiologies of disease is increasing at an exponential rate, likely due to greater access to and lower cost of genetic testing. Monogenic causes of disease, or conditions resulting from a mutation or mutations in a single gene, are now well recognized in every subspecialty, including pediatric pulmonary medicine; thus, it is important to consider genetic conditions when evaluating children with respiratory disease. In the pediatric pulmonary clinic, genetic testing should be considered when multiple family members present with similar or related clinical features and when individuals have unusual clinical presentations, such as early-onset disease or complex, syndromic features. This review provides a practical guide for genetic diagnosis in the pediatric pulmonary setting, including a review of genetic concepts, considerations for test selection and results in interpretation, as well as an overview of genetic differential diagnoses for common pediatric pulmonary phenotypes. Genetic conditions that commonly present to the pediatric pulmonary clinic are reviewed in a companion article by Yonker et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Hawley
- Pulmonary Division, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter P Moschovis
- Pulmonary Division, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mengdi Lu
- Pulmonary Division, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - T Bernard Kinane
- Pulmonary Division, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Pulmonary Division, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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33
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Bowman SL, Bi-Karchin J, Le L, Marks MS. The road to lysosome-related organelles: Insights from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and other rare diseases. Traffic 2020; 20:404-435. [PMID: 30945407 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type-specific, membrane-bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal system but that have unique contents, morphologies and functions to support specific physiological roles. They include: melanosomes that provide pigment to our eyes and skin; alpha and dense granules in platelets, and lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which release effectors to regulate hemostasis and immunity; and distinct classes of lamellar bodies in lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes that support lung plasticity and skin lubrication. The formation, maturation and/or secretion of subsets of LROs are dysfunctional or entirely absent in a number of hereditary syndromic disorders, including in particular the Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LROs in humans and model organisms and presents our current understanding of how the products of genes that are defective in heritable diseases impact their formation, motility and ultimate secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Bowman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Bi-Karchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linh Le
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Serra-Vinardell J, Sandler MB, Pak E, Zheng W, Dutra A, Introne W, Gahl WA, Malicdan MC. Generation and characterization of four Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101883. [PMID: 32619719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a lysosome-related organelle (LRO) disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene, LYST. The clinical features of CHS include oculocutaneous albinism, primary immunodeficiency, bleeding diathesis, risk for development of hemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis,and progressive neurological problems. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease are unknown, so developing therapeutic options remains challenging. In this study,four induced pluripotent stem (iPSC) lines from unrelated CHS patients have been generated and successfully characterized for exploring the role of LYST in health and disease in diversecell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maxwell B Sandler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wendy Introne
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - May Christine Malicdan
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Trinh TX, Kwon SJ, Gerelkhuu Z, Choi JS, Song J, Yoon TH. Identification of Ca-rich dense granules in human platelets using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:720-724. [PMID: 32381773 PMCID: PMC7285678 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520002702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whole-mount (WM) platelet preparation followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation is the standard method currently used to assess dense granule (DG) deficiency (DGD). However, due to the electron-density-based contrast mechanism in TEM, other granules such as α-granules might cause false DG detection. Here, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) was used to identify DGs and minimize false DG detection of human platelets. STXM image stacks of human platelets were collected at the calcium (Ca) L2,3 absorption edge and then converted to optical density maps. Ca distribution maps, obtained by subtracting the optical density maps at the pre-edge region from those at the post-edge region, were used to identify DGs based on the Ca richness. DGs were successfully detected using this STXM method without false detection, based on Ca maps for four human platelets. Spectral analysis of granules in human platelets confirmed that DGs contain a richer Ca content than other granules. The Ca distribution maps facilitated more effective DG identification than TEM which might falsely detect DGs. Correct identification of DGs would be important to assess the status of platelets and DG-related diseases. Therefore, this STXM method is proposed as a promising approach for better DG identification and diagnosis, as a complementary tool to the current WM TEM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung X. Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Kwon
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Sik Choi
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Song Y, Dong Z, Luo S, Yang J, Lu Y, Gao B, Fan T. Identification of a compound heterozygote in LYST gene: a case report on Chediak-Higashi syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:4. [PMID: 31906877 PMCID: PMC6943916 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by loss of function of the lysosomal trafficking regulator protein. The causative gene LYST/CHS1 was cloned and identified in 1996, which showed significant homology to other species such as bovine and mouse. To date, 74 pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations had been reported. CASE PRESENTATION Here we describe a compound heterozygote in LYST gene, which was identified in a 4-year-old female patient. The patient showed skin hypopigmentation, sensitivity to light, mild splenomegaly and reduction of platelets in clinical examination. Giant intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed in the bone marrow examination, suggesting the diagnosis of CHS. Amplicon sequencing was performed to detect pathogenic mutation in LYST gene. The result was confirmed by two-generation pedigree analysis base on sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION A compound heterozygote in LYST gene, consisting of a missense mutation c.5719A > G and an intron mutation c.4863-4G > A, was identified from the patient by using amplicon sequencing. The missense mutation is reported for the first time. Two-generation pedigree analysis showed these two mutations were inherited from the patient's parents, respectively. Our result demonstrated that amplicon sequencing has great potential for accelerating and improving the diagnosis of rare genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsen Song
- Central Laboratory, Zhengzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Shuying Luo
- Department of Oncology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmei Yang
- Central Laboratory, Zhengzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuebing Lu
- Department of Oncology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hopsital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
| | - Tianli Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Nonmalignant leukocyte disorders. RODAK'S HEMATOLOGY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7151933 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-53045-3.00035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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de Araujo MEG, Liebscher G, Hess MW, Huber LA. Lysosomal size matters. Traffic 2019; 21:60-75. [PMID: 31808235 PMCID: PMC6972631 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are key cellular catabolic centers that also perform fundamental metabolic, signaling and quality control functions. Lysosomes are not static and they respond dynamically to intra‐ and extracellular stimuli triggering changes in organelle numbers, size and position. Such physical changes have a strong impact on lysosomal activity ultimately influencing cellular homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on lysosomal size regulation, on its physiological role(s) and association to several disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana E G de Araujo
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gudrun Liebscher
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, ADSI, Innsbruck, Austria
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39
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Silva LM, Brenchley L, Moutsopoulos NM. Primary immunodeficiencies reveal the essential role of tissue neutrophils in periodontitis. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:226-235. [PMID: 30565245 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common human inflammatory disease. In this condition, microbiota trigger excessive inflammation in oral mucosal tissues surrounding the dentition, resulting in destruction of tooth-supporting structures (connective tissue and bone). While susceptibility factors for common forms of periodontitis are not clearly understood, studies in patients with single genetic defects reveal a critical role for tissue neutrophils in disease susceptibility. Indeed, various genetic defects in the development, egress from the bone marrow, chemotaxis, and extravasation are clearly linked to aggressive/severe periodontitis at an early age. Here, we provide an overview of genetic defects in neutrophil biology that are linked to periodontitis. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms underlying Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency-I, the prototypic Mendelian defect of impaired neutrophil extravasation and severe periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali M Silva
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Proteases and Remodeling Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laurie Brenchley
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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40
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Hajdamowicz NH, Hull RC, Foster SJ, Condliffe AM. The Impact of Hypoxia on the Host-Pathogen Interaction between Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225561. [PMID: 31703398 PMCID: PMC6888323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key to host defence, and impaired neutrophil function predisposes to infection with an array of pathogens, with Staphylococcus aureus a common and sometimes life-threatening problem in this setting. Both infiltrating immune cells and replicating bacteria consume oxygen, contributing to the profound tissue hypoxia that characterises sites of infection. Hypoxia in turn has a dramatic effect on both neutrophil bactericidal function and the properties of S. aureus, including the production of virulence factors. Hypoxia thereby shapes the host-pathogen interaction and the progression of infection, for example promoting intracellular bacterial persistence, enabling local tissue destruction with the formation of an encaging abscess capsule, and facilitating the establishment and propagation of bacterial biofilms which block the access of host immune cells. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions in the setting of hypoxia will enable better understanding of persistent and recalcitrant infections due to S. aureus and may uncover novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia H Hajdamowicz
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (N.H.H.); (R.C.H.)
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Rebecca C Hull
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (N.H.H.); (R.C.H.)
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Simon J Foster
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (N.H.H.); (R.C.H.)
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
- Correspondence:
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41
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Liugan M, Carr AC. Vitamin C and Neutrophil Function: Findings from Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2102. [PMID: 31487891 PMCID: PMC6770220 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is known to support immune function and is accumulated by neutrophils to millimolar intracellular concentrations suggesting an important role for the vitamin in these cells. In this review, the effects of vitamin C, as a mono- or multi-supplement therapy, on neutrophil function were assessed by conducting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Specifically, trials which assessed neutrophil migration (chemotaxis), phagocytosis, oxidative burst, enzyme activity, or cell death (apoptosis) as primary or secondary outcomes were assessed. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Embase Classic, Joanna Briggs Institute EBP, Ovid MEDLINE®, Ovid MEDLINE® In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid Nursing Database, CINAHL and PubMed database, which identified 16 eligible RCTs. Quality appraisal of the included studies was carried out using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Three of the studies assessed neutrophil chemotaxis in hospitalised patients or outpatients, two of which showed improved neutrophil function following intravenous vitamin C administration. Ten RCTs assessed neutrophil phagocytosis and/or oxidative burst activity; five were exercise studies, one in smokers, one in myocardial infarction patients and three in healthy volunteers. Two of the multi-supplement studies showed a difference between the intervention and control groups: increased oxidative burst activity in athletes post-exercise and decreased oxidant generation in myocardial infarction patients. Two studies assessed neutrophil enzyme activity; one showed deceased antioxidant enzyme activity in divers and the other showed increased antioxidant enzyme activity in athletes. One final study showed decreased neutrophil apoptosis in septic surgical patients following intravenous vitamin C administration. Overall, 44% of the RCTs assessed in this review showed effects of vitamin C supplementation on neutrophil functions. However, the studies were very heterogeneous, comprising different participant cohorts and different dosing regimens. There were also a number of limitations inherent in the design of many of these RCTs. Future RCTs should incorporate prescreening of potential participants for low vitamin C status or utilize cohorts known to have low vitamin status, such as hospitalized patients, and should also comprise appropriate vitamin C dosing for the cohort under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikee Liugan
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Anitra C Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
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Dame JA, Phillips LA, de Villiers N, Pillay K, Hlela C, Eley B. A novel LYST mutation causing Chédiak Higashi syndrome in a South African child. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2019.08.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Shirazi TN, Snow J, Ham L, Raglan GB, Wiggs EA, Summers AC, Toro C, Introne WJ. The neuropsychological phenotype of Chediak-Higashi disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:101. [PMID: 31060595 PMCID: PMC6503440 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Chediak-Higashi Disease (CHD) is a rare autosomal disorder, purported to have cognitive and neurological impairments. Prior descriptions of cognitive impairment, however, are solely based on subjective, unstructured observations rather than on formal neuropsychological measures. Methods Four pediatric and 14 adult patients with diagnostically confirmed CHD were administered a neuropsychological battery assessing memory, attention, processing speed, psychomotor speed, language fluency, executive function, and general intelligence. Nine of the adult patients received follow-up evaluations to elucidate the longitudinal progression or stability of cognition over time. Results Pediatric CHD patients performed within the average range. Adult patients, however, performed below average on nearly all measures administered, and endorsed subjective reports of learning difficulties and poor academic performance in childhood. In particular, patients struggled with memory and psychomotor speed tasks, with 75% or more of patients scoring in the bottom 2.3 percentile in these two domains. No significant declines in cognition were observed among the patients who completed follow-up evaluations (M = 39.90, SD = 8.03 months between visits). Exploratory analyses suggested that adult patients who had classic CHD and previously received bone marrow transplants (BMTs; n = 3) exhibited moderately greater cognitive impairment than adult patients who had atypical CHD and had not received BMTs (n = 10). Conclusions Adult patients with CHD uniformly exhibit deficits in multiple domains, but in psychomotor speed and memory, in particular. Based on their neuropsychological profile, their ability to hold jobs and succeed in school may require support and special accommodations. The source of cognitive deficits is probably multifactorial including central nervous system involvement in CHD, and, for those transplanted, BMT-related side effects and complications. Absence of cognitive decline at three-year follow-up is encouraging but does not exclude progression at a slower time-scale. Future work should elucidate the possible effects and timing of BMT on cognition, as well as the mechanisms driving neuropsychological impairment in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Shirazi
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1274, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Snow
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1274, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Lillian Ham
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1274, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Greta B Raglan
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1274, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Edythe A Wiggs
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela C Summers
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1274, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gomaa NS, Lee JYW, El Sharkawy A, El Chazli YF, Hassab HMA, Doghaim NN, McGrath JA, Onoufriadis A. Genetic analysis in Egyptian patients with Chediak–Higashi syndrome reveals new
LYST
mutations. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 44:814-817. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Gomaa
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
- Dermatology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Tanta Egypt
| | - J. Y. W. Lee
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
| | - A. El Sharkawy
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Unit Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Y. F. El Chazli
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Unit Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - H. M. A. Hassab
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Unit Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - N. N. Doghaim
- Dermatology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Tanta Egypt
| | - J. A. McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
| | - A. Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 PMCID: PMC6310041 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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47
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Biallelic mutations in AP3D1 cause Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 10 associated with immunodeficiency and seizure disorder. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103583. [PMID: 30472485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several types of Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes (HPS) represent a group of immunodeficiency syndromes that feature both leukocyte defects with partial albinism of hair, skin, and eyes. These conditions share defects in genes that encode proteins involved in the biogenesis, function, and trafficking of secretory lysosomes. Mutations in AP3D1 which encode the main subunit AP-3(δ) were recently reported on one individual and led to Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome type 10 (HPS10; OMIM 617050). HPS10 is a severe condition that manifests with symptoms of oculocutaneous albinism, neurodevelopmental delays, platelet dysfunction, and immunodeficiency. Herein we report on three affected individuals who presented with severe seizures, developmental delay, albinism, and immunodeficiency. Whole exome sequencing identified homozygosity for a deleterious sequence variant of high impact in AP3D1, c.1978delG, predicting p.Ala660Argfs*54 (NM_001261826.3). We further demonstrated an abnormal storage pathway in the platelets. The current study represents a second confirmation report and implicates AP3D1 mutations as a cause of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome type 10.
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48
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Sorting machineries: how platelet-dense granules differ from α-granules. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180458. [PMID: 30104399 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets respond to vascular injury via surface receptor stimulation and signaling events to trigger aggregation, procoagulant activation, and granule secretion during hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular remodeling. Platelets contain three major types of secretory granules including dense granules (or δ-granules, DGs), α-granules (AGs), and lysosomes. The contents of platelet granules are specific. Platelet DGs store polyphosphate and small molecules such as ADP, ATP, Ca2+, and serotonin, while AGs package most of the proteins that platelets release. The platelet DGs and AGs are regarded as being budded from the endosomes and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), respectively, and then matured from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). However, the sorting machineries between DGs and AGs are different. Inherited platelet disorders are associated with deficiency of DGs and AGs, leading to bleeding diathesis in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), gray platelet syndrome (GPS), and arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis syndrome (ARC). Here, we reviewed the current understanding about how DGs differ from AGs in structure, biogenesis, and function. In particular, we focus on the sorting machineries that are involved in the formation of these two types of granules to provide insights into their diverse biological functions.
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Abstract
Mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms and/or persistent thrombocytopenia occur in individuals with congenital disorders of platelet function and number. Apart from bleeding, these disorders are often associated with additional hematologic and clinical manifestations, including auditory, immunologic, and oncologic disease. Autosomal recessive, dominant, and X-linked inheritance patterns have been demonstrated. Precise delineation of the molecular cause of the platelet disorder can aid the pediatrician in the detection and prevention of specific disorder-associated manifestations and guide appropriate treatment and anticipatory care for the patient and family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Sharma
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8733 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Shawn M Jobe
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8733 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Armed for destruction: formation, function and trafficking of neutrophil granules. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:455-471. [PMID: 29185068 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils respond nearly instantly to infection, rapidly deploying a potent enzymatic and chemical arsenal immediately upon entering an infected site. This capacity for rapid and potent responses is endowed by stores of antimicrobial proteins contained in readily mobilizable granules. These granules contain the proteins necessary to mediate the recruitment, chemotaxis, antimicrobial function and NET formation of neutrophils. Four granule types exist, and are sequentially deployed as neutrophils enter infected sites. Secretory vesicles are released first, enabling recruitment of neutrophils out of the blood. Next, specific and gelatinase granules are released to enable neutrophil migration and begin the formation of an antimicrobial environment. Finally, azurophilic granules release potent antimicrobial proteins at the site of infection and into phagosomes. The step-wise mobilization of these granules is regulated by calcium signaling, while specific trafficking regulators and membrane fusion complexes ensure the delivery of granules to the correct subcellular site. In this review, we describe neutrophil granules from their formation through to their deployment at the site of infection, focusing on recent developments in our understanding of the signaling pathways and vesicular trafficking mechanisms which mediate neutrophil degranulation.
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