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Yu G, Cao Y, He P, Li W, Wang J. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptotermes domesticus (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae): Genome description and phylogenetic implications. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21974. [PMID: 36205070 PMCID: PMC10078508 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland) was sequenced and annotated to study its characteristics and the phylogenetic relationship of C. domesticus to other termite species. The mitogenome of C. domesticus is a circular, close, and double-stranded molecule with a length of 15,655 bp. The sequenced mitogenome contains 37 typical genes, which are highly conserved in gene size, organization, and codon usage. Transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) also have typical secondary structures. All of the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with an ATN codon, except for nad4, which starts with GTG and terminates with the terminal codon TAA and TAG or the incomplete form T-- (cox2 and nad5). Most tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1, in which this form is replaced by a simple loop and lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) and nonsynonymous (Ka)/synonymous (Ks) mutation rate ratios indicate that nad1, cox1, and cox3 are the most conserved genes, and that cox1 has the lowest rate of evolution. In addition, an 89 bp repeated sequence was found in the A + T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods based on 13 PCGs, and the monophyly of Kalotermitidae was supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Yu
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Invasion BiologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yufeng Cao
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Invasion BiologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Peishan He
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Biological EngineeringJiangxi Agricultural Engineering CollegeZhangshuJiangxiChina
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Invasion BiologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Invasion BiologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
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2
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Chung CY, Shigenobu S. Reproductive constraint in the social aphid Ceratovacuna japonica: Sterility regulation in the soldier caste of a viviparous insect. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 145:103756. [PMID: 35367587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the non-reproductive caste is a unique feature of eusocial insects. Apoptosis in oocytes plays a major role in constraining the reproductivity of the eusocial insects including bees, ants, and termites. However, the regulation of reproductive constraint in non-reproductives of primitively eusocial insects other than hymenopterans and blattodeans is almost unknown. Here, we investigated the soldier sterility in a hemipteran insect, the social aphid Ceratovacuna japonica. We compared the gonads of soldiers, that are completely sterile, with those of reproductives in their viviparous development. We found that soldiers possess a pair of ovaries and the same number of germaria as reproductives, but soldiers' ovarioles were small and lacking gastrulating embryos. Unlike in most model social insects, the staining of cleaved Caspase-3 showed apoptosis in the maternal nutritive cells, rather in the oocyte, of soldier ovaries. In addition, the ubiquitous C. japonica vasa1 and piwi2a expression indicates the developmental failure of embryos in soldier ovaries. The absence of posterior nos1, an insect posterior determinant, indicates deficient posterior patterning in soldier ovarioles. Our findings suggest a different mode of reproductive constraint, which regulates both oogenesis and embryogenesis in a viviparous insect ovary. This is the first report of the reproductive constraint in a viviparous social insect at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yo Chung
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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3
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Buček A, Wang M, Šobotník J, Hellemans S, Sillam-Dussès D, Mizumoto N, Stiblík P, Clitheroe C, Lu T, González Plaza JJ, Mohagan A, Rafanomezantsoa JJ, Fisher B, Engel MS, Roisin Y, Evans TA, Scheffrahn R, Bourguignon T. Molecular phylogeny reveals the past transoceanic voyages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6577226. [PMID: 35511685 PMCID: PMC9113494 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites are major decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems and the second most diverse lineage of social insects. The Kalotermitidae form the second-largest termite family and are distributed across tropical and subtropical ecosystems, where they typically live in small colonies confined to single wood items inhabited by individuals with no foraging abilities. How the Kalotermitidae have acquired their global distribution patterns remains unresolved. Similarly, it is unclear whether foraging is ancestral to Kalotermitidae or was secondarily acquired in a few species. These questions can be addressed in a phylogenetic framework. We inferred time-calibrated phylogenetic trees of Kalotermitidae using mitochondrial genomes of ∼120 species, about 27% of kalotermitid diversity, including representatives of 21 of the 23 kalotermitid genera. Our mitochondrial genome phylogenetic trees were corroborated by phylogenies inferred from nuclear ultraconserved elements derived from a subset of 28 species. We found that extant kalotermitids shared a common ancestor 84 Ma (75–93 Ma 95% highest posterior density), indicating that a few disjunctions among early-diverging kalotermitid lineages may predate Gondwana breakup. However, most of the ∼40 disjunctions among biogeographic realms were dated at <50 Ma, indicating that transoceanic dispersals, and more recently human-mediated dispersals, have been the major drivers of the global distribution of Kalotermitidae. Our phylogeny also revealed that the capacity to forage is often found in early-diverging kalotermitid lineages, implying the ancestors of Kalotermitidae were able to forage among multiple wood pieces. Our phylogenetic estimates provide a platform for critical taxonomic revision and future comparative analyses of Kalotermitidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buček
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - M Wang
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - J Šobotník
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Hellemans
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - D Sillam-Dussès
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, UR 4443, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France
| | - N Mizumoto
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - P Stiblík
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Clitheroe
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - T Lu
- Tomer Lu, Total Hadbara Israel
| | - J J González Plaza
- International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - A Mohagan
- Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines
| | - J J Rafanomezantsoa
- Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - B Fisher
- Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,California Academy of the Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - M S Engel
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Y Roisin
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - T A Evans
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - R Scheffrahn
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, Florida 33314, USA
| | - T Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.,Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Casalla R, Scheffrahn RH, Korb J. Rugitermesursulae (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae), a new drywood termite from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Zookeys 2021; 1057:23-36. [PMID: 34539196 PMCID: PMC8410751 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1057.65877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rugitermesursulae sp. nov. is described from a sample collected inside a dead branch in a tropical dry forest of Colombia's Caribbean coast using molecular information and external morphological characters of the imago and soldier castes. Rugitermesursulae sp. nov. soldiers and imagoes are the smallest among all described Rugitermes species. The imago's head capsule coloration is dark castaneous, while the pronotum is contrastingly pale yellow. Our description includes soldier characters, such as subflangular elevation and shape of the antennal sockets, that can help in identification of samples lacking imagoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Casalla
- Universidad del Norte, Departamento de Química y Biología. Kilómetro 5 Antigua vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla ColombiaUniversidad del NorteBarranquillaColombia
| | - Rudolf H. Scheffrahn
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue Davie, Florida 33314, USAUniversity of FloridaDavieUnited States of America
| | - Judith Korb
- Universität Freiburg, Evolutionary Biology & Ecology. Hauptstrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, GermanyUniversität FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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5
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Chouvenc T, Šobotník J, Engel MS, Bourguignon T. Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2749-2769. [PMID: 33388854 PMCID: PMC11071720 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Termites are a clade of eusocial wood-feeding roaches with > 3000 described species. Eusociality emerged ~ 150 million years ago in the ancestor of modern termites, which, since then, have acquired and sometimes lost a series of adaptive traits defining of their evolution. Termites primarily feed on wood, and digest cellulose in association with their obligatory nutritional mutualistic gut microbes. Recent advances in our understanding of termite phylogenetic relationships have served to provide a tentative timeline for the emergence of innovative traits and their consequences on the ecological success of termites. While all "lower" termites rely on cellulolytic protists to digest wood, "higher" termites (Termitidae), which comprise ~ 70% of termite species, do not rely on protists for digestion. The loss of protists in Termitidae was a critical evolutionary step that fostered the emergence of novel traits, resulting in a diversification of morphology, diets, and niches to an extent unattained by "lower" termites. However, the mechanisms that led to the initial loss of protists and the succession of events that took place in the termite gut remain speculative. In this review, we provide an overview of the key innovative traits acquired by termites during their evolution, which ultimately set the stage for the emergence of "higher" termites. We then discuss two hypotheses concerning the loss of protists in Termitidae, either through an externalization of the digestion or a dietary transition. Finally, we argue that many aspects of termite evolution remain speculative, as most termite biological diversity and evolutionary trajectories have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chouvenc
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Ft Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL, USA.
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan.
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6
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Laranjo LT, da Silva IB, Costa-Leonardo AM. Development and comparative morphology of the reproductive system in different aged males of the drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis (Blattaria, Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:31-42. [PMID: 31321554 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Termites are eusocial cockroaches, which have received great attention due to their diversity of reproductive strategies. Although these novelties allow new interpretations concerning the mating biology of these insects, studies highlighting the structure of the reproductive system are limited to some termite lineages. Here we provide the first comparative analysis of the reproductive system of a drywood termite, using different aged males of Cryptotermes brevis as models. This species represents an important structural pest in tropical regions, and most aspects of its reproductive biology remain unknown, especially on males. The reproductive apparatus of C. brevis is equipped with paired testes, composed of seven testicular lobes, in which developing spermatozoa are located. The basal portion of the lobes connects to the vasa deferentia and transport spermatozoa to a pair of enlarged chambers, the seminal vesicles. These structures join in a median ejaculatory duct, which opens to the external region through a retractile penis. Spermatozoa were observed in all C. brevis males, exhibiting elongated morphology and measuring about 10 μm in length/4 μm in width. Compared with last-instar nymphs and alates, functional kings showed enlarged testes and seminal vesicles, as well as an intense secretory activity towards the lumen of the latter structures. Histochemical tests evidenced strongly PAS and xylidine Ponceau positive reactions of the secretion only in functional kings, indicating the occurrence of glycoproteins. Thus, we suggest that morphophysiological changes establish during the maturation of the reproductive system in C. brevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Teixeira Laranjo
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, No. 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Iago Bueno da Silva
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, No. 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Costa-Leonardo
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, No. 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
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7
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Scicchitano V, Dedeine F, Mantovani B, Luchetti A. Molecular systematics, biogeography, and colony fusion in the European dry-wood termites Kalotermes spp. (Blattodea, Termitoidae, Kalotermitidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:523-531. [PMID: 29070094 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
European dry-wood termites belong to the genus Kalotermes (Kalotermitidae), one of the two termite genera in Europe. Until the recent description of two new species, Kalotermes italicus in Italy and Kalotermes phoenicae in the eastern Mediterranean area, Kalotermes flavicollis was the only taxon known in this region. The presence of additional entities, suggested by morphological and physiological variation observed in K. flavicollis, was supported by molecular studies revealing four distinct genetic lineages: lineage A, K. flavicollis sensu strictu, from the Aegean area to Italy; lineage B, in Tuscany; lineage SC, in Sardinia and Corsica; lineage SF, in southern France. Lineages A and B may form mixed colonies, suggesting hybridization. To draw a more detailed picture of Kalotermes evolution and biogeography in Europe, we analyzed samples from previously unsampled areas, such as Spain and southern Italy, by means of the highly informative cox1/trnL/cox2 mitochondrial DNA marker. Overall, phylogenetic analyses confirmed previously identified lineages and taxa, but widened the distribution of the lineage SC to the mainland and of the lineage SF to Spain and Portugal. Results further provided evidence for the synonymy between lineage B and K. italicus. Species delimitation analysis suggested that the three K. flavicollis lineages, as well as K. italicus, can be separate taxa. Data also suggest a possible interspecific hybridization between K. italicus and both K. flavicollis lineages A and SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Scicchitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche,Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna,via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna,Italy
| | - F Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours,Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours,France
| | - B Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche,Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna,via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna,Italy
| | - A Luchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche,Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna,via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna,Italy
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8
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Waidele L, Korb J, Voolstra CR, Künzel S, Dedeine F, Staubach F. Differential Ecological Specificity of Protist and Bacterial Microbiomes across a Set of Termite Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2518. [PMID: 29312218 PMCID: PMC5742190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of lower termites comprises protists and bacteria that help these insects to digest cellulose and to thrive on wood. The composition of the termite gut microbiome correlates with phylogenetic distance of the animal host and host ecology (diet) in termites collected from their natural environment. However, carryover of transient microbes from host collection sites are an experimental concern and might contribute to the ecological imprints on the termite gut microbiome. Here, we set out to test whether an ecological imprint on the termite gut microbiome remains, when focusing on the persistent microbiome. Therefore, we kept five termite species under strictly controlled dietary conditions and subsequently profiled their protist and bacterial gut microbial communities using 18S and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The species differed in their ecology; while three of the investigated species were wood-dwellers that feed on the piece of wood they live in and never leave except for the mating flight, the other two species were foragers that regularly leave their nests to forage for food. Despite these prominent ecological differences, protist microbiome structure aligned with phylogenetic relatedness of termite host species. Conversely, bacterial communities seemed more flexible, suggesting that microbiome structure aligned more strongly with the foraging and wood-dwelling ecologies. Interestingly, protist and bacterial community alpha-diversity correlated, suggesting either putative interactions between protists and bacteria, or that both types of microbes in the termite gut follow shared structuring principles. Taken together, our results add to the notion that bacterial communities are more variable over evolutionary time than protist communities and might react more flexibly to changes in host ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Waidele
- Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judith Korb
- Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Fabian Staubach
- Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Casalla R, Scheffrahn RH, Korb J. Proneotermes macondianus, a new drywood termite from Colombia and expanded distribution of Proneotermes in the Neotropics (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Zookeys 2016:43-60. [PMID: 27843387 PMCID: PMC5096395 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.623.9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than one hundred years, a new drywood termite of the genus Proneotermes is described from the tropical dry forest in the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Morphological and genetic analyses are given for Proneotermes macondianussp. n. This termite occurs in tropical dry forests in small colonies inside thin branches of dry wood. The soldier of Proneotermes macondianus is smaller and the genal horns are angled outward compared to the other two described Proneotermes species. The imago wings are unusually short and wide. Genetic analyses for COII, 12S, and 16S genes show less than three percent difference between sample localities of Proneotermes macondianus. Intergeneric comparison with selected kalotermitid genera indicates that Bifiditermes is the most closely related genus of those sequenced. New morphological descriptions and morphometric measurements of Proneotermes latifrons based on the soldier caste are also included. Neotropical locality records for Proneotermes latifrons and Proneotermes perezi are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Casalla
- Universität Freiburg. Evolutionary Biology & Ecology. Hauptstrasse 1, Freiburg 79104 Germany; Universidad del Norte. Departamento de Química y Biología. Kilómetro 5 Antigua vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla Colombia
| | - Rudolf H Scheffrahn
- University of Florida. Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, 3205 College Avenue Davie, Florida 33314 United States
| | - Judith Korb
- Universität Freiburg. Evolutionary Biology & Ecology. Hauptstrasse 1, Freiburg 79104 Germany
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10
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Casalla R, Scheffrahn R, Korb J. Cryptotermes colombianus a new drywood termite and distribution record of Cryptotermes in Colombia. Zookeys 2016:39-52. [PMID: 27408575 PMCID: PMC4926653 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.596.9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of drywood termite (Kalotermitidae), Cryptotermescolombianus, is described and new records for Cryptotermescylindroceps and Cryptotermesmangoldi are presented from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Cryptotermescolombianus is described from two soldiers and genetic sequences. This unusual species differs noticeably from other regional Cryptotermes species for its weak and inconspicuous definition of the frontal and genal horns and its acute angle of the frons with respect to the vertex. Cryptotermescolombianus clustered with species from the Ethiopian and Oriental region and it is closely related to Cryptotermeshavilandi. Cryptotermescylindroceps is widely distributed along the Colombian Caribbean coast, commonly associated with dead wood in mangrove habitats. It also is commonly found in wooden furniture, constituting an important household pest. Cryptotermesmangoldi is reported from the Caribbean mainland for the first time. With these new records, there are now five Cryptotermes species for Colombia, including the pest species Cryptotermesbrevis and Cryptotermesdudleyi. This new description raises the numbers of Neotropical Cryptotermes to a total of 34 species, of which 2 are fossils, 4 introduced, and 28 endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Casalla
- Universität Freiburg. Evolutionary Biology & Ecology. Hauptstrasse 1. Freiburg 79104. Germany; Universidad del Norte. Departamento de Química y Biología. Kilómetro 5 Antigua vía Puerto Colombia. Barranquilla. Colombia
| | - Rudolf Scheffrahn
- University of Florida. Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center 3205 College Avenue Davie. Florida 33314. United States
| | - Judith Korb
- Universität Freiburg. Evolutionary Biology & Ecology. Hauptstrasse 1. Freiburg 79104. Germany
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11
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Bourguignon T, Chisholm RA, Evans TA. The Termite Worker Phenotype Evolved as a Dispersal Strategy for Fertile Wingless Individuals before Eusociality. Am Nat 2016; 187:372-87. [PMID: 26913949 DOI: 10.1086/684838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Termites are eusocial insects that evolved from solitary cockroaches. It is not known precisely what factors drove the evolution of termite eusociality, that is, skewed reproduction with distinct winged reproductive and wingless worker phenotypes. In other eusocial insects (bees and wasps), reproductive skew evolved first and phenotype differences evolved second. We propose that the reverse pattern occurred in termites, that is, that the winged-wingless diphenism evolved before eusociality. We discuss existing phylogenetic and pheromonal evidence supporting our hypothesis. We provide new experimental evidence from the most basal termite species (Mastotermes darwiniensis), suggesting that the ancestral state was indeed diphenic but presocial. We propose that the mechanism promoting a winged-wingless diphenism-in the absence of eusociality-was greater predation of aerial than terrestrial dispersers, and we support this with a game theoretic model. We augment our hypothesis with a novel explanation for the evolution of the developmental pathways leading to winged and wingless phenotypes in termites. An added benefit of our hypothesis is that it neatly explains the origin of termite eusociality itself: in the pre-eusocial ancestral species, the poor dispersal ability of the wingless phenotype would have led to clustering of relatives around shared resources-a prerequisite for nonparental care of close relatives.
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12
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Ghesini S, Marini M. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Kalotermes populations from the Levant, and description of Kalotermes phoeniciae sp. nov. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:285-293. [PMID: 25779003 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the yellow-necked drywood termite, Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr., has been reported along most of the Mediterranean coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia. While morphological and genetic data exist on European K. flavicollis populations from western and central Mediterranean regions, data on eastern Mediterranean Kalotermes are scarce, and no genetic data exist to date. In this study, we analyzed 17 Kalotermes sp. colonies from 11 localities in the Levant (Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel), in order to characterize genetically (mitochondrial DNA: COII, 16S, and control region) these populations. We found that samples from the Levant are genetically different from K. flavicollis, with distance values falling in the range of interspecific distances. In the phylogeny of European Kalotermes populations, samples from the Levant form a clade of their own, sister to a clade including K. flavicollis and Kalotermes italicus. Inside the eastern Mediterranean clade, all the samples from Cyprus are included in a well-supported subclade, suggesting that the colonization of the island might have occurred in a single event. These findings show that the populations we examined do not belong to the species K. flavicollis, but to a new species peculiar to the Levant, that we describe as Kalotermes phoeniciae sp. nov. It is possible that previous reports of K. flavicollis in this region can be attributed to K. phoeniciae.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghesini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche,Geologiche e Ambientali,Università di Bologna,Via Selmi 3 I-40126 Bologna,Italy
| | - M Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche,Geologiche e Ambientali,Università di Bologna,Via Selmi 3 I-40126 Bologna,Italy
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13
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Chouvenc T, Helmick EE, Su NY. Hybridization of two major termite invaders as a consequence of human activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120745. [PMID: 25806968 PMCID: PMC4373762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While hybridization of an invasive species with a native species is a common occurrence, hybridization between two invasive species is rare. Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus) and Asian subterranean termites (C. gestroi) are both ecologically successful and are the two most economically important termite pests in the world. Both species have spread throughout many areas of the world due to human activity; however, their distributions overlap in only three narrow areas because of distinct ecological requirements. In south Florida, where C. formosanus and C. gestroi are both invasive, the dispersal flight seasons of both species overlapped for the first time on record in 2013 and 2014. Pairings of heterospecific individuals were readily observed in the field and C. gestroi males preferentially engaged in mating behavior with C. formosanus females rather than females from their own species. In the laboratory, heterospecific and conspecific pairings had an equal colony establishment rate, but heterospecific incipient colonies had twice the growth rate of conspecific incipient colonies, suggesting a potential case of hybrid vigor. As all pre-zygotic barriers were lifted between the two species in the field, the apparent absence of post-zygotic barriers in the laboratory raises the possibility for introgressive hybridization in south Florida. While laboratory observations remain to be confirmed in the field, and the alate hybrid fertility is currently unknown, our results raise a tangible concern about the hybridization of two major destructive pest species. Such hybridization would likely be associated with a new economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chouvenc
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ericka E. Helmick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nan-Yao Su
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
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14
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Gile GH, James ER, Okamoto N, Carpenter KJ, Scheffrahn RH, Keeling PJ. Molecular Evidence for the Polyphyly of Macrotrichomonas (Parabasalia: Cristamonadea) and a Proposal for Macrotrichomonoides n. gen. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:494-504. [PMID: 25600410 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Macrotrichomonas (Cristamonadea: Parabasalia) is an anaerobic, amitochondriate flagellate symbiont of termite hindguts. It is noteworthy for being large but not structurally complex compared with other large parabasalians, and for retaining a structure similar in appearance to the undulating membrane (UM) of small flagellates closely related to cristamonads, e.g. Tritrichomonas. Here, we have characterised the SSU rDNA from two species described as Macrotrichomonas: M. restis Kirby 1942 from Neotermes jouteli and M. lighti Connell 1932 from Paraneotermes simplicicornis. These species do not form a clade: M. lighti branches with previously characterised Macrotrichomonas sequences from Glyptotermes, while M. restis branches with the genus Metadevescovina. We examined the M. restis UM by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and we find common characteristics with the proximal portion of the robust recurrent flagellum of devescovinids. Altogether, we show the genus Macrotrichomonas to be polyphyletic and propose transferring M. restis to a new genus, Macrotrichomonoides. We also hypothesise that the macrotrichomonad body plan represents the ancestral state of cristamonads, from which other major forms evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Gile
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erick R James
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Noriko Okamoto
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin J Carpenter
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rudolf H Scheffrahn
- University of Florida Research & Education Center, Davie, Florida, 33314, USA
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Bourguignon T, Lo N, Cameron SL, Šobotník J, Hayashi Y, Shigenobu S, Watanabe D, Roisin Y, Miura T, Evans TA. The evolutionary history of termites as inferred from 66 mitochondrial genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:406-21. [PMID: 25389205 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites have colonized many habitats and are among the most abundant animals in tropical ecosystems, which they modify considerably through their actions. The timing of their rise in abundance and of the dispersal events that gave rise to modern termite lineages is not well understood. To shed light on termite origins and diversification, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of 48 termite species and combined them with 18 previously sequenced termite mitochondrial genomes for phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses using multiple fossil calibrations. The 66 genomes represent most major clades of termites. Unlike previous phylogenetic studies based on fewer molecular data, our phylogenetic tree is fully resolved for the lower termites. The phylogenetic positions of Macrotermitinae and Apicotermitinae are also resolved as the basal groups in the higher termites, but in the crown termitid groups, including Termitinae + Syntermitinae + Nasutitermitinae + Cubitermitinae, the position of some nodes remains uncertain. Our molecular clock tree indicates that the lineages leading to termites and Cryptocercus roaches diverged 170 Ma (153-196 Ma 95% confidence interval [CI]), that modern Termitidae arose 54 Ma (46-66 Ma 95% CI), and that the crown termitid group arose 40 Ma (35-49 Ma 95% CI). This indicates that the distribution of basal termite clades was influenced by the final stages of the breakup of Pangaea. Our inference of ancestral geographic ranges shows that the Termitidae, which includes more than 75% of extant termite species, most likely originated in Africa or Asia, and acquired their pantropical distribution after a series of dispersal and subsequent diversification events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourguignon
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen L Cameron
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshinobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yves Roisin
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Theodore A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Roisin Y. Cryptotermes (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae) on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu: Redescription of Cryptotermes albipes (Holmgren & Holmgren) and description of Cryptotermes penaoru sp. n. Zookeys 2011:31-40. [PMID: 22287889 PMCID: PMC3264405 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.148.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete series of two species of the phragmotic drywood termite genus, Cryptotermes (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae), were found on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. Here, I describe for the first time the soldier of Cryptotermes albipes (Holmgren & Holmgren), which resembles Cryptotermes domesticus but presents deep depressions on the head sides and vertex. The other species, here described as Cryptotermes penaorusp. n., comes close to Cryptotermes tropicalis, a species known from the tropical rainforest of northern Queensland, from which its soldier is distinguished by its more elongated head capsule.
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17
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Foraging choice and replacement reproductives facilitate invasiveness in drywood termites. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Desai MS, Strassert JFH, Meuser K, Hertel H, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Radek R, Brune A. Strict cospeciation of devescovinid flagellates and Bacteroidales ectosymbionts in the gut of dry-wood termites (Kalotermitidae). Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:2120-32. [PMID: 21966907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The surface of many termite gut flagellates is colonized with a dense layer of bacteria, yet little is known about the evolutionary relationships of such ectosymbionts and their hosts. Here we investigated the molecular phylogenies of devescovinid flagellates (Devescovina spp.) and their symbionts from a wide range of dry-wood termites (Kalotermitidae). From species-pure flagellate suspensions isolated with micropipettes, we obtained SSU rRNA gene sequences of symbionts and host. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Devescovina spp. present in many species of Kalotermitidae form a monophyletic group, which includes also the unique devescovinid flagellate Caduceia versatilis. All members of this group were consistently associated with a distinct lineage of Bacteroidales, whose location on the cell surface was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The well-supported congruence of the phylogenies of devescovinids and their ectosymbionts documents a strict cospeciation. In contrast, the endosymbionts of the same flagellates ('Endomicrobia') were clearly polyphyletic and must have been acquired independently by horizontal transfer from other flagellate lineages. Also the Bacteroidales ectosymbionts of Oxymonas flagellates present in several Kalotermitidae belonged to several distantly related lines of descent, underscoring the general perception that the evolutionary history of flagellate-bacteria symbioses in the termite gut is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Desai
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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19
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Weil T, Korb J, Rehli M. Comparison of queen-specific gene expression in related lower termite species. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:1841-50. [PMID: 19541881 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating caste determination and reproductive division of labor, the hallmarks of insect societies, are poorly defined. The identification of key genes involved in these developmentally important processes will be essential to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling one of the most impressive examples of polyphenism, the caste structure of eusocial species. Here, we applied representational difference analysis of cDNAs, to study differential gene expression between queens (female neotenics) and workers in the dry wood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalus and identified 13 genes that were highly expressed in queens. In addition, we partially cloned several homologous genes of the related termite species Cryptotermes secundus and compared the expression profiles of 10 homologous genes. In most cases, the preferential expression in female neotenics was not conserved between species, despite the close phylogenetic relationship of both Cryptotermes species. It is possible that these genes are associated with known species-specific differences in caste development modes. Only three genes (Neofem1, 2, and 3) showed a conserved and highly preferential expression in female neotenics, suggesting that their products may play important roles in female reproductives, in particular in controlling caste determination and reproductive division of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weil
- Biology I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Sequence analysis of a few species of termites (Order: Isoptera) on the basis of partial characterization of COII gene. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 331:145-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Roux EA, Roux M, Korb J. Selection on defensive traits in a sterile caste - caste evolution: a mechanism to overcome life-history trade-offs? Evol Dev 2009; 11:80-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2008.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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SCHOLTZ OLIVIAI, MACLEOD NORMAN, EGGLETON PAUL. Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology. Zool J Linn Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Quennedey A, Sillam-Dussès D, Robert A, Bordereau C. The fine structural organization of sternal glands of pseudergates and workers in termites (Isoptera): a comparative survey. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2008; 37:168-185. [PMID: 18207459 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-nine species belonging to different families of termites are studied to give a comprehensive view of the evolution of the sternal glands. Several modifications occurring at cuticular and cytological levels are described in neuter castes. The outer epicuticle is always pierced by epicuticular pores. In advanced termites the epicuticular filaments greatly increase in number and length creating a thick layer. The pore canals gradually enlarge while the cuticle changes into a lattice structure lining an extracellular space in which the secretion is stored. Two classes of cells are present in basal termites (Mastotermitidae, Hodotermitidae, Termopsidae and Kalotermitidae) but their glandular structures greatly differ between families. A more complex organization with three classes of cells is found in the Serritermitidae and Rhinotermitidae. A regressive evolution occurs in the Termitidae where only two classes of cells are present. A dual nervous control (campaniform sensilla and neurosecretory fibers) is found in lower termites, except for the Hodotermitidae which have mechanosensory bristles. In the other families, neurosecretory fibers are lacking. A comparison with phylogenetic data is given. A more versatile role of sternal glands in neuter castes is hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quennedey
- UMR 5548, Développement et Communication Chimique chez les Insectes, Université de Bourgogne, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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24
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Köhler T, Stingl U, Meuser K, Brune A. Novel lineages of Planctomycetes densely colonize the alkaline gut of soil-feeding termites (Cubitermes spp.). Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1260-70. [PMID: 18279348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the phylum Planctomycetes are found in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Here we show that the highest density of Planctomycetes in natural environments (2.6 x 10(9) cells ml(-1)) is encountered in the hindgut of soil-feeding termites (Cubitermes spp.), where they constitute up to one-third of the bacteria in the alkaline P3 compartment detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A 16S-rRNA-based approach revealed that the planctomycete community is very diverse and falls into three major clusters representing novel, deeply branching lineages. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and FISH with cluster-specific oligonucleotide probes confirmed that most of the lineages are also present in other gut compartments, albeit in much lower numbers, but absent from the food soil. The majority of planctomycetes in the gut belong to a large clade, the 'Termite planctomycete cluster', which consists exclusively of clones from termite guts and seems to be represented in all termite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Köhler
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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25
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Cribb BW, Stewart A, Huang H, Truss R, Noller B, Rasch R, Zalucki MP. Unique zinc mass in mandibles separates drywood termites from other groups of termites. Naturwissenschaften 2008; 95:433-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Bergamaschi S, Dawes-Gromadzki TZ, Scali V, Marini M, Mantovani B. Karyology, mitochondrial DNA and the phylogeny of Australian termites. Chromosome Res 2007; 15:735-53. [PMID: 17622491 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-007-1158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive karyological characterization of 20 Australian and three European species of Isoptera, together with a mitochondrial gene analysis is presented. Higher termites appear karyotypically very uniform, while lower termites are highly variable. The differences in chromosome number are explained through Robertsonian changes or multiple translocation events. An ancestral acrocentric karyotype can be suggested as the most primitive one. In Kalotermitidae chromosomal repatterning has repeatedly arisen with the X0-male type possibly representing a XY-derived condition. This argues against a simple origin of termites from cockroaches. The fixed chromosome number of Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae (2n=42, XY/XX) may be explained with the non-random nature of chromosomal evolution. A sex-linked multivalent, either with a ring or a chain structure, is found in the majority of species. Phylogenetic analyses on COII sequences recognize Mastotermitidae as the basal lineage and define the Rhinotermitidae+Termitidae cluster with a good bootstrap support. Kalotermitidae fail to be joined in a single cluster in agreement with the detected chromosomal variability. On the other hand, the karyotypic conservation of the Termitidae family contrasts with the polytomy evidenced at the subfamily level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bergamaschi
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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27
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Pester M, Brune A. Expression profiles of fhs (FTHFS) genes support the hypothesis that spirochaetes dominate reductive acetogenesis in the hindgut of lower termites. Environ Microbiol 2006; 8:1261-70. [PMID: 16817934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reductive acetogenesis is an important metabolic process in the hindgut of wood-feeding termites. We analysed diversity and expression profiles of the bacterial fhs gene, a marker gene encoding a key enzyme of reductive acetogenesis, formyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS), to identify the active homoacetogenic populations in representatives of three different termite families. Clone libraries of polymerase chain reaction-amplified fhs genes from hindgut contents of Reticulitermes santonensis (Rhinotermitidae) and Cryptotermes secundus (Kalotermitidae) were compared with previously published fhs gene sequences obtained from Zootermopsis nevadensis (Termopsidae). Most of the clones clustered among the 'Termite Treponemes', which comprise also the fhs genes of the two strains of the homoacetogenic spirochaete Treponema primitia. The high abundance of treponemal fhs genes in all clone libraries was in agreement with the results of DNA-based terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Moreover, in mRNA-based T-RFLP profiles of the three termites, only expression of fhs genes of 'Termite Treponemes' was detected, albeit at different levels. In C. secundus, only one of the dominating phylotypes was transcribed, while in R. santonensis, the apparently less abundant fhs genes were the most actively expressed. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that spirochaetes are responsible for reductive acetogenesis in the hindgut of lower, wood-feeding termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pester
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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28
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Korb J, Katrantzis S. Influence of environmental conditions on the expression of the sexual dispersal phenotype in a lower termite: implications for the evolution of workers in termites. Evol Dev 2004; 6:342-52. [PMID: 15330867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is thought to be of prime importance for the evolution of castes in social insects. However, conclusions are generally drawn from holometabolous social Hymenoptera, whereas little is known about the hemimetabolous termites. We investigated the influence of environmental conditions on the expression of the alternative phenotypes, worker versus dispersing sexual, in the drywood termite Cryptotermes secundus. Season played a fundamental role in this regulatory process by setting developmental deadlines. Individuals failing to reach these deadlines developed back to workers, whereas those in time progressed to dispersing sexuals. This seasonal regulation was superposed by the influence of food availability in the nest that adjusted the number of remaining workers versus dispersing sexuals. In line with declining benefits at the natal nest, there were more dispersing sexuals when the food was reduced. Provided that the life type of C. secundus reflects the ancestral state in termite evolution, as is often assumed, our results support the hypothesis that termite workers originated from individuals failing in sexual development. Furthermore, a taxonomical comparison between termite species with different life-styles stresses the importance of a predictable variation in food availability for the existence of a plastic development and the occurrence of conditionally expressed phenotypes in termites. Compared with social Hymenoptera, the mechanisms involved in caste polyphenism in termites differed considerably, which demands more differentiated discussions about social insects caste polyphenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Korb
- Biology I, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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29
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Ohkuma M, Yuzawa H, Amornsak W, Sornnuwat Y, Takematsu Y, Yamada A, Vongkaluang C, Sarnthoy O, Kirtibutr N, Noparatnaraporn N, Kudo T, Inoue T. Molecular phylogeny of Asian termites (Isoptera) of the families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae based on mitochondrial COII sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 31:701-10. [PMID: 15062804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae are the most evolved and diverse groups of the social insects, termites (Order Isoptera), showing elaborated morphology and complex behavior. Molecular phylogeny of termites with the emphasis on these families was examined by Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses based on DNA sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene of 31 genera sampled in Asia (mainly Thailand and Japan) along with those reported previously. Termitidae was monophyletic and originated from within polyphyletic Rhinotermitidae. Among the four subfamilies of Termitidae, Macrotermitinae was monophyletic suggesting a single common origin of fungus-growing habit characteristic for this subfamily, and was placed in the basal position in the family. A group consisting of other subfamilies Termitinae and Nasutitermitinae, though some important groups were still untouched, was the most apical but neither Termitinae nor Nasutitermitinae formed a monophyletic lineage. It was implied that, as defense systems of the soldier castes, the appearance of snapping mandibles has occurred at a single event, but the development of nasus for chemical secretion has probably not. Our tree provides some evidence concerning contradictions in the previously proposed phylogeny of termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriya Ohkuma
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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Schmitt-Wagner D, Friedrich MW, Wagner B, Brune A. Axial dynamics, stability, and interspecies similarity of bacterial community structure in the highly compartmentalized gut of soil-feeding termites (Cubitermes spp.). Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6018-24. [PMID: 14532057 PMCID: PMC201195 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.6018-6024.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly compartmentalized gut of soil-feeding termites is characterized by pronounced axial dynamics in physicochemical conditions and microbial processes. In a companion paper (D. Schmitt-Wagner, M. W. Friedrich, B. Wagner, and A. Brune, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6007-6017, 2003), we demonstrated that the variety of physicochemical conditions in the different gut compartments of Cubitermes spp. is reflected in the diversity of the respective intestinal microbial communities. Here, we used molecular fingerprints of 16S rRNA genes of the bacterial community, obtained by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, to describe the axial dynamics of the bacterial community structure in the different gut sections. Comparison of the T-RFLP profiles with the predicted terminal restriction fragments of the clones in clone libraries of the gut segments in Cubitermes orthognathus confirmed that all hindgut sections harbored distinct bacterial communities. Morisita indices of community similarity, calculated by comparing the different patterns, revealed large differences between the bacterial communities of soil, gut, and nest material and also among the individual gut sections. By contrast, comparison of the homologous gut segments of different Cubitermes species indicated that the three termite species investigated possessed a similar, gut-specific microbiota that remained comparatively stable even during several months of maintenance in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmitt-Wagner
- Mikrobielle Okologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Kitade O. Comparison of Symbiotic Flagellate Faunae between Termites and a Wood-Feeding Cockroach of the Genus Cryptocercus. Microbes Environ 2004. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.19.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kitade
- Natural History Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University
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Schmitt-Wagner D, Friedrich MW, Wagner B, Brune A. Phylogenetic diversity, abundance, and axial distribution of bacteria in the intestinal tract of two soil-feeding termites (Cubitermes spp.). Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:6007-17. [PMID: 14532056 PMCID: PMC201194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.6007-6017.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hindgut of soil-feeding termites is highly compartmentalized and characterized by pronounced axial dynamics of the intestinal pH and microbial processes such as hydrogen production, methanogenesis, and reductive acetogenesis. Nothing is known about the bacterial diversity and the abundance or axial distribution of the major phylogenetic groups in the different gut compartments. In this study, we showed that the variety of physicochemical conditions is reflected in the diversity of the microbial communities in the different gut compartments of two Cubitermes species (TERMITIDAE: Termitinae). 16S rRNA gene clones from the highly alkaline first proctodeal segment (P1) of Cubitermes orthognathus represented almost exclusively gram-positive bacteria with low G+C content (LGC bacteria). In the posterior gut segments, their proportion decreased progressively, and the clone libraries comprised a variety of phyla, including the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, various subgroups of Proteobacteria, and the spirochetes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that many of the clones clustered with sequences from the guts of other termites, and some even formed clusters containing only clones from C. orthognathus. The abundance and axial distribution of major phylogenetic groups in the gut of Cubitermes ugandensis were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with group-specific oligonucleotide probes. While the results were generally in good agreement with those of the clonal analysis, direct counts with probes specific for the Planctomycetales revealed a severe underestimation of representatives of this phylum in the clone libraries. Results obtained with newly designed FISH probes directed against two clusters of LGC clones from C. orthognathus indicated that the clones were restricted to specific gut regions. A molecular fingerprinting analysis published in a companion paper (D. Schmitt-Wagner, M. W. Friedrich, B. Wagner, and A. Brune, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6018-6024, 2003) corroborated the presence of compartment-specific bacterial communities in the gut of different Cubitermes species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmitt-Wagner
- Mikrobielle Okologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Thompson GJ, Kitade O, Lo N, Crozier RH. Phylogenetic evidence for a single, ancestral origin of a 'true' worker caste in termites. J Evol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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