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Zerva MC, Triantafylloudis C, Paspaliaris V, Skoulakis EMC, Papanikolopoulou K. Choline Metabolites Reverse Differentially the Habituation Deficit and Elevated Memory of Tau Null Drosophila. Cells 2024; 13:746. [PMID: 38727282 PMCID: PMC11083674 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired neuronal plasticity and cognitive decline are cardinal features of Alzheimer's disease and related Tauopathies. Aberrantly modified Tau protein and neurotransmitter imbalance, predominantly involving acetylcholine, have been linked to these symptoms. In Drosophila, we have shown that dTau loss specifically enhances associative long-term olfactory memory, impairs foot shock habituation, and deregulates proteins involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine. Interestingly, upon choline treatment, the habituation and memory performance of mutants are restored to that of control flies. Based on these surprising results, we decided to use our well-established genetic model to understand how habituation deficits and memory performance correlate with different aspects of choline physiology as an essential component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the lipid phosphatidylcholine, and the osmoregulator betaine. The results revealed that the two observed phenotypes are reversed by different choline metabolites, implying that they are governed by different underlying mechanisms. This work can contribute to a broader knowledge about the physiologic function of Tau, which may be translated into understanding the mechanisms of Tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Zerva
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece (V.P.)
- Athens International Master’s Program in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Triantafylloudis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece (V.P.)
- Master’s Program in Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paspaliaris
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece (V.P.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece (V.P.)
| | - Katerina Papanikolopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece (V.P.)
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Kuebler IRK, Liu Y, Bueno Álvarez BS, Huber NM, Jolton JA, Dasari R, Wakabayashi KT. Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonism differentially attenuates nicotine experience-dependent locomotor behavior in female and male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173649. [PMID: 37793486 PMCID: PMC10985048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a significant public health concern because it is the primary pharmacological agent in tobacco use disorder. One neural system that has been implicated in the symptoms of several substance use disorders is the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system. MCH regulates various motivated behaviors depending on sex, yet little is known of how this interaction affects experience with drugs of abuse, particularly nicotine. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of MCH receptor antagonism on experience-dependent nicotine-induced locomotion after chronic exposure, particularly on the expression of locomotor sensitization. Adult female and male Wistar rats were given saline then cumulative doses of nicotine (0.1, 0.32, 0.56, and 1.0 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to determine the acute effects of nicotine (day 1). Next, rats were treated with 1.0 mg/kg nicotine for 6 days, given an identical series of cumulative doses (day 8), and then kept in a drug-free state for 6 days. On day 15, rats were pretreated with vehicle or the MCH receptor antagonist GW803430 (10 or 30 mg/kg) before another series of cumulative doses to assess response to chronic nicotine. After vehicle, male rats increased nicotine locomotor activation from day 1 to day 15, and both sexes showed a sensitized response when normalized to saline. The lower dose of GW803430 decreased locomotion compared to vehicle in females, while the higher dose decreased locomotion in males. Both sexes showed nicotine dose-dependent effects of GW803430, strongest at lower doses of nicotine. Controlling for sex-based locomotor differences revealed that females are more sensitive to GW803430. The high dose of GW803430 also decreased saline locomotion in males. Together, the results of our study suggest that MCH is involved in the expression of nicotine locomotor sensitization, and that MCH regulates these nicotine behavioral symptoms differently across sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R K Kuebler
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Youxi Liu
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Bárbara S Bueno Álvarez
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Noah M Huber
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Joshua A Jolton
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Raaga Dasari
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Ken T Wakabayashi
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America; Rural Drug Addiction Research Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 660 N 12th St., Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America.
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Potrebić MS, Pavković ŽZ, Srbovan MM, Ðmura GM, Pešić VT. Changes in the Behavior and Body Weight of Mature, Adult Male Wistar Han Rats after Reduced Social Grouping and Social Isolation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:615-623. [PMID: 36328417 PMCID: PMC9732776 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changes in housing density, including individual housing, are commonly necessary in animal research. Obtaining reproducibility and translational validity in biomedical research requires an understanding of how animals adapt to changes in housing density. Existing literature mainly addresses acclimatization after transportation. We used a within-subject design to examine changes in behavior and weight gain of 4-mo-old male Wistar Han rats after reduction of their social group (RSG; due to removal of one rat from a cage containing 3 rats) and social isolation (SI; the removed rat) for the subsequent 2 wk. Changes in weight gain and in exploratory and center-avoidance behavior in an inescapable open arena (OA) were measured before (D0) and on days 7 and 14 (D7 and D14, respectively) after social change. The motor response to d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), which stimulates behavioral arousal in response to novelty, was assessed at D14. Within-subject design revealed that RSG rats in OA had less locomotion at D7 but not more center-avoidance behavior and had returned to the D0 activity level at D14; SI rats in OA had consistently less locomotion and more center-avoidance behavior. Rearing behavior during OA exposure did not change in either group. However, SI rats showed more center-avoidance behavior in OA, greater weight gain, and less amphetamine-induced rearing at D14 as compared with RSG rats. These data indicate that after RSG, mature adult male rats require 2 wk to return to their baseline level of OA-related behavior, while after SI they gain weight and acquire maladaptive exploratory and center-avoidance behavior. The finding that SI produces maladaptive behavioral and physiologic alterations in adult male rats deserves attention because these changes could have confounding effects on research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica S Potrebić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Z Pavković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja M Srbovan
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran M Ðmura
- Animal Facility, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna T Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,,Corresponding author.
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Ghafarimoghadam M, Mashayekh R, Gholami M, Fereydani P, Shelley-Tremblay J, Kandezi N, Sabouri E, Motaghinejad M. A review of behavioral methods for the evaluation of cognitive performance in animal models: Current techniques and links to human cognition. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113652. [PMID: 34801559 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory is defined as the ability to store, maintain and retrieve information. Learning is the acquisition of information that changes behavior and memory. Stress, dementia, head trauma, amnesia, Alzheimer's, Huntington, Parkinson's, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) may be mentioned among the diseases in which memory and learning are affected. The task of understanding deficits in memory and learning in humans is daunting due to the complexity of neural and cognitive mechanisms in the nervous system. This job is made more difficult for clinicians and researchers by the fact that many techniques used to research memory are not ethically acceptable or technically feasible for use in humans. Thus, animal models have been necessary alternative for studying normal and disordered learning and memory. This review attempts to bridge these domains to allow biomedical researchers to have a firm grasp of "memory" and "learning" as constructs in humans whereby they may then select the proper animal cognitive test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Various tests (open field habituation test, Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance test, active avoidance test, 8-arms radial maze test, Morris water maze test, radial arm water maze, novel object recognition test and gait function test) have been designed to evaluate different kinds of memory. Each of these tests has their strengths and limits. Abnormal results obtained using these tasks in non-human animals indicate malfunctions in memory which may be due to several physiological and psychological diseases of nervous system. Further studies by using the discussed tests can be very beneficial for achieving a therapeutic answer to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghafarimoghadam
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mashayekh
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Fereydani
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niyoosha Kandezi
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Erfan Sabouri
- Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:373-407. [PMID: 32298711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
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Aβ dimers induce behavioral and neurochemical deficits of relevance to early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tajik A, Rezayof A, Ghasemzadeh Z, Sardari M. Activation of the dorsal hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors improves tamoxifen-induced memory retrieval impairment in adult female rats. Neuroscience 2016; 327:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nikolaus S, Beu M, Angelica De Souza Silva M, Huston JP, Hautzel H, Antke C, Müller HW. DAT versus D2 receptor binding in the rat striatum: l-DOPA-induced motor activity is better predicted by reuptake than release of dopamine. Synapse 2016; 70:369-77. [PMID: 27164322 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reuptake and release of dopamine (DA) can be estimated using in vivo imaging methods by assessing the competition between endogenous DA and an administered exogenous DA transporter (DAT) and D2 receptor (D2 R) radioligand, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative roles of DA release vs DA reuptake in the rat striatum with small animal SPECT in relation to l-DOPA-induced behaviors. DAT and D2 R binding, together with behavioral measures, were obtained in 99 rats in response to treatment with either 5 or 10 mg/kg l-DOPA or vehicle. The behavioral parameters included the distance travelled, and durations and frequencies of ambulation, sitting, rearing, head-shoulder motility, and grooming. Data were subjected to a cluster analysis and to a multivariate principal component analysis. The highest DAT binding (i.e., the lowest DA reuptake) was associated with the highest, and the lowest DAT binding (i.e., the highest DA reuptake) was associated with the lowest motor/exploratory activity. The highest and the lowest D2 R binding (i.e., the lowest and the highest DA release, respectively) were merely associated with the second highest and second lowest levels of motor/exploratory activity. These findings indicate that changes in DA reuptake in response to fluctuating DA levels offer a better prediction of motor activity than the release of DA into the synaptic cleft. This dissociation, as reflected by in vivo DAT and D2 R binding data, may be accounted for by the regulatory sensitization meachnisms that occur at D2 R binding sites in response to altered levels of DA. Synapse 70:369-377, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Markus Beu
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | | | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hautzel
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Christina Antke
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
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Nikolaus S, Beu M, de Souza Silva MA, Huston JP, Hautzel H, Mattern C, Antke C, Müller HW. Relationship Between L-DOPA-Induced Reduction in Motor and Exploratory Activity and Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding in the Rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:352. [PMID: 26778989 PMCID: PMC4701934 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study assessed the influence of L-DOPA administration on neostriatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptor binding in relation to motor and exploratory behaviors in the rat. Methods: D2 receptor binding was measured in baseline, after challenge with the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide, and after challenge with either 5 or 10 mg/kg L-DOPA plus benserazide. Additional rats received injections of saline. For baseline and challenges, striatal equilibrium ratios (V3″) were computed as estimation of the binding potential. Motor and exploratory behaviors were assessed for 30 min in an open field prior to administration of [123I]IBZM. D2 receptor binding was measured with small animal SPECT 2 h after radioligand administration for 60 min. Results: Both L-DOPA doses significantly reduced D2 receptor binding relative to baseline and led to significantly less ambulation, less head-shoulder motility, and more sitting relative to saline. Moreover, 10 mg/kg L-DOPA induced less head-shoulder motility, more sitting, and more grooming than 5 mg/kg L-DOPA. Analysis of time-behavior curves showed that L-DOPA-treated animals relative to saline exhibited a faster rate of decrease of ambulation frequency and a slower rate of decrease of both duration and frequency of head-shoulder motility from a lower maximum level. Conclusions: The reductions of striatal D2 receptor binding after L-DOPA may be conceived to reflect elevated concentrations of synaptic DA. L-DOPA-treated animals showed less ambulation and less head-shoulder motility than saline-treated animals, indicating an association between less behavioral activity and increased availability of striatal DA. The faster rate of decrease of ambulation frequency and the lower maximum levels of both head-shoulder motility duration and frequency may be interpreted in terms of influence of increased DA availability on behavioral habituation to a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Beu
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria A de Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hautzel
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Mattern
- M et P Pharma AGEmmetten, Switzerland; Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityFort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Christina Antke
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Stewart AM, Grossman L, Collier AD, Echevarria DJ, Kalueff AV. Anxiogenic-like effects of chronic nicotine exposure in zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139 Pt B:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Meyer HC, Putney RB, Bucci DJ. Inhibitory learning is modulated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:360-7. [PMID: 25445487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has established that stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can facilitate learning and memory. However, most studies have focused on learning to emit a particular behavior, while little is known about the effects of nicotine on learning to withhold a behavioral response. The present study consisted of a dose response analysis of the effects of nicotine on negative occasion setting, a form of learned inhibition. In this paradigm, rats received one type of training trial in which presentation of a tone by itself was followed immediately by food reward. During the other type of trials, the tone was preceded by presentation of a light and no food was delivered after the tone. Rats gradually learned to approach the cup in anticipation of receiving food reward during presentations of the tone alone, but withheld that behavior when the tone was preceded by the light. Nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) facilitated negative occasion setting by reducing the number of sessions needed to learn the discrimination between trial types and by reducing the rate of responding on non-reinforced trials. Nicotine also increased the orienting response to the light, suggesting that nicotine may have affected the ability to withhold food cup behavior on non-reinforced trials by increasing attention to the light. In contrast to the effects of nicotine, rats treated with mecamylamine (0.125, 0.5, or 2 mg/kg) needed more training sessions to discriminate between reinforced and non-reinforced trials compared to saline-treated rats. The findings indicate that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may be active during negative occasion setting and that nicotine can potentiate learned inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Nikolaus S, Beu M, De Souza Silva AM, Huston JP, Hautzel H, Chao OY, Antke C, Müller HW. Relationship between L-DOPA-induced reduction in motor and exploratory activity and degree of DAT binding in the rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:431. [PMID: 25566000 PMCID: PMC4269131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study assessed the influence of L-DOPA administration on neostriatal dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) binding in relation to motor and exploratory behaviors in the rat. Methods: Rats received injections of 5 mg/kg L-DOPA, 10 mg/kg L-DOPA or vehicle. Motor and exploratory behaviors were assessed for 30 min in an open field prior to administration of [123I]FP-CIT. Dopamine transporter binding was measured with small animal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 2 h after radioligand administration for 60 min. Results: Both L-DOPA doses significantly reduced DAT binding and led to significantly less head-shoulder motility and more sitting relative to vehicle. Moreover, 10 mg/kg L-DOPA induced less distance traveled and ambulation than 5 mg/kg L-DOPA. Analysis of time-behavior (t-b) curves showed that L-DOPA-treated animals relative to vehicle exhibited (1) a faster rate of increase in duration of sitting; (2) a slower rate of increase in duration of head-shoulder motility; and (3) a slower rate of decrease in frequency of head-shoulder motility. Conclusions: The reductions of striatal DAT binding after L-DOPA challenges reflected elevated concentrations of synaptic DA. L-DOPA-treated animals showed less head-shoulder motility and more sitting than vehicle-treated animals, indicating an association between less behavioral activity and increased availability of striatal DA. The faster increase of sitting duration to a higher final level and the slower increase of head-shoulder motility to a lower final level relative to controls may be interpreted in terms on behavioral habituation to a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Beu
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angelica Maria De Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hautzel
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Owen Y Chao
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Antke
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Nagy PM, Aubert I. B6eGFPChAT mice overexpressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter exhibit spontaneous hypoactivity and enhanced exploration in novel environments. Brain Behav 2013; 3:367-83. [PMID: 24381809 PMCID: PMC3869679 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic innervation is extensive throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Among its many roles, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the regulation of motor function, locomotion, and exploration. Cholinergic deficits and replacement strategies have been investigated in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Focus has been on blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and enhancing ACh synthesis to improve cholinergic neurotransmission. As a first step in evaluating the physiological effects of enhanced cholinergic function through the upregulation of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we used the hypercholinergic B6eGFPChAT congenic mouse model that has been shown to contain multiple VAChT gene copies. Analysis of biochemical and behavioral paradigms suggest that modest increases in VAChT expression can have a significant effect on spontaneous locomotion, reaction to novel stimuli, and the adaptation to novel environments. These observations support the potential of VAChT as a therapeutic target to enhance cholinergic tone, thereby decreasing spontaneous hyperactivity and increasing exploration in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Nagy
- Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Azzopardi E, Typlt M, Jenkins B, Schmid S. Sensorimotor gating and spatial learning in α7-nicotinic receptor knockout mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:414-23. [PMID: 23521765 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of acetylcholine and specific nicotinic receptors in sensorimotor gating and higher cognitive function has been controversial. Here, we used a commercially available mouse with a null mutation in the Chrna7(tm1Bay) gene [α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) knockout (KO) mouse] in order to assess the role of the α7-nAChR in sensorimotor gating and spatial learning. We examined prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle and nicotine-induced enhancement of PPI. We also tested short- and long-term habituation of the startle response as well as of locomotor behaviour in order to differentiate the role of this receptor in the habituation of evoked behaviour (startle) vs. motivated behaviour (locomotion). To address higher cognition, mice were also tested in a spatial learning task. Our results showed a mild but consistent PPI deficit in α7-nAChR KO mice. Furthermore, they did not show nicotine-induced enhancement of startle or PPI. Short- and long-term habituation was normal in KO mice for both types of behaviours, evoked or motivated, and they also showed normal learning and memory in the Barnes maze. Thorough analysis of the behavioural data indicated a slightly higher degree of anxiety in α7-nAChR KO mice; however, this could only be partially confirmed in an elevated plus maze test. In summary, our data suggest that α7-nAChRs play a minor role in PPI, but seem to mediate nicotine-induced PPI enhancement. We found no evidence to suggest that they are important for habituation or spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Azzopardi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Selective inhibition of striatal fast-spiking interneurons causes dyskinesias. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15727-31. [PMID: 22049415 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3875-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can exert powerful control over striatal output, and deficits in this cell population have been observed in human patients with Tourette syndrome and rodent models of dystonia. However, a direct experimental test of striatal FSI involvement in motor control has never been performed. We applied a novel pharmacological approach to examine the behavioral consequences of selective FSI suppression in mouse striatum. IEM-1460, an inhibitor of GluA2-lacking AMPARs, selectively blocked synaptic excitation of FSIs but not striatal projection neurons. Infusion of IEM-1460 into the sensorimotor striatum reduced the firing rate of FSIs but not other cell populations, and elicited robust dystonia-like impairments. These results provide direct evidence that hypofunction of striatal FSIs can produce movement abnormalities, and suggest that they may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.
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16
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Xu J, Cohen BN, Zhu Y, Dziewczapolski G, Panda S, Lester HA, Heinemann SF, Contractor A. Altered activity-rest patterns in mice with a human autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy mutation in the β2 nicotinic receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1048-61. [PMID: 20603624 PMCID: PMC2970689 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity nicotinic receptors containing β2 subunits (β2*) are widely expressed in the brain, modulating many neuronal processes and contributing to neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Mutations in both the α4 and β2 subunits are associated with a rare partial epilepsy, autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE). In this study, we introduced one such human missense mutation into the mouse genome to generate a knock-in strain carrying a valine-to-leucine mutation β2V287L. β2(V287L) mice were viable and born at an expected Mendelian ratio. Surprisingly, mice did not show an overt seizure phenotype; however, homozygous mice did show significant alterations in their activity-rest patterns. This was manifest as an increase in activity during the light cycle suggestive of disturbances in the normal sleep patterns of mice; a parallel phenotype to that found in human ADNFLE patients. Consistent with the role of nicotinic receptors in reward pathways, we found that β2(V287L) mice did not develop a normal proclivity to voluntary wheel running, a model for natural reward. Anxiety-related behaviors were also affected by the V287L mutation. Mutant mice spent more time in the open arms on the elevated plus maze suggesting that they had reduced levels of anxiety. Together, these findings emphasize several important roles of β2* nicotinic receptors in complex biological processes including the activity-rest cycle, natural reward and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Lab, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Bruce N. Cohen
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology, Pasadena CA 92215
| | - Yongling Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Lab, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Gustavo Dziewczapolski
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Lab, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Lab, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Henry A. Lester
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology, Pasadena CA 92215
| | - Stephen F. Heinemann
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Lab, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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17
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Pan SY, Guo BF, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Yu ZL, Dong H, Ye Y, Han YF, Ko KM. Tacrine Treatment at High Dose Suppresses the Recognition Memory in Juvenile and Adult Mice with Attention to Hepatotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:421-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Light-induced activity in the activity box is not aversively motivated and does not show between-trial habituation. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:434-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Rezayof A, Darbandi N, Zarrindast MR. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the ventral tegmental area are involved in mediating morphine-state-dependent learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Pan SY, Yu ZL, Dong H, Lee NTK, Wang H, Fong WF, Han YF, Ko KM. Evaluation of acute bis(7)-tacrine treatment on behavioral functions in 17-day-old and 30-day-old mice, with attention to drug toxicity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:778-83. [PMID: 17449090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bis(7)-tacrine was evaluated for efficacy on memory retention in mice 17 days of age and 30 days of age. The tests used were a passive-avoidance response test and a measure of spontaneous motor activity. Also, possible drug-induced hepatotoxicity and acute drug toxicity were evaluated. Behavioral studies were performed using a step-through task and an open-field test with a 24-h interval between training and evaluation tests. Bis(7)-tacrine (0.06-20 micromol/kg) was subcutaneously injected 30 min prior to the first session of both test types. During the training session of the step-through task, bis(7)-tacrine treatment reduced (by 46%, P<0.01) the number of avoidable electric shocks (footshocks) only at a high dose of 20 micromol/kg in mice 17 days of age, but dose-dependently decreased the number of footshocks (10-56%, P<0.001) in mice 30 days of age. Bis(7)-tacrine treatment at all doses tested did not produce any detectable changes in retention latency in mice 17 days of age, but the drug significantly prolonged retention latency at low doses (1.25 and 2.50 micromol/kg), and not high doses (5-20 micromol/kg), in mice 30 days of age. In the open-field test, bis(7)-tacrine decreased spontaneous motor activity in the acquisition session only at a high dose of 20 micromol/kg in mice 17 days of age and 30 days of age (by 28 and 45%, respectively), but did not affect spontaneous motor activity in the recall session. Bis(7)-tacrine treatment at a dose of 20 micromol/kg produced a more potent hepatotoxic effect in mice 30 days of age than in mice 17 days of age, (P<0.05), and the drug caused acute toxicity with comparable potencies in mice of both age groups. In conclusion, mice 30 days of age seemed to be more sensitive than mice 17 days of age to bis(7)-tacrine-induced cognitive function enhancement and hepatotoxicity. Bis(7)-tacrine appears to be more potent and more selective as a cognitive function-enhancing agent than tacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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21
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Liu X, Caggiula AR, Yee SK, Nobuta H, Sved AF, Pechnick RN, Poland RE. Mecamylamine attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:710-8. [PMID: 16794568 PMCID: PMC2811395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mecamylamine, a noncompetitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, inhibits nicotine self-administration in animals and may attenuate tobacco smoking in humans trying to quit. Our preliminary data suggested that this agent, at a dose of 2 mg/kg (subcutaneous (s.c.)), also attenuates cue-induced relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. This study determined whether mecamylamine-induced attenuation can be obtained at doses lower than the high 2 mg/kg dose used in the first study, and whether it is specific to nicotine-associated cues. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed-ratio 5 schedule. Each infusion was accompanied by a visual cue (1 s onset of a lever light followed by offset of a house light for 20 s during which time no infusions could be obtained). After the nicotine-maintained responding was extinguished by withholding the delivery of nicotine (saline substitution) and its associated cue, reinstatement tests were conducted. Response-contingent re-presentation of the cue without further availability of nicotine significantly reinstated extinguished responding at the previously nicotine-reinforced lever. Pretreatment with mecamylamine (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently attenuated the cue-induced reinstatement of lever responding. Mecamylamine did not change food-taking and -seeking responses, whereas the highest dose (2 mg/kg) decreased nicotine self-administration behavior. The results confirm previous findings that stimuli conditioned to nicotine self-administration effectively elicit reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior after extinction and demonstrate that mecamylamine, besides suppressing self-administration of nicotine, effectively attenuates cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior. These findings suggest that the response-reinstatement procedures used in this study may be useful for studying neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine-seeking behavior and that mecamylamine-like drugs may be potential candidates for pharmacological treatment and prevention of relapse to tobacco smoking in abstinent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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22
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Teipel SJ, Drzezga A, Bartenstein P, Möller HJ, Schwaiger M, Hampel H. Effects of donepezil on cortical metabolic response to activation during (18)FDG-PET in Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind cross-over trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 187:86-94. [PMID: 16767418 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cholinergic enhancement is among the best established treatments of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive effects of treatment are thought to be mediated by improvement of neuronal transmission. Positron emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) by measuring cortical metabolic response to activation assesses integrity of neuronal transmission in vivo. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of treatment with donepezil, a centrally selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on cortical metabolism in AD using 18FDG-PET. METHODS We enrolled 23 patients, 18 of which completed the study, with mild to moderate probable AD (mini-mental status exam scores of 15-28, inclusive) in a double-blind cross over trial of 8 weeks donepezil compared to 8 weeks placebo with repeated double 18FDG-PET examinations during passive audio-visual stimulation. Effects of treatment on cortical metabolic response to stimulation were determined with a linear model on a voxel level using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM 99, Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London). RESULTS Effects of treatment on cognitive measures were not different between donepezil and placebo. During passive audio-visual stimulation, patients showed activation in posterior visual and auditory areas and decreased activation in frontal cortex and basal ganglia. Resting state metabolism was increased with donepezil in left prefrontal cortex and decreased in right hippocampus. Cortical response to activation was increased in right hippocampus with donepezil compared to placebo. CONCLUSION Donepezil treatment shows a spatially limited functional effect on right hippocampus and left prefrontal cortical metabolism, independently of clinical response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Teipel
- Alzheimer Memorial Center, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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23
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Rasch BH, Born J, Gais S. Combined Blockade of Cholinergic Receptors Shifts the Brain from Stimulus Encoding to Memory Consolidation. J Cogn Neurosci 2006; 18:793-802. [PMID: 16768378 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
High central nervous system levels of acetylcholine (ACh) are commonly regarded as crucial for learning and memory, and a decline in cholinergic neurotransmission is associated with Alzheimer's dementia. However, recent findings revealed exceptions to this rule: The low ACh tone characterizing slowwave sleep (SWS) has proven necessary for consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories during this sleep stage. Such observations, together with recent models of a hippocampal-neocortical dialogue underlying systems memory consolidation, suggest that high levels of ACh support memory encoding, whereas low levels facilitate consolidation. We tested this hypothesis in human subjects by blocking cholinergic neurotransmission during wakefulness, starting 30 min after learning. Subjects received the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (4 µg/kg bodyweight intravenously) and the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (5 mg orally). Compared to placebo, combined muscarinic and nicotinic receptor blockade significantly improved consolidation of declarative memories tested 10 hr later, but simultaneously impaired acquisition of similar material. Consolidation of procedural memories, which are not dependent on hippocampal functioning, was unaffected. Neither scopolamine nor mecamylamine alone enhanced declarative memory consolidation. Our findings support the notion that ACh acts as a switch between modes of acquisition and consolidation. We propose that the natural shift in central nervous system cholinergic tone from high levels during wakefulness to minimal levels during SWS optimizes declarative memory consolidation during a period with no need for new memory encoding.
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24
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Teipel SJ, Flatz WH, Heinsen H, Bokde ALW, Schoenberg SO, Stöckel S, Dietrich O, Reiser MF, Möller HJ, Hampel H. Measurement of basal forebrain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease using MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:2626-44. [PMID: 16014654 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the degeneration and loss of cholinergic neurones in the nucleus basalis Meynert, located within the substantia innominata at the ventral surface of the basal forebrain. An in vivo measure of morphological changes in the nucleus basalis Meynert would be of high relevance to better understand the structural correlate of cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we applied a newly developed automated technique of image regression analysis, implemented through code written in Matlab 5.3 (MathWorks, Natick, MA), to the analysis of proton density weighted structural MRI of the basal forebrain from 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease (mean age = 77.5 years, SD = 4.4 years, 8 women) and 12 healthy elderly subjects (mean age = 62.3 years, SD = 5.6 years, 6 women). This technique allows searching a large portion of the substantia innominata for signal changes. We used corresponding MRI and histological sections of a post mortem brain to map the locations of basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei into the MRI standard space. Additionally, we used voxel-based morphometry, implemented in SPM2 (Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK) to determine correlations between signal changes in the substantia innominata and cortical grey matter atrophy in the patients with Alzheimer's disease. When matching the locations of signal reductions in the in vivo MRI to the template of basal nuclei based on the postmortem brain, signal intensity was decreased in areas corresponding to anterior lateral and anterior medial nucleus basalis Meynert and increased in the third ventricle, the transverse fissure and the optic tract in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared with controls. The reduction of the signal intensity in an area corresponding to the anterior lateral nucleus basalis Meynert was significantly correlated with reduced grey matter concentration in the bilateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus. Our findings suggest that signal changes occur in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the substantia innominata which may be related to the loss or degeneration of cholinergic neurones and correspond to regional cortical grey matter atrophy. If replicated in an independent sample, our technique may be useful to detect degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurones in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Teipel
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer Memorial Center and Geriatric Psychiatry Branch, Dementia and Neuroimaging Section, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Kart E, Jocham G, Müller CP, Schlömer C, Brandão ML, Huston JP, de Souza Silva MA. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism by SR140333: enhanced in vivo ACh in the hippocampus and promnestic post-trial effects. Peptides 2004; 25:1959-69. [PMID: 15501528 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) has memory-promoting, reinforcing and anxiolytic-like effects when applied systemically or centrally. Such effects may be mediated by the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, since SP preferentially binds to this receptor. We measured the effects of a selective non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonist, SR140333 (1, 3 and 9 mg/kg i.p.) on ACh levels in frontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus by microdialysis and HPLC. Levels of ACh in the hippocampus increased dose-dependently immediately after treatment. The same doses of SR140333 given post-trial had minor facilitative effects on inhibitory avoidance learning and open-field habituation, but did not have reinforcing effects in a conditioned place preference (CPP) task. The selective action of NK-1 receptor antagonism on hippocampal ACh may be related to its positive influence on learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emriye Kart
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Tzavos A, Jih J, Ragozzino ME. Differential effects of M1 muscarinic receptor blockade and nicotinic receptor blockade in the dorsomedial striatum on response reversal learning. Behav Brain Res 2004; 154:245-53. [PMID: 15302131 PMCID: PMC3206590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Revised: 01/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present studies determined whether blockade of M(1)-like muscarinic or nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsomedial striatum affects acquisition or reversal learning of a response discrimination. Testing occurred in a modified cross-maze across two consecutive sessions. In the acquisition phase, a rat learned to turn to the left or to the right. In the reversal learning phase, a rat learned to turn in the opposite direction as required during acquisition. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of the M(1)-like muscarinic receptor antagonist, pirenzepine infused into the dorsomedial striatum on acquisition and reversal learning. Experiment 2 examined the effects of the nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, mecamylamine injected into the dorsomedial striatum on acquisition and reversal learning. Bilateral injections of pirenzepine at 10 microg, but not 1 microg, selectively impaired reversal learning. Analysis of the errors indicated that pirenzepine treatment did not impair the initial shift, but increased reversions back to the original response choice following the initial shift. Bilateral injections of mecamylamine, 6 or 18 microg, did not affect acquisition or reversal learning. The results suggest that activation of M(1) muscarinic cholinergic receptors, but not nicotinic cholinergic receptors, in the dorsomedial striatum is important for facilitating the flexible shifting of response patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Tzavos
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jane Jih
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michael E. Ragozzino
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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27
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Silveira PP, Portella AK, Clemente Z, Gamaro GD, Dalmaz C. The effect of neonatal handling on adult feeding behavior is not an anxiety‐like behavior. Int J Dev Neurosci 2004; 23:93-9. [PMID: 15730891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brief periods of handling during the neonatal period have been shown to have profound and long-lasting physiological consequences. Previous studies performed in our laboratory have demonstrated that handling the pups during the neonatal period leads to increased sweet food ingestion in adult life. The objective of this study is to verify if this effect could be explained by the enhanced anxiety levels in these animals. Litters were divided in: (1) intact; (2) handled (10 min in an incubator/day) and (3) handled + tactile stimulation (10 min/day). Procedures were performed on days 1-10 after birth. When adults, rats were tested in the elevated plus maze apparatus, light dark exploration test and open field test. They were also tested for sweet food ingestion, being injected with 2 mg/kg diazepam or vehicle 60 min before the test. Handling and handling + tactile stimulation do not alter performance in the plus maze test, but handled rats presented more crossings in the light/dark exploration test and open field (two-way ANOVA). Females also spent more % time in the open arms in the plus maze and more time in the lit compartment in the light/dark test, presenting more crossings in both tests. Both treated rats (handled and handled + tactile stimulation groups) consumed more sweet food than intact ones (two-way ANOVA). When diazepam was injected prior to the measurement of sweet food ingestion, there was no effect of the drug. We suggest that handling during the neonatal period leads to plastic alterations in the central nervous system of these animals, causing an increased ingestion of palatable food in adult life, and this alteration does not express an anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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28
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Woodruff-Pak DS. Mecamylamine reversal by nicotine and by a partial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (GTS-21) in rabbits tested with delay eyeblink classical conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2003; 143:159-67. [PMID: 12900042 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonism and antagonism on learning. Eyeblink classical conditioning (750ms delay procedure) was tested for 15 daily sessions in a total of 82 young rabbits: 58 rabbits were tested in the paired procedure when the conditioned stimulus (CS) was always followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), and 24 rabbits were tested in the explicitly unpaired procedure in which CS and US presentations were independent. We used the nAChR agonists nicotine and GTS-21 (a selective alpha7 nAChR partial agonist that antagonizes alpha4beta2 nAChRs) and the relatively nonselective nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine. Groups of young rabbits were injected with 0.5mg/kg mecamylamine alone and in combination with two doses of nicotine or GTS-21 and compared to vehicle-treated rabbits. Explicitly unpaired control groups received vehicle, mecamylamine plus the highest nicotine dose, or mecamylamine plus the highest GTS-21 dose. Both GTS-21 and nicotine reversed the deleterious effect of mecamylamine on the acquisition of conditioned responses. Combinations of GTS-21 or nicotine and mecamylamine did not cause sensitization or habituation in the unpaired condition. Reversal of mecamylamine-induced learning deficits by nicotine and GTS-21 suggests that nAChR agonists may have efficacy in ameliorating deficits caused by the loss of some types of nAChRs in diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Woodruff-Pak
- Research and Technology Development, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Korman Suite 100, 5501 Old York Road, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA.
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