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Forteza R, Casalino-Matsuda SM, Monzon ME, Fries E, Rugg MS, Milner CM, Day AJ. TSG-6 potentiates the antitissue kallikrein activity of inter-alpha-inhibitor through bikunin release. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:20-31. [PMID: 16873769 PMCID: PMC1899306 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0018oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 (the protein product of TNF-stimulated gene-6), an inflammation-associated protein, forms covalent complexes with heavy chains (HCs) from inter-alpha-inhibitor and pre-alpha-inhibitor and associates noncovalently with their common bikunin chain, potentiating the antiplasmin activity of this serine protease inhibitor. We show that TSG-6 and TSG-6.HC complexes are present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with asthma and increase after allergen challenge. Immunodetection demonstrated elevated TSG-6 in the airway tissue and secretions of smokers. Experiments conducted in vitro with purified components revealed that bikunin.HC complexes (byproducts of TSG-6.HC formation) release bikunin. Immunoprecipitation revealed that bikunin accounts for a significant proportion of tissue kallikrein inhibition in bronchoalveolar lavage after allergen challenge but not in baseline conditions, confirming that bikunin in its free state, but not when associated with HCs, is a relevant protease inhibitor in airway secretions. In primary cultures of differentiated human airway epithelial and submucosal gland cells, TSG-6 is induced by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, which suggests that these cells are responsible for TSG-6 release in vivo. Bikunin and HC3 (i.e., pre-alpha-inhibitor) were also induced by TNF-alpha in primary cultures. Our results suggest that TSG-6 may play an important protective role in bronchial epithelium by increasing the antiprotease screen on the airway lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Forteza
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R-47), University of Miami School of Medicine, RMSB 7072A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Casalino-Matsuda SM, Monzon ME, Conner GE, Salathe M, Forteza RM. Role of hyaluronan and reactive oxygen species in tissue kallikrein-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor activation in human airways. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:21606-16. [PMID: 14988406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309950200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In human airways, oxidative stress-induced submucosal gland cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, histological features of chronic bronchitis, have been linked to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. To explore mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced EGFR activation and signaling, primary cultures of human tracheal submucosal gland (SMG) cells were used to assess EGFR ligand release, EGFR phosphorylation, p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation, and mucin 5AC synthesis in response to reactive oxygen species generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO). Exposure to X/XO increased release of epidermal growth factor (EGF) from these cells, thereby activating EGFR, phosphorylating MAPK, and increasing mucin 5AC production. The importance of EGF was confirmed by transfection of small interfering RNA inhibiting pro-EGF production, which resulted in inhibition of EGFR and MAPK phosphorylation despite X/XO exposure. Blocking signaling by using specific protease inhibitors showed that tissue kallikrein (TK) processed pro-EGF in response to X/XO. Airway TK is bound and inactivated by luminal hyaluronan (HA), and treatment of submucosal gland cells with X/XO induced HA depolymerization and TK activation. These events were blocked by reactive oxygen species scavengers and addition of exogenous excess HA and TK inhibitors. Thus, HA plays a crucial role in regulating airway TK activity and thereby TK-mediated release of active EGF from human SMG cells. Sustained HA depolymerization is expected to cause TK activation, EGF release, and EGFR signaling and to lead to SMG cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia as well as mucus hypersecretion with subsequent airflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Casalino-Matsuda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Slim R, Torremocha F, Moreau T, Pizard A, Hunt SC, Vuagnat A, Williams GH, Gauthier F, Jeunemaitre X, Alhenc-Gelas F. Loss-of-function polymorphism of the human kallikrein gene with reduced urinary kallikrein activity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:968-976. [PMID: 11912256 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v134968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein is synthesized in the distal tubules and produces kinins, which are involved in the regulation of vascular tone in the kidney. Urinary kallikrein activity has been reported to be partly inherited and to be reduced in essential hypertension. In a systematic search for molecular variants of the human kallikrein gene, nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. Five of those polymorphisms, including two nonsynonymous substitutions in exon 3, i.e., Arg53His (allelic frequency in Caucasian subjects, 0.03) and Gln121Glu (allelic frequency, 0.33), were studied in a normotensive group and two independent hypertensive groups for which 24-h urinary kallikrein activity had been measured. A significant decrease in urinary kallikrein activity was observed for the subjects who were heterozygous for the Arg53His polymorphism, compared with the other subjects. This finding was consistent in the two hypertensive groups and was observed with several kallikrein enzymatic assays. The Gln121Glu polymorphism and the other polymorphisms were not associated with changes in urinary kallikrein activity. None of the polymorphisms was associated with hypertension. Recombinant kallikrein variants were synthesized and enzymatically characterized, using native kininogen and kininogen-derived synthetic peptide substrates. No important effect was observed after Gln121 mutation, but there was a major decrease in enzyme activity when Arg53 was replaced by histidine. A model of kallikrein derived from crystallographic data suggested that Arg53 can affect substrate binding. The identification of a subset of subjects with genetically reduced kallikrein activity as a result of an amino acid mutation could facilitate analysis of the role of the kallikrein-kinin system in renal and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Slim
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florence Torremocha
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thierry Moreau
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Pizard
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven C Hunt
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert Vuagnat
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon H Williams
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francis Gauthier
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - François Alhenc-Gelas
- *INSERM U367, Paris VI-University, France; Department of Genetics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital and INSERM U36, Paris, France; INSERM-François Rabelais University U10, Tours, France; Howard Hughes Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Chan H, Elrod KC, Numerof RP, Sideris S, Clark JM. Expression and characterization of recombinant mast cell tryptase. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 15:251-7. [PMID: 10092484 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1998.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptase, a serine protease, is the major protein component in mast cells. In an animal model of asthma, tryptase has been established as an important mediator of inflammation and late airway responses induced by antigen challenge. Human tryptase is notable for its tetrameric structure, requirement of heparin for stability, and resistance to endogenous inhibitors. Human protryptase was expressed as a recombinant protein in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant protein consisted of two forms of protryptase, one containing the entire propeptide and the other containing only the Val-Gly dipeptide at its amino terminus. Isolation of active recombinant tryptase required a two column purification protocol and included a heparin- and dipeptidyl peptidase I-dependent activation step. Purified recombinant tryptase migrated as a tetramer on a gel filtration column and displayed kinetic parameters identical to those of a native tryptase obtained from HMC-1 cells, a human mast cell line. Recombinant and HMC-1 tryptase exhibited comparable sensitivities to an array of protein and low-molecular-weight inhibitors, including one that is highly specific for tryptase (APC-1167). Similarly, the recombinant enzyme cleaved both alpha- and beta-chains of fibrinogen to generate fibrinogen fragments indistinguishable from those generated by HMC-1-derived tryptase. Thus, recombinant tryptase expressed in P. pastoris displays physical and enzymatic properties essentially identical to the native enzyme. This system provides a cost-effective and easy to manipulate expression system that will enable the functional characterization of this unique enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Enzymology, Department of Pharmacology, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
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Katz BA, Liu B, Barnes M, Springman EB. Crystal structure of recombinant human tissue kallikrein at 2.0 A resolution. Protein Sci 1998; 7:875-85. [PMID: 9568894 PMCID: PMC2143987 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560070405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein, a trypsin-like serine protease involved in blood pressure regulation and inflammation processes, was expressed in a deglycosylated form at high levels in Pichia pastoris, purified, and crystallized. The crystal structure at 2.0 A resolution is described and compared with that of porcine kallikrein and of other trypsin-like proteases. The active and S1 sites (nomenclature of Schechter I, Berger A, 1967, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 27:157-162) are similar to those of porcine kallikrein. Compared to trypsin, the S1 site is enlarged owing to the insertion of an additional residue, cis-Pro 219. The replacement Tyr 228 --> Ala further enlarges the S1 pocket. However, the replacement of Gly 226 in trypsin with Ser in human tissue kallikrein restricts accessibility of substrates and inhibitors to Asp 189 at the base of the S1 pocket; there is a hydrogen bond between O delta1Asp189 and O gammaSer226. These changes in the architecture of the S1 site perturb the binding of inhibitors or substrates from the modes determined or inferred for trypsin. The crystal structure gives insight into the structural differences responsible for changes in specificity in human tissue kallikrein compared with other trypsin-like proteases, and into the structural basis for the unusual specificity of human tissue kallikrein in cleaving both an Arg-Ser and a Met-Lys peptide bond in its natural protein substrate, kininogen. A Zn+2-dependent, small-molecule competitive inhibitor of kallikrein (Ki = 3.3 microM) has been identified and the bound structure modeled to guide drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Katz
- Arris Pharmaceutical Corporation, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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