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Torralba B, Blanc S, Michalakis Y. Reassortments in single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses: Confronting expectations based on molecular constraints with field observations. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae010. [PMID: 38384786 PMCID: PMC10880892 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses, which mostly consist of members of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae, and all members of the family Nanoviridae, partly resolve the cost of genomic integrity maintenance through two remarkable capacities. They are able to systemically infect a host even when their genomic segments are not together in the same host cell, and these segments can be separately transmitted by insect vectors from host to host. These capacities potentially allow such viruses to reassort at a much larger spatial scale, since reassortants could arise from parental genotypes that do not co-infect the same cell or even the same host. To assess the limitations affecting reassortment and their implications in genome integrity maintenance, the objective of this review is to identify putative molecular constraints influencing reassorted segments throughout the infection cycle and to confront expectations based on these constraints with empirical observations. Trans-replication of the reassorted segments emerges as the major constraint, while encapsidation, viral movement, and transmission compatibilities appear more permissive. Confronting the available molecular data and the resulting predictions on reassortments to field population surveys reveals notable discrepancies, particularly a surprising rarity of interspecific natural reassortments within the Nanoviridae family. These apparent discrepancies unveil important knowledge gaps in the biology of ssDNA multipartite viruses and call for further investigation on the role of reassortment in their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babil Torralba
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Avenue du Campus d’Agropolis - ZAC de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34980, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Avenue du Campus d’Agropolis - ZAC de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34980, France
| | - Yannis Michalakis
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier 34394, France
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Fan Y, Zhong Y, Pan L, Wang X, Ding M, Liu S. A shift of vector specificity acquired by a begomovirus through natural homologous recombination. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:882-895. [PMID: 37191666 PMCID: PMC10346445 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombination is common in plant viruses such as geminiviruses, but the ecological and pathogenic consequences have been explored only in a few cases. Here, we found that a new begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl Shuangbai virus (TYLCSbV), probably originated from the recombination of Ageratum yellow vein China virus (AYVCNV) and tobacco curl shoot virus (TbCSV). Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation showed that TYLCSbV and AYVCNV have similar levels of infectivity on tomato and tobacco plants. However, the two viruses exhibit contrasting specificities for vector transmission, that is, TYLCSbV was efficiently transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) rather than by the whitefly B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), whereas AYVCNV was more efficiently transmitted by MEAM1. We also showed that the transmission efficiencies of TYLCSbV and AYVCNV are positively correlated with the accumulation of the viruses in whitefly whole bodies and organs/tissues. The key coat protein amino acids that determine their accumulation are between positions 147 and 256. Moreover, field surveys suggest that MED has displaced MEAM1 in some regions where TYLCSbV was collected. Viral competition assays indicated that TYLCSbV outcompeted AYVCNV when transmitted by MED, while the outcome was the opposite when transmitted by MEAM1. Our findings suggest that recombination has resulted in a shift of vector specificity that could provide TYLCSbV with a potential selective transmission advantage, and the population shift of whitefly cryptic species could have influenced virus evolution towards an extended trajectory of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yu‐Wei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li‐Long Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ming Ding
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources InstituteYunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Shu‐Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Nigam D, Muthukrishnan E, Flores-López LF, Nigam M, Wamaitha MJ. Comparative Genome Analysis of Old World and New World TYLCV Reveals a Biasness toward Highly Variable Amino Acids in Coat Protein. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1995. [PMID: 37653912 PMCID: PMC10223811 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses, belonging to the family Geminiviridae and the genus Begomovirus, are DNA viruses that are transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in a circulative persistent manner. They can easily adapt to new hosts and environments due to their wide host range and global distribution. However, the factors responsible for their adaptability and coevolutionary forces are yet to be explored. Among BGVs, TYLCV exhibits the broadest range of hosts. In this study, we have identified variable and coevolving amino acid sites in the proteins of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) isolates from Old World (African, Indian, Japanese, and Oceania) and New World (Central and Southern America). We focused on mutations in the coat protein (CP), as it is highly variable and interacts with both vectors and host plants. Our observations indicate that some mutations were accumulating in Old World TYLCV isolates due to positive selection, with the S149N mutation being of particular interest. This mutation is associated with TYLCV isolates that have spread in Europe and Asia and is dominant in 78% of TYLCV isolates. On the other hand, the S149T mutation is restricted to isolates from Saudi Arabia. We further explored the implications of these amino acid changes through structural modeling. The results presented in this study suggest that certain hypervariable regions in the genome of TYLCV are conserved and may be important for adapting to different host environments. These regions could contribute to the mutational robustness of the virus, allowing it to persist in different host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nigam
- Institute for Genomics of Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | - Luis Fernando Flores-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigacióny de Estudios Avanzados de IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 368224, Mexico
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mwathi Jane Wamaitha
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Nairobi P.O. Box 14733-00800, Kenya
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Gautam S, Mugerwa H, Buck JW, Dutta B, Coolong T, Adkins S, Srinivasan R. Differential Transmission of Old and New World Begomoviruses by Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051104. [PMID: 35632844 PMCID: PMC9146840 DOI: 10.3390/v14051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) are two of the most invasive members of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, cryptic species complexes and are efficient vectors of begomoviruses. Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 is the predominant vector of begomoviruses in open-field vegetable crops in the southeastern United States. However, recently B. tabaci MED also has been detected in the landscape outside of greenhouses in Florida and Georgia. This study compared the transmission efficiency of one Old-World (OW) and two New-World (NW) begomoviruses prevalent in the southeastern United States, viz.., tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), and sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) between B. tabaci MEAM1 and B. tabaci MED. Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 efficiently transmitted TYLCV, CuLCrV, or SiGMV, whereas B. tabaci MED only transmitted TYLCV. Percent acquisition and retention of OW TYLCV following a 72 h acquisition access period was significantly higher for B. tabaci MED than B. tabaci MEAM1. In contrast, B. tabaci MEAM1 acquired and retained significantly more NW bipartite begomoviruses, CuLCrV or SiGMV, than B. tabaci MED. Quantitative analysis (qPCR) of virus DNA in whitefly internal tissues revealed reduced accumulation of CuLCrV or SiGMV in B. tabaci MED than in B. tabaci MEAM1. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed localization of CuLCrV or SiGMV in the midgut of B. tabaci MED and B. tabaci MEAM1. However, localization of CuLCrV or SiGMV was only observed in the primary salivary glands of B. tabaci MEAM1 and not B. tabaci MED. TYLCV localization was observed in all internal tissues of B. tabaci MEAM1 and B. tabaci MED. Overall, results demonstrate that both B. tabaci MEAM1 and B. tabaci MED are efficient vectors of OW TYLCV. However, for the NW begomoviruses, CuLCrV and SiGMV, B. tabaci MEAM1 seems to a better vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (S.G.); (H.M.)
| | - Habibu Mugerwa
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (S.G.); (H.M.)
| | - James W. Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Tim Coolong
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (S.G.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Gambley C, Nimmo P, McDonald J, Campbell P. The Establishment and Spread of a Newly Introduced Begomovirus in a Dry Tropical Environment Using Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus as a Case Study. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060776. [PMID: 35336658 PMCID: PMC8952566 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in a previously unaffected tomato production district in Australia allowed its spread to be evaluated spatially and temporally. The population dynamics of the TYLCV vector, Bemisia argentifolii (silverleaf whitefly, SLW), were also evaluated. The district is a dry tropical environment with a clear break to commercial production during the summer wet season. The incidence of TYLCV within crops and its prevalence through the district was influenced by weather, location, vector movements, and the use of Ty-1 virus-resistant hybrids. Rainfall had an important influence, with late summer and early autumn rain suppressing the levels of SLW and, by contrast, a dry summer supporting faster population growth. The use of Ty-1 hybrids appears to have reduced the incidence of TYLCV in this district. There was limited use of Ty-1 hybrids during 2013, and by season end, crops had moderate levels of SLW and high virus incidence. The 2015 and early 2016 season had high SLW populations, but TYLCV incidence was lower than in 2013, possibly due to the widespread adoption of the Ty-1 hybrids reducing virus spread. This study provides valuable epidemiology data for future incursions of begomoviruses, and other viruses spread by SLW.
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Devendran R, Namgial T, Reddy KK, Kumar M, Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:307-326. [PMID: 35079902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tsewang Namgial
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus-Vector Relationships. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091808. [PMID: 34578388 PMCID: PMC8472762 DOI: 10.3390/v13091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.
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Aimone CD, Lavington E, Hoyer JS, Deppong DO, Mickelson-Young L, Jacobson A, Kennedy GG, Carbone I, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Duffy S. Population diversity of cassava mosaic begomoviruses increases over the course of serial vegetative propagation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001622. [PMID: 34310272 PMCID: PMC8491896 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) represents a serious threat to cassava, a major root crop for more than 300 million Africans. CMD is caused by single-stranded DNA begomoviruses that evolve rapidly, making it challenging to develop durable disease resistance. In addition to the evolutionary forces of mutation, recombination and reassortment, factors such as climate, agriculture practices and the presence of DNA satellites may impact viral diversity. To gain insight into the factors that alter and shape viral diversity in planta, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the accumulation of nucleotide diversity after inoculation of infectious clones corresponding to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) in the susceptible cassava landrace Kibandameno. We found that vegetative propagation had a significant effect on viral nucleotide diversity, while temperature and a satellite DNA did not have measurable impacts in our study. EACMCV diversity increased linearly with the number of vegetative propagation passages, while ACMV diversity increased for a time and then decreased in later passages. We observed a substitution bias toward C→T and G→A for mutations in the viral genomes consistent with field isolates. Non-coding regions excluding the promoter regions of genes showed the highest levels of nucleotide diversity for each genome component. Changes in the 5' intergenic region of DNA-A resembled the sequence of the cognate DNA-B sequence. The majority of nucleotide changes in coding regions were non-synonymous, most with predicted deleterious effects on protein structure, indicative of relaxed selection pressure over six vegetative passages. Overall, these results underscore the importance of knowing how cropping practices affect viral evolution and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D. Aimone
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Erik Lavington
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - J. Steen Hoyer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - David O. Deppong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Leigh Mickelson-Young
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Alana Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - George G. Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Farooq T, Umar M, She X, Tang Y, He Z. Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary analysis of a highly recombinant begomovirus, Cotton leaf curl Multan virus, and associated satellites. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab054. [PMID: 34532058 PMCID: PMC8438885 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and its associated satellites are a major part of the cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by the begomovirus species complex. Despite the implementation of potential disease management strategies, the incessant resurgence of resistance-breaking variants of CLCuMuV imposes a continuous threat to cotton production. Here, we present a focused effort to map the geographical prevalence, genomic diversity, and molecular evolutionary endpoints that enhance disease complexity by facilitating the successful adaptation of CLCuMuV populations to the diversified ecosystems. Our results demonstrate that CLCuMuV populations are predominantly distributed in China, while the majority of alphasatellites and betasatellites exist in Pakistan. We demonstrate that together with frequent recombination, an uneven genetic variation mainly drives CLCuMuV and its satellite's virulence and evolvability. However, the pattern and distribution of recombination breakpoints greatly vary among viral and satellite sequences. The CLCuMuV, Cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite, and Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite populations arising from distinct regions exhibit high mutation rates. Although evolutionarily linked, these populations are independently evolving under strong purifying selection. These findings will facilitate to comprehensively understand the standing genetic variability and evolutionary patterns existing among CLCuMuV populations across major cotton-producing regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Farooq
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS 7008, Australia
| | - Xiaoman She
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Tang
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
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10
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Vinoth Kumar R, Shivaprasad PV. Plant-virus-insect tritrophic interactions: insights into the functions of geminivirus virion-sense strand genes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201846. [PMID: 33049166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the plant-infecting viruses in the family Geminiviridae is composed of one or two circular single stranded DNA of approximately 2.7-5.2 kb in length. These viruses have emerged as the most devastating pathogen infecting a large number of crops and weeds across the continents. They code for fewer open reading frames (ORFs) through the generation of overlapping transcripts derived from the bidirectional viral promoters. Members of geminiviruses code for up to four ORFs in the virion-sense strand, and their gene expression is regulated by various cis-elements located at their promoters in the intergenic region. These viral proteins perform multiple functions at every stage of the viral life cycle such as virus transport, insect-mediated virus transmission and suppression of host defence. They impede the host's multi-layered antiviral mechanisms including gene silencing (at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels) and hypersensitive response. This review summarizes the essential role of virion-sense strand encoded proteins in transport of viral genomes within and between plant cells, countering defence in hosts (both plants and the insects), and also in the ubiquitous role in vector-mediated transmission. We highlight the significance of their pro-viral activities in manipulating host-derived innate immune responses and the interaction with whitefly-derived proteins. We also discuss the current knowledge on virus replication and transcription within the insect body.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinoth Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK campus, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - P V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK campus, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
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Zhao J, Guo T, Lei T, Zhu JC, Wang F, Wang XW, Liu SS. Proteomic Analyses of Whitefly-Begomovirus Interactions Reveal the Inhibitory Role of Tumorous Imaginal Discs in Viral Retention. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1596. [PMID: 32849541 PMCID: PMC7417349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plant viruses are mostly transmitted by hemipteran insects, such as aphids, leafhoppers, and whiteflies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between virus and insect vector are poorly known. Here, we investigate the proteomic interactions between tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), a plant virus, and its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) species complex. First, using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified 15 candidate whitefly proteins interacting with the coat protein of TYLCV. GO and KEGG pathway analysis implicated that these 15 whitefly proteins are of different biological functions/processes mainly including metabolic process, cell motility, signal transduction, and response to stimulus. We then found that the whitefly protein tumorous imaginal discs (Tid), one of the 15 whitefly proteins identified, had a stable interaction with TYLCV CP in vitro, and the DnaJ_C domain of Tid301−499aa may be the viral binding site. During viral retention, the expression of whitefly protein Tid was observed to increase at the protein level, and feeding whiteflies with dsRNA or antibody against Tid resulted in a higher quantity of TYLCV in the whitefly body, suggesting the role of Tid in antiviral infection. Our data indicate that the induction of Tid following viral acquisition is likely a whitefly immune response to TYLCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Teng Lei
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Chen Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pan LL, Chi Y, Liu C, Fan YY, Liu SS. Mutations in the coat protein of a begomovirus result in altered transmission by different species of whitefly vectors. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa014. [PMID: 32153997 PMCID: PMC7055206 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For many crop pathogens including viruses, high genetic variation provides them with potential to adapt to and prevail in a changing environment. Understanding genetic variation in viruses and their significance is a key to elaborate virus epidemiology and evolution. While genetic variation of plant viruses has been documented to impact virus–host interactions, how it affects virus–insect vector interactions remains elusive. Here, we report the impact of mutations in the coat protein of squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV), a begomovirus, on the interaction between the virus and its whitefly vectors. We characterized mutations in the coat protein of SLCCNV and found that some residues exhibited higher mutation frequency than the others. We assayed the impact of mutation on infectivity using agroinoculation and found these mutations marginally affect virus infectivity. We further analyze their functions using virus acquisition and transmission trials and found some of mutations resulted in altered transmission of SLCCNV by different species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex. We then identified the key amino acid residue(s) involved by constructing several mutant viruses and found that a single-residue mutation in the coat protein of SLCCNV was sufficient to significantly alter the whitefly transmission characteristics of SLCCNV. We examined the competition between different genotypes of SLCCNV in plant infection and whitefly transmission. We found that mutations in the coat protein did not alter the fitness of SLCCNV in plants, but they rendered the virus more competitive in transmission by certain species of whiteflies. Our findings indicate that mutations in the coat protein may play a key role in both the adaptation of begomoviruses to the changing vector populations and the evolution of begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun-Yun Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kumar RV. Plant Antiviral Immunity Against Geminiviruses and Viral Counter-Defense for Survival. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1460. [PMID: 31297106 PMCID: PMC6607972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Geminiviridae includes plant-infecting viruses whose genomes are composed of one or two circular non-enveloped ssDNAs(+) of about 2.5-5.2 kb each in size. These insect-transmissible geminiviruses cause significant crop losses across continents and pose a serious threat to food security. Under the control of promoters generally located within the intergenic region, their genomes encode five to eight ORFs from overlapping viral transcripts. Most proteins encoded by geminiviruses perform multiple functions, such as suppressing defense responses, hijacking ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways, altering hormonal responses, manipulating cell cycle regulation, and exploiting protein-signaling cascades. Geminiviruses establish complex but coordinated interactions with several host elements to spread and facilitate successful infection cycles. Consequently, plants have evolved several multilayered defense strategies against geminivirus infection and distribution. Recent studies on the evasion of host-mediated resistance factors by various geminivirus proteins through novel mechanisms have provided new insights into the development of antiviral strategies against geminiviruses. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning virus movement within and between cells, as well as the recent advances in our understanding of the biological roles of virus-encoded proteins in manipulating host-mediated responses and insect transmission. This review also highlights unexplored areas that may increase our understanding of the biology of geminiviruses and how to combat these important plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Vinoth Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
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14
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Different forms of African cassava mosaic virus capsid protein within plants and virions. Virology 2019; 529:81-90. [PMID: 30684693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One geminiviral gene encodes the capsid protein (CP), which can appear as several bands after electrophoresis depending on virus and plant. African cassava mosaic virus-Nigeria CP in Nicotiana benthamiana, however, yielded one band (~ 30 kDa) in total protein extracts and purified virions, although its expression in yeast yielded two bands (~ 30, 32 kDa). Mass spectrometry of the complete protein and its tryptic fragments from virions is consistent with a cleaved start M1, acetylated S2, and partial phosphorylation at T12, S25 and S62. Mutants for additional potentially modified sites (N223A; C235A) were fully infectious and formed geminiparticles. Separation in triton acetic acid urea gels confirmed charge changes of the CP between plants and yeast indicating differential phosphorylation. If the CP gene alone was expressed in plants, multiple bands were observed like in yeast. A high turnover rate indicates that post-translational modifications promote CP decay probably via the ubiquitin-triggered proteasomal pathway.
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15
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Pan LL, Cui XY, Chen QF, Wang XW, Liu SS. Cotton Leaf Curl Disease: Which Whitefly Is the Vector? PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1172-1183. [PMID: 29714092 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-18-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease is one of the most significant constraints to the production of cotton. In the past decades our understanding of the begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) causing the disease has improved, but little is known regarding transmission of these viruses by the different species of whiteflies in the Bemisia tabaci complex. We compared transmission efficiency of cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV), one of the major begomoviruses associated with cotton leaf curl disease, by four whitefly species, of which two are indigenous to Asia and two are invasive worldwide. Only the indigenous Asia II 1 species was able to transmit this virus with high efficiency. By quantifying the virus and using immunoflorescence assays, we found that the differential transmission was associated with the varying efficiency of CLCuMuV to cross the midgut of various whitefly species. Further, we verified the role of coat protein in the whitefly transmission of CLCuMuV. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the virus coat proteins, we found that most begomoviruses associated with cotton leaf curl disease might share similar whitefly transmission characteristics. These findings advance our understanding of the nature of cotton leaf curl disease and provide information for the development of control and preventive strategies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Pan
- First, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi-Yun Cui
- First, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qun-Fang Chen
- First, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- First, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- First, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Jacobson AL, Duffy S, Sseruwagi P. Whitefly-transmitted viruses threatening cassava production in Africa. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:167-176. [PMID: 30243102 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging plant viruses are one of the greatest problems facing crop production worldwide, and have severe consequences in the developing world where subsistence farming is a major source of food production, and knowledge and resources for management are limited. In Africa, evolution of two viral disease complexes, cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) (Geminiviridae) and cassava brown streak viruses (CBSVs) (Potyviridae), have resulted in severe pandemics that continue to spread and threaten cassava production. Identification of genetically diverse and rapidly evolving CMBs and CBSVs, extensive genetic variation in the vector, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and numerous secondary endosymbiont profiles that influence vector phenotypes suggest that complex local and regional vector-virus-plant-environment interactions may be driving the evolution and epidemiology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Lynn Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Vaghi Medina CG, Teppa E, Bornancini VA, Flores CR, Marino-Buslje C, López Lambertini PM. Tomato Apical Leaf Curl Virus: A Novel, Monopartite Geminivirus Detected in Tomatoes in Argentina. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2665. [PMID: 29375528 PMCID: PMC5770407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses that are members of the Geminiviridae family have circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome and are responsible for major crop diseases worldwide. We have identified and characterized a novel monopartite geminivirus infecting tomato in Argentina. The full-length genome was cloned and sequenced. The genome-wide pairwise identity calculation that resulted in a maximum of 63% identity with all of other known geminiviruses indicated that it is a new geminivirus species. Biolistic infected plants presented interveinal yellowing, apical leaf curling and extreme root hypotrophy. Thus, the name proposed for this species is tomato apical leaf curl virus (ToALCV). The phylogenetic inferences suggested different evolutionary relationships for the replication-associated protein (Rep) and the coat protein (CP). Besides, the sequence similarity network (SSN) protein analyses showed that the complementary-sense gene products (RepA, Rep and C3) are similar to capulavirus while the viron-sense gene products (CP, MP and V3) are similar to topocuvirus, curtovirus and becurtovirus. Based on the data presented, ToALCV genome appears to have “modular organization” supported by its recombination origin. Analyses of the specificity-determining positions (SDPs) of the CP of geminiviruses defined nine subgroups that include geminiviruses that share the same type of insect vector. Our sequences were clustered with the sequences of topocuvirus, whose vector is the treehopper, Micrutalis malleifera. Also, a set of the highest scored amino acid residues was predicted for the CP, which could determine differences in virus transmission specificity. We predict that a treehopper could be the vector of ToALCV, but transmission assays need to be performed to confirm this. Given everything we demonstrate in this paper, ToALCV can be considered a type member of a new putative genus of the Geminiviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Vaghi Medina
- Area de Interacción Planta-Patógeno-Vector, Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciónes Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elin Teppa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica A Bornancini
- Area de Interacción Planta-Patógeno-Vector, Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciónes Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ceferino R Flores
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Yuto, Argentina
| | - Cristina Marino-Buslje
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola M López Lambertini
- Area de Interacción Planta-Patógeno-Vector, Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciónes Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
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18
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Dáder B, Then C, Berthelot E, Ducousso M, Ng JCK, Drucker M. Insect transmission of plant viruses: Multilayered interactions optimize viral propagation. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:929-946. [PMID: 28426155 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
By serving as vectors of transmission, insects play a key role in the infection cycle of many plant viruses. Viruses use sophisticated transmission strategies to overcome the spatial barrier separating plants and the impediment imposed by the plant cell wall. Interactions among insect vectors, viruses, and host plants mediate transmission by integrating all organizational levels, from molecules to populations. Best-examined on the molecular scale are two basic transmission modes wherein virus-vector interactions have been well characterized. Whereas association of virus particles with specific sites in the vector's mouthparts or in alimentary tract regions immediately posterior to them is required for noncirculative transmission, the cycle of particles through the vector body is necessary for circulative transmission. Virus transmission is also determined by interactions that are associated with changes in vector feeding behaviors and with alterations in plant host's morphology and/or metabolism that favor the attraction or deterrence of vectors. A recent concept in virus-host-vector interactions proposes that when vectors land on infected plants, vector elicitors and effectors "inform" the plants of the confluence of interacting entities and trigger signaling pathways and plant defenses. Simultaneously, the plant responses may also influence virus acquisition and inoculation by vectors. Overall, a picture is emerging where transmission depends on multilayered virus-vector-host interactions that define the route of a virus through the vector, and on the manipulation of the host and the vector. These interactions guarantee virus propagation until one or more of the interactants undergo changes through evolution or are halted by environmental interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dáder
- INRA, UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM), Montpellier, France
| | - Christiane Then
- INRA, UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marie Ducousso
- INRA, UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM), Montpellier, France
| | - James C K Ng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Martin Drucker
- INRA, UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM), Montpellier, France
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19
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Czosnek H, Hariton-Shalev A, Sobol I, Gorovits R, Ghanim M. The Incredible Journey of Begomoviruses in Their Whitefly Vector. Viruses 2017; 9:E273. [PMID: 28946649 PMCID: PMC5691625 DOI: 10.3390/v9100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are vectored in a circulative persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The insect ingests viral particles with its stylets. Virions pass along the food canal and reach the esophagus and the midgut. They cross the filter chamber and the midgut into the haemolymph, translocate into the primary salivary glands and are egested with the saliva into the plant phloem. Begomoviruses have to cross several barriers and checkpoints successfully, while interacting with would-be receptors and other whitefly proteins. The bulk of the virus remains associated with the midgut and the filter chamber. In these tissues, viral genomes, mainly from the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) family, may be transcribed and may replicate. However, at the same time, virus amounts peak, and the insect autophagic response is activated, which in turn inhibits replication and induces the destruction of the virus. Some begomoviruses invade tissues outside the circulative pathway, such as ovaries and fat cells. Autophagy limits the amounts of virus associated with these organs. In this review, we discuss the different sites begomoviruses need to cross to complete a successful circular infection, the role of the coat protein in this process and the sites that balance between virus accumulation and virus destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Aliza Hariton-Shalev
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Iris Sobol
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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20
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Hipp K, Grimm C, Jeske H, Böttcher B. Near-Atomic Resolution Structure of a Plant Geminivirus Determined by Electron Cryomicroscopy. Structure 2017; 25:1303-1309.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Lima ATM, Silva JCF, Silva FN, Castillo-Urquiza GP, Silva FF, Seah YM, Mizubuti ESG, Duffy S, Zerbini FM. The diversification of begomovirus populations is predominantly driven by mutational dynamics. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex005. [PMID: 28458915 PMCID: PMC5399926 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses (single-stranded DNA plant viruses) are responsible for serious agricultural threats. Begomovirus populations exhibit a high degree of within-host genetic variation and evolve as quickly as RNA viruses. Although the recombination-prone nature of begomoviruses has been extensively demonstrated, the relative contribution of recombination and mutation to the genetic variation of begomovirus populations has not been assessed. We estimated the genetic variability of begomovirus datasets from around the world. An uneven distribution of genetic variation across the length of the cp and rep genes due to recombination was evident from our analyses. To estimate the relative contributions of recombination and mutation to the genetic variability of begomoviruses, we mapped all substitutions over maximum likelihood trees and counted the number of substitutions on branches which were associated with recombination (ηr) and mutation (ημ). In addition, we also estimated the per generation relative rates of both evolutionary mechanisms (r/μ) to express how frequently begomovirus genomes are affected by recombination relative to mutation. We observed that the composition of genetic variation in all begomovirus datasets was dominated by mutation. Additionally, the low correlation between the estimates indicated that the relative contributions of recombination and mutation are not necessarily a function of their relative rates. Our results show that, although a considerable fraction of the genetic variation levels could be assigned to recombination, it was always lower than that due to mutation, indicating that the diversification of begomovirus populations is predominantly driven by mutational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T M Lima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions (INCT-IPP), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José C F Silva
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions (INCT-IPP), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio N Silva
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions (INCT-IPP), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gloria P Castillo-Urquiza
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions (INCT-IPP), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabyano F Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Yee M Seah
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Eduardo S G Mizubuti
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions (INCT-IPP), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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22
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Wang L, Tan H, Wu M, Jimenez-Gongora T, Tan L, Lozano-Duran R. Dynamic Virus-Dependent Subnuclear Localization of the Capsid Protein from a Geminivirus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2165. [PMID: 29312406 PMCID: PMC5744400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites with a nucleic acid genome and a proteinaceous capsid. Viral capsids are formed of at least one virus-encoded capsid protein (CP), which is often multifunctional, playing additional non-structural roles during the infection cycle. In animal viruses, there are examples of differential localization of CPs associated to the progression of the infection and/or enabled by other viral proteins; these changes in the distribution of CPs may ultimately regulate the involvement of these proteins in different viral functions. In this work, we analyze the subcellular localization of a GFP- or RFP-fused CP from the plant virus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; Fam. Geminiviridae) in the presence or absence of the virus upon transient expression in the host plants Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato. Our findings show that, in agreement with previous reports, when the CP is expressed alone it localizes mainly in the nucleolus and weakly in the nucleoplasm. Interestingly, the presence of the virus causes the sequential re-localization of the CP outside of the nucleolus and into discrete nuclear foci and, eventually, into an uneven distribution in the nucleoplasm. Expression of the viral replication-associated protein, Rep, is sufficient to exclude the CP from the nucleolus, but the localization of the CP in the characteristic patterns induced by the virus cannot be recapitulated by co-expression with any individual viral protein. Our results demonstrate that the subcellular distribution of the CP is a dynamic process, temporally regulated throughout the progression of the infection. The regulation of the localization of the CP is determined by the presence of other viral components or changes in the cellular environment induced by the virus, and is likely to contribute to the multifunctionality of this protein. Bearing in mind these observations, we suggest that viral proteins should be studied in the context of the infection and considering the temporal dimension in order to comprehensively understand their roles and effects in the interaction between virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengshi Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tamara Jimenez-Gongora
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Rosa Lozano-Duran,
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23
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Molecular genetic analysis and evolution of begomoviruses and betasatellites causing yellow mosaic disease of bhendi. Virus Genes 2016; 53:275-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Hipp K, Schäfer B, Kepp G, Jeske H. Properties of African Cassava Mosaic Virus Capsid Protein Expressed in Fission Yeast. Viruses 2016; 8:E190. [PMID: 27399762 PMCID: PMC4974525 DOI: 10.3390/v8070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid proteins (CPs) of geminiviruses combine multiple functions for packaging the single-stranded viral genome, insect transmission and shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) CP was expressed in fission yeast, and purified by SDS gel electrophoresis. After tryptic digestion of this protein, mass spectrometry covered 85% of the amino acid sequence and detected three N-terminal phosphorylation sites (threonine 12, serines 25 and 62). Differential centrifugation of cell extracts separated the CP into two fractions, the supernatant and pellet. Upon isopycnic centrifugation of the supernatant, most of the CP accumulated at densities typical for free proteins, whereas the CP in the pellet fraction showed a partial binding to nucleic acids. Size-exclusion chromatography of the supernatant CP indicated high order complexes. In DNA binding assays, supernatant CP accelerated the migration of ssDNA in agarose gels, which is a first hint for particle formation. Correspondingly, CP shifted ssDNA to the expected densities of virus particles upon isopycnic centrifugation. Nevertheless, electron microscopy did not reveal any twin particles, which are characteristic for geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hipp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Gabi Kepp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kelkar V, Kushawaha AK, Dasgupta I. Identification of amino acid residues of the coat protein of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus affecting symptom production and viral titer in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Res 2016; 217:38-46. [PMID: 26948262 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) is bipartite begomovirus infecting cassava in India and Sri Lanka. Interestingly, the DNA-A component of the SLCMV alone is able to infect Nicotiana benthamiana causing symptoms of upward leaf rolling and stunting. One of the differences between monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses is the requirement of Coat Protein (CP) for infectivity; CP being essential for the former, but dispensable in the latter. This investigation was aimed to determine the importance of CP in the infectivity of the bipartite SLCMV, behaving as a monopartite virus in N. benthamiana. We tested CP-null mutants, single amino acid replacement mutants and double, triple and quadruple combinations of the above in SLCMV DNA-A, for infectivity, symptom development and viral DNA accumulation in N. benthamiana. While CP-null mutants were non-infectious, a majority of the single amino acid replacement mutants and their combinations retained infectivity, some with attenuated symptoms and reduced viral titers. Some of the combined mutations restored the attenuated symptoms to wild type levels. Some of the mutations were predicted to cause changes in the secondary structure of the CP, which roughly correlated with the attenuation of symptoms and the reduction in viral titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kelkar
- University of Delhi South Campus, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Kushawaha
- University of Delhi South Campus, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- University of Delhi South Campus, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Weigel K, Pohl JO, Wege C, Jeske H. A Population Genetics Perspective on Geminivirus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:11926-34. [PMID: 26378173 PMCID: PMC4645336 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01956-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The selective accumulation of both DNA components of a bipartite geminivirus, Abutilon mosaic virus, was recorded during early systemic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Purified nuclei were diagnosed for viral DNA using hybridization specific for DNA A or DNA B to detect these individual genome components either alone or both simultaneously by dual-color staining. Although this virus needs both components for symptomatic infection, DNA A alone was transported to upper leaves, where it was imported into phloem nuclei and replicated autonomously. The coinfection with DNA A and DNA B revealed an independent spread of both molecules, which resulted in a stochastic distribution of DNA A- and DNA A/B-infected nuclei. A population genetics evaluation of the respective frequencies was compared to a model computation. This elucidated a surprisingly simple relationship between the initial frequencies of the viral DNA components and the number of susceptible cells during the course of early systemic infection. IMPORTANCE For bipartite begomoviruses, DNA B-independent long-distance spread of DNA A has been described before, but it has never been shown whether viral DNA A alone invades nuclei of systemic tissues and replicates therein. This is demonstrated now for the first time. During infection with DNA A and DNA B, a similar solitary spread of DNA A can be recognized at early stages. We describe a population genetics model of how the hit probabilities of DNA A and DNA B for susceptible cells determine the relative frequencies of either genome component during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Weigel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens O Pohl
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Doumayrou J, Thébaud G, Vuillaume F, Peterschmitt M, Urbino C. Mapping genetic determinants of viral traits with FST and quantitative trait locus (QTL) approaches. Virology 2015; 484:346-353. [PMID: 26186573 PMCID: PMC7111638 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic determinism of viral traits can generally be dissected using either forward or reverse genetics because the clonal reproduction of viruses does not require the use of approaches based on laboratory crosses. Nevertheless, we hypothesized that recombinant viruses could be analyzed as sexually reproducing organisms, using either a quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach or a locus-by-locus fixation index (FST). Locus-by-locus FST analysis, and four different regressions and interval mapping algorithms of QTL analysis were applied to a phenotypic and genotypic dataset previously obtained from 47 artificial recombinant genomes generated between two begomovirus species. Both approaches assigned the determinant of within-host accumulation—previously identified using standard virology approaches—to a region including the 5׳ end of the replication-associated protein (Rep) gene and the upstream intergenic region. This study provides a proof of principle that QTL and population genetics tools can be extended to characterize the genetic determinants of viral traits. FST and QTL approaches were used to map the genetic determinants of viral traits. Genetic determinants were detected using 47 begomovirus recombinant genomes. Genetic determinants of begomovirus infectivity and accumulation were identified. Proof of principles that FST and QTL can be used in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Doumayrou
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Department of Plant Pathology, 351 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Gaël Thébaud
- INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | - Cica Urbino
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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Replication of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Its Whitefly Vector, Bemisia tabaci. J Virol 2015; 89:9791-803. [PMID: 26178995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00779-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus transmitted exclusively by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner. Replication of TYLCV in its vector remains controversial, and thus far, the virus has been considered to be nonpropagative. Following 8 h of acquisition on TYLCV-infected tomato plants or purified virions and then transfer to non-TYLCV-host cotton plants, the amounts of virus inside whitefly adults significantly increased (>2-fold) during the first few days and then continuously decreased, as measured by the amounts of genes on both virus DNA strands. Reported alterations in insect immune and defense responses upon virus retention led us to hypothesize a role for the immune response in suppressing virus replication. After virus acquisition, stress conditions were imposed on whiteflies, and the levels of three viral gene sequences were measured over time. When whiteflies were exposed to TYLCV and treatment with two different pesticides, the virus levels continuously increased. Upon exposure to heat stress, the virus levels gradually decreased, without any initial accumulation. Switching of whiteflies between pesticide, heat stress, and control treatments caused fluctuating increases and decreases in virus levels. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed these results and showed virus signals inside midgut epithelial cell nuclei. Combining the pesticide and heat treatments with virus acquisition had significant effects on fecundity. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time that a single-stranded DNA plant virus can replicate in its hemipteran vector. IMPORTANCE Plant viruses in agricultural crops are of great concern worldwide. Many of them are transmitted from infected to healthy plants by insects. Persistently transmitted viruses often have a complex association with their vectors; however, most are believed not to replicate within these vectors. Such replication is important, as it contributes to the virus's spread and can impact vector biology. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a devastating begomovirus that infects tomatoes. It is persistently transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci but is believed not to replicate in the insect. To demonstrate that TYLCV is, in fact, propagative (i.e., it replicates in its insect host), we hypothesized that insect defenses play a role in suppressing virus replication. We thus exposed whitefly to pesticide and heat stress conditions to manipulate its physiology, and we showed that under such conditions, the virus is able to replicate and significantly influence the insect's fecundity.
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29
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Krenz B, Deuschle K, Deigner T, Unseld S, Kepp G, Wege C, Kleinow T, Jeske H. Early function of the Abutilon mosaic virus AC2 gene as a replication brake. J Virol 2015; 89:3683-99. [PMID: 25589661 PMCID: PMC4403429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03491-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The C2/AC2 genes of monopartite/bipartite geminiviruses of the genera Begomovirus and Curtovirus encode important pathogenicity factors with multiple functions described so far. A novel function of Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) AC2 as a replication brake is described, utilizing transgenic plants with dimeric inserts of DNA B or with a reporter construct to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Their replicational release upon AbMV superinfection or the individual and combined expression of epitope-tagged AbMV AC1, AC2, and AC3 was studied. In addition, the effects were compared in the presence and in the absence of an unrelated tombusvirus suppressor of silencing (P19). The results show that AC2 suppresses replication reproducibly in all assays and that AC3 counteracts this effect. Examination of the topoisomer distribution of supercoiled DNA, which indicates changes in the viral minichromosome structure, did not support any influence of AC2 on transcriptional gene silencing and DNA methylation. The geminiviral AC2 protein has been detected here for the first time in plants. The experiments revealed an extremely low level of AC2, which was slightly increased if constructs with an intron and a hemagglutinin (HA) tag in addition to P19 expression were used. AbMV AC2 properties are discussed with reference to those of other geminiviruses with respect to charge, modification, and size in order to delimit possible reasons for the different behaviors. IMPORTANCE The (A)C2 genes encode a key pathogenicity factor of begomoviruses and curtoviruses in the plant virus family Geminiviridae. This factor has been implicated in the resistance breaking observed in agricultural cotton production. AC2 is a multifunctional protein involved in transcriptional control, gene silencing, and regulation of basal biosynthesis. Here, a new function of Abutilon mosaic virus AC2 in replication control is added as a feature of this protein in viral multiplication, providing a novel finding on geminiviral molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Krenz
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kathrin Deuschle
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Deigner
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sigrid Unseld
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabi Kepp
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleinow
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Abteilung für Molekularbiologie und Virologie der Pflanzen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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31
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Kraberger S, Kumari SG, Hamed AA, Gronenborn B, Thomas JE, Sharman M, Harkins GW, Muhire BM, Martin DP, Varsani A. Molecular diversity of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in Sudan: high rates of intra-species recombination - a driving force in the emergence of new strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 29:203-15. [PMID: 25444941 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In Sudan Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV, genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae) is an important pathogen of pulses that are grown both for local consumption, and for export. Although a few studies have characterised CpCDV genomes from countries in the Middle East, Africa and the Indian subcontinent, little is known about CpCDV diversity in any of the major chickpea production areas in these regions. Here we analyse the diversity of 146 CpCDV isolates characterised from pulses collected across the chickpea growing regions of Sudan. Although we find that seven of the twelve known CpCDV strains are present within the country, strain CpCDV-H alone accounted for ∼73% of the infections analysed. Additionally we identified four new strains (CpCDV-M, -N, -O and -P) and show that recombination has played a significant role in the diversification of CpCDV, at least in this region. Accounting for observed recombination events, we use the large amounts of data generated here to compare patterns of natural selection within protein coding regions of CpCDV and other dicot-infecting mastrevirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Safaa G Kumari
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Abdelmagid A Hamed
- Plant Pathology Research Program, Agricultural Research Corporation, P.O. Box 126, Wadmedani, Sudan
| | - Bruno Gronenborn
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - John E Thomas
- Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Murray Sharman
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Gordon W Harkins
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, SA Medical Research Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Brejnev M Muhire
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7700, South Africa; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Sobrinho RR, Xavier CAD, Pereira HMDB, Lima GSDA, Assunção IP, Mizubuti ESG, Duffy S, Zerbini FM. Contrasting genetic structure between two begomoviruses infecting the same leguminous hosts. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2540-2552. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted, ssDNA plant viruses and are among the most damaging pathogens causing epidemics in economically important crops worldwide. Wild/non-cultivated plants play a crucial epidemiological role, acting as begomovirus reservoirs and as ‘mixing vessels' where recombination can occur. Previous work suggests a higher degree of genetic variability in begomovirus populations from non-cultivated hosts compared with cultivated hosts. To assess this supposed host effect on the genetic variability of begomovirus populations, cultivated (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, and lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus) and non-cultivated (Macroptilium lathyroides) legume hosts were sampled from two regions of Brazil. A total of 212 full-length DNA-A genome segments were sequenced from samples collected between 2005 and 2012, and populations of the begomoviruses Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and Macroptilium yellow spot virus (MaYSV) were obtained. We found, for each begomovirus species, similar genetic variation between populations infecting cultivated and non-cultivated hosts, indicating that the presumed genetic variability of the host did not a priori affect viral variability. We observed a higher degree of genetic variation in isolates from MaYSV populations than BGMV populations, which was explained by numerous recombination events in MaYSV. MaYSV and BGMV showed distinct distributions of genetic variation, with the BGMV population (but not MaYSV) being structured by both host and geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ramos Sobrinho
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Iraíldes Pereira Assunção
- Departamento de Fitossanidade/CECA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL 57100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Francisco Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Fischer A, Strohmeier S, Krenz B, Jeske H. Evolutionary liberties of the Abutilon mosaic virus cluster. Virus Genes 2014; 50:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang LL, Wei XM, Ye XD, Xu HX, Zhou XP, Liu SS, Wang XW. Expression and functional characterisation of a soluble form of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus coat protein. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1624-31. [PMID: 24488592 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus within the family Geminiviridae, is an important pathogen of tomato in many tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. TYLCV is exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a circulative manner. The viral coat protein (CP) has been assumed to play important roles in the entry of TYLCV into the insect midgut cells. RESULTS Testing the hypothesis that CP plays an important role in TYLCV acquisition by B. tabaci, a soluble form of the CP was expressed and purified. The purified recombinant CP made it possible to examine the function of TYLCV CP without other viral proteins. In an in vivo binding assay, specific binding of TYLCV CP to B. tabaci midguts was detected when purified CP was fed to B. tabaci. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of virus titre revealed that B. tabaci fed with purified CP had reduced the level of virus in their midgut compared with those fed with bovine serum albumin or maltose-binding protein. These results suggest that binding of TYLCV CP to the B. tabaci midgut specifically inhibits virus acquisition. CONCLUSIONS The findings that TYLCV CP binds to B. tabaci midguts and decreases virus acquisition provide direct evidence that CP mediates the attachment of TYLCV to receptors on the epithelial cells of the B. tabaci midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Geminiviruses are a family of plant viruses that cause economically important plant diseases worldwide. These viruses have circular single-stranded DNA genomes and four to eight genes that are expressed from both strands of the double-stranded DNA replicative intermediate. The transcription of these genes occurs under the control of two bidirectional promoters and one monodirectional promoter. The viral proteins function to facilitate virus replication, virus movement, the assembly of virus-specific nucleoprotein particles, vector transmission and to counteract plant host defence responses. Recent research findings have provided new insights into the structure and function of these proteins and have identified numerous host interacting partners. Most of the viral proteins have been shown to be multifunctional, participating in multiple events during the infection cycle and have, indeed, evolved coordinated interactions with host proteins to ensure a successful infection. Here, an up-to-date review of viral protein structure and function is presented, and some areas requiring further research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Fondong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 North DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
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36
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Alteration of intersubunit acid–base pair interactions at the quasi-threefold axis of symmetry of Cucumber mosaic virus disrupts aphid vector transmission. Virology 2013; 440:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Villanueva-Alonzo HJ, Us-Camas RY, López-Ochoa LA, Robertson D, Guerra-Peraza O, Minero-García Y, Moreno-Valenzuela OA. A new virus-induced gene silencing vector based on Euphorbia mosaic virus-Yucatan peninsula for NPR1 silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and Capsicum annuum var. Anaheim. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:811-23. [PMID: 23546940 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing is based on the sequence-specific degradation of RNA. Here, a gene silencing vector derived from EuMV-YP, named pEuMV-YP:ΔAV1, was used to silence ChlI and NPR1 genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. The silencing of the ChlI transcripts was efficient in the stems, petioles and leaves as reflected in tissue bleaching and reduced transcript levels. The silencing was stable, reaching the flowers and fruits, and was observed throughout the life cycle of the plants. Additionally, the silencing of the NPR1 gene was efficient in both N. benthamiana and Capsicum annuum. After silencing, the plants' viral symptoms increased to levels similar to those seen in wild-type plants. These results suggest that NPR1 plays a role in the compatible interactions of EuMV-YP N. benthamiana and EuMV-C. annum var. anaheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan J Villanueva-Alonzo
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan AC, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
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Zakri AM, Ziegler A, Commandeur U, Fischer R, Torrance L. In vivo expression and binding activity of scFv-RWAV, which recognizes the coat protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (family Geminiviridae). Arch Virol 2012; 157:1291-9. [PMID: 22491815 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies expressed in plants have the potential to interrupt virus infections by blocking essential stages of the infection cycle. Here, we show that the expression of a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that recognizes the coat protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) in vitro can also bind to a recombinant coat protein in vivo in the reducing environment of the plant cytosol. The scFv and its target were both expressed as fluorescent protein fusions, one incorporating green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the other DsRed. We found that the incorporation of a nuclear localization signal into the scFv construct resulted in the nuclear import of the antibody-antigen complex, as shown by colocalization of the two fluorescent signals. This demonstrates that recombinant antibodies can be targeted to the nucleus and will bind to geminivirus coat proteins therein, allowing the virus infection cycle to be interrupted during its critical replicative phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Zakri
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Krenz B, Wege C, Jeske H. Cell-free construction of disarmed Abutilon mosaic virus-based gene silencing vectors. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:129-37. [PMID: 20638413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bipartite Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) was engineered as a versatile silencing vector in which the coat protein gene of DNA A was deleted and replaced by sequences of interest. Plants transgenic for the dimeric AbMV DNA B component were used as test hosts to minimize the risk of unintended release of the recombinant DNA. The vector construct was stable genetically upon systemic infection and, in common with the parental virus, the vector remained phloem-limited. For virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a phytoene desaturase gene fragment was isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana (NbPDS) and inserted into the vector. After agroinfection, phytoene desaturase silencing was triggered efficiently in all leaf tissues without interference by viral symptoms. In order to facilitate further the use of the system, a technique for cell-free construction of recombinants was established using rolling circle amplification and biolistic inoculation of DNA B-transgenic plants. This novel procedure provides a convenient and safe way for delivering VIGS constructs for functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Krenz
- University of Stuttgart, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Díaz-Pendón JA, Cañizares MC, Moriones E, Bejarano ER, Czosnek H, Navas-Castillo J. Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex, the plant and the whitefly vector. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:441-50. [PMID: 20618703 PMCID: PMC6640490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. TAXONOMY The tomato yellow leaf curl virus-like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full-length DNA-A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold. HOST RANGE The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petuniaxhybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental 'La Mayora', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Levy A, Tzfira T. Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:451-461. [PMID: 20618704 PMCID: PMC6640244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Bean dwarf mosaic virus-[Colombia:1987] (BDMV-[CO:87]) is a single-stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 x 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of approximately 29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA-A and DNA-B), each approximately 2.6 kb in size. HOST RANGE The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV. DISEASE SYMPTOMS The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV-infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem-limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem-limited virus, it is sap-transmissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Levy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Generation and characterization of a scFv against recombinant coat protein of the geminivirus tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. Arch Virol 2010; 155:335-42. [PMID: 20107847 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the establishment of a hybridoma cell line secreting the monoclonal antibody (mAb) HAV, which recognizes the coat (AV1) protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a begomovirus. The cell line was obtained following immunization of mice with purified recombinant AV1 fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST). A single-chain variable fragment (scFv-SAV) was assembled from hybridoma cDNA, but sequence analysis revealed a single nucleotide deletion causing a frame shift that resulted in a 21-residue N-terminal truncation. The missing nucleotide was restored by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis to create scFv-RWAV. The binding properties of mAb HAV and the corresponding scFvs were characterized by western blot, ELISA and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. MAb HAV bound to AV1 with nanomolar affinity but reacted neither with the N-terminal region of the protein nor with the GST fusion partner. This suggested that the antibody recognized a linear epitope in a region of the coat protein that is conserved among begomoviruses. Both scFvs retained the antigen specificity of mAb HAV, although the dissociation rate constant of scFv-RWAV was tenfold greater than that of scFv-SAV, showing the importance of restoring the 21 N-terminal amino acids.
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Liu J, Li M, Li JM, Huang CJ, Zhou XP, Xu FC, Liu SS. Viral infection of tobacco plants improves performance of Bemisia tabaci but more so for an invasive than for an indigenous biotype of the whitefly. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:30-40. [PMID: 20043350 PMCID: PMC2801088 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ecological effects of plant-virus-vector interactions on invasion of alien plant viral vectors have been rarely investigated. We examined the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) by the invasive Q biotype and the indigenous ZHJ2 biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a plant viral vector, as well as the influence of TYLCCNV-infection of plants on the performance of the two whitefly biotypes. Both whitefly biotypes were able to acquire viruses from infected plants and retained them in their bodies, but were unable to transmit them to either tobacco or tomato plants. However, when the Q biotype fed on tobacco plants infected with TYLCCNV, its fecundity and longevity were increased by 7- and 1-fold, respectively, compared to those of the Q biotype fed on uninfected tobacco plants. When the ZHJ2 biotype fed on virus-infected plants, its fecundity and longevity were increased by only 2- and 0.5-fold, respectively. These data show that the Q biotype acquired higher beneficial effects from TYLCCNV-infection of tobacco plants than the ZHJ2 biotype. Thus, the Q biotype whitefly may have advantages in its invasion and displacement of the indigenous ZHJ2 biotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Meng Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jun-min Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Chang-jun Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xue-ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Fang-cheng Xu
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Shu-sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Ohnesorge S, Bejarano ER. Begomovirus coat protein interacts with a small heat-shock protein of its transmission vector (Bemisia tabaci). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:693-703. [PMID: 19817909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent-circulative manner. The coat protein (CP) plays an important role in this transmission cycle. In this study, the CP was used to screen a Bemisia tabaci cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid system, in a search for interacting partners. A member of the small heat-shock protein family (termed BtHSP16) was identified and its interaction with the CP was verified by an in vitro pull-down assay. The binding domain was located at the variable N-terminal part of the CP, while full-length BtHSP16 is required for the interaction. The putative role for this interaction in the transmission cycle by the whitefly is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnesorge
- Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Caciagli P, Medina Piles V, Marian D, Vecchiati M, Masenga V, Mason G, Falcioni T, Noris E. Virion stability is important for the circulative transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus by Bemisia tabaci, but virion access to salivary glands does not guarantee transmissibility. J Virol 2009; 83:5784-95. [PMID: 19321611 PMCID: PMC2681986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02267-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid protein (CP) of the monopartite begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), family Geminiviridae, is indispensable for plant infection and vector transmission. A region between amino acids 129 and 152 is critical for virion assembly and insect transmissibility. Two previously described mutants, one with a double Q129P Q134H mutation (PNHD) and another with a further D152E change (PNHE), were found nontransmissible (NT). Another NT mutant with a single N130D change (QDQD) was retrieved from a new mutational analysis. In this study, these three NT mutants and the wild-type (wt) virus were compared in their relationships with the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci and the nonvector Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Retention kinetics of NT mutants were analyzed by quantitative dot blot hybridization in whiteflies fed on infected plants. The QDQD mutant, whose virions appeared nongeminate following purification, was hardly detectable in either whitefly species at any sampling time. The PNHD mutant was acquired and circulated in both whitefly species for up to 10 days, like the wt virus, while PNHE circulated in B. tabaci only. Using immunogold labeling, both PNHD and PNHE CPs were detected in B. tabaci salivary glands (SGs) like the wt virus, while no labeling was found in any whitefly tissue with the QDQD mutant. Significant inhibition of transmission of the wt virus was observed after prior feeding of the insects on plants infected with the PNHE mutant, but not on plants infected with the other mutants. Virion stability and ability to cross the SG barrier are necessary for TYLCSV transmission, but interactions with molecular components inside the SGs are also critical for transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Caciagli
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin, Italy
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Priyadarshini C. G. P, Savithri H. Kinetics of interaction of Cotton Leaf Curl Kokhran Virus-Dabawali (CLCuKV-Dab) coat protein and its mutants with ssDNA. Virology 2009; 386:427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Plant pathogenic geminiviruses have been proliferating worldwide and have, therefore, attracted considerable scientific interest during the past three decades. Current knowledge concerning their virion and genome structure, their molecular biology of replication, recombination, transcription, and silencing, as well as their transport through plants and dynamic competition with host responses are summarized. The topics are chosen to provide a comprehensive introduction for animal virologists, emphasizing similarities and differences to the closest functional relatives, polyomaviruses and circoviruses.
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Abstract
The plant-infecting geminiviruses encapsidate their single-stranded DNA genome in characteristic twinned particles that are unique among viruses. These particles are formed by joining two incomplete T=1 icosahedra. African cassava mosaic virions were purified by density-gradient centrifugation from infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analysed for their stability with respect to pH changes and heat treatment by using electron microscopy. Negative staining and rotary shadowing revealed stable virions as well as isolated capsomeres between pH 4.0 and 8.5. At pH 9.0 and above, particles disintegrated, whereas they mainly aggregated at a pH below 6.0. Heating the preparations to 55 degrees C and above resulted in the complete loss of any discernible structure. A low proportion (approx. 10 %) of particles ejected their DNA within the pH range of 6.0-8.5. Most virions released their DNA at the top (15.9 %) or the shoulder (71.4 %) of the twin particles and only 12.7 % at the waist. Compared with the expected numbers of pentameric capsomeres at the top (9 %), the shoulder (45.5 %) or the waist (45.5 %), the results revealed a preferential DNA release from the top and shoulder of the geminate particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kittelmann
- Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Hogenhout SA, Ammar ED, Whitfield AE, Redinbaugh MG. Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:327-59. [PMID: 18680428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.022508.092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of described plant viruses are transmitted by insects of the Hemipteroid assemblage that includes aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips. In this review we highlight progress made in research on vector interactions of the more than 200 plant viruses that are transmitted by hemipteroid insects beginning a few hours or days after acquisition and for up to the life of the insect, i.e., in a persistent-circulative or persistent-propagative mode. These plant viruses move through the insect vector, from the gut lumen into the hemolymph or other tissues and finally into the salivary glands, from which these viruses are introduced back into the plant host during insect feeding. The movement and/or replication of the viruses in the insect vectors require specific interactions between virus and vector components. Recent investigations have resulted in a better understanding of the replication sites and tissue tropism of several plant viruses that propagate in insect vectors. Furthermore, virus and insect proteins involved in overcoming transmission barriers in the vector have been identified for some virus-vector combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Most phytoviruses rely on vectors for their spread and survival. Although a great variety of virus vectors have been described, there are relatively few different mechanisms mediating virus transmission by vectors: virions can either be internalized into vector cells where replication may or may not take place or they can simply be adsorbed on the vector's surface or cuticle. Virus transmission by vectors requires tight associations between viral proteins, generally capsid proteins, and vector compounds, usually referred to as receptors. This review will focus on the viral determinants involved in virus transmission. Only the best-known models for which molecular data are available are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg, 67084, France
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