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Perlikowski D, Lechowicz K, Skirycz A, Michaelis Ä, Pawłowicz I, Kosmala A. The Role of Triacylglycerol in the Protection of Cells against Lipotoxicity under Drought in Lolium multiflorum/Festucaarundinacea Introgression Forms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:353-368. [PMID: 34994787 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol is a key lipid compound involved in maintaining homeostasis of both membrane lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) in plant cells under adverse environmental conditions. However, its role in the process of lipid remodeling has not been fully recognized, especially in monocots, including grass species. For our study, two closely related introgression forms of Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), distinct in their level of drought tolerance, were selected as plant models to study rearrangements in plant lipidome under water deficit and further re-watering. The low drought tolerant (LDT) form revealed an elevated level of cellular membrane damage accompanied by an increased content of polyunsaturated FFA and triacylglycerol under water deficit, compared with the high drought tolerant (HDT) form. However, the LDT introgression form demonstrated also the ability to regenerate its membranes after stress cessation. The obtained results clearly indicated that accumulation of triacylglycerol under advanced drought in the LDT form could serve as a cellular protective mechanism against overaccumulation of toxic polyunsaturated FFA and other lipid intermediates. Furthermore, accumulation of triacylglycerol under drought conditions could serve also as storage of substrates required for further regeneration of membranes after stress cessation. The rearrangements in triacylglycerol metabolism were supported by the upregulation of several genes, involved in a biosynthesis of triacylglycerol. With respect to this process, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase DGAT2 seems to play the most important role in the analyzed grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Perlikowski
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Änna Michaelis
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
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Sánchez-Sandoval ME, Racagni Di-Palma GE, González-Mendoza VM, Cab-Guillén YA, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Ramos-Díaz A, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT. Phospholipid signaling pathway in Capsicum chinense suspension cells as a key response to consortium infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:62. [PMID: 33494714 PMCID: PMC7836502 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is considered the diversification center for chili species, but these crops are susceptible to infection by pathogens such as Colletotrichum spp., which causes anthracnose disease and postharvest decay in general. Studies have been carried out with isolated strains of Colletotrichum in Capsicum plants; however, under growing conditions, microorganisms generally interact with others, resulting in an increase or decrease of their ability to infect the roots of C. chinense seedlings and thus, cause disease. RESULTS Morphological changes were evident 24 h after inoculation (hai) with the microbial consortium, which consisted primarily of C. ignotum. High levels of diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were found around 6 hai. These metabolic changes could be correlated with high transcription levels of diacylglycerol-kinase (CchDGK1 and CchDG31) at 3, 6 and 12 hai and also to pathogen gene markers, such as CchPR1 and CchPR5. CONCLUSIONS Our data constitute the first evidence for the phospholipids signalling events, specifically DGPP and PA participation in the phospholipase C/DGK (PI-PLC/DGK) pathway, in the response of Capsicum to the consortium, offering new insights on chilis' defense responses to damping-off diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Sánchez-Sandoval
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Victor M González-Mendoza
- CONA CYT- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Agrobiotecnología Alimentaria (Consortium between Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo, A.C. and Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco), San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Yahaira A Cab-Guillén
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José A Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ana Ramos-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Subsede Sureste, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals heat stress-responsive genes and their signalling pathways in lilies (Lilium longiflorum vs. Lilium distichum). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239605. [PMID: 33006971 PMCID: PMC7531851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lily, a famous bulbous flower, is seriously affected by high temperatures, which affect their growth and production. To date, the signalling pathways and the molecular mechanisms related to heat response in Lilium have not been elucidated. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed in an important thermo-tolerant flower, L. longiflorum, and a thermo-sensitive flower, L. distichum. Lily seedlings were first exposed to heat stress at 42°C for different lengths of time, and the optimal time-points (2 h and 24 h) were selected for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Approximately 66.51, 66.21, and 65.36 Mb clean reads were identified from three libraries of L. longiflorum (LL_CK, LL_T2h and LL_T24h, respectively) and 66.18, 66.03, and 65.16 Mb clean reads were obtained from three libraries of L. distichum (LD_CK, LD_T2h and LD_T24h, respectively) after rRNA removing. A total of 34,301 unigenes showed similarity to known proteins in the database NCBI non-redundant protein (NR), Swiss-Prot proteins, InterPro proteins, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In addition, 1,621 genes were differentially expressed in the overlapping libraries between LL_DEGs and LD_DEGs; of these genes, 352 DEGs were obviously upregulated in L. longiflorum and downregulated in L. distichum during heat stress, including 4-coumarate, CoA ligase (4CL), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), peroxidase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 family genes (PR10s), 14-3-3 protein, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, and glycine-rich cell wall structural protein-like. These genes were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, and kinase signalling pathways. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to validate the expression profiling of these DEGs in RNA-seq data. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study provide a comprehensive sequence resource for the discovery of heat-resistance genes and reveal potential key components that are responsive to heat stress in lilies, which may help to elucidate the heat signal transcription networks and facilitate heat-resistance breeding in lily.
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Zhang Q, van Wijk R, Zarza X, Shahbaz M, van Hooren M, Guardia A, Scuffi D, García-Mata C, Van den Ende W, Hoffmann-Benning S, Haring MA, Laxalt AM, Munnik T. Knock-Down of Arabidopsis PLC5 Reduces Primary Root Growth and Secondary Root Formation While Overexpression Improves Drought Tolerance and Causes Stunted Root Hair Growth. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2004-2019. [PMID: 30107538 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a well-known signaling enzyme in metazoans that hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers involved in mutiple processes. Plants contain PLC too, but relatively little is known about its function there. The model system Arabidopsis thaliana contains nine PLC genes. Reversed genetics have implicated several roles for PLCs in plant development and stress signaling. Here, PLC5 is functionally addressed. Promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) analyses revealed expression in roots, leaves and flowers, predominantly in vascular tissue, most probably phloem companion cells, but also in guard cells, trichomes and root apical meristem. Only one plc5-1 knock-down mutant was obtained, which developed normally but grew more slowly and exhibited reduced primary root growth and decreased lateral root numbers. These phenotypes could be complemented by expressing the wild-type gene behind its own promoter. Overexpression of PLC5 (PLC5-OE) using the UBQ10 promoter resulted in reduced primary and secondary root growth, stunted root hairs, decreased stomatal aperture and improved drought tolerance. PLC5-OE lines exhibited strongly reduced phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) and PIP2 levels and increased amounts of phosphatidic acid, indicating enhanced PLC activity in vivo. Reduced PIP2 levels and stunted root hair growth of PLC5-OE seedlings could be recovered by inducible overexpression of a root hair-specific PIP 5-kinase, PIP5K3. Our results show that PLC5 is involved in primary and secondary root growth and that its overexpression improves drought tolerance. Independently, we provide new evidence that PIP2 is essential for the polar tip growth of root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Zarza
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Max van Hooren
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Aisha Guardia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susanne Hoffmann-Benning
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michel A Haring
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands
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Repka V, Fiala R, Pavlovkin J. Role of ethylene and phospholipid-mediated signalling in mycotoxin-induced programmed cell death in the apical part of maize roots. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Di Fino LM, D'Ambrosio JM, Tejos R, van Wijk R, Lamattina L, Munnik T, Pagnussat GC, Laxalt AM. Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (PLC2) is required for female gametogenesis and embryo development. PLANTA 2017; 245:717-728. [PMID: 27999988 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AtPLC2 is an essential gene in Arabidopsis, since it is required for female gametogenesis and embryo development. AtPLC2 might play a role in cell division during embryo-sac development and early embryogenesis. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) plays an important role in signal transduction during plant development and in the response to various biotic- and abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis PI-PLC gene family is composed of nine members, named PLC1 to PLC9. Here, we report that PLC2 is involved in female gametophyte development and early embryogenesis. Using two Arabidopsis allelic T-DNA insertion lines with different phenotypic penetrations, we observed both female gametophytic defects and aberrant embryos. For the plc2-1 mutant (Ws background), no homozygous plants could be recovered in the offspring from self-pollinated plants. Nonetheless, plc2-1 hemizygous mutants are affected in female gametogenesis, showing embryo sacs arrested at early developmental stages. Allelic hemizygous plc2-2 mutant plants (Col-0 background) present reduced seed set and embryos arrested at the pre-globular stage with abnormal patterns of cell division. A low proportion (0.8%) of plc2-2 homozygous mutants was found to escape lethality and showed morphological defects and disrupted megagametogenesis. PLC2-promoter activity was observed during early megagametogenesis, and after fertilization in the embryo proper. Immunolocalization studies in early stage embryos revealed that PLC2 is restricted to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these results establish a role for PLC2 in both reproductive- and embryo development, presumably by controlling mitosis and/or the formation of cell-division planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano M Di Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín D'Ambrosio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, 111093, Iquique, Chile
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela C Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Im YJ, Smith CM, Phillippy BQ, Strand D, Kramer DM, Grunden AM, Boss WF. Increasing Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-Bisphosphate Biosynthesis Affects Basal Signaling and Chloroplast Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:27-57. [PMID: 27135490 PMCID: PMC4844314 DOI: 10.3390/plants3010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One challenge in studying the second messenger inositol(1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP₃) is that it is present in very low amounts and increases only transiently in response to stimuli. To identify events downstream of InsP₃, we generated transgenic plants constitutively expressing the high specific activity, human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Iα (HsPIPKIα). PIP5K is the enzyme that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P₂); this reaction is flux limiting in InsP₃ biosynthesis in plants. Plasma membranes from transgenic Arabidopsis expressing HsPIPKIα had 2-3 fold higher PIP5K specific activity, and basal InsP₃ levels in seedlings and leaves were >2-fold higher than wild type. Although there was no significant difference in photosynthetic electron transport, HsPIPKIα plants had significantly higher starch (2-4 fold) and 20% higher anthocyanin compared to controls. Starch content was higher both during the day and at the end of dark period. In addition, transcripts of genes involved in starch metabolism such as SEX1 (glucan water dikinase) and SEX4 (phosphoglucan phosphatase), DBE (debranching enzyme), MEX1 (maltose transporter), APL3 (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) and glucose-6-phosphate transporter (Glc6PT) were up-regulated in the HsPIPKIα plants. Our results reveal that increasing the phosphoinositide (PI) pathway affects chloroplast carbon metabolism and suggest that InsP₃ is one component of an inter-organelle signaling network regulating chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ju Im
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Caroline M Smith
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Brian Q Phillippy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Deserah Strand
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - David M Kramer
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Amy M Grunden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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PI-PLC: Phosphoinositide-Phospholipase C in Plant Signaling. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Singh A, Kanwar P, Pandey A, Tyagi AK, Sopory SK, Kapoor S, Pandey GK. Comprehensive genomic analysis and expression profiling of phospholipase C gene family during abiotic stresses and development in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62494. [PMID: 23638098 PMCID: PMC3640072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C (PLC) is one of the major lipid hydrolysing enzymes, implicated in lipid mediated signaling. PLCs have been found to play a significant role in abiotic stress triggered signaling and developmental processes in various plant species. Genome wide identification and expression analysis have been carried out for this gene family in Arabidopsis, yet not much has been accomplished in crop plant rice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An exhaustive in-silico exploration of rice genome using various online databases and tools resulted in the identification of nine PLC encoding genes. Based on sequence, motif and phylogenetic analysis rice PLC gene family could be divided into phosphatidylinositol-specific PLCs (PI-PLCs) and phosphatidylcholine- PLCs (PC-PLC or NPC) classes with four and five members, respectively. A comparative analysis revealed that PLCs are conserved in Arabidopsis (dicots) and rice (monocot) at gene structure and protein level but they might have evolved through a separate evolutionary path. Transcript profiling using gene chip microarray and quantitative RT-PCR showed that most of the PLC members expressed significantly and differentially under abiotic stresses (salt, cold and drought) and during various developmental stages with condition/stage specific and overlapping expression. This finding suggested an important role of different rice PLC members in abiotic stress triggered signaling and plant development, which was also supported by the presence of relevant cis-regulatory elements in their promoters. Sub-cellular localization of few selected PLC members in Nicotiana benthamiana and onion epidermal cells has provided a clue about their site of action and functional behaviour. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The genome wide identification, structural and expression analysis and knowledge of sub-cellular localization of PLC gene family envisage the functional characterization of these genes in crop plants in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Tyagi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Qu AL, Ding YF, Jiang Q, Zhu C. Molecular mechanisms of the plant heat stress response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:203-7. [PMID: 23395681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High temperature has become a global concern, which seriously affects the growth and production of plants, particularly crops. Thus, the molecular mechanism of the heat stress response and breeding of heat-tolerant plants is necessary to protect food production and ensure crop safety. This review elaborates on the response networks of heat stress in plants, including the Hsf and Hsp response pathways, the response of ROS and the network of the hormones. In addition, the production of heat stress response elements during particular physiological periods of the plant is described. We also discuss the existing problems and future prospects concerning the molecular mechanisms of the heat stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Qu
- China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Road 258, Hangzhou 310018, China
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11
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Horváth I, Glatz A, Nakamoto H, Mishkind ML, Munnik T, Saidi Y, Goloubinoff P, Harwood JL, Vigh L. Heat shock response in photosynthetic organisms: membrane and lipid connections. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:208-20. [PMID: 22484828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of photosynthetic organisms to adapt to increases in environmental temperatures is becoming more important with climate change. Heat stress is known to induce heat-shock proteins (HSPs) many of which act as chaperones. Traditionally, it has been thought that protein denaturation acts as a trigger for HSP induction. However, increasing evidence has shown that many stress events cause HSP induction without commensurate protein denaturation. This has led to the membrane sensor hypothesis where the membrane's physical and structural properties play an initiating role in the heat shock response. In this review, we discuss heat-induced modulation of the membrane's physical state and changes to these properties which can be brought about by interaction with HSPs. Heat stress also leads to changes in lipid-based signaling cascades and alterations in calcium transport and availability. Such observations emphasize the importance of membranes and their lipids in the heat shock response and provide a new perspective for guiding further studies into the mechanisms that mediate cellular and organismal responses to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Horváth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biol. Res. Centre, Hungarian Acad. Sci., Temesvári krt. 62, H-6734 Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
"All things flow and change…even in the stillest matter there is unseen flux and movement." Attributed to Heraclitus (530-470 BC), from The Story of Philosophy by Will Durant. Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher, was thinking on a much larger scale than molecular signaling; however, his visionary comments are an important reminder for those studying signaling today. Even in unstimulated cells, signaling pathways are in constant metabolic flux and provide basal signals that travel throughout the organism. In addition, negatively charged phospholipids, such as the polyphosphorylated inositol phospholipids, provide a circuit board of on/off switches for attracting or repelling proteins that define the membranes of the cell. This template of charged phospholipids is sensitive to discrete changes and metabolic fluxes-e.g., in pH and cations-which contribute to the oscillating signals in the cell. The inherent complexities of a constantly fluctuating system make understanding how plants integrate and process signals challenging. In this review we discuss one aspect of lipid signaling: the inositol family of negatively charged phospholipids and their functions as molecular sensors and regulators of metabolic flux in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7649, USA.
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Mikami K, Saavedra L, Hiwatashi Y, Uji T, Hasebe M, Sommarin M. A dibasic amino acid pair conserved in the activation loop directs plasma membrane localization and is necessary for activity of plant type I/II phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1004-15. [PMID: 20427464 PMCID: PMC2899925 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.152686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) is an enzyme involved in the regulation of cellular levels of phosphoinositides involved in various physiological processes, such as cytoskeletal organization, ion channel activation, and vesicle trafficking. In animals, research has focused on the modes of activation and function of PIPKs, providing an understanding of the importance of plasma membrane localization. However, it still remains unclear how this issue is regulated in plant PIPKs. Here, we demonstrate that the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain, which contains the activation loop, is sufficient for plasma membrane localization of PpPIPK1, a type I/II B PIPK from the moss Physcomitrella patens. The importance of the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain for plasma membrane localization was confirmed with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtPIP5K1. Our findings, in which substitution of a conserved dibasic amino acid pair in the activation loop of PpPIPK1 completely prevented plasma membrane targeting and abolished enzymatic activity, demonstrate its critical role in these processes. Placing our results in the context of studies of eukaryotic PIPKs led us to conclude that the function of the dibasic amino acid pair in the activation loop in type I/II PIPKs is plant specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mikami
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
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Monreal JA, López-Baena FJ, Vidal J, Echevarría C, García-Mauriño S. Involvement of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the light-dependent up-regulation of sorghum leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-kinase. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2819-27. [PMID: 20410319 PMCID: PMC2882271 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C(4)-PEPC) is regulated by phosphorylation by a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPC-k). In Digitaria sanguinalis mesophyll protoplasts, this light-mediated transduction cascade principally requires a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and a Ca(2+)-dependent step. The present study investigates the cascade components at the higher integrated level of Sorghum bicolor leaf discs and leaves. PEPC-k up-regulation required light and photosynthetic electron transport. However, the PI-PLC inhibitor U-73122 and inhibitors of calcium release from intracellular stores only partially blocked this process. Analysis of [(32)P]phosphate-labelled phospholipids showed a light-dependent increase in phospholipase D (PLD) activity. Treatment of leaf discs with n-butanol, which decreases the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA) by PLD, led to the partial inhibition of the C(4)-PEPC phosphorylation, suggesting the participation of PLD/PA in the signalling cascade. PPCK1 gene expression was strictly light-dependent. Addition of neomycin or n-butanol decreased, and a combination of both inhibitors markedly reduced PPCK1 expression and the concomitant rise in PEPC-k activity. The calcium/calmodulin antagonist W7 blocked the light-dependent up-regulation of PEPC-k, pointing to a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) integrating both second messengers, calcium and PA, which were shown to increase the activity of sorghum CDPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Baena
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jean Vidal
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, Université de Paris-Sud, Centre d′Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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Zonia L. Spatial and temporal integration of signalling networks regulating pollen tube growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1939-57. [PMID: 20378665 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The overall function of a cell is determined by its contingent of active signal transduction cascades interacting on multiple levels with metabolic pathways, cytoskeletal organization, and regulation of gene expression. Much work has been devoted to analysis of individual signalling cascades interacting with unique cellular targets. However, little is known about how cells integrate information across hierarchical signalling networks. Recent work on pollen tube growth indicates that several key signalling cascades respond to changes in cell hydrodynamics and apical volume. Combined with known effects on cytoarchitecture and signalling from other cell systems, hydrodynamics has the potential to integrate and synchronize the function of the broader signalling network in pollen tubes. This review will explore recent work on cell hydrodynamics in a variety of systems including pollen, and discuss hydrodynamic regulation of cell signalling and function including exocytosis and endocytosis, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell wall deposition and assembly, phospholipid and inositol polyphosphate signalling, ion flux, small G-proteins, fertilization, and self-incompatibility. The combined data support a newly emerging model of pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zonia
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology, Kruislaan 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vossen JH, Abd-El-Haliem A, Fradin EF, van den Berg GCM, Ekengren SK, Meijer HJG, Seifi A, Bai Y, ten Have A, Munnik T, Thomma BPHJ, Joosten MHAJ. Identification of tomato phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) family members and the role of PLC4 and PLC6 in HR and disease resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:224-39. [PMID: 20088897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pathogen-derived elicitors by plants has been suggested to involve phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) signalling. Here we show that PLC isoforms are required for the hypersensitive response (HR) and disease resistance. We characterised the tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] PLC gene family. Six Sl PLC-encoding cDNAs were isolated and their expression in response to infection with the pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum was studied. We found significant regulation at the transcriptional level of the various SlPLCs, and SlPLC4 and SlPLC6 showed distinct expression patterns in C. fulvum-resistant Cf-4 tomato. We produced the encoded proteins in Escherichia coli and found that both genes encode catalytically active PI-PLCs. To test the requirement of these Sl PLCs for full Cf-4-mediated recognition of the effector Avr4, we knocked down the expression of the encoding genes by virus-induced gene silencing. Silencing of SlPLC4 impaired the Avr4/Cf-4-induced HR and resulted in increased colonisation of Cf-4 plants by C. fulvum expressing Avr4. Furthermore, expression of the gene in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced the Avr4/Cf-4-induced HR. Silencing of SlPLC6 did not affect HR, whereas it caused increased colonisation of Cf-4 plants by the fungus. Interestingly, Sl PLC6, but not Sl PLC4, was also required for resistance to Verticillium dahliae, mediated by the transmembrane Ve1 resistance protein, and to Pseudomonas syringae, mediated by the intracellular Pto/Prf resistance protein couple. We conclude that there is a differential requirement of PLC isoforms for the plant immune response and that Sl PLC4 is specifically required for Cf-4 function, while Sl PLC6 may be a more general component of resistance protein signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Vossen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Georges F, DAS S, Ray H, Bock C, Nokhrina K, Kolla VA, Keller W. Over-expression of Brassica napus phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 in canola induces significant changes in gene expression and phytohormone distribution patterns, enhances drought tolerance and promotes early flowering and maturation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1664-81. [PMID: 19671099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PtdIns-PLC2) plays a central role in the phosphatidylinositol-specific signal transduction pathway. It catalyses the hydrolysis of membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to produce two second messengers, sn-1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The former is a membrane activator of protein kinase C in mammalian systems, and the latter is a Ca(2+) modulator which induces distinctive oscillating bursts of cytosolic Ca(2+), resulting in regulation of gene expression and activation of proteins. Sustained over-expression of BnPtdIns-PLC2 in transgenic Brassica napus lines brought about an early shift from vegetative to reproductive phases, and shorter maturation periods, accompanied by notable alterations in hormonal distribution patterns in various tissues. The photosynthetic rate increased, while stomata were partly closed. Numerous gene expression changes that included induction of stress-related genes such as glutathione S-transferase, hormone-regulated and regulatory genes, in addition to a number of kinases, calcium-regulated factors and transcription factors, were observed. Other changes included increased phytic acid levels and phytohormone organization patterns. These results suggest the importance of PtdIns-PLC2 as an elicitor of a battery of events that systematically control hormone regulation, and plant growth and development in what may be a preprogrammed mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Georges
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9.
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19
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Mishkind M, Vermeer JEM, Darwish E, Munnik T. Heat stress activates phospholipase D and triggers PIP accumulation at the plasma membrane and nucleus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:10-21. [PMID: 19500308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress induces an array of physiological adjustments that facilitate continued homeostasis and survival during periods of elevated temperatures. Here, we report that within minutes of a sudden temperature increase, plants deploy specific phospholipids to specific intracellular locations: phospholipase D (PLD) and a phosphatidylinositolphosphate kinase (PIPK) are activated, and phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) rapidly accumulate, with the heat-induced PIP(2) localized to the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleolus and punctate cytoplasmic structures. Increases in the steady-state levels of PA and PIP(2) occur within several minutes of temperature increases from ambient levels of 20-25 degrees C to 35 degrees C and above. Similar patterns were observed in heat-stressed Arabidopsis seedlings and rice leaves. The PA that accumulates in response to temperature increases results in large part from the activation of PLD rather than the sequential action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol kinase, the alternative pathway used to produce this lipid. Pulse-labelling analysis revealed that the PIP(2) response is due to the activation of a PIPK rather than inhibition of a lipase or a PIP(2) phosphatase. Inhibitor experiments suggest that the PIP(2) response requires signalling through a G-protein, as aluminium fluoride blocks heat-induced PIP(2) increases. These results are discussed in the context of the diverse cellular roles played by PIP(2) and PA, including regulation of ion channels and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mishkind
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Arisz SA, Testerink C, Munnik T. Plant PA signaling via diacylglycerol kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:869-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mikami K, Uji T, Li L, Takahashi M, Yasui H, Saga N. Visualization of phosphoinositides via the development of the transient expression system of a cyan fluorescent protein in the red alga Porphyra yezoensis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:563-9. [PMID: 19153794 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) play important roles in signal transduction pathways and the regulation of cytoskeleton and membrane functions in eukaryotes. Subcellular localization of individual PI derivative is successfully visualized in yeast, animal, and green plant cells using PI derivative-specific pleckstrin homology (PH) domains fused with a variety of fluorescent proteins; however, expression of fluorescent proteins has not yet been reported in any red algal cells. In the present study, we developed the system to visualize these PIs using human PH domains fused with a humanized cyan fluorescent protein (AmCFP) in the red alga Porphyra yezoensis. Plasma membrane localization of AmCFP fused with the PH domain from phospholipase Cdelta1 and Akt1, but not Bruton's tyrosine kinase, was observed in cell wall-free monospores, demonstrating the presence of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate in P. yezoensis cells. This is the first report of the successful expression of fluorescent protein and the monitoring of PI derivatives in red algal cells. Our system, based on transient expression of AmCFP, could be applicable for the analysis of subcellular localization of other proteins in P. yezoensis and other red algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mikami
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
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22
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Darwish E, Testerink C, Khalil M, El-Shihy O, Munnik T. Phospholipid signaling responses in salt-stressed rice leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:986-97. [PMID: 19369274 PMCID: PMC2682722 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting growth and productivity of rice plants. In this study, the effect of salt stress on phospholipid signaling responses in rice leaves was investigated. Leaf cuts were radiolabeled with 32P-orthophosphate and the lipids extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, autoradiography and phosphoimaging. Phospholipids were identified by co-migration of known standards. Results showed that 32P(i) was rapidly incorporated into the minor lipids, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid (PA) and, interestingly, also into the structural lipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which normally label relatively slowly, like phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Only very small amounts of PIP2 were found. However, in response to salt stress (NaCl), PIP2 levels rapidly (<30 min) increased up to 4-fold, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PA and its phosphorylated product, diacylglycerolpyrophosphate (DGPP), also increased upon NaCl stress, while cardiolipin (CL) levels decreased. All other phospholipid levels remained unchanged. PA signaling can be generated via the combined action of phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) or directly via phospholipase D (PLD). The latter can be measured in vivo, using a transphosphatidylation assay. Interestingly, these measurements revealed that salt stress inhibited PLD activity, indicating that the salt stress-induced PA response was not due to PLD activity. Comparison of the 32P-lipid responses in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars revealed no significant differences. Together these results show that salt stress rapidly activates several lipid responses in rice leaves but that these responses do not explain the difference in salt tolerance between sensitive and tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Darwish
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Plant Physiology Section, Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Christa Testerink
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Khalil
- Plant Physiology Section, Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Osama El-Shihy
- Plant Physiology Section, Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; fax, +31(0)20-5257934.
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Vermeer JEM, Thole JM, Goedhart J, Nielsen E, Munnik T, Gadella TWJ. Imaging phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate dynamics in living plant cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:356-72. [PMID: 18785997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphoinositides represent a minor group of phospholipids, accounting for less than 1% of the total. Despite their low abundance, these molecules have been implicated in various signalling and membrane trafficking events. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) is the most abundant polyphosphoinositide. (32)Pi-labelling studies have shown that the turnover of PtdIns4P is rapid, but little is known about where in the cell or plant this occurs. Here, we describe the use of a lipid biosensor that monitors PtdIns4P dynamics in living plant cells. The biosensor consists of a fusion between a fluorescent protein and a lipid-binding domain that specifically binds PtdIns4P, i.e. the pleckstrin homology domain of the human protein phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate adaptor protein-1 (FAPP1). YFP-PH(FAPP1) was expressed in four plant systems: transiently in cowpea protoplasts, and stably in tobacco BY-2 cells, Medicago truncatula roots and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. All systems allowed YFP-PH(FAPP1) expression without detrimental effects. Two distinct fluorescence patterns were observed: labelling of motile punctate structures and the plasma membrane. Co-expression studies with organelle markers revealed strong co-labelling with the Golgi marker STtmd-CFP, but not with the endocytic/pre-vacuolar marker GFP-AtRABF2b. Co-expression with the Ptdins3P biosensor YFP-2 x FYVE revealed totally different localization patterns. During cell division, YFP-PH(FAPP1) showed strong labelling of the cell plate, but PtdIns3P was completely absent from the newly formed cell membrane. In root hairs of M. truncatula and A. thaliana, a clear PtdIns4P gradient was apparent in the plasma membrane, with the highest concentration in the tip. This only occurred in growing root hairs, indicating a role for PtdIns4P in tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Molecular Cytology, Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim HJ, Triplett B. Involvement of extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in cotton fiber primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:1119-21. [PMID: 19704453 PMCID: PMC2634474 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.12.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (CSDs) that catalyze the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide have been suggested to be involved in lignification of secondary walls in spinach, pine and aspen. In cotton fibers, hydrogen peroxide was proposed to be involved in the induction of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Recently, we identified extracellular CSDs from developing cotton fibers using both immunological and epitope tagging techniques. Since cotton fibers are not lignified, we suggested that extracellular CSDs may be involved in plant cell wall growth and development processes other than lignification. In this addendum, we have further characterized the extracellular CSD in cotton fiber. Immunoblots, enzyme activity assays, and transcript levels show that an extracellular CSD is present in elongating primary walls as well as thickening secondary walls of cotton fibers. Our working model proposes that extracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, regulated by redox status-related enzymes including extracellular CSDs and peroxidases, may affect the processes of wall loosening and wall tightening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- University of New Orleans; New Orleans, Louisiana USA
| | - Barbara Triplett
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultual Research Service; Southern Regional Research Center; New Orleans, Louisiana USA
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Cloning and expression analysis of some genes involved in the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways from maize (Zea mays L.). Gene 2008; 426:47-56. [PMID: 18824223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways play a key role in plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses. However, little is known about the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways in maize (Zea mays L.). To better understand the function of genes involved in the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways in maize, the cDNA sequences of ZmPIS2, ZmPLC2, ZmDGK1, ZmDGK2 and ZmDGK3 were obtained by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) or in silico cloning combined with PCR. RT-PCR analysis of cDNA from five tissues (roots, stems, leaves, tassels, and ears) indicated that the expression patterns of the five cDNAs we isolated as well as ZmPIS, ZmPLC, ZmPLD varied in different tissues. To determine the effects of different environmental conditions such as cold, drought and various phytohormones (abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid) on gene expression, we analyzed expression by Real-Time (RT-PCR), and found that the different isoforms of these gene families involved in the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways have specific expression patterns. Our results suggested that these genes may be involved in the responses to environmental stresses, but have different functions. The isolation and analysis of expression patterns of genes involved in the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways provides a good basis for further research of the phosphoinositide and phospholipid signaling pathways in maize and is a novel supplement to our comprehension of these pathways in plants.
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Gonorazky G, Laxalt AM, Testerink C, Munnik T, de la Canal L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate accumulates extracellularly upon xylanase treatment in tomato cell suspensions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1051-1062. [PMID: 18419735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various phosphoinositides have been implicated in plant defence signalling. Until now, such molecules have been exclusively related to intracellular signalling. Here, evidence is provided for the detection of extracellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in tomato cell suspensions. We have analysed and compared the intracellular and extracellular phospholipid profiles of [(32)P(i)]-prelabelled tomato cells, challenged with the fungal elicitor xylanase. These phospholipid patterns were found to be different, being phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) the most abundant phospholipid in the extracellular medium. Moreover, while cells responded with a typical increase in phosphatidic acid and a decrease in intracellular PIP upon xylanase treatment, extracellular PIP level increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Using two experimental approaches, the extracellular PIP isoform was identified as PI4P. Addition of PI4P to tomato cell suspensions triggered the same defence responses as those induced by xylanase treatment. These include production of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of defence-related gene transcripts and induction of cell death. We demonstrate that extracellular PI4P is accumulated in xylanase-elicited cells and that exogenous application of PI4P mimics xylanase effects, suggesting its putative role as an intercellular signalling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata CC (1245), CP (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Ercetin ME, Ananieva EA, Safaee NM, Torabinejad J, Robinson JY, Gillaspy GE. A phosphatidylinositol phosphate-specific myo-inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase required for seedling growth. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 67:375-88. [PMID: 18392779 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol phosphate signaling pathway is involved in many crucial cellular functions. The myo-inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) (E.C. 3.1.3.56) comprise a large protein family that hydrolyze 5-phosphates from a variety of phosphatidylinositol phosphate and inositol phosphate substrates. We previously reported that the At5PTase11 enzyme (At1g47510), which is one of the smallest predicted 5PTases found in any organism, encodes an active 5PTase whose activity is restricted to tris- and bis-, but not mono-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol phosphate substrates containing a 5-phosphate. This is in contrast to other unrestricted Arabidopsis 5PTases, which also hydrolyze tris- and bis inositol phosphate molecules. To further explore the function of At5PTase11, we have characterized two T-DNA mutants in the At5PTase11 gene, and have complemented this mutant. Seed from 5ptase11 mutants germinate slower than wildtype seed and mutant seedlings have decreased hypocotyl growth as compared to wildtype seedlings when grown in the dark. This phenotype is the opposite of the increased hypocotyl growth phenotype previously described for other 5ptase mutants defective in inositol phosphate-specific 5PTase enzymes. By labeling the endogenous myo-inositol pool in 5ptase11 mutants, we correlated these hypocotyl growth changes with a small increase in the 5PTase11 substrate, phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, and decreases in the potential products of 5PTase11, phosphatidylinositol (3) phosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4) phosphate. Surprisingly, we also found that dark-grown 5ptase11 mutants contain increases in inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate and an inositol bisphosphate that is not a substrate for recombinant 5PTase11. We present a model for regulation of hypocotyl growth by specific molecules found in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa E Ercetin
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Zonia L, Munnik T. Vesicle trafficking dynamics and visualization of zones of exocytosis and endocytosis in tobacco pollen tubes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:861-73. [PMID: 18304978 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes are one of the fastest growing eukaryotic cells. Rapid anisotropic growth is supported by highly active exocytosis and endocytosis at the plasma membrane, but the subcellular localization of these sites is unknown. To understand molecular processes involved in pollen tube growth, it is crucial to identify the sites of vesicle localization and trafficking. This report presents novel strategies to identify exocytic and endocytic vesicles and to visualize vesicle trafficking dynamics, using pulse-chase labelling with styryl FM dyes and refraction-free high-resolution time-lapse differential interference contrast microscopy. These experiments reveal that the apex is the site of endocytosis and membrane retrieval, while exocytosis occurs in the zone adjacent to the apical dome. Larger vesicles are internalized along the distal pollen tube. Discretely sized vesicles that differentially incorporate FM dyes accumulate in the apical, subapical, and distal regions. Previous work established that pollen tube growth is strongly correlated with hydrodynamic flux and cell volume status. In this report, it is shown that hydrodynamic flux can selectively increase exocytosis or endocytosis. Hypotonic treatment and cell swelling stimulated exocytosis and attenuated endocytosis, while hypertonic treatment and cell shrinking stimulated endocytosis and inhibited exocytosis. Manipulation of pollen tube apical volume and membrane remodelling enabled fine-mapping of plasma membrane dynamics and defined the boundary of the growth zone, which results from the orchestrated action of endocytosis at the apex and along the distal tube and exocytosis in the subapical region. This report provides crucial spatial and temporal details of vesicle trafficking and anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zonia
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kusano H, Testerink C, Vermeer JEM, Tsuge T, Shimada H, Oka A, Munnik T, Aoyama T. The Arabidopsis Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate 5-Kinase PIP5K3 is a key regulator of root hair tip growth. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:367-80. [PMID: 18281506 PMCID: PMC2276443 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.056119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] functions as a site-specific signal on membranes to promote cytoskeletal reorganization and membrane trafficking. Localization of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to apices of growing root hairs and pollen tubes suggests that it plays an important role in tip growth. However, its regulation and mode of action remain unclear. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana PIP5K3 (for Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate 5-Kinase 3) encodes a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase, a key enzyme producing PtdIns(4,5)P2, that is preferentially expressed in growing root hairs. T-DNA insertion mutations that substantially reduced the expression of PIP5K3 caused significantly shorter root hairs than in the wild type. By contrast, overexpression caused longer root hairs and multiple protruding sites on a single trichoblast. A yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion of PIP5K3, driven by the PIP5K3 promoter, complemented the short-root-hair phenotype. PIP5K3-YFP localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic space of elongating root hair apices, to growing root hair bulges, and, notably, to sites about to form root hair bulges. The signal was greatest in rapidly growing root hairs and quickly disappeared when elongation ceased. These results provide evidence that PIP5K3 is involved in localizing PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the elongating root hair apex and is a key regulator of the machinery that initiates and promotes root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kusano
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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van Leeuwen W, Vermeer JEM, Gadella TWJ, Munnik T. Visualization of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane of suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells and whole Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 52:1014-26. [PMID: 17908156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] is an important signalling lipid in mammalian cells, where it functions as a second-messenger precursor in response to agonist-dependent activation of phospholipase C (PLC) but also operates as a signalling molecule on its own. Much of the recent knowledge about it has come from a new technique to visualize PtdIns(4,5)P(2)in vivo, by expressing a green or yellow fluorescent protein (GFP or YFP) fused to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of human PLCdelta1 that specifically binds PtdIns(4,5)P(2). In this way, YFP-PH(PLCdelta1) has been shown to predominantly label the plasma membrane and to transiently translocate into the cytoplasm upon PLC activation in a variety of mammalian cell systems. In plants, biochemical studies have shown that PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is present in very small quantities, but knowledge of its localization and function is still very limited. In this study, we have used YFP-PH(PLCdelta1) to try monitoring PtdIns(4,5)P(2)/PLC signalling in stably-transformed tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells and Arabidopsis seedlings. In both plant systems, no detrimental effects were observed, indicating that overexpression of the biosensor did not interfere with the function of PtdIns(4,5)P(2). Confocal imaging revealed that most of the YFP-PH(PLCdelta1) fluorescence was present in the cytoplasm, and not in the plasma membrane as in mammalian cells. Nonetheless, four conditions were found in which YFP-PH(PLCdelta1) was concentrated at the plasma membrane: (i) upon treatment with the PLC inhibitor U73122; (ii) in response to salt stress; (iii) as a gradient at the tip of growing root hairs; (iv) during the final stage of a BY-2 cell division. We conclude that PtdIns(4,5)P(2), as in animals, is present in the plasma membrane of plants, but that its concentration in most cells is too low to be detected by YFP-PH(PLCdelta1). Hence, the reporter remains unbound in the cytosol, making it unsuitable to monitor PLC signalling. Nonetheless, YFP-PH(PLCdelta1) is a valuable plant PtdIns(4,5)P(2) reporter, for it highlights specific cells and conditions where this lipid becomes abnormally concentrated in membranes, raising the question of what it is doing there. New roles for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) in plant cell signalling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessel van Leeuwen
- Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Kruislaan 318, NL-1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Laxalt AM, Raho N, Have AT, Lamattina L. Nitric Oxide Is Critical for Inducing Phosphatidic Acid Accumulation in Xylanase-elicited Tomato Cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21160-8. [PMID: 17491015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is a second messenger related to development and (a)biotic stress responses in plants. We have studied the role of NO in signaling during plant defense responses upon xylanase elicitation. Treatment of tomato cell cultures with the fungal elicitor xylanase resulted in a rapid and dose-dependent NO accumulation. We have demonstrated that NO is required for the production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) via the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) pathway. Defense-related responses downstream of PA were studied. PA and, correspondingly, xylanase were shown to induce reactive oxygen species production. Scavenging of NO or inhibition of either the PLC or the DGK enzyme diminished xylanase-induced reactive oxygen species production. Xylanase-induced PLDbeta1 and PR1 mRNA levels decreased when NO or PA production were compromised. Finally, we have shown that NO and PA are involved in the induction of cell death by xylanase. Treatment with NO scavenger cPTIO, PLC inhibitor U73122, or DGK inhibitor R59022 diminished xylanase-induced cell death. On the basis of biochemical and pharmacological experimental results, we have shown that PLC/DGK-derived PA represents a novel downstream component of NO signaling cascade during plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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