1
|
Assis DV, Campos ACP, Paschoa AFN, Santos TF, Fonoff ET, Pagano RL. Systemic and Peripheral Mechanisms of Cortical Stimulation-Induced Analgesia and Refractoriness in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097796. [PMID: 37175503 PMCID: PMC10177944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an effective treatment for refractory neuropathic pain; however, some individuals are unresponsive. In this study, we correlated the effectiveness of MCS and refractoriness with the expression of cytokines, neurotrophins, and nociceptive mediators in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), sciatic nerve, and plasma of rats with sciatic neuropathy. MCS inhibited hyperalgesia and allodynia in two-thirds of the animals (responsive group), and one-third did not respond (refractory group). Chronic constriction injury (CCI) increased IL-1β in the nerve and DRG, inhibited IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A in the nerve, decreased β-endorphin, and enhanced substance P in the plasma, compared to the control. Responsive animals showed decreased NGF and increased IL-6 in the nerve, accompanied by restoration of local IL-10 and IL-17A and systemic β-endorphin. Refractory animals showed increased TNF-α and decreased IFNγ in the nerve, along with decreased TNF-α and IL-17A in the DRG, maintaining low levels of systemic β-endorphin. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of MCS depends on local control of inflammatory and neurotrophic changes, accompanied by recovery of the opioidergic system observed in neuropathic conditions. So, understanding the refractoriness to MCS may guide an improvement in the efficacy of the technique, thus benefiting patients with persistent neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle V Assis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda F N Paschoa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita F Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Erich T Fonoff
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05402-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miljevic C, Munjiza-Jovanovic A, Jovanovic T. Impact of Childhood Adversity, as Early Life Distress, on Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:579-586. [PMID: 36938321 PMCID: PMC10015972 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s396168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though inflammation theory has been introduced in the pathophysiology of psychosis almost a century ago, many of its aspects have remained unelucidated. Numerous studies have shown cytokine dysregulation in schizophrenia and a predominance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but on another side, various cytokines in a pro-inflammatory group have different trends in all subtypes of schizophrenia. Alterations are also present in anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, but findings are still not consistent. On the other hand, it is well known that abuse and neglect in childhood may be predictors of psychotic disorders, and childhood adversity is also associated with alterations of the immune and inflammatory response (through various mechanisms including HPA dysregulation as well). This review aims to analyze conducted studies and elucidate the link between childhood abuse, schizophrenia, and cytokine alterations. Putting together this complex psycho-immunological puzzle for the subgroup of schizophrenia-diagnosed patients with distinct immunological abnormalities and a history of childhood abuse can help us to answer the question about the future treatment of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedo Miljevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: Cedo Miljevic, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Milana Kasanina 3, Belgrade, 11 000, Serbia, Tel +381 11 3307500, Fax +381 33 40 629, Email
| | - Ana Munjiza-Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Day Hospital for Adolescents, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Jovanovic
- Department for Psychotic Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Earlier Activation of Interferon and Pro-Inflammatory Response Is Beneficial to Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) against Rhabdovirus Infection. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the immune response of largemouth bass against Micropterus salmoides Rhabdovirus (MSRV), assisting disease resistance breeding, three largemouth bass breeding varieties Micropterus salmoides “Youlu No 3” (U3), “Youlu No 1” (U1) and “Zhelu No 1” (P1) were challenged intraperitoneally with MSRV. Serum and tissues were sampled to study the changes in non-specific immune parameters, viral loads, and transcript levels of immune-related genes, and the cumulative mortality rate was recorded daily for 14 days. The results showed that the cumulative mortality rates in the U1, P1, and U3 groups were 6.66% ± 2.89%, 3.33% ± 2.89%, and 0, respectively. The higher mortality may attribute to the increased viral loads after infection in the liver (2.79 × 105 and 2.38 × 105 vs. 1.3 × 104 copies/mg), spleen (2.14 × 105 and 9.40 × 104 vs. 4.21 × 103 copies/mg), and kidney (3.59 × 104 and 8.40 × 103 vs. 2.42 × 103 copies/mg) in the U1 and P1 groups compared to the U3 group. The serum non-specific immune parameters (lysozyme, catalase, and acid phosphatase) were found to be increased significantly in the U3 group. In addition, the transcripts of interferon-related genes (IFN-γ, IRF3, and IRF7) and pro-inflammatory-related genes (TNF-α and IL-1β) exhibited up-regulation and peaked at 6 h post infection in the U3 group, which also exhibited up-regulation but peaked at 12–24 h post infection in the U1 and P1 groups. In conclusion, these findings indicate that earlier activation of interferon and pro-inflammatory response is beneficial to largemouth bass against MSRV infection. This experiment may provide an insight into understanding the immune mechanism of largemouth bass against MSRV infection and contributes to molecular-assisted selection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Villas Boas GR, Boerngen de Lacerda R, Paes MM, Gubert P, Almeida WLDC, Rescia VC, de Carvalho PMG, de Carvalho AAV, Oesterreich SA. Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:99-121. [PMID: 30776369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as unipolar depression, is one of the leading causes of disability and disease worldwide. The signs and symptoms are low self‑esteem, anhedonia, feeling of worthlessness, sense of rejection and guilt, suicidal thoughts, among others. This review focuses on studies with molecular-based approaches involving MDD to obtain an integrated, more detailed and comprehensive view of the brain changes produced by this disorder and its treatment and how the Central Nervous System (CNS) produces neuroplasticity to orchestrate adaptive defensive behaviors. This article integrates affective neuroscience, psychopharmacology, neuroanatomy and molecular biology data. In addition, there are two problems with current MDD treatments, namely: 1) Low rates of responsiveness to antidepressants and too slow onset of therapeutic effect; 2) Increased stress vulnerability and autonomy, which reduces the responses of currently available treatments. In the present review, we encourage the prospection of new bioactive agents for the development of treatments with post-transduction mechanisms, neurogenesis and pharmacogenetics inducers that bring greater benefits, with reduced risks and maximized access to patients, stimulating the field of research on mood disorders in order to use the potential of preclinical studies. For this purpose, improved animal models that incorporate the molecular and anatomical tools currently available can be applied. Besides, we encourage the study of drugs that do not present "classical application" as antidepressants, (e.g., the dissociative anesthetic ketamine and dextromethorphan) and drugs that have dual action mechanisms since they represent potential targets for novel drug development more useful for the treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Roberto Villas Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Roseli Boerngen de Lacerda
- Department of Pharmacology of the Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Caixa. postal 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marina Meirelles Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Luis da Cruz Almeida
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cristina Rescia
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Pablinny Moreira Galdino de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Adryano Augustto Valladao de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steptoe A, Ronaldson A, Kostich K, Lazzarino AI, Urbanova L, Carvalho LA. The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on inflammatory and cardiovascular responses to acute mental stress. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:369-375. [PMID: 29588232 PMCID: PMC5965252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute mental stress elicits increases in plasma cytokine concentrations in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We assessed the impact of beta-adrenergic blockade on plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) responses in a parallel group, double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial involving 64 healthy young adult volunteers. Participants were administered 80 mg slow-release propranolol or placebo daily for 7 days before the stress testing session in which responses to 3 behavioural challenges (public speaking, mirror tracing, mental arithmetic) were evaluated. Propranolol administration was associated with reduced baseline levels of heart rate and IL-1Ra, and systolic blood pressure (BP) in men. Tasks stimulated increased plasma IL-6 concentrations sampled 45 min and 75 min after challenge, but these responses were blocked by propranolol in men (p < 0.001). Propranolol did not influence IL-6 responses in women, or IL-1Ra in either sex. Blood pressure and heart rate increased markedly during the tasks, but there was no differential stress reactivity in propranolol and placebo conditions. The results of the study support a role of sympathetic nervous system activation in stimulating acute IL-6 responses to stress, but only in men. The reasons for the differences between men and women remain to be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Amy Ronaldson
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karen Kostich
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Antonio I Lazzarino
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Livia Urbanova
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Livia A Carvalho
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tanshinone IIA Attenuates Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in Experimental Rats via Inhibiting Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2789847. [PMID: 29713362 PMCID: PMC5866893 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2789847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) is a common and intractable complication of diabetes. Conventional therapies are always not ideal; development of novel drugs is still needed to achieve better pain relief. Recent evidences have demonstrated that inflammation is involved in the onset and maintenance of DPNP. The anti-inflammatory property of Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) makes it a promising candidate to block or alter the pain perception. This study was conducted to investigate whether TIIA could attenuate DPNP in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced rats model and its potential mechanisms. TIIA was administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats at the dose of 40 mg/kg once a day for 3 weeks. The effects of TIIA on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were investigated using behavioral tests. The mRNA level and expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, interleukin- (IL-) 6, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and interleukin- (IL-) 10 in the fourth to sixth segments of the dorsal root ganglion (L4–6 DRG) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot. TIIA treatment significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in diabetic rats. In addition, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was inhibited, and the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased by TIIA. This study demonstrated that TIIA has significant antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects in a rat model of STZ-induced DPNP, and the effect may be associated with its anti-inflammation property.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. The influence of temperature on viral replication and antiviral-related genes response in hirame rhabdovirus-infected flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:260-265. [PMID: 28729212 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) is a rhabdovirus that causes severe disease in fish. The mortality due to HIRRV infection occurs at temperatures below 15 °C, but no mortality is observed over 20 °C. In this study, Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was artificially infected with the HIRRV CNPo2015 strain at 10 °C or 20 °C. Absolute quantitative real-time PCR was employed to examine the viral replication in spleens after HIRRV infection. Expression profiles of four interferon-related genes (type I IFN, Mx, ISG15, MDA5) and two proinflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-1β) were also investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed that viral copies in spleens increased gradually over time and peaked at 72 h post infection (hpi) in the 10 °C group, while viral copies in the 20 °C group increased within 24 hpi, but afterwards decreased to very low levels. Moreover, the expressions of IFNs in the 10 °C group reached the highest levels at 72 hpi, whereas their peak levels appeared much earlier in the 20 °C group, at 12 hpi. The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the 10 °C group peaked at 12 hpi and then quickly declined. However, the two genes were highly expressed during 6-24 hpi in the 20 °C group. Based on these findings, we concluded that HIRRV infection induced an efficient antiviral immune response at 20 °C, which might inhibit the viral transcription at early stages and finally prevent HIRRV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeon SW, Kim YK. Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: Cause or consequence in that illness? World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:283-293. [PMID: 27679767 PMCID: PMC5031928 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression results from changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that may result from immunological abnormalities. The immune system affects the CNS through cytokines, which regulate brain activities and emotions. Cytokines affect two biological systems that are most associated with the pathophysiology of depression: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system. Neuroinflammation and cytokines affect the brain signal patterns involved in the psychopathology of depression and the mechanisms of antidepressants, and they are associated with neurogenesis and neural plasticity. These observations suggest that neuroinflammation and cytokines might cause and/or maintain depression, and that they might be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of depression. This psychoneuroimmunologic perspective might compensate for some of the limitations of the monoamine theory by suggesting that depression is a result of a failure to adapt to stress and that inflammatory responses and cytokines are involved in this process. In this review, the interactions of cytokines with the CNS, neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters, neurodegeneration/neurogenesis, and antidepressants are discussed. The roles of cytokines in the etiology and psychopathology of depression are examined. The use of cytokine inhibitors or anti-inflammatory drugs in depression treatment is explored. Finally, the significance and limitations of the cytokine hypothesis are discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) emerged in the neurosciences in the late 1970s to early 1980s and has extended to influence the fields of psychology, psychiatry, endocrinology, physiology, and the biomedical research community. This review documents the journey of PNI from the early 1980s to the present. Today, we recognize that the highly complex immune system interacts with an equally complex nervous system in a bidirectional manner. Evolutionarily old signals continue to play a role in these communications, as do mechanisms for protection of the host. The disparity between physical and psychological stressors is only an illusion. Host defense mechanisms respond in adaptive and meaningful ways to both. The present review will describe a new way of thinking about evolutionarily old molecules, heat shock proteins, adding to a body of evidence suggesting that activation of the acute stress response is a double-edged sword that can both benefit and derail optimal immunity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Corwin EJ, Pajer K, Paul S, Lowe N, Weber M, McCarthy DO. Bidirectional psychoneuroimmune interactions in the early postpartum period influence risk of postpartum depression. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:86-93. [PMID: 25937051 PMCID: PMC4567438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 500,000 U.S. women develop postpartum depression (PPD) annually. Although psychosocial risks are known, the underlying biology remains unclear. Dysregulation of the immune inflammatory response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are associated with depression in other populations. While significant research on the contribution of these systems to the development of PPD has been conducted, results have been inconclusive. This is partly because few studies have focused on whether disruption in the bidirectional and dynamic interaction between the inflammatory response and the HPA axis together influence PPD. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that disruption in the inflammatory-HPA axis bidirectional relationship would increase the risk of PPD. Plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured in women during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and on Days 7 and 14, and Months 1, 2, 3, and 6 after childbirth. Saliva was collected 5 times the day preceding blood draws for determination of cortisol area under the curve (AUC) and depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Survey (EPDS). Of the 152 women who completed the EPDS, 18% were depressed according to EDPS criteria within the 6months postpartum. Cortisol AUC was higher in symptomatic women on Day 14 (p=.017). To consider the combined effects of cytokines and cortisol on predicting symptoms of PPD, a multiple logistic regression model was developed that included predictors identified in bivariate analyses to have an effect on depressive symptoms. Results indicated that family history of depression, day 14 cortisol AUC, and the day 14 IL8/IL10 ratio were significant predictors of PPD symptoms. One unit increase each in the IL8/IL10 ratio and cortisol AUC resulted in 1.50 (p=0.06) and 2.16 (p=0.02) fold increases respectively in the development of PPD. Overall, this model correctly classified 84.2% of individuals in their respective groups. Findings suggest that variability in the complex interaction between the inflammatory response and the HPA axis influence the risk of PPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Corwin
- School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Elizabeth J. Corwin, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, Tel: 404-712-9805,
| | - Kathleen Pajer
- School of Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Sudeshna Paul
- School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Nancy Lowe
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, 13120 E. 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mary Weber
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, 13120 E. 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Donna O. McCarthy
- College of Nursing, Marquette University, 1250 W. Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dominguez CA, Carlström KE, Zhang XM, Al Nimer F, Lindblom RPF, Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais A, Piehl F. Variability in C-type lectin receptors regulates neuropathic pain-like behavior after peripheral nerve injury. Mol Pain 2014; 10:78. [PMID: 25492810 PMCID: PMC4271486 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain is believed to be influenced in part by inflammatory processes. In this study we examined the effect of variability in the C-type lectin gene cluster (Aplec) on the development of neuropathic pain-like behavior after ligation of the L5 spinal nerve in the inbred DA and the congenic Aplec strains, which carries seven C-type lectin genes originating from the PVG strain. RESULTS While both strains displayed neuropathic pain behavior early after injury, the Aplec strain remained sensitive throughout the whole study period. Analyses of several mRNA transcripts revealed that the expression of Interleukin-1β, Substance P and Cathepsin S were more up-regulated in the dorsal part of the spinal cord of Aplec rats compared to DA, indicating a stronger inflammatory response. This notion was supported by flow cytometric analysis revealing increased infiltration of activated macrophages into the spinal cord. In addition, macrophages from the Aplec strain stimulated in vitro displayed higher expression of inflammatory cytokines compared to DA cells. Finally, we bred a recombinant congenic strain (R11R6) comprising only four of the seven Aplec genes, which displayed similar clinical and immune phenotypes as the Aplec strain. CONCLUSION We here for the first time demonstrate that C-type lectins, a family of innate immune receptors with largely unknown functions in the nervous system, are involved in regulation of inflammation and development of neuropathic pain behavior after nerve injury. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to dissect the underlying mechanisms more in detail as well as any possible relevance for human conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Dominguez
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, CMM L8:05, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Altamura AC, Buoli M, Pozzoli S. Role of immunological factors in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of bipolar disorder: comparison with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:21-36. [PMID: 24102953 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to the key role of neurobiological mechanisms and shared genetic background in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For both disorders, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes have been postulated to be relevant for the pathogenesis as well as dysregulation of immuno-inflammatory pathways. Inflammation is a complex biological response to harmful stimuli and it is mediated by cytokines cascades, cellular immune responses, oxidative factors and hormone regulation. Cytokines, in particular, are supposed to play a critical role in infectious and inflammatory processes, mediating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system; they also possibly contribute to the development of the central nervous system. From this perspective, even though mixed results have been reported, it seems that both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines; in fact, some of these could represent biological markers of illness and could be possible targets for pharmacological treatments. In light of these considerations, the purpose of the present paper was to provide a comprehensive and critical review of the existing literature about immunological abnormalities in bipolar disorder with particular attention to the similarities and differences with schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
13
|
Altamura AC, Pozzoli S, Fiorentini A, Dell'osso B. Neurodevelopment and inflammatory patterns in schizophrenia in relation to pathophysiology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:63-70. [PMID: 23021973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As for other major psychoses, the etiology of schizophrenia still remains poorly understood, involving genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as environmental contributions. In addition, immune alterations have been widely reported in schizophrenic patients, involving both the unspecific and specific pathways of the immune system, and suggesting that infectious/autoimmune processes play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Cytokines, in particular, are supposed to play a critical role in infectious and inflammatory processes, mediating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. In this perspective, even though mixed results have been reported, it seems that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines. Alterations in the inflammatory and immune systems, moreover, seem to be already present in the early stages of schizophrenia and connected to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of the disorder, identifying its roots in brain development abnormalities that do not manifest themselves until adolescence or early adulthood. At the same time, neuropathological and longitudinal studies in schizophrenia also support a neurodegenerative hypothesis and, more recently, a novel mixed hypothesis, integrating neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models, has been put forward. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the connections between the immune and inflammatory alterations and the aforementioned hypotheses in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Carlo Altamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahrens C, Schiltenwolf M, Wang H. [Cytokines in psychoneuroendocrine immunological context of nonspecific musculoskeletal pain]. Schmerz 2013; 26:383-8. [PMID: 22752358 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-012-1153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are coordinators of immune homeostasis. Evidence for the participation of cytokines in neurogenic inflammation, peripheral and central sensitization and hyperalgesia as well as for induction of inflammatory immune responses by pain-related catastrophizing is well documented. A disproportion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is known to be a contributory cause of pain and pain behavior. Embedded into psychoneuroendocrine immunological feedback control systems cytokines are able to perpetuate a virtuous circle between local inflammation and systemic pain behavior (pain/sickness behavior) thus contributing to chronification of nonspecific musculoskeletal pain.In this model avoidance and pain-related nonrecognition as key components of systemic pain behavior lead to maintenance of the virtuous circle by generating of a local inflammation with local and systemic consequences. This model can explain the success of established therapy concepts from the point of view of psychoneuroimmunology, such as fear avoidance, which are effectively used as principal components in multimodal pain therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ahrens
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Vulpius Klinik GmbH, Bad Rappenau, Deutschland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee YW, Lin JA, Chang CC, Chen YH, Liu PL, Lee AW, Tsai JC, Li CY, Tsai CS, Chen TL, Lin FY. Ginkgo biloba extract suppresses endotoxin-mediated monocyte activation by inhibiting nitric oxide- and tristetraprolin-mediated toll-like receptor 4 expression. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:351-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
16
|
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mood disorder that may carry life-long consequences for a woman and her family. Multiple risk factors for PPD have been identified, including psychosocial, situational, and biological stimuli, several of which are experienced by most, if not all, postpartum women. Given the commonality of these risk factors, it is unclear why fewer than 20% of postpartum women actually develop PPD. In this review, we suggest that different susceptibility to PPD among postpartum women may be explained by the presence or absence of genetic variants that confer increased risk. We review three categories of genes known to code for proteins associated with depression in the general population or proteins known to be affected by childbirth for their possible association with PPD, including genes related to central nervous system monoamine availability, proinflammatory cytokines, and brain neuropeptides. Only two studies are available in the literature to date specifically looking at polymorphisms in postpartum women as related to PPD; both are concerned with monoamine availability. These are discussed in further depth. Conclusions regarding the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the development of PPD are mixed. Ultimately, the complexity of the disorder and the interrelationships among different genes thought to contribute to depression suggest that much more research is required to understand the heritability of PPD. The complexity of the disorder also suggests that epigenetic influences must be considered as well when discussing susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Corwin
- Division of Women, Children, and Family Health, The College of Nursing, The University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hunt KJ, Walsh BM, Voegeli D, Roberts HC. Inflammation in Aging Part 2: Implications for the Health of Older People and Recommendations for Nursing Practice. Biol Res Nurs 2009; 11:253-60. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800409352377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by declining function and remodeling of body systems. In particular, changes to the immune and endocrine systems have far-reaching effects that cause an increase in cytokine release and decrease in anti-inflammatory feedback systems. The chronic inflammation that ensues has been named ‘‘inflammaging.’’ Inflammaging is associated with many detrimental effects that combine to increase morbidity and mortality. The sickness behavior that arises from inflammatory processes and the side effects of chronic diseases lead to a constellation of symptoms that decrease quality of life and affect the well-being of the individual. Part 2 of this two-part article provides an overview of the health effects of inflammaging, addressing the extent to which it contributes to the syndromes of frailty and disability with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Hunt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton,
United Kingdom,
| | - Bronagh M. Walsh
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton,
United Kingdom
| | - David Voegeli
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton,
United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a potentially debilitating disorder that develops in a significant percentage of women during the first year after giving birth. Women afflicted with PPD experience long-term consequences, including sadness, guilt, and despair. Offspring may be affected as well. Several investigators have tested psychosocial risk factors for the development of PPD; however, substantial amounts of variance in PPD have gone unexplained with regression on psychosocial variables alone. Likewise, interventions for PPD that have focused on psychosocial risk factors alone have been largely unsuccessful. The unexplained variance and disappointing treatment success could well be due to investigators' failure to address relevant biological changes occurring during the postpartum period. Two biological systems that are affected significantly and remain in flux during the postpartum period are the innate immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Bidirectional interactions between these two systems are well established, and it is generally acknowledged that dysfunction in either system can lead to depression in nonpregnant, nonpostpartum populations. To date, little research has pursued the contribution of these interacting systems to the development of PPD. The purpose of this paper is to review the psychoneuroimmunology of PPD. The central hypothesis presented is that dysregulation in either system individually or in their bidirectional interaction is associated with the development of PPD.
Collapse
|
19
|
Beilin B, Hoofien D, Poran R, Gral I, Grinevich G, Butin B, Mayburd E, Shavit Y. Comparison of two patient-controlled analgesia techniques on neuropsychological functioning in the immediate postoperative period. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2008; 30:674-82. [PMID: 18612876 DOI: 10.1080/13803390701667310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pain may contribute to cognitive decline, which is a common complication in the early postoperative period. We compared the effects of two common pain management techniques, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA-IV) and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA), on cognitive functioning in the immediate postoperative period. Patients hospitalized for elective surgery were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups (30 patients per group). A battery of objective, standardized neuropsychological tests was administered preoperatively and 24 hours after surgery. Pain intensity was also evaluated. Nonoperated volunteers served as controls. Patients of the PCA-IV group exhibited significantly higher pain scores than did patients of the PCEA group. PCA-IV patients exhibited significant deterioration in the postoperative period in all the neuropsychological measures, while the PCEA patients exhibited significant deterioration only in one cognitive index, compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benzion Beilin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tiqva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shapira-Lichter I, Beilin B, Ofek K, Bessler H, Gruberger M, Shavit Y, Seror D, Grinevich G, Posner E, Reichenberg A, Soreq H, Yirmiya R. Cytokines and cholinergic signals co-modulate surgical stress-induced changes in mood and memory. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:388-98. [PMID: 17959355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines and the cholinergic system have been implicated in the effects of stressors on mood and memory; however, the underlying mechanisms involved and the potential interrelationships between these pathways remain unclear. To address these questions, we administered neuropsychological tests to 33 generally healthy surgery patients who donated blood samples several days prior to undergoing moderate surgery (baseline), on the morning of the surgery (i.e., a psychological stressor), and one day after surgery. Eighteen control subjects were similarly tested. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the stressor-inducible AChE-R variant were measured. An elevation in anxiety levels, an increase in depressed mood, and a decline in declarative memory were observed on the morning of the surgery, prior to any medical intervention, and were exacerbated one day after surgery. The surgical stressor-induced elevated IL-1 beta levels, which contributed to the increased depressed mood and to the post-surgery increase in AChE-R expression. The latter increase, which was also predicted by pre-surgery AChE-R and post-surgery mood disturbances, was associated with exacerbated memory impairments induced by surgery. In addition, elevated levels of AChE-R on the morning of the surgery predicted the post-surgery elevation in IL-6 levels, which was associated with amelioration of the memory impairments induced by surgery. Taken together, these findings suggest that exposure to a surgical stressor induces a reciprocal up-regulation of AChE-R and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in regulating the surgery-induced mood and memory disturbances.
Collapse
|
21
|
Goss JR, Goins WF, Glorioso JC. Gene therapy applications for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7:487-506. [PMID: 17492900 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.5.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is notoriously difficult to treat; currently available pharmaceutical drugs result in moderate analgesia in approximately a third of patients. As our understanding of the biological processes involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain increases, so does the development of novel treatment options. Significant advancements have been made in the past few years in gene transfer, a very powerful potential therapy that can be used to directly target affected areas of the neuraxis or body tissues involved in neuropathic pain. Candidate gene products include directly analgesic proteins as well as proteins that interfere with pain-associated biochemical changes in nerve or other tissues underlying the disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Goss
- University of Pittsburgh, Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jans LAW, Riedel WJ, Markus CR, Blokland A. Serotonergic vulnerability and depression: assumptions, experimental evidence and implications. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:522-43. [PMID: 17160067 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the term serotonergic vulnerability (SV) has been used in scientific literature, but so far it has not been explicitly defined. This review article attempts to elucidate the SV concept. SV can be defined as increased sensitivity to natural or experimental alterations of the serotonergic (5-HTergic) system. Several factors that may disrupt the 5-HTergic system and hence contribute to SV are discussed, including genetic factors, female gender, personality characteristics, several types of stress and drug use. It is explained that SV can be demonstrated by means of manipulations of the 5-HTergic system, such as 5-HT challenges or acute tryptophan depletion (ATD). Results of 5-HT challenge studies and ATD studies are discussed in terms of their implications for the concept of SV. A model is proposed in which a combination of various factors that may compromise 5-HT functioning in one person can result in depression or other 5-HT-related pathology. By manipulating 5-HT levels, in particular with ATD, vulnerable subjects may be identified before pathology initiates, providing the opportunity to take preventive action. Although it is not likely that this model applies to all cases of depression, or is able to identify all vulnerable subjects, the strength of the model is that it may enable identification of vulnerable subjects before the 5-HT related pathology occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A W Jans
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Neurocognition, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heidary DK, Roy M, Daumy GO, Cong Y, Jennings PA. Long-range Coupling Between Separate Docking Sites in Interleukin-1β. J Mol Biol 2005; 353:1187-98. [PMID: 16216268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) interacts with the interleukin type I receptor using two large docking surfaces designated A and B. Crystallographic studies reveal that a single histidine residue (His30) in IL-1beta makes critical electrostatic interactions at the receptor/ligand interface. To study the function of this residue at site A, four mutant forms of IL-1beta (H30A, H30D, H30F and H30R) were investigated. The mutation that introduces charge repulsion at His30 destabilizes the protein, but paradoxically causes the least effect on receptor binding (H30D). Mutations that enhance hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions have little effect on protein stability yet markedly impair receptor binding (H30F, H30R). All mutations can transmit effects from site A to site B, as evidenced by changes in the binding of a single-chain antibody highly specific for site B. Dihedral scalar coupling constants for the wild-type IL-1beta and the four His mutant proteins showed changes in backbone angles in residues located around site B, some approximately 30 angstroms away from His30 in site A. A comparison of native solvent exchange in wild-type and mutated IL-1beta shows transmission of local destabilization along the hydrogen bond network of the beta-sheet. Taken together, the data indicate that a single residue in site A of IL-1beta can impact stability and function through perturbations in both local and long-range contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0359, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim MH, Shin HM, Lee YR, Chung EY, Chang YS, Min KR, Kim Y. Suppressive effects of furonaphthoquinone NFD-37 on the production of lipopolysaccharide-inducible inflammatory mediators in macrophages RAW 264.7. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:1170-6. [PMID: 16276975 DOI: 10.1007/bf02972982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Methyl-2-(2-methylpropenyl)-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (NFD-37) is a synthetic furonaphthoquinone compound. In this study, we determined that NFD-37 could inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages RAW 264.7. This compound inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) or prostaglandin (PG) E2 production in dose-dependent manners, with IC50 values of 7.2 microM and 5.3 microM, respectively. As the positive controls, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (30 microM) exhibited a 57% inhibition of NO production, and NS-398 (1 microM) manifested a 48% inhibition of PGE2 production. The inhibitory effects of NFD-37 on NO and PGE2 production were determined to occur in conjunction with the suppression of inducible NO synthase or cyclooxygenase-2 expression. NFD-37 also inhibited the production of LPS-inducible tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, at IC50 values of 4.8-8.9 microM. We also determined the anti-inflammatory efficacy of NFD-37 using carrageenin-induced paw edema in experimental mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Corwin EJ, Bozoky I, Pugh LC, Johnston N. Interleukin-1beta elevation during the postpartum period. Ann Behav Med 2003; 25:41-7. [PMID: 12581935 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2501_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the postpartum period, women frequently report increased fatigue, which, if severe, may interfere with maternal-child bonding, delay a new mother's return to her activities of daily living, and contribute to depression. Several studies have sought to determine psychosocial contributions to fatigue during the postpartum period, but few evaluate any physiological changes that may contribute to fatigue during this time. The following study was designed to test whether the potent, pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), known to be a physiological mediator of fatigue in several clinical and experimental conditions, is elevated in women during the postpartum period and whether it might be related to symptoms of fatigue. Levels of fatigue and the urinary excretion of IL-1beta were measured in 26 women over 4 weeks postpartum. Correlations between fatigue and activation of the inflammatory response were investigated. Results demonstrated a significant elevation in IL-1beta during the postpartum period compared to control participants (p < .05) and a significant, although delayed, correlation between IL-1beta elevation and fatigue (p < .05). These results suggest that activation of the inflammatory response, as reflected by elevation in urinary IL-1beta, occurs in association with postpartum fatigue. Studies to explore further this association and to identify specific mechanisms of action are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Corwin
- Intercollege Physiology Program and the School of Nursing The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suarez EC, Krishnan RR, Lewis JG. The relation of severity of depressive symptoms to monocyte-associated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in apparently healthy men. Psychosom Med 2003; 65:362-8. [PMID: 12764208 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000035719.79068.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the relation of severity of depressive symptoms to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expression of monocyte-associated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in 53 nonsmoking, healthy men. METHODS Assessments of cytokine and chemokine expression and severity of depressive symptoms were conducted on the same day. The 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess severity of depressive symptoms experienced during the week before study participation. Dual-color flow cytometry was used to determine monocyte-associated (CD14+) expression of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) after in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation of undiluted whole blood. RESULTS Calculations of partial correlation coefficients controlling for age, race, body mass index, and alcohol use indicated that BDI score was significantly associated with IL-1alpha (r = 0.27), IL-1beta (r = 0.44), TNF-alpha (r = 0.57), MCP-1 (r = 0.52), and IL-8 (r = 0.33). In addition, relative to men with BDI scores below 10, men with BDI scores of 10 or above exhibited an overexpression of IL-1beta (p =.004), TNF-alpha (p =.005), IL-8 (p =.002), and MCP-1 (p =.025). CONCLUSIONS Relative to men with no or minimal symptoms of depression, men with mild to moderate levels of depressive symptoms showed overexpression of monocyte-associated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hale KD, Weigent DA, Gauthier DK, Hiramoto RN, Ghanta VK. Cytokine and hormone profiles in mice subjected to handling combined with rectal temperature measurement stress and handling only stress. Life Sci 2003; 72:1495-508. [PMID: 12535717 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress is known to either up or down regulate immunity. In this study, mice were subjected to handling combined with rectal temperature measurement (RTM) stress or handling only stress. We investigated whether there were any significant differences in the effect of handling combined with RTM and handling only on NK cell activity, serum cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) and ACTH and beta-endorphin levels, and splenic cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and IFN-beta) levels. Circulating cytokines and hormones and splenic cytokine mRNA levels were measured in individual mice. NK cell activity was significantly increased in both stress groups when compared to the control group. Handling combined with RTM produced significantly increased serum levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and beta-endorphin. Serum IL-1beta, ACTH, and beta-endorphin were elevated significantly in the handling only group. Splenic TNFalpha mRNA in both of the stress groups and IL-6 mRNA in handling only group decreased significantly. Our observations are supported by existing literature demonstrating that various stressors have differential effects on immune functions and the neuroendocrine hormones and cytokines, which regulate them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Hale
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Klein LC, Corwin EJ. Seeing the unexpected: how sex differences in stress responses may provide a new perspective on the manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002; 4:441-8. [PMID: 12441024 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-002-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, the authors propose that underlying sex differences in the biobehavioral response to stress may contribute to the variance in prevalence of some psychiatric disorders based on sex. The authors begin with a discussion of stress physiology and review a new theory on sex differences in stress responses (ie, the "tend-and-befriend" response), which may provide a recent framework for considering sex differences in the manifestation of some psychiatric illnesses. The authors then move to a discussion of major depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as examples of how sex differences in stress responses may influence the behavioral symptoms of psychiatric disorders that are more often diagnosed in one sex compared with another. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of this new perspective on treatment approaches and encourage further inquiry into the importance of sex-based differences in the behavioral manifestation of some psychiatric illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cousino Klein
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 315 East Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The subject of neuroinflammation is reviewed. In response to psychological stress or certain physical stressors, an inflammatory process may occur by release of neuropeptides, especially Substance P (SP), or other inflammatory mediators, from sensory nerves and the activation of mast cells or other inflammatory cells. Central neuropeptides, particularly corticosteroid releasing factor (CRF), and perhaps SP as well, initiate a systemic stress response by activation of neuroendocrinological pathways such as the sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic pituitary axis, and the renin angiotensin system, with the release of the stress hormones (i.e., catecholamines, corticosteroids, growth hormone, glucagons, and renin). These, together with cytokines induced by stress, initiate the acute phase response (APR) and the induction of acute phase proteins, essential mediators of inflammation. Central nervous system norepinephrine may also induce the APR perhaps by macrophage activation and cytokine release. The increase in lipids with stress may also be a factor in macrophage activation, as may lipopolysaccharide which, I postulate, induces cytokines from hepatic Kupffer cells, subsequent to an enhanced absorption from the gastrointestinal tract during psychologic stress. The brain may initiate or inhibit the inflammatory process. The inflammatory response is contained within the psychological stress response which evolved later. Moreover, the same neuropeptides (i.e., CRF and possibly SP as well) mediate both stress and inflammation. Cytokines evoked by either a stress or inflammatory response may utilize similar somatosensory pathways to signal the brain. Other instances whereby stress may induce inflammatory changes are reviewed. I postulate that repeated episodes of acute or chronic psychogenic stress may produce chronic inflammatory changes which may result in atherosclerosis in the arteries or chronic inflammatory changes in other organs as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Black
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., Room L-504, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The role of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and glia in inducing growth of neuronal terminal arbors in mice. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12223557 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-18-08034.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), remaining neurons sprout to ensure normal dopamine delivery to the striatum. The consequent striatal reinnervation is highly regulated, with remaining cells sprouting so that density of dopamine terminals returns to normal. Sprouting as a result of injury is accompanied by a strong glial response; however, it is difficult to know whether this response is as a result of the injury or whether it is aiding in the sprouting. The two cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are important modulators of the glia response. This study demonstrates their role in regulating the sprouting of dopaminergic neurons and the associated glia response as a means to examine the role of glia in sprouting. Sprouting was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the SNpc and by haloperidol treatment (in the absence of injury). In wild-type animals, sprouting in association with microglial and astrocyte proliferation followed partial lesions of the SNpc and haloperidol treatment. Neither treatment evoked sprouting or glia proliferation in the type I IL-1 receptor-deficient mice, whereas in IL-6-deficient mice, both treatments resulted in glial proliferation but not sprouting. We conclude that IL-1 plays a role in modulating glia proliferation and thereby guidance and trophic factors for new fibers, whereas IL-6 may be important in triggering the outgrowth of new fibers. This study demonstrates that these cytokines play an important role in plasticity and regeneration that is separate from the inflammatory response associated with brain injury.
Collapse
|
31
|
Svensson CI, Yaksh TL. The spinal phospholipase-cyclooxygenase-prostanoid cascade in nociceptive processing. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002; 42:553-83. [PMID: 11807183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.42.092401.143905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intrathecal phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not COX-1, inhibitors attenuate facilitated pain states generated by peripheral injury/inflammation and by direct activation of spinal glutamate and substance P receptors. These results are consistent with the constitutive expression of PLA2 and COX-2 in spinal cord, the spinal release of prostaglandins by persistent afferent input, and the effects of prostaglandins on spinal excitability. Whereas the acute actions of COX-2 inhibitors are clearly mediated by constitutively expressed spinal COX-2, studies of spinal COX-2 expression indicate that it is upregulated by neural input and circulating cytokines. Given the intrathecal potency of COX-2 inhibitors, the comparable efficacy of intrathecal versus systemic COX-2 inhibitors in hyperalgesic states not associated with inflammation, and the onset of antihyperalgesic activity prior to COX-2 upregulation, it is argued that a principal antihyperalgesic mechanism of COX-2 inhibitors lies with modulation of constitutive COX-2 present at the spinal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0818, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Various psychosocial factors have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, now considered to be the result of a chronic inflammatory process. In this article, we review the evidence that repeated episodes of acute psychological stress, or chronic psychologic stress, may induce a chronic inflammatory process culminating in atherosclerosis. These inflammatory events, caused by stress, may account for the approximately 40% of atherosclerotic patients with no other known risk factors. Stress, by activating the sympathetic nervous system, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the renin-angiotensin system, causes the release of various stress hormones such as catecholamines, corticosteroids, glucagon, growth hormone, and renin, and elevated levels of homocysteine, which induce a heightened state of cardiovascular activity, injured endothelium, and induction of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells to which recruited inflammatory cells adhere and translocate to the arterial wall. An acute phase response (APR), similar to that associated with inflammation, is also engendered, which is characterized by macrophage activation, the production of cytokines, other inflammatory mediators, acute phase proteins (APPs), and mast cell activation, all of which promote the inflammatory process. Stress also induces an atherosclerotic lipid profile with oxidation of lipids and, if chronic, a hypercoagulable state that may result in arterial thromboses. Shedding of adhesion molecules and the appearance of cytokines, and APPs in the blood are early indicators of a stress-induced APR, may appear in the blood of asymptomatic people, and be predictors of future cardiovascular disease. The inflammatory response is contained within the stress response, which evolved later and is adaptive in that an animal may be better able to react to an organism introduced during combat. The argument is made that humans reacting to stressors, which are not life-threatening but are "perceived" as such, mount similar stress/inflammatory responses in the arteries, and which, if repetitive or chronic, may culminate in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Black
- epartment of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Room L-504, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Systemic inflammation involves a large number of mediators and effector mechanisms. One approach to understanding systemic inflammation is to interpret the nature of the response based on the effector mechanisms that are observed. An alternative approach is to consider these effector responses in the context of our current understanding of immunoregulation. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the immune response and discuss the mechanisms of immunoregulation in order to provide non-immunologists with a framework for understanding the normal and aberrant immune responses that can be precipitated by major trauma. The clinical manifestations of the inflammatory response to major trauma resemble those observed after other significant insults (surgery, burns, and pancreatitis). Furthermore, the clinical manifestations, changes in serum proteins, and pattern of immune activation point to the presence of infection, yet proof of a contribution by infection to the pathogenesis by infection remains elusive. Although inflammation dominates the early phase of the response, there is often evidence of a paradoxical combination of inflammation and immunosuppression later on. Consideration of the proinflammatory cascades, and the contribution of the innate immune system, helps explain why the clinical picture after major trauma may resemble other clinical states. It also explains the counter-regulatory response, which normally acts to downregulate inflammation, but may cause immunosuppression in the face of persistent inflammation after major trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Cook
- Canberra Clinical School, University of Sydney and The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sheng WS, Hu S, Ding JM, Chao CC, Peterson PK. Cytokine expression in the mouse brain in response to immune activation by Corynebacterium parvum. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:446-8. [PMID: 11238237 PMCID: PMC96078 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.446-448.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine expression in the brain has been suggested to mediate various sickness behaviors. Here we report that intraperitoneal injection of a Corynebacterium parvum antigen in C57BL/6 mice was followed by prolonged upregulation of cytokines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures in a time course that coincided with reduced spontaneous running activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Sheng
- Institute for Brain and Immune Disorders, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and the University of Minnesota Medical School, NeuroImmunology Lab D-305, 914 South 8th St., Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sainz B, Loutsch JM, Marquart ME, Hill JM. Stress-associated immunomodulation and herpes simplex virus infections. Med Hypotheses 2001; 56:348-56. [PMID: 11359358 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been shown to modulate an individual's immune system through the release of certain signal molecules such as catecholamines, cytokines and glucocorticoids. These signal molecules can significantly alter the host immune system and leave it susceptible to a primary or recurrent viral infection. Focusing on herpes simplex virus types-1 and -2 as examples, the authors explain how stress-associated immunomodulation can influence the recurrence of herpes simplex viral infections. Specific signal molecules such as epinephrine, interleukin-6, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, glucocorticoids and prostaglandins are upregulated during episodes of acute and chronic stress and have been implicated as effectors of herpes simplex viral reactivation and recurrent disease. The authors suggest that the release of immunomodulating signal molecules due to stress can compromise the host's cellular immune response and trigger herpes simplex viral reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sainz
- LSU Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fairchild KD, Viscardi RM, Hester L, Singh IS, Hasday JD. Effects of hypothermia and hyperthermia on cytokine production by cultured human mononuclear phagocytes from adults and newborns. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:1049-55. [PMID: 11152570 DOI: 10.1089/107999000750053708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that febrile range temperatures modify cytokine production by adult macrophages. In this study, we compared the effects of moderate hyperthermia and hypothermia on the kinetics of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression in monocytes and macrophages of newborns and adults. During culture at 40 degrees C, the initial rates of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) secretion were preserved, but the duration of secretion was shorter than the duration at 37 degrees C. TNF-alpha and IL1-beta concentrations in 24-h 40 degrees C culture supernatants were reduced 18%-50%. IL-6 concentration in 24-h 40 degrees C cultures was reduced 26%-29% in all cells except adult macrophages. At 32 degrees C, changes in early (2 h) and sustained (24 h) cytokine expression were reversed compared with those caused by hyperthermia. Culturing adult macrophages at 32 degrees C blunted early secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by 69% and 65%, respectively, and increased TNF-alpha concentration at 24 h by 48% compared with levels at 37 degrees C. In adult monocytes cultured at 32 degrees C, early IL-6 and IL-1 beta secretion was decreased 64% and 51%, respectively. We speculate that the burst/suppression cytokine profile at febrile temperatures might enhance early activation of host defenses and prevent prolonged exposure to potentially cytotoxic cytokines. Hypothermia, on the other hand, may worsen outcome in infections by delaying and prolonging cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Fairchild
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
A search for inhibitors of the IL-6-mediated signal transduction in HepG2 cells using secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as reporter gene resulted in the isolation of galiellalactone (1) from fermentations of the ascomycete strain A111-95. Galiellalactone inhibits the IL-6-induced SEAP expression with IC(50) values of 250-500 nM by blocking the binding of the activated Stat3 dimers to their DNA binding sites without inhibiting the tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of the Stat3 transcription factor. Due to its selective activity, galiellalactone may serve as a lead compound for the development of new therapeutic agents for diseases originating from the inappropriate expression of IL-6 and as molecular tool to dissect the JAK/STAT pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weidler
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Weidler M, Rether J, Anke T, Erkel G. Inhibition of interleukin-6 signaling and Stat3 activation by a new class of bioactive cyclopentenone derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:447-53. [PMID: 11027495 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The IL-6-dependent activation of the JAK/STAT pathway plays a central role in the induction of the acute phase response in the liver. In a search for new inhibitors of the IL-6-mediated signal transduction in HepG2 cells using secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as reporter gene, four novel cyclopentenones, 2-(1-chloropropenyl)-4,5-dihydroxycyclopent-2-enone (CPDHC, 1), 4, 5-dihydroxy-2-propenylcyclopent-2-enone (DHPC, 2), 5-hydroxy-2, 3-dimethylcyclopent-2-enone (HDC, 3), and 4-methyl-5-methylenecyclopent-3-en-1,2-diol (MMCD, 4) were isolated from fermentations of the ascomycete strain A23-98. CPDHC (1) inhibits the IL-6-induced SEAP expression with IC(50) values of 4. 0-5.3 microM (0.75-1 microg/ml). The compounds DHPC (2), HDC (3), and MMCD (4) which are structurally closely related to CPDHC (1) showed no inhibitory effects on the IL-6-induced SEAP expression in HepG2 cells. Studies on the mode of action revealed that CPDHC (1) affects the IL-6-dependent pathway by inhibiting the tyrosine phosphorylation of the STAT3 and STAT1 as well as the serine phosphorylation of the Stat3 transcription factor. In addition, CPDHC (1) and DHPC (2) inhibit the AP-1 and NF-kappaB mediated SEAP expression in transiently transfected HeLa S3 cells with IC(50) values of 10-15 microM (2-3 microg/ml) and 50-100 microM (8-16 microg/ml) respectively. Our results indicate that CPDHC inhibits the NF-kappaB pathway by preventing the phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of the IkappaBalpha protein. The novel cyclopentenones may represent lead compounds for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weidler
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung e.V. (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 56, Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cairns CB, Panacek EA, Harken AH, Banerjee A. Bench to bedside: tumor necrosis factor-alpha: from inflammation to resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7:930-41. [PMID: 10958139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) have been implicated in the pathophysiology in a number of acute disease states. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can contribute to cell death, apoptosis, and organ dysfunction. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can be generated with sepsis or ischemia-reperfusion by activation of cell mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B, leading to TNF production. A number of strategies to modulate TNF have been recently explored, including factors directed toward mitogen-activated protein kinases, TNF transcription, anti-inflammatory ligands, heat shock proteins, and TNF-binding proteins. However, TNF may also play an important role in the adaptive response to injury and inflammation. Control of the deleterious effects of TNF and other proinflammatory cytokines represents a realistic goal for clinical emergency medicine. The purpose of this article is to provide a background of relevance to emergency medicine academicians on the production and regulation of TNF, the acute effects of TNF on pathophysiology, and the rationale for therapeutic interventions directed toward TNF and the clinical experience with these strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Cairns
- Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
This is the first of a 2-part article on understanding cytokines. Cytokines are intercellular signaling proteins released from virtually all nucleated cells that influence growth and cellular proliferation in a wide range of tissues. Cytokines have immune modulating effects and are understood to control most of the physical and psychological symptoms associated with infection and inflammation. Cytokines also influence reproduction and bone remodeling. Dysregulation of the cytokine cellular system has significant implications in the development of a variety of illnesses, including most autoimmune disorders, many diseases of the cardiovascular system, osteoporosis, asthma, and depression. For nurses to be adequately informed when caring for clients with chronic illnesses and to be sufficiently knowledgeable when evaluating client outcomes, an understanding of the physiology of cytokines, the occurrences of dysregulation, and the role of cytokines in health and illness is essential. In Part I of this review, cytokine physiology is presented, with an emphasis on characteristics, categories, and mechanism of action. Specific instances of cytokine function in health and disease and implications for nursing research and practice are presented in Part II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Corwin
- School of Nursing and Intercollege Physiology Program, Pennsylvania State University, 307C Health and Human Development East, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Cytokines are small signaling proteins released from a variety of cells that influence virtually every aspect of growth and development and every host response to infection, injury, and inflammation. Because of their widespread and potent effects across the life span, cytokines without a doubt influence nursing research and practice. From physiological and adaptive effects of cytokines to cytokine-induced diseases, nurses and nursing care are involved. Part II of this review highlights a few of the many examples of cytokines functioning in response to infection and inflammation, during the processes of reproduction, and in a variety of pathophysiological states. Implications for nursing research and practice are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Corwin
- School of Nursing and Intercollege Physiology Program, Pennsylvania State University, 307C Health and Human Development East, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
If cytokines are constitutively expressed by and act on neurons in normal adult brain, then we may have to modify our current view that they are predominantly inflammatory mediators. We critically reviewed the literature to determine whether we could find experimental basis for such a modification. We focused on two "proinflammatory" cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) because they have been most thoroughly investigated in shaping our current thinking. Evidence, although equivocal, indicates that the genes coding for these cytokines and their accessory proteins are expressed by neurons, in addition to glial cells, in normal brain. Their expression is region- and cell type-specific. Furthermore, bioactive cytokines have been extracted from various regions of normal brain. The cytokines' receptors selectively are present on all neural cell types, rendering them responsive to cytokine signaling. Blocking their action modifies multiple neural "housekeeping" functions. For example, blocking IL-1 or TNFalpha by several independent means alters regulation of sleep. This indicates that these cytokines likely modulate in the brain behavior of a normal organism. In addition, these cytokines are likely involved in synaptic plasticity, neural transmission, and Ca2+ signaling. Thus, the evidence strongly suggests that these cytokines perform neural functions in normal brain. We therefore propose that they should be thought of as neuromodulators in addition to inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vitkovic
- CNRS-INSERM Centre de Pharmacologie-Endocrinologie, Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|