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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, Faulkner P. "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 2023; 53:49-65. [PMID: 37368234 PMCID: PMC10721691 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging interest regarding the potential beneficial effects of creatine supplementation on indices of brain health and function. Creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine stores, which may help explain some of the positive effects on measures of cognition and memory, especially in aging adults or during times of metabolic stress (i.e., sleep deprivation). Furthermore, creatine has shown promise for improving health outcome measures associated with muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury (including concussions in children), depression, and anxiety. However, whether any sex- or age-related differences exist in regard to creatine and indices of brain health and function is relatively unknown. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) provide an up-to-date summary and discussion of the current body of research focusing on creatine and indices of brain health and function and (2) discuss possible sex- and age-related differences in response to creatine supplementation on brain bioenergetics, measures of brain health and function, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Alraddadi EA, Khojah AM, Alamri FF, Kecheck HK, Altaf WF, Khouqeer Y. Potential role of creatine as an anticonvulsant agent: evidence from preclinical studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1201971. [PMID: 37456992 PMCID: PMC10339234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1201971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting people of all ages representing a significant social and public health burden. Current therapeutic options for epilepsy are not effective in a significant proportion of patients suggesting a need for identifying novel targets for the development of more effective therapeutics. There is growing evidence from animal and human studies suggesting a role of impaired brain energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of epilepsy. Candidate compounds with the potential to target brain energetics have promising future in the management of epilepsy and other related neurological disorders. Creatine is a naturally occurring organic compound that serves as an energy buffer and energy shuttle in tissues, such as brain and skeletal muscle, that exhibit dynamic energy requirements. In this review, applications of creatine supplements in neurological conditions in which mitochondrial dysfunction is a central component in its pathology will be discussed. Currently, limited evidence mainly from preclinical animal studies suggest anticonvulsant properties of creatine; however, the exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. Future work should involve larger clinical trials of creatine used as an add-on therapy, followed by large clinical trials of creatine as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Alraddadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Khojah
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal F. Alamri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husun K. Kecheck
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wid F. Altaf
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Khouqeer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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From the tyrosine hydroxylase hypothesis of Parkinson's disease to modern strategies: a short historical overview. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:487-495. [PMID: 35460433 PMCID: PMC9188506 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A time span of 60 years covers the detection of catecholamines in the brain, their function in movement and correlation to Parkinson’s disease (PD). The clinical findings that orally given l-DOPA can alleviate or even prevent akinesia gave great hope for the treatment of PD. Attention focused on the role of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of catecholamines. It became evident that the enzyme driven formation is lowered in PD. Such results could only be obtained from studying human brain samples demonstrating the necessity for human brain banks. Originally, a TH enzyme deficiency was suspected in PD. Studies were conducted on the enzyme properties: its induction and turnover, the complex regulation starting with cofactor requirements as tetrahydrobiopterin and ferrous iron, and the necessity for phosphorylation for activity as well as inhibition by toxins or regulatory feedback inhibition by catecholamines. In the course of time, it became evident that neurodegeneration and cell death of dopaminergic neurons is the actual pathological process and the decrease of TH a cophenomenon. Nevertheless, TH immunochemistry has ever since been a valuable tool to study neuronal pathways, neurodegeneration in various animal models of neurotoxicity and cell cultures, which have been used as well to test potential neuroprotective strategies.
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Harmon KK, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Pabian PS, Rawson ES, Stock MS. The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation. Nutrients 2021; 13:1825. [PMID: 34071875 PMCID: PMC8230227 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous health conditions affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and nervous systems can result in physical dysfunction, impaired performance, muscle weakness, and disuse-induced atrophy. Due to its well-documented anabolic potential, creatine monohydrate has been investigated as a supplemental agent to mitigate the loss of muscle mass and function in a variety of acute and chronic conditions. A review of the literature was conducted to assess the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of creatine supplementation on rehabilitation from immobilization and injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiopulmonary disease, and other muscular disorders. Several of the findings are encouraging, showcasing creatine's potential efficacy as a supplemental agent via preservation of muscle mass, strength, and physical function; however, the results are not consistent. For multiple diseases, only a few creatine studies with small sample sizes have been published, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Rationale for discordant findings is further complicated by differences in disease pathologies, intervention protocols, creatine dosing and duration, and patient population. While creatine supplementation demonstrates promise as a therapeutic aid, more research is needed to fill gaps in knowledge within medical rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie K. Harmon
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.R.S.); (D.H.F.)
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.R.S.); (D.H.F.)
| | - Patrick S. Pabian
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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Bredahl EC, Najdawi W, Pass C, Siedlik J, Eckerson J, Drescher K. Use of Creatine and Creatinine to Minimize Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2597-2604. [PMID: 33135456 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1842893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), an effective anticancer agent, can damage cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue via excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Supplemental creatine (Cr) has been shown to have a therapeutic role in disease states characterized by increased oxidative stress. To investigate the effects of Cr and creatinine (CrN) on DOX-induced cytotoxicity. Cultured L6 and H9C2 myoblasts were exposed to 25 μM DOX, 10 mM Cr, 10 mM CrN, 25 μM DOX + 10 mM Cr, 25 μM DOX + 10 mM CrN, or control media for 12 h. Viability was assessed using Confocal and Widefield imaging. Immunoblotting was used to determine protein expression. Viability was lowest in the DOX-treated group regardless of cell type; however, when DOX was combined with Cr or CrN, viability was improved. Levels of oxidative stress, as measured by 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the DOX treated cells vs. controls; however, Cr + DOX and CrN + DOX significantly lowered 4HNE levels compared to DOX-treated cells. Creatine kinase (CK), a key marker of cellular damage, was significantly higher in DOX-treated H9c2 cells vs. controls. However, Cr or CrN in combination with DOX, resulted in no significant differences in CK vs. controls. Supplementation with Cr or CrN may preserve cell viability during DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Christopher Bredahl
- Department of Exercise Science & Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Wisam Najdawi
- Department of Exercise Science & Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Caroline Pass
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jake Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science & Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joan Eckerson
- Department of Exercise Science & Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kristen Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Han Y, Jia Y, Tian J, Zhou S, Chen A, Luo X. Urine metabolomic responses to aerobic and resistance training in rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237377. [PMID: 32785263 PMCID: PMC7423134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that bioenergetics of aerobic and resistance exercise are not the same but both can effectively improve depression. However, it is not clear whether and how different types of exercise can influence depression through the same metabolic regulatory system. Metabolomics provides a way to study the correlation between metabolites and changes in exercise and/or diseases through the quantitative analysis of all metabolites in the organism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and resistance training on urinary metabolites by metabolomics analysis in a rodent model of depression. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for eight weeks. The validity of the modeling was assessed by behavioral indices. After four weeks of CUMS, the rats that developed depression were randomly divided into a depression control group, an aerobic training group and a resistance training group. There was also a normal control group. From week 5, the rats in the exercise groups were trained for 30 min per day, five days per week, for four weeks. The urine samples were collected pre and post the training program, and analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Results Both types of training improved depression-like behavior in CUMS rats. Compared with normal control, 21 potential biomarkers were identified in the urine of CUMS rats, mainly involved in energy, amino acids and intestinal microbial metabolic pathways. Common responses to the training were found in the two exercise groups that the levels of glutamine, acetone and creatine were significantly recalled (all P<0.05) Aerobic training also resulted in changes in pyruvate and trigonelline, while resistance training modified α-Oxoglutarate, citric acid, and trimethylamine oxide (all P<0.05). Conclusions Aerobic and resistance training resulted in common effects on the metabolic pathways of alanine-aspartate-glutamate, TCA cycle, and butyric acid. Aerobic training also had effects on glycolysis or gluconeogenesis and pyruvate metabolism, while resistance training had additional effect on intestinal microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Han
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi Jia
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junsheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Shi Zhou
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anping Chen
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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Ostojic SM. Guanidinoacetic acid loading for improved location-specific brain creatine. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:324-326. [PMID: 32439266 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted here a secondary analysis of previously completed guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) loading trials categorizing participants into responders and non-responders using cut-off points for an increase in the location-specific levels of brain creatine (e.g. thalamus, cerebellum, white and grey matter). METHODS A total of 19 healthy men (mean age = 24.8 years) who were supplemented with 3 g/d of GAA for 4 weeks, with total brain creatine evaluated using 1.5 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were included in this report. RESULTS An average elevation in total creatine content after 28-day GAA loading was 17.3% in the cerebellum (95% confidence interval [CI] from 9.7 to 24.9), 12.1% in the white matter (95% CI from 5.1 to 19.1), and 8.9% in the grey matter (95% CI from 5.2 to 12.6), while total creatine actually dropped in the thalamus at a follow-up for 9.1% (95% CI from 6.8 to 11.4). The prevalence of responders was the highest for the cerebellum (73.6%), followed by the white matter (47.3%) and the grey matter (42.1%), while only two individuals (10.5%) experienced a relevant rise in the thalamus creatine content at 28-day follow-up (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This aftermath evaluation of previously published data suggests a relatively favorable (and location-specific) response rate to short-term GAA loading in healthy young men. A somewhat contrasting location-dependent pattern for GAA and creatine to positively affect brain creatine may be of great interest to the scientific community by dispensing different interventions to tackle poor bioenergetics in distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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Fernandes J, Chandler JD, Liu KH, Uppal K, Hao L, Hu X, Go YM, Jones DP. Metabolomic Responses to Manganese Dose in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:84-94. [PMID: 30715528 PMCID: PMC6484887 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn)-associated neurotoxicity has been well recognized. However, Mn is also an essential nutrient to maintain physiological function. Our previous study of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells showed that Mn treatment comparable to physiological and toxicological concentrations in human brain resulted in different mitochondrial responses, yet cellular metabolic responses associated with such different outcomes remain uncharacterized. Herein, SH-SY5Y cells were examined for metabolic responses discriminated by physiological and toxicological levels of Mn using high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). Before performing HRM, we examined Mn dose (from 0 to100 μM) and time effects on cell death. Although we did not observe any immediate cell death after 5 h exposure to any of the Mn concentrations assessed (0-100 μM), cell loss was present after a 24-h recovery period in cultures treated with Mn ≥ 50 μM. Exposure to Mn for 5 h resulted in a wide range of changes in cellular metabolism including amino acids (AA), neurotransmitters, energy, and fatty acids metabolism. Adaptive responses at 10 μM showed increases in neuroprotective AA metabolites (creatine, phosphocreatine, phosphoserine). A 5-h exposure to 100 µM Mn, a time before any cell death occurred, resulted in decreases in energy and fatty acid metabolites (hexose-1,6 bisphosphate, acyl carnitines). The results show that adjustments in AA metabolism occur in response to Mn that does not cause cell death while disruption in energy and fatty acid metabolism occur in response to Mn that results in subsequent cell death. The present study establishes utility for metabolomics analyses to discriminate adaptive and toxic molecular responses in a human in vitro cellular model that could be exploited in evaluation of Mn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ken H Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Li Hao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Neuroprotective Effect of Creatine and Pyruvate on Enzyme Activities of Phosphoryl Transfer Network and Oxidative Stress Alterations Caused by Leucine Administration in Wistar Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:575-584. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Mo JJ, Liu LY, Peng WB, Rao J, Liu Z, Cui LL. The effectiveness of creatine treatment for Parkinson's disease: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:105. [PMID: 28577542 PMCID: PMC5457735 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of creatine in treating Parkinson’s disease (PD) has not been conclusively determined. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to address this issue. Methods The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PUBMED, EMBASE, and other databases were searched, and outcomes measured by the Total Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Schwab & England Scale were analyzed. Results Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected, and 1339 participants were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups in the total, mental, activities of daily living (ADL), or motor UPDRS scores, but an improvement in Schwab & England Scale scores was observed. Conclusions Creatine has no observed benefit in PD patients, although more correlated studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jie Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Bin Peng
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Rao
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Li Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, People's Republic of China.
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Solis MY, Artioli GG, Otaduy MCG, Leite CDC, Arruda W, Veiga RR, Gualano B. Effect of age, diet, and tissue type on PCr response to creatine supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:407-414. [PMID: 28572496 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine/phosphorylcreatine (PCr) responses to creatine supplementation may be modulated by age, diet, and tissue, but studies assessing this possibility are lacking. Therefore we aimed to determine whether PCr responses vary as a function of age, diet, and tissue. Fifteen children, 17 omnivorous and 14 vegetarian adults, and 18 elderly individuals ("elderly") participated in this study. Participants were given placebo and subsequently creatine (0.3 g·kg-1·day-1) for 7 days in a single-blind fashion. PCr was measured through phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in muscle and brain. Creatine supplementation increased muscle PCr in children (P < 0.0003) and elderly (P < 0.001), whereas the increase in omnivores did not reach statistically significant difference (P = 0.3348). Elderly had greater PCr increases than children and omnivores (P < 0.0001 for both), whereas children experienced greater PCr increases than omnivores (P = 0.0022). In relation to diet, vegetarians (P < 0.0001), but not omnivores, had significant increases in muscle PCr content. Brain PCr content was not affected by creatine supplementation in any group, and delta changes in brain PCr (-0.7 to +3.9%) were inferior to those in muscle PCr content (+10.3 to +27.6%; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). PCr responses to a standardized creatine protocol (0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 for 7 days) may be affected by age, diet, and tissue. Whereas creatine supplementation was able to increase muscle PCr in all groups, although to different extents, brain PCr was shown to be unresponsive overall. These findings demonstrate the need to tailor creatine protocols to optimize creatine/PCr accumulation both in muscle and in brain, enabling a better appreciation of the pleiotropic properties of creatine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A standardized creatine supplementation protocol (0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 for 7 days) effectively increased muscle, but not brain, phosphorylcreatine. Older participants responded better than younger participants whereas vegetarians responded better than omnivores. Responses to supplementation are thus dependent on age, tissue, and diet. This suggests that a single "universal" protocol, originally designed for increasing muscle creatine in young individuals, may lead to heterogeneous muscle responses in different populations or even no responses in tissues other than skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; .,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zhu Y, Guo Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Nan J, Zhao B, Xiao H, Wang Z, Wang Y. System-wide assembly of pathways and modules hierarchically reveal metabolic mechanism of cerebral ischemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17068. [PMID: 26621314 PMCID: PMC4664864 DOI: 10.1038/srep17068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cerebral ischemia and metabolic disorders is poorly understood, which is partly due to the lack of comparative fusing data for larger complete systems and to the complexity of metabolic cascade reactions. Based on the fusing maps of comprehensive serum metabolome, fatty acid and amino acid profiling, we identified 35 potential metabolic biomarkers for ischemic stroke. Our analyses revealed 8 significantly altered pathways by MetPA (Metabolomics Pathway Analysis, impact score >0.10) and 15 significantly rewired modules in a complex ischemic network using the Markov clustering (MCL) method; all of these pathways became more homologous as the number of overlapping nodes was increased. We then detected 24 extensive pathways based on the total modular nodes from the network analysis, 12 of which were new discovery pathways. We provided a new perspective from the viewpoint of abnormal metabolites for the overall study of ischemic stroke as well as a new method to simplify the network analysis by selecting the more closely connected edges and nodes to build a module map of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100073, China.,Shanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Zhili Guo
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Jiaxing Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yinying Chen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingyi Nan
- Shanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Buchang Zhao
- Shanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Chauhan A, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Gupta YK. Rapamycin ameliorates brain metabolites alterations after transient focal ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 757:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kolpakova ME, Veselkina OS, Vlasov TD. Creatine in Cell Metabolism and Its Protective Action in Cerebral Ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-015-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Barreto GE, Iarkov A, Moran VE. Beneficial effects of nicotine, cotinine and its metabolites as potential agents for Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:340. [PMID: 25620929 PMCID: PMC4288130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by neuroinflammation, dopaminergic neuronal cell death and motor dysfunction, and for which there are no proven effective treatments. The negative correlation between tobacco consumption and PD suggests that tobacco-derived compounds can be beneficial against PD. Nicotine, the more studied alkaloid derived from tobacco, is considered to be responsible for the beneficial behavioral and neurological effects of tobacco use in PD. However, several metabolites of nicotine, such as cotinine, also increase in the brain after nicotine administration. The effect of nicotine and some of its derivatives on dopaminergic neurons viability, neuroinflammation, and motor and memory functions, have been investigated using cellular and rodent models of PD. Current evidence shows that nicotine, and some of its derivatives diminish oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain and improve synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival of dopaminergic neurons. In vivo these effects resulted in improvements in mood, motor skills and memory in subjects suffering from PD pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits of nicotine and its derivatives for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Alexander Iarkov
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA
| | - Valentina Echeverria Moran
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA ; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans' Hospital Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Tampa, FL, USA
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Effects of dietary creatine supplementation for 8 weeks on neuromuscular coordination and learning in male albino mouse following neonatal hypoxic ischemic insult. Neurol Sci 2014; 36:765-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-2041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Siebert C, Kolling J, Scherer EBS, Schmitz F, da Cunha MJ, Mackedanz V, de Andrade RB, Wannmacher CMD, Wyse ATS. Effect of physical exercise on changes in activities of creatine kinase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP levels caused by ovariectomy. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:825-35. [PMID: 24810635 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in the secretion of ovarian hormones, principally estrogen, is a consequence of menopause. Estrogens act primarily as female sex hormones, but also exert effects on different physiological systems including the central nervous system. The treatment normally used to reduce the symptoms of menopause is the hormone therapy, which seems to be effective in treating symptoms, but it may be responsible for adverse effects. Based on this, there is an increasing demand for alternative therapies that minimize signs and symptoms of menopause. In the present study we investigated the effect of ovariectomy and/or physical exercise on the activities of energy metabolism enzymes, such as creatine kinase (cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions), pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase, complex II, cytochrome c oxidase, as well as on ATP levels in the hippocampus of adult rats. Adult female Wistar rats with 90 days of age were subjected to ovariectomy (an animal model widely used to mimic the postmenopausal changes). Thirty days after the procedure, the rats were submitted to the exercise protocol, which was performed three times a week for 30 days. Twelve hours after the last training session, the rats were decapitated for subsequent biochemical analyzes. Results showed that ovariectomy did not affect the activities of pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase and complex II, but decreased the activities of creatine kinase (cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions) and cytochrome c oxidase. ATP levels were also reduced. Exercise did not produce the expected results since it was only able to partially reverse the activity of creatine kinase cytosolic fraction. The results of this study suggest that estrogen deficiency, which occurs as a result of ovariectomy, affects generation systems and energy homeostasis, reducing ATP levels in hippocampus of adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiana Siebert
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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de Andrade RB, Gemelli T, Rojas DB, Bonorino NF, Costa BML, Funchal C, Dutra-Filho CS, Wannmacher CMD. Creatine and Pyruvate Prevent the Alterations Caused by Tyrosine on Parameters of Oxidative Stress and Enzyme Activities of Phosphoryltransfer Network in Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1184-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sertbaş M, Ülgen K, Çakır T. Systematic analysis of transcription-level effects of neurodegenerative diseases on human brain metabolism by a newly reconstructed brain-specific metabolic network. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:542-53. [PMID: 25061554 PMCID: PMC4104795 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Network-oriented analysis is essential to identify those parts of a cell affected by a given perturbation. The effect of neurodegenerative perturbations in the form of diseases of brain metabolism was investigated by using a newly reconstructed brain-specific metabolic network. The developed stoichiometric model correctly represents healthy brain metabolism, and includes 630 metabolic reactions in and between astrocytes and neurons, which are controlled by 570 genes. The integration of transcriptome data of six neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia) with the model was performed to identify reporter features specific and common for these diseases, which revealed metabolites and pathways around which the most significant changes occur. The identified metabolites are potential biomarkers for the pathology of the related diseases. Our model indicated perturbations in oxidative stress, energy metabolism including TCA cycle and lipid metabolism as well as several amino acid related pathways, in agreement with the role of these pathways in the studied diseases. The computational prediction of transcription factors that commonly regulate the reporter metabolites was achieved through binding-site analysis. Literature support for the identified transcription factors such as USF1, SP1 and those from FOX families are known from the literature to have regulatory roles in the identified reporter metabolic pathways as well as in the neurodegenerative diseases. In essence, the reconstructed brain model enables the elucidation of effects of a perturbation on brain metabolism and the illumination of possible machineries in which a specific metabolite or pathway acts as a regulatory spot for cellular reorganization.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Brain metabolic network
- Computational systems biology
- FBA, flux balance analysis
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HD, Huntington’s disease
- KIV, ketoisovalerate
- KLF, Krüppel-like factor
- KMV, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Neurodegenerative diseases
- Neurometabolism
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- RMA, reporter metabolite analysis
- RPA, reporter pathway analysis
- Reporter metabolite
- SCHZ, schizophrenia
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- Transcriptome
- USF, upstream stimulatory factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sertbaş
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kutlu Ülgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunahan Çakır
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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20
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Post-transcriptional regulation of the creatine transporter gene: functional relevance of alternative splicing. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2070-9. [PMID: 24561156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrations in about 10-15% of X-chromosome genes account for intellectual disability (ID); with a prevalence of 1-3% (Gécz et al., 2009 [1]). The SLC6A8 gene, mapped to Xq28, encodes the creatine transporter (CTR1). Mutations in SLC6A8, and the ensuing decrease in brain creatine, lead to co-occurrence of speech/language delay, autism-like behaviors and epilepsy with ID. A splice variant of SLC6A8-SLC6A8C, containing intron 4 and exons 5-13, was identified. Herein, we report the identification of a novel variant - SLC6A8D, and functional relevance of these isoforms. METHODS Via (quantitative) RT-PCR, uptake assays, and confocal microscopy, we investigated their expression and function vis-à-vis creatine transport. RESULTS SLC6A8D is homologous to SLC6A8C except for a deletion of exon 9 (without occurrence of a frame shift). Both contain an open reading frame encoding a truncated protein but otherwise identical to CTR1. Like SLC6A8, both variants are predominantly expressed in tissues with high energy requirement. Our experiments reveal that these truncated isoforms do not transport creatine. However, in SLC6A8 (CTR1)-overexpressing cells, a subsequent infection (transduction) with viral constructs encoding either the SLC6A8C (CTR4) or SLC6A8D (CTR5) isoform resulted in a significant increase in creatine accumulation compared to CTR1 cells re-infected with viral constructs containing the empty vector. Moreover, transient transfection of CTR4 or CTR5 into HEK293 cells resulted in significantly higher creatine uptake. CONCLUSIONS CTR4 and CTR5 are possible regulators of the creatine transporter since their overexpression results in upregulated CTR1 protein and creatine uptake. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Provides added insight into the mechanism(s) of creatine transport regulation.
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Dos Reis EA, Rieger E, de Souza SS, Rasia-Filho AA, Wannmacher CMD. Effects of a co-treatment with pyruvate and creatine on dendritic spines in rat hippocampus and posterodorsal medial amygdala in a phenylketonuria animal model. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:509-17. [PMID: 23430365 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most frequent aminoacidopathy that damage the central nervous system and is characterized by neural injury, mental retardation and accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites in plasma and tissues. So far, the only effective protection against brain injury is the administration of special phenylalanine-free diets. Animals with lesions in the hippocampus and amygdala had behavioral impairments indicating the importance of the integrity of these brain structures in learning and memory tasks which are disability characteristics of patients affected by PKU. In the present study we aimed to test the effect of the combination of two energetic and antioxidant compounds-pyruvate and creatine (intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 mg/g of body weight and 0.4 mg/g of body weight, respectively, treatment from the 7th to the 28th postnatal day)-in animals subjected to a chronic model of PKU. To assess likely effects, the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 region and in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of 60-day-old male rats were analyzed under confocal microscopy. Present results showed that the co-treatment with pyruvate and creatine prevented the reduction in dendritic spine density in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 hippocampal field and in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of PKU animals. If this can also occur in PKU patients, it is possible that creatine and pyruvate may help to prevent brain damage in patients under specific diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Araújo Dos Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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22
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Acute creatine administration improves mitochondrial membrane potential and protects against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Amino Acids 2012; 44:857-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Rambo LM, Ribeiro LR, Schramm VG, Berch AM, Stamm DN, Della-Pace ID, Silva LFA, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fighera MR, Royes LFF. Creatine increases hippocampal Na+,K+-ATPase activity via NMDA–calcineurin pathway. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Braissant O. Creatine and guanidinoacetate transport at blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:655-64. [PMID: 22252611 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
While it was thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, AGAT and GAMT are well expressed in CNS where brain cells synthesize creatine. While the creatine transporter SLC6A8 is expressed by microcapillary endothelial cells (MCEC) at blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is absent from their surrounding astrocytes. This raised the concept that BBB has a limited permeability for peripheral creatine, and that the brain supplies a part of its creatine by endogenous synthesis. This review brings together the latest data on creatine and guanidinoacetate transport through BBB and blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) with the clinical evidence of AGAT-, GAMT- and SLC6A8-deficient patients, in order to delineate a clearer view on the roles of BBB and BCSFB in the transport of creatine and guanidinoacetate between periphery and CNS, and on brain synthesis and transport of creatine. It shows that in physiological conditions, creatine is taken up by CNS from periphery through SLC6A8 at BBB, but in limited amounts, and that CNS also needs its own creatine synthesis. No uptake of guanidinoacetate from periphery occurs at BBB except under GAMT deficiency, but a net exit of guanidinoacetate seems to occur from CSF to blood at BCSFB, predominantly through the taurine transporter TauT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Service of Biomedicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, CI 02/33, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Tyrosine impairs enzymes of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:253-61. [PMID: 22311600 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine levels are abnormally elevated in tissues and physiological fluids of patients with inborn errors of tyrosine catabolism, especially in tyrosinemia type II, which is caused by deficiency of tyrosine aminotransferase and provokes eyes, skin, and central nervous system disturbances. Considering that the mechanisms of brain damage in these disorders are poorly known, in this study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of tyrosine on some parameters of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of 14-day-old Wistar rats. We observed that 2 mM tyrosine inhibited in vitro the pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and that this inhibition was prevented by 1 mM reduced glutathione with 30, 60, and 90 min of preincubation. Moreover, administration of tyrosine methyl ester (TME) (0.5 mg/g of body weight) decreased the activity of PK and this reduction was prevented by pre-treatment with creatine (Cr). On the other hand, tyrosine did not alter adenylate kinase (AK) activity in vitro, but administration of TME enhanced AK activity not prevented by Cr pre-treatment. Finally, TME administration decreased the activity of CK from cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and this diminution was prevented by Cr pre-treatment. The results suggest that tyrosine alters essential sulfhydryl groups necessary for CK and PK functions, possibly through oxidative stress. In case this also occurs in the patients, it is possible that energy metabolism alterations may contribute, along with other mechanisms, to the neurological dysfunction of hypertyrosinemias.
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26
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Cell signaling and mitochondrial dynamics: Implications for neuronal function and neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:13-26. [PMID: 22297163 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nascent evidence indicates that mitochondrial fission, fusion, and transport are subject to intricate regulatory mechanisms that intersect with both well-characterized and emerging signaling pathways. While it is well established that mutations in components of the mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery can cause neurological disorders, relatively little is known about upstream regulators of mitochondrial dynamics and their role in neurodegeneration. Here, we review posttranslational regulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion enzymes, with particular emphasis on dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), as well as outer mitochondrial signaling complexes involving protein kinases and phosphatases. We also review recent evidence that mitochondrial dynamics has profound consequences for neuronal development and synaptic transmission and discuss implications for clinical translation.
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Jeter CB, Hergenroeder GW, Ward NH, Moore AN, Dash PK. Human Traumatic Brain Injury Alters Circulating L-Arginine and Its Metabolite Levels: Possible Link to Cerebral Blood Flow, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, and Energy Status. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:119-27. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B. Jeter
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Georgene W. Hergenroeder
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Norman H. Ward
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anthony N. Moore
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Pramod K. Dash
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Evidence for disease and antipsychotic medication effects in post-mortem brain from schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1189-202. [PMID: 20921955 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on post-mortem brain tissue in schizophrenia (SCZ), particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, to what extent the reported changes are due to the disorder itself, and which are the cumulative effects of lifetime medication remains to be determined. In this study, we employed label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic and proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic profiling approaches to investigate DLPFC tissue from two cohorts of SCZ patients grouped according to their lifetime antipsychotic dose, together with tissue from bipolar disorder (BPD) subjects, and normal controls (n=10 per group). Both techniques showed profound changes in tissue from low-cumulative-medication SCZ subjects, but few changes in tissue from medium-cumulative-medication subjects. Protein expression changes were validated by Western blot and investigated further in a third group of subjects who were subjected to high-cumulative-medication over the course of their lifetime. Furthermore, key protein expression and metabolite level changes correlated significantly with lifetime antipsychotic dose. This suggests that the detected changes are present before antipsychotic therapy and, moreover, may be normalized with treatment. Overall, our analyses revealed novel protein and metabolite changes in low-cumulative-medication subjects associated with synaptogenesis, neuritic dynamics, presynaptic vesicle cycling, amino acid and glutamine metabolism, and energy buffering systems. Most of these markers were altered specifically in SCZ as determined by analysis of the same brain region from BPD patients.
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Petraglia AL, Winkler EA, Bailes JE. Stuck at the bench: Potential natural neuroprotective compounds for concussion. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:146. [PMID: 22059141 PMCID: PMC3205506 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.85987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While numerous laboratory studies have searched for neuroprotective treatment approaches to traumatic brain injury, no therapies have successfully translated from the bench to the bedside. Concussion is a unique form of brain injury, in that the current mainstay of treatment focuses on both physical and cognitive rest. Treatments for concussion are lacking. The concept of neuro-prophylactic compounds or supplements is also an intriguing one, especially as we are learning more about the relationship of numerous sub-concussive blows and/or repetitive concussive impacts and the development of chronic neurodegenerative disease. The use of dietary supplements and herbal remedies has become more common place. Methods: A literature search was conducted with the objective of identifying and reviewing the pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of a few of the more widely known compounds and supplements. Results: There are an abundance of pre-clinical studies demonstrating the neuroprotective properties of a variety of these compounds and we review some of those here. While there are an increasing number of well-designed studies investigating the therapeutic potential of these nutraceutical preparations, the clinical evidence is still fairly thin. Conclusion: There are encouraging results from laboratory studies demonstrating the multi-mechanistic neuroprotective properties of many naturally occurring compounds. Similarly, there are some intriguing clinical observational studies that potentially suggest both acute and chronic neuroprotective effects. Thus, there is a need for future trials exploring the potential therapeutic benefits of these compounds in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, particularly concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Petraglia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Burov S, Leko M, Dorosh M, Dobrodumov A, Veselkina O. Creatinyl amino acids: new hybrid compounds with neuroprotective activity. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:620-6. [PMID: 21644247 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged oral creatine administration resulted in remarkable neuroprotection in experimental models of brain stroke. However, because of its polar nature creatine has poor ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without specific creatine transporter (CRT). Thus, synthesis of hydrophobic derivatives capable of crossing the BBB by alternative pathway is of great importance for the treatment of acute and chronic neurological diseases including stroke, traumatic brain injury and hereditary CRT deficiency. Here we describe synthesis of new hybrid compounds-creatinyl amino acids, their neuroprotective activity in vivo and stability to degradation in different media. The title compounds were synthesized by guanidinylation of corresponding sarcosyl peptides or direct creatine attachment using isobutyl chloroformate method. Addition of lipophilic counterion (p-toluenesulfonate) ensures efficient creatine dissolution in DMF with simultaneous protection of guanidino group towards intramolecular cyclization. It excludes the application of expensive guanidinylating reagents, permits to simplify synthetic procedure and adapt it to large-scale production. The biological activity of creatinyl amino acids was tested in vivo on ischemic stroke and NaNO(2) -induced hypoxia models. One of the most effective compounds-creatinyl-glycine ethyl ester increases life span of experimental animals more than two times in hypoxia model and has neuroprotective action in brain stroke model when applied both before and after ischemia. These data evidenced that creatinyl amino acids can represent promising candidates for the development of new drugs useful in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Burov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Kolling J, Wyse ATS. Creatine prevents the inhibition of energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation in rats subjected to GAA administration. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:331-8. [PMID: 20830606 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder, biochemically characterized by the tissue accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA). Affected patients present epilepsy and mental retardation whose etiopathogeny is unclear. Previous reports have shown that GAA alters brain energy metabolism and that creatine, which is depleted in patients with GAMT deficiency, can act as a neuroprotector; as such, in the present study we investigated the effect of creatine administration on some of the altered parameters of energy metabolism (complex II, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and creatine kinase) and lipid peroxidation caused by intrastriatal administration of GAA in adult rats. Animals were pretreated for 7 days with daily intraperitonial administrations of creatine. Subsequently, these animals were divided into two groups: Group 1 (sham group), rats that suffered surgery and received saline; and group 2 (GAA-treated). Thirty min after GAA or saline, the animals were sacrificed and the striatum dissected out. Results showed that the administration of creatine was able to reverse the activities of complex II, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and creatine kinase, as well as, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an index of lipid peroxidation. These findings indicate that the energy metabolism deficit caused by GAA may be prevented by creatine, which probably acts as an antioxidant since it was able to prevent lipid peroxidation. These data may contribute, at least in part, to a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the energy deficit and oxidative stress observed in GAMT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Kolling
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Béard E, Braissant O. Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions. J Neurochem 2010; 115:297-313. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim J, Amante DJ, Moody JP, Edgerly CK, Bordiuk OL, Smith K, Matson SA, Matson WR, Scherzer CR, Rosas HD, Hersch SM, Ferrante RJ. Reduced creatine kinase as a central and peripheral biomarker in Huntington's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1802:673-81. [PMID: 20460152 PMCID: PMC2893277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of current clinical research in Huntington's disease (HD) has been to identify preclinical and manifest disease biomarkers, as these may improve both diagnosis and the power for therapeutic trials. Although the underlying biochemical alterations and the mechanisms of neuronal degeneration remain unknown, energy metabolism defects in HD have been chronicled for many years. We report that the brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-BB), an enzyme important in buffering energy stores, was significantly reduced in presymptomatic and manifest disease in brain and blood buffy coat specimens in HD mice and HD patients. Brain CK-BB levels were significantly reduced in R6/2 mice by approximately 18% to approximately 68% from 21 to 91 days of age, while blood CK-BB levels were decreased by approximately 14% to approximately 44% during the same disease duration. Similar findings in CK-BB levels were observed in the 140 CAG mice from 4 to 12 months of age, but not at the earliest time point, 2 months of age. Consistent with the HD mice, there was a grade-dependent loss of brain CK-BB that worsened with disease severity in HD patients from approximately 28% to approximately 63%, as compared to non-diseased control patients. In addition, CK-BB blood buffy coat levels were significantly reduced in both premanifest and symptomatic HD patients by approximately 23% and approximately 39%, respectively. The correlation of CK-BB as a disease biomarker in both CNS and peripheral tissues from HD mice and HD patients may provide a powerful means to assess disease progression and to predict the potential magnitude of therapeutic benefit in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
- Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Psychiatry Departments, Boston, University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Daniel J. Amante
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
- Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Psychiatry Departments, Boston, University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Jennifer P. Moody
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Christina K. Edgerly
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Olivia L. Bordiuk
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Karen Smith
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
- Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Psychiatry Departments, Boston, University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Samantha A. Matson
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Wayne R. Matson
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - H. Diana Rosas
- Neurology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Steven M. Hersch
- Neurology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Robert J. Ferrante
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, New England Veterans Administration VISN 1, Bedford, MA 01730
- Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Psychiatry Departments, Boston, University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Braissant O. Ammonia toxicity to the brain: effects on creatine metabolism and transport and protective roles of creatine. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100 Suppl 1:S53-8. [PMID: 20227315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia can provoke irreversible damage to the developing brain, with the formation of cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement, demyelination or gray and white matter hypodensities. Among the various pathogenic mechanisms involved, alterations in cerebral energy have been demonstrated. In particular, we could show that ammonia exposure generates a secondary deficiency in creatine in brain cells, by altering the brain expression and activity of the genes allowing creatine synthesis (AGAT and GAMT) and transport (SLC6A8). On the other hand, it is known that creatine administration can exert protective effects in various neurodegenerative processes. We could also show that creatine co-treatment under ammonia exposure can protect developing brain cells from some of the deleterious effects of ammonia, in particular axonal growth impairment. This article focuses on the effects of ammonia exposure on creatine metabolism and transport in developing brain cells, and on the potential neuroprotective properties of creatine in the brain exposed to ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Many of the neuromuscular (e.g., muscular dystrophy) and neurometabolic (e.g., mitochondrial cytopathies) disorders share similar final common pathways of cellular dysfunction that may be favorably influenced by creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation. Studies using the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy have found evidence of enhanced mitochondrial function, reduced intra-cellular calcium and improved performance with CrM supplementation. Clinical trials in patients with Duchenne and Becker's muscular dystrophy have shown improved function, fat-free mass, and some evidence of improved bone health with CrM supplementation. In contrast, the improvements in function in myotonic dystrophy and inherited neuropathies (e.g., Charcot-Marie-Tooth) have not been significant. Some studies in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies have shown improved muscle endurance and body composition, yet other studies did not find significant improvements in patients with mitochondrial cytopathy. Lower-dose CrM supplementation in patients with McArdle's disease (myophosphorylase deficiency) improved exercise capacity, yet higher doses actually showed some indication of worsened function. Based upon known cellular pathologies, there are potential benefits from CrM supplementation in patients with steroid myopathy, inflammatory myopathy, myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, and fatty acid oxidation defects. Larger randomized control trials (RCT) using homogeneous patient groups and objective and clinically relevant outcome variables are needed to determine whether creatine supplementation will be of therapeutic benefit to patients with neuromuscular or neurometabolic disorders. Given the relatively low prevalence of some of the neuromuscular and neurometabolic disorders, it will be necessary to use surrogate markers of potential clinical efficacy including markers of oxidative stress, cellular energy charge, and gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine (Neurology and Rehabilitation), Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Clinic, Rm 2H26, McMaster University Medical Center, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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Braissant O, Cagnon L, Monnet-Tschudi F, Speer O, Wallimann T, Honegger P, Henry H. Ammonium alters creatine transport and synthesis in a 3D culture of developing brain cells, resulting in secondary cerebral creatine deficiency. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:1673-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wyss M, Braissant O, Pischel I, Salomons GS, Schulze A, Stockler S, Wallimann T. Creatine and creatine kinase in health and disease--a bright future ahead? Subcell Biochem 2007; 46:309-34. [PMID: 18652084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many links are reported or suspected between the functioning of creatine, phosphocreatine, the creatine kinase isoenzymes or the creatine biosynthesis enzymes on one hand, and health or disease on the other hand. The aim of the present book was to outline our current understanding on many of these links. In this chapter, we summarize the main messages and conclusions presented in this book. In addition, we refer to a number of recent publications that highlight the pleiotropy in physiological functions of creatine and creatine kinase, and which suggest that numerous discoveries on new functions of this system are still ahead of us. Finally, we present our views on the most promising future avenues of research to deepen our knowledge on creatine and creatine kinase. In particular, we elaborate on how state-of-the-art high-throughput analytical ("omics") technologies and systems biology approaches may be used successfully to unravel the complex network of interdependent physiological functions related to creatine and creatine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wyss
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Biotechnology R&D, Bldg. 203/17B, P.O. Box 3255, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Wallimann T. Introduction--creatine: cheap ergogenic supplement with great potential for health and disease. Subcell Biochem 2007; 46:1-16. [PMID: 18652069 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wallimann
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, Hönggerberg HPM-D24.1, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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