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Campesi I, Capobianco G, Cano A, Lodde V, Cruciani S, Maioli M, Sotgiu G, Idda ML, Puci MV, Ruoppolo M, Costanzo M, Caterino M, Cambosu F, Montella A, Franconi F. Stratification of Amniotic Fluid Cells and Amniotic Fluid by Sex Opens Up New Perspectives on Fetal Health. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2830. [PMID: 37893203 PMCID: PMC10604128 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amniotic fluid is essential for fetus wellbeing and is used to monitor pregnancy and predict fetal outcomes. Sex affects health and medicine from the beginning of life, but knowledge of its influence on cell-depleted amniotic fluid (AF) and amniotic fluid cells (AFCs) is still neglected. We evaluated sex-related differences in AF and in AFCs to extend personalized medicine to prenatal life. AFCs and AF were obtained from healthy Caucasian pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis at the 16th-18th week of gestation for advanced maternal age. In the AF, inflammation biomarkers (TNFα, IL6, IL8, and IL4), malondialdehyde, nitrites, amino acids, and acylcarnitines were measured. Estrogen receptors and cell fate (autophagy, apoptosis, senescence) were measured in AFCs. TNFα, IL8, and IL4 were higher in female AF, whereas IL6, nitrites, and MDA were similar. Valine was higher in male AF, whereas several acylcarnitines were sexually different, suggesting a mitochondrial involvement in establishing sex differences. Female AFCs displayed higher expression of ERα protein and a higher ERα/ERβ ratio. The ratio of LC3II/I, an index of autophagy, was higher in female AFCs, while LC3 gene was similar in both sexes. No significant sex differences were found in the expression of the lysosomal protein LAMP1, while p62 was higher in male AFCs. LAMP1 gene was upregulated in male AFCs, while p62 gene was upregulated in female ones. Finally, caspase 9 activity and senescence linked to telomeres were higher in female AFCs, while caspase 3 and β-galactosidase activities were similar. This study supports the idea that sex differences start very early in prenatal life and influence specific parameters, suggesting that it may be relevant to appreciate sex differences to cover knowledge gaps. This might lead to improving the diagnosis of risk prediction for pregnancy complications and achieving a more satisfactory monitoring of fetus health, even preventing future diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
- Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Giampiero Capobianco
- Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Cano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Valeria Lodde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Sara Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Maria Laura Idda
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Mariangela Valentina Puci
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Cambosu
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Flavia Franconi
- Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Fernández-Boyano I, Inkster AM, Yuan V, Robinson WP. eoPred: predicting the placental phenotype of early-onset preeclampsia using public DNA methylation data. Front Genet 2023; 14:1248088. [PMID: 37736302 PMCID: PMC10509376 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1248088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A growing body of literature has reported molecular and histological changes in the human placenta in association with preeclampsia (PE). Placental DNA methylation (DNAme) and transcriptomic patterns have revealed molecular subgroups of PE that are associated with placental histopathology and clinical phenotypes of the disease. However, the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of PE both across and within subtypes complicates the study of this disease. PE is most strongly associated with placental pathology and adverse fetal and maternal outcomes when it develops early in pregnancy. We focused on placentae from pregnancies affected by preeclampsia that were delivered before 34 weeks of gestation to develop eoPred, a predictor of the DNAme signature associated with the placental phenotype of early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE). Results: Public data from 83 placental samples (HM450K), consisting of 42 EOPE and 41 normotensive preterm birth (nPTB) cases, was used to develop eoPred-a supervised model that relies on a highly discriminative 45 CpG DNAme signature of EOPE in the placenta. The performance of eoPred was assessed using cross-validation (AUC = 0.95) and tested in an independent validation cohort (n = 49, AUC = 0.725). A subset of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and late-PE cases showed a similar DNAme profile at the 45 predictive CpGs, consistent with the overlap in placental pathology between these conditions. The relationship between the EOPE probability generated by eoPred and various phenotypic variables was also assessed, revealing that it is associated with gestational age, and it is not driven by cell composition differences. Conclusion: eoPred relies on a 45-CpG DNAme signature to predict a homogeneous placental phenotype of EOPE in a discrete or continuous manner. Using this classifier should 1) aid in the study of placental insufficiency and improve the consistency of future placental DNAme studies of PE, 2) facilitate identifying the placental phenotype of EOPE in public data sets and 3) importantly, standardize the placental diagnosis of EOPE to allow better cross-cohort comparisons. Lastly, classification of cases with eoPred will be useful for investigating the relationship between placental pathology and genetic or environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Fernández-Boyano
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. M. Inkster
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - V. Yuan
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W. P. Robinson
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Xu X, Ye X, Zhu M, Zhang Q, Li X, Yan J. FtMt reduces oxidative stress-induced trophoblast cell dysfunction via the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:131. [PMID: 36859279 PMCID: PMC9976428 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is a complication of pregnancy that causes long-term adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus and may even lead to death. Oxidative stress caused by the imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants in the placenta has been considered as one of the key mechanisms of preeclampsia (together with inflammation, etc.), in which the placental mitochondria play an important role. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to be increased in patients with PE. Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) is known to protect the mitochondria from oxidative stress, although its specific role in PE remains unclear. METHODS We used qRT-PCR and western blotting to detect the expression levels of FtMt, HIF-1α, and VEGF in placental tissues from patients with PE. Human chorionic trophoblast cells were also administered with hypoxia treatment, followed by the detection of cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenic capacity by CCK8, Transwell, and endothelial cell angiogenesis assays; we also detected the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in these cells. Finally, overexpression or inhibitory FtMt lentiviral vectors, along with negative control vectors, were constructed and transfected into hypoxia-treated human chorionic trophoblast cells; this was followed by analyses of cell function. RESULTS The expression levels of FtMt, HIF-1α and VEGF in the PE group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Following hypoxia, there was an increase in the expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF protein in trophoblast cells. There was also an increase in invasion ability and vascular formation ability along with a reduction in cell proliferation ability. These effects were reversed by transfecting cells with the knockout FtMt lentivirus vector. The differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Analyses showed that FtMt plays a key role in the vascular regulation of PE trophoblast cells after hypoxia possibly acting via the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. These results provide us an enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of PE and suggest that the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway represents a new target for the treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Ye
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Mengwei Zhu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jianying Yan
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
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Rodríguez-González GL, Vargas-Hernández L, Reyes-Castro LA, Ibáñez CA, Bautista CJ, Lomas-Soria C, Itani N, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Espejel-Nuñez A, Flores-Pliego A, Montoya-Estrada A, Reyes-Muñoz E, Taylor PD, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E. Resveratrol Supplementation in Obese Pregnant Rats Improves Maternal Metabolism and Prevents Increased Placental Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101871. [PMID: 36290594 PMCID: PMC9598144 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity (MO) causes maternal and fetal oxidative stress (OS) and metabolic dysfunction. We investigated whether supplementing obese mothers with resveratrol improves maternal metabolic alterations and reduces OS in the placenta and maternal and fetal liver. From weaning through pregnancy female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating until 19 days’ gestation (dG), half the rats received 20 mg resveratrol/kg/d orally (Cres and MOres). At 19dG, maternal body weight, retroperitoneal fat adipocyte size, metabolic parameters, and OS biomarkers in the placenta and liver were determined. MO mothers showed higher body weight, triglycerides and leptin serum concentrations, insulin resistance (IR), decreased small and increased large adipocytes, liver fat accumulation, and hepatic upregulation of genes related to IR and inflammatory processes. Placenta, maternal and fetal liver OS biomarkers were augmented in MO. MOres mothers showed more small and fewer large adipocytes, lower triglycerides serum concentrations, IR and liver fat accumulation, downregulation of genes related to IR and inflammatory processes, and lowered OS in mothers, placentas, and female fetal liver. Maternal resveratrol supplementation in obese rats improves maternal metabolism and reduces placental and liver OS of mothers and fetuses in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe L. Rodríguez-González
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Lilia Vargas-Hernández
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia No. 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, Mexico City 01090, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Reyes-Castro
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Carlos A. Ibáñez
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Claudia J. Bautista
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Lomas-Soria
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- CONACyT-Cátedras, Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Nozomi Itani
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London and King’s Health Partners, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez
- Research Direction, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Aurora Espejel-Nuñez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Arturo Flores-Pliego
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Araceli Montoya-Estrada
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Reyes-Muñoz
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Paul D. Taylor
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London and King’s Health Partners, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Wyoming Center for Pregnancy and Life Course Health Research, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5487-0900 (ext. 2417)
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Braun AE, Mitchel OR, Gonzalez TL, Sun T, Flowers AE, Pisarska MD, Winn VD. Sex at the interface: the origin and impact of sex differences in the developing human placenta. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:50. [PMID: 36114567 PMCID: PMC9482177 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal placenta is a source of hormones and immune factors that play a vital role in maintaining pregnancy and facilitating fetal growth. Cells in this extraembryonic compartment match the chromosomal sex of the embryo itself. Sex differences have been observed in common gestational pathologies, highlighting the importance of maternal immune tolerance to the fetal compartment. Over the past decade, several studies examining placentas from term pregnancies have revealed widespread sex differences in hormone signaling, immune signaling, and metabolic functions. Given the rapid and dynamic development of the human placenta, sex differences that exist at term (37–42 weeks gestation) are unlikely to align precisely with those present at earlier stages when the fetal–maternal interface is being formed and the foundations of a healthy or diseased pregnancy are established. While fetal sex as a variable is often left unreported in studies performing transcriptomic profiling of the first-trimester human placenta, four recent studies have specifically examined fetal sex in early human placental development. In this review, we discuss the findings from these publications and consider the evidence for the genetic, hormonal, and immune mechanisms that are theorized to account for sex differences in early human placenta. We also highlight the cellular and molecular processes that are most likely to be impacted by fetal sex and the evolutionary pressures that may have given rise to these differences. With growing recognition of the fetal origins of health and disease, it is important to shed light on sex differences in early prenatal development, as these observations may unlock insight into the foundations of sex-biased pathologies that emerge later in life. Placental sex differences exist from early prenatal development, and may help explain sex differences in pregnancy outcomes. Transcriptome profiling of early to mid-gestation placenta reveals that immune signaling is a hub of early prenatal sex differences. Differentially expressed genes between male and female placenta fall into the following functional associations: chromatin modification, transcription, splicing, translation, signal transduction, metabolic regulation, cell death and autophagy regulation, ubiquitination, cell adhesion and cell–cell interaction. Placental sex differences likely reflect the interaction of cell-intrinsic chromosome complement with extrinsic endocrine signals from the fetal compartment that accompany gonadal differentiation. Understanding the mechanisms behind sex differences in placental development and function will provide key insight into molecular targets that can be modulated to improve sex-biased obstetrical complications.
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Bînă AM, Aburel OM, Avram VF, Lelcu T, Lința AV, Chiriac DV, Mocanu AG, Bernad E, Borza C, Craina ML, Popa ZL, Muntean DM, Crețu OM. Impairment of mitochondrial respiration in platelets and placentas: a pilot study in preeclamptic pregnancies. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1987-2000. [PMID: 35389182 PMCID: PMC9206634 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a major complication of pregnancy with partially elucidated pathophysiology. Placental mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly studied as major pathomechanism in both early- and late-onset PE. Impairment of mitochondrial respiration in platelets has recently emerged as a peripheral biomarker that may mirror organ mitochondrial dysfunction in several acute and chronic pathologies. The present study was purported to assess mitochondrial respiratory dys/function in both platelets and placental mitochondria in PE pregnancies. To this aim, a high-resolution respirometry SUIT (Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor-Titration) protocol was adapted to assess complex I (glutamate + malate)- and complex II (succinate)-supported respiration. A decrease in all respiratory parameters (basal, coupled, and maximal uncoupled respiration) in peripheral platelets was found in preeclamptic as compared to healthy pregnancies. At variance, placental mitochondria showed a dichotomous behavior in preeclampsia in relation to the fetal birth weight. PE pregnancies with fetal growth restriction were associated with decreased in coupled respiration (oxidative phosphorylation/OXPHOS capacity) and maximal uncoupled respiration (electron transfer/ET capacity). At variance, these respiratory parameters were increased for both complex I- and II-supported respiration in PE pregnancies with normal weight fetuses. Large randomized controlled clinical studies are needed in order to advance our understanding of mitochondrial adaptive vs. pathological changes in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca M Bînă
- Department III Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Oana M Aburel
- Department III Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Vlad F Avram
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Department VII Internal Medicine II - Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Theia Lelcu
- Department III Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adina V Lința
- Department III Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Daniela V Chiriac
- Department XII Obstetrics and Gynecology - Obstetrics and Gynecology I, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adelina G Mocanu
- Department XII Obstetrics and Gynecology - Obstetrics and Gynecology III, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Elena Bernad
- Department XII Obstetrics and Gynecology - Obstetrics and Gynecology III, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Claudia Borza
- Department III Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Marius L Craina
- Department XII Obstetrics and Gynecology - Obstetrics and Gynecology III, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Zoran L Popa
- Department XII Obstetrics and Gynecology - Obstetrics and Gynecology III, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Danina M Muntean
- Department III Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania.
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Octavian M Crețu
- Department IX Surgery I - Surgical Semiotics I, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
- Center for Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, Timişoara, Romania
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Aye IL, Aiken CE, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GC. Placental energy metabolism in health and disease-significance of development and implications for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226:S928-S944. [PMID: 33189710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a highly metabolically active organ fulfilling the bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs to support its own rapid growth and that of the fetus. Placental metabolic dysfunction is a common occurrence in preeclampsia although its causal relationship to the pathophysiology is unclear. At the outset, this may simply be seen as an "engine out of fuel." However, placental metabolism plays a vital role beyond energy production and is linked to physiological and developmental processes. In this review, we discuss the metabolic basis for placental dysfunction and propose that the alterations in energy metabolism may explain many of the placental phenotypes of preeclampsia such as reduced placental and fetal growth, redox imbalance, oxidative stress, altered epigenetic and gene expression profiles, and the functional consequences of these aberrations. We propose that placental metabolic reprogramming reflects the dynamic physiological state allowing the tissue to adapt to developmental changes and respond to preeclampsia stress, whereas the inability to reprogram placental metabolism may result in severe preeclampsia phenotypes. Finally, we discuss common tested and novel therapeutic strategies for treating placental dysfunction in preeclampsia and their impact on placental energy metabolism as possible explanations into their potential benefits or harm.
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Quebedeaux TM, Song H, Giwa-Otusajo J, Thompson LP. Chronic Hypoxia Inhibits Respiratory Complex IV Activity and Disrupts Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Fetal Guinea Pig Forebrain. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:184-192. [PMID: 34750769 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying cause of childhood neurological disease secondary to the crucial role of mitochondria in proper neurodevelopment. We hypothesized that chronic intrauterine hypoxia (HPX) induces mitochondrial deficits by altering mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the fetal brain. Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to either normoxia (NMX, 21%O2) or HPX (10.5%O2) starting at 28-day (early onset, EO-HPX) or 50-day (late onset, LO-HPX) gestation until term (65 days). Near-term male and female fetuses were extracted from anesthetized sows, and mitochondria were isolated from excised fetal forebrains (n = 6/group). Expression of mitochondrial complex subunits I-V (CI-CV), fission (Drp-1), and fusion (Mfn-2) proteins was measured by Western blot. CI and CIV enzyme activities were measured by colorimetric assays. Chronic HPX reduced fetal body wts and increased (P < 0.05) brain/body wt ratios of both sexes. CV subunit levels were increased in EO-HPX males only and CII levels increased in LO-HPX females only compared to NMX. Both EO- and LO-HPX decreased CIV activity in both sexes but had no effect on CI activity. EO-HPX increased Drp1 and decreased Mfn2 levels in males, while LO-HPX had no effect on either protein levels. In females, both EO-HPX and LO-HPX increased Drp1 but had no effect on Mfn2 levels. Chronic HPX alters abundance and activity of select complex subunits and shifts mitochondrial dynamics toward fission in a sex-dependent manner in the fetal guinea pig brain. This may be an underlying mechanism of reduced respiratory efficiency leading to disrupted metabolism and increased vulnerability to a second neurological injury at the time of birth in HPX fetal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha M Quebedeaux
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hong Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jamiu Giwa-Otusajo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Loren P Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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9
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Christians JK. The Placenta's Role in Sexually Dimorphic Fetal Growth Strategies. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1895-1907. [PMID: 34699045 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fetal sex affects the risk of pregnancy complications and the long-term effects of prenatal environment on health. Some have hypothesized that growth strategies differ between the sexes, whereby males prioritize growth whereas females are more responsive to their environment. This review evaluates the role of the placenta in such strategies, focusing on (1) mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in gene expression, (2) the nature and extent of sexual dimorphism in placental gene expression, (3) sexually dimorphic responses to nutrient supply, and (4) sexual dimorphism in morphology and histopathology. The sex chromosomes contribute to sex differences in placental gene expression, and fetal hormones may play a role later in development. Sexually dimorphic placental gene expression may contribute to differences in the prevalence of complications such as preeclampsia, although this link is not clear. Placental responses to nutrient supply frequently show sexual dimorphism, but there is no consistent pattern where one sex is more responsive. There are sex differences in the prevalence of placental histopathologies, and placental changes in pregnancy complications, but also many similarities. Overall, no clear patterns support the hypothesis that females are more responsive to the maternal environment, or that males prioritize growth. While male fetuses are at greater risk of a variety of complications, total prenatal mortality is higher in females, such that males exposed to early insults may be more likely to survive and be observed in studies of adverse outcomes. Going forward, robust statistical approaches to test for sex-dependent effects must be more widely adopted to reduce the incidence of spurious results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. .,British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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10
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Circulating Nucleic Acids in Maternal Plasma and Serum in Pregnancy Complications: Are They Really Useful in Clinical Practice? A Systematic Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:409-431. [PMID: 32367458 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review was carried out to summarize the available evidence to assess whether circulating nucleic acids in maternal plasma and serum (CNAPS) have the potential to serve as extra and independent markers for the prediction and/or progression monitoring of the most common and severe complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, morbidly adherent placenta, gestational diabetes, antiphospholipid syndrome, threatened abortion, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and hyperemesis gravidarum. METHOD A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases was conducted to identify relevant studies that included amounts of CNAPS in the abovementioned pregnancy complications. RESULTS Eighty-three studies met the eligibility criteria. The vast majority of studies were conducted on the quantity of total circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA) and cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA), and some were conducted on messenger RNA (mRNA) species. A few studies have instead evaluated the cell free DNA fetal fraction (cfDNAff), but only in a limited number of pregnancy complications. Despite the growing interest and the abundance of the papers available, little information is available for other new CNAPS, including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and circular RNA. CONCLUSION Due to the heterogeneity of the populations enrolled, the scarcity of the studies that adjusted the CNAPS values for possible confounding factors, and the difficulty in interpreting the published data, no conclusion regarding the statistical robustness and clinical relevance of the data can be made at present. If assayed at the third trimester, the CNAPS have, however, shown better performance, and could be used in populations already at risk of developing complications as suggested by the presence of other clinical features. Other CNAPS, including miRNA, are under investigation, especially for the screening of gestational diabetes mellitus, but no data about their clinical utility are available. Circulating DNA (cfDNA, cffDNA, and cfDNAff) and mRNA have not been properly evaluated yet, especially in patients asymptomatic early in pregnancy but who developed complications later, perhaps because of the high cost of these techniques and the availability of other predictors of pregnancy complications (biochemical, biophysical, and ultrasound markers). Therefore, from the analysis of the data, the positive predictive value is not available. As regards the new CNAPS, including miRNA, there are still no sufficient data to understand if they can be promising markers for pregnancy complications monitoring and screening, since CNAPS are statistically weak and expensive. It is reasonable to currently conclude that the use of the CNAPS in clinical practice is not recommended.
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11
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Sanchez-Aranguren L, Nadeem S. Bioenergetics adaptations and redox homeostasis in pregnancy and related disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4003-4018. [PMID: 34196872 PMCID: PMC8473347 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a challenging physiological process that involves maternal adaptations to the increasing energetics demands imposed by the growing conceptus. Failure to adapt to these requirements may result in serious health complications for the mother and the baby. The mitochondria are biosynthetic and energy-producing organelles supporting the augmented energetic demands of pregnancy. Evidence suggests that placental mitochondria display a dynamic phenotype through gestation. At early stages of pregnancy placental mitochondria are mainly responsible for the generation of metabolic intermediates and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while at later stages of gestation, the placental mitochondria exhibit high rates of oxygen consumption. This review describes the metabolic fingerprint of the placental mitochondria at different stages of pregnancy and summarises key signs of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathological pregnancy conditions, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). So far, the effects of placental-driven metabolic changes governing the metabolic adaptations occurring in different maternal tissues in both, healthy and pathological pregnancies, remain to be uncovered. Understanding the function and molecular aspects of the adaptations occurring in placental and maternal tissue's mitochondria will unveil potential targets for further therapeutic exploration that could address pregnancy-related disorders. Targeting mitochondrial metabolism is an emerging approach for regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. This review will also describe the potential therapeutic use of compounds with a recognised effect on mitochondria, for the management of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Nadeem
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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12
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Linenberg I, Fornes D, Higa R, Jawerbaum A, Capobianco E. Intergenerational effects of the antioxidant Idebenone on the placentas of rats with gestational diabetes mellitus. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 104:16-26. [PMID: 34175429 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models of maternal diabetes lead to the intrauterine programming of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in the offspring, together with an intrauterine proinflammatory environment, feto-placental metabolic alterations and fetal overgrowth. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the mitochondrial antioxidant Idebenone given to F0 mild pregestational diabetic rats on the development of GDM in their F1 offspring and the intergenerational programming of a pro-oxidant/proinflammatory environment that affects the placentas of F2 fetuses. Control and mild pregestational diabetic female rats (F0) were mated with control males, and Idebenone or vehicle was administered to diabetic rats from day 1 of gestation to term. The F1 female offspring were mated with control males and maternal and fetal plasma samples were obtained for metabolic determinations at term. The F2 fetuses and placentas were weighed, and placental protein levels and peroxynitrite-induced damage (immunohistochemistry), mRNA levels (PCR), nitric oxide production (Griess reaction), and number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) were evaluated. The F1 offspring of F0 diabetic rats (treated or not with Idebenone) developed GDM. The placentas of GDM rats showed a decrease in the mRNA levels of manganese superoxide dismutase and an increase in the production of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite-induced damage, and connective tissue growth factor levels, alterations that were prevented by the maternal Idebenone treatment in F0 rats. In conclusion, the maternal treatment with Idebenone in pregestational diabetic F0 rats ameliorates the pro-oxidant/proinflammatory environment that affects the placentas of F2 fetuses, although it does not prevent F1 rats from developing GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Linenberg
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Fornes
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Higa
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165961. [PMID: 32916282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome with multisystem involvement which leads to foetal, neonatal, and maternal morbidity and mortality. This syndrome is characterized by the onset of clinical signs and symptoms and delivery before (early-onset preeclampsia, eoPE), or after (late-onset preeclampsia, loPE), the 34 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia is a mitochondrial disorder where its differential involvement in eoPE and loPE is unclear. Mitochondria regulate cell metabolism and are a significant source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The syncytiotrophoblast in eoPE and loPE show altered mitochondrial structure and function resulting in ROS overproduction, oxidative stress, and cell damage and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction in eoPE may result from altered expression of several molecules, including dynamin-related protein 1 and mitofusins, compared with loPE where these factors are either reduced or unaltered. Equally, mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics seem differentially modulated in eoPE and loPE. It is unclear whether the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are differentially altered in these two subgroups of preeclampsia. However, the activity of complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) and the expression of essential proteins involved in the electron transport chain are reduced, leading to lower oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial respiration in the preeclamptic placenta. Interventional studies in patients with preeclampsia using the coenzyme Q10, a key molecule in the electron transport chain, suggest that agents that increase the antioxidative capacity of the placenta may be protective against preeclampsia development. In this review, the mitochondrial dysfunction in both eoPE and loPE is summarized. Therapeutic approaches are discussed in the context of contributing to the understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in eoPE and loPE.
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Arumugasaamy N, Rock KD, Kuo CY, Bale TL, Fisher JP. Microphysiological systems of the placental barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:161-175. [PMID: 32858104 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods to evaluate maternal-fetal transport across the placental barrier have generally involved clinical observations after-the-fact, ex vivo perfused placenta studies, or in vitro Transwell assays. Given the ethical and technical limitations in these approaches, and the drive to understand fetal development through the lens of transport-induced injury, such as with the examples of thalidomide and Zika Virus, efforts to develop novel approaches to study these phenomena have expanded in recent years. Notably, within the past 10 years, placental barrier models have been developed using hydrogel, bioreactor, organ-on-a-chip, and bioprinting approaches. In this review, we discuss the biology of the placental barrier and endeavors to recapitulate this barrier in vitro using these approaches. We also provide analysis of current limitations to drug discovery in this context, and end with a future outlook.
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15
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Metabolic reprogramming by Zika virus provokes inflammation in human placenta. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2967. [PMID: 32528049 PMCID: PMC7290035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) was associated with birth defects and pregnancy loss when maternal infection occurs in early pregnancy, but specific mechanisms driving placental insufficiency and subsequent ZIKV-mediated pathogenesis remain unclear. Here we show, using large scale metabolomics, that ZIKV infection reprograms placental lipidome by impairing the lipogenesis pathways. ZIKV-induced metabolic alterations provide building blocks for lipid droplet biogenesis and intracellular membrane rearrangements to support viral replication. Furthermore, lipidome reprogramming by ZIKV is paralleled by the mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory immune imbalance, which contribute to placental damage. In addition, we demonstrate the efficacy of a commercially available inhibitor in limiting ZIKV infection, provides a proof-of-concept for blocking congenital infection by targeting metabolic pathways. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insights on how ZIKV targets essential hubs of the lipid metabolism that may lead to placental dysfunction and loss of barrier function. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of pregnant women is associated with pregnancy loss and birth defects, but molecular insights for the aetiology are scarce. Here the authors show that ZIKV reprograms the host lipidome to facilitate viral replication, induce mitochondria dysfunction, and cause immune imbalance, thereby identifying a potential target for ZIKV therapy.
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16
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Mitochondrial function in immune cells in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165845. [PMID: 32473386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the main functions of mitochondria is production of ATP for cellular energy needs, however, it becomes more recognized that mitochondria are involved in differentiation and activation processes of immune cells. Upon activation, immune cells have a high need for energy. Immune cells have different strategies to generate this energy. In pro-inflammatory cells, such as activated monocytes and activated T and B cells, the energy is generated by increasing glycolysis, while in regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells or M2 macrophages, energy is generated by increasing mitochondrial function and beta-oxidation. Except for being important for energy supply during activation, mitochondria also induce immune responses. During an infection, they release mitochondrial danger associated molecules (DAMPs) that resemble structures of bacterial derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such mitochondrial DAMPS are for instance mitochondrial DNA with hypomethylated CpG motifs or a specific lipid that is only present in prokaryotic bacteria and mitochondria, i.e. cardiolipin. Via release of such DAMPs, mitochondria guide the immune response towards an inflammatory response against pathogens. This is an important mechanism in early detection of an infection and in stimulating and sustaining immune responses to fight infections. However, mitochondrial DAMPs may also have a negative impact. If mitochondrial DAMPs are released by damaged cells, without the presence of an infection, such as after a trauma, mitochondrial DAMPs may induce an undesired inflammatory response, resulting in tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Thus, immune cells have developed mechanisms to prevent such undesired immune activation by mitochondrial components. In the present narrative review, we will describe the current view of mitochondria in regulation of immune responses. We will also discuss the current knowledge on disturbed mitochondrial function in immune cells in various immunological diseases.
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Impact of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia on fetal gender: A large prospective cohort study in China. Pregnancy Hypertens 2019; 18:132-136. [PMID: 31610399 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggested an association between fetal sex preponderance and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, but the conclusions were inconsistent. Our objective was to investigate whether the occurrence of gestational hypertensive disorders would affect the possibility of delivering boys. METHODS Data were obtained from the China-US Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defects Prevention, a large population-based cohort study. We included participants who were registered in 2 southern Chinese provinces, and whose information of blood pressure and sex delivery were recorded in detailed. Blood pressure was measured during pregnancy by trained health care workers and other health-related information was recorded prospectively. We used log-binomial regression to evaluate the association between gestational hypertension or preeclampsia and the chance of male delivery. RESULTS Among 205,605 singleton pregnancy women, the overall incidences of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were 9.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The prevalence of male delivery was 51.1% and 50.2% in the groups of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, while in the normotension group was 52.0%. After adjustment for the effects of the main potential confounders, women with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia both showed significantly decreased probability of giving birth to a boy. The adjusted risk ratios (RRs) were 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97-0.99) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a slight but significant association between gestational hypertension or preeclampsia and decreased likelihood of male delivery.
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18
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Hastie R, Brownfoot FC, Pritchard N, Hannan NJ, Cannon P, Nguyen V, Palmer K, Beard S, Tong S, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ. EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) Signaling and the Mitochondria Regulate sFlt-1 (Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1) Secretion. Hypertension 2019; 73:659-670. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Hastie
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Fiona C. Brownfoot
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Natasha Pritchard
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Natalie J. Hannan
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Ping Cannon
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Vi Nguyen
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Kirsten Palmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (K.P.)
| | - Sally Beard
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Stephen Tong
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
| | - Tu’uhevaha J. Kaitu’u-Lino
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
- Mercy Perinatal, Research Department, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (R.H., F.C.B., N.P., N.J.H., P.C., V.N., S.B., S.T., T.J.K.-L.)
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Trophoblast-Specific Expression of Hif-1α Results in Preeclampsia-Like Symptoms and Fetal Growth Restriction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2742. [PMID: 30808910 PMCID: PMC6391498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an essential organ that is formed during pregnancy and its proper development is critical for embryonic survival. While several animal models have been shown to exhibit some of the pathological effects present in human preeclampsia, these models often do not represent the physiological aspects that have been identified. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α) is a necessary component of the cellular oxygen-sensing machinery and has been implicated as a major regulator of trophoblast differentiation. Elevated levels of Hif-1α in the human placenta have been linked to the development of pregnancy-associated disorders, such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. As oxygen regulation is a critical determinant for placentogenesis, we determined the effects of constitutively active Hif-1α, specifically in trophoblasts, on mouse placental development in vivo. Our research indicates that prolonged expression of trophoblast-specific Hif-1α leads to a significant decrease in fetal birth weight. In addition, we noted significant physiological alterations in placental differentiation that included reduced branching morphogenesis, alterations in maternal and fetal blood spaces, and failure to remodel the maternal spiral arteries. These placental alterations resulted in subsequent maternal hypertension with parturitional resolution and maternal kidney glomeruloendotheliosis with accompanying proteinuria, classic hallmarks of preeclampsia. Our findings identify Hif-1α as a critical molecular mediator of placental development and indicate that prolonged expression of Hif-1α, explicitly in placental trophoblasts causes maternal pathology and establishes a mouse model that significantly recapitulates the physiological and pathophysiological characteristics of preeclampsia with fetal growth restriction.
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Hart B, Morgan E, Alejandro EU. Nutrient sensor signaling pathways and cellular stress in fetal growth restriction. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R155-R165. [PMID: 30400060 PMCID: PMC6443503 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction is one of the most common obstetrical complications resulting in significant perinatal morbidity and mortality. The most frequent etiology of human singleton fetal growth restriction is placental insufficiency, which occurs secondary to reduced utero-placental perfusion, abnormal placentation, impaired trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling, resulting in altered nutrient and oxygen transport. Two nutrient-sensing proteins involved in placental development and glucose and amino acid transport are mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), which are both regulated by availability of oxygen. Impairment in either of these pathways is associated with fetal growth restriction and accompanied by cellular stress in the forms of hypoxia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, metabolic dysfunction and nutrient starvation in the placenta. Recent evidence has emerged regarding the potential impact of nutrient sensors on fetal stress response, which occurs in a sexual dysmorphic manner, indicating a potential element of genetic gender susceptibility to fetal growth restriction. In this mini review, we focus on the known role of mTOR and OGT in placental development, nutrient regulation and response to cellular stress in human fetal growth restriction with supporting evidence from rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Hart
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Morgan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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21
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Song H, Telugu BP, Thompson LP. Sexual dimorphism of mitochondrial function in the hypoxic guinea pig placenta. Biol Reprod 2019; 100:208-216. [PMID: 30085007 PMCID: PMC6335207 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental hypoxia can stimulate oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction reducing placental efficiency and inducing fetal growth restriction (FGR). We hypothesized that chronic hypoxia inhibits mitochondrial function in the placenta as an underlying cause of cellular mechanisms contributing to FGR. Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to either normoxia (NMX) or hypoxia (HPX; 10.5% O2) at 25 day gestation until term (65 day). Guinea pigs were anesthetized, and fetuses and placentas were excised at either mid (40 day) or late gestation (64 day), weighed, and placental tissue stored at -80°C until assayed. Mitochondrial DNA content, protein expression of respiratory Complexes I-V, and nitration and activity rates of Complexes I and IV were measured in NMX and HPX male (N = 6 in each treatment) and female (N = 6 in each treatment) placentas. Mitochondrial density was not altered by HPX in either mid- or late-term placentas. In mid gestation, HPX slightly increased expression of Complexes I-III and V in male placentas only, but had no effect on either Complex I or IV activity rates or nitrotyrosine expression. In late gestation, HPX significantly decreased CI/CIV activity rates and increased CI/CIV nitration in male but not female placentas exhibiting a sexual dimorphism. Complex I-V expression was reduced from mid to late gestation in both male and female placentas regardless of treatment. We conclude that chronic HPX decreases mitochondrial function by inhibiting Complex I/IV activity via increased peroxynitrite in a sex-related manner. Further, there may be a progressive decrease in energy metabolism of placental cell types with gestation that increases the vulnerability of placental function to intrauterine stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhanu P Telugu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
- Animal and Avian Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Loren P Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Illsley NP, Baumann MU. Human placental glucose transport in fetoplacental growth and metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1866:165359. [PMID: 30593896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While efficient glucose transport is essential for all cells, in the case of the human placenta, glucose transport requirements are two-fold; provision of glucose for the growing fetus in addition to the supply of glucose required the changing metabolic needs of the placenta itself. The rapidly evolving environment of placental cells over gestation has significant consequences for the development of glucose transport systems. The two-fold transport requirement of the placenta means also that changes in expression will have effects not only for the placenta but also for fetal growth and metabolism. This review will examine the localization, function and evolution of placental glucose transport systems as they are altered with fetal development and the transport and metabolic changes observed in pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Illsley
- Center for Abnormal Placentation, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
| | - Marc U Baumann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Yadeta TA, Worku A, Egata G, Seyoum B, Marami D, Berhane Y. Maternal group B Streptococcus recto vaginal colonization increases the odds of stillbirth: evidence from Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:410. [PMID: 30340553 PMCID: PMC6194672 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes a significant number of stillbirths. Despite this, there is little documented information on the association between stillbirth and pregnant women’s GBS recto vaginal colonization in Sub Saharan Africa. As such, this study was aimed at identifying the association between stillbirth and pregnant women’s GBS recto vaginal colonization in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1688 pregnant women who came for delivery service in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia between June to October in 2016. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and checklist (which utilize clinical record). Group B streptococcus positivity of the pregnant women was confirmed by culture of recto vaginal swab using selective media. The association between GBS colonization and stillbirth was examined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. A statistical significance was declared at p-value ≤0.05. Results Of the 1688 pregnant women who participated in the study, 144 had stillbirths, representing a prevalence of 8.53% [(95% CI: (7.19, 9.86)]. Group B Streptococcus colonization at birth was detected in 231 women (13.68%; 95% CI 12.04, 15.32). Of these 144 stillbirths 59 (40.97%) were from colonized mothers and 72(59.03%) were from non-colonized mothers. Of these 59 stillbirth from colonized mothers, 32(54.23%) were intrapartum stillbirth, 27(45.77%) were antepartum stillbirth occur before exposed to intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). After controlling for potential confounders, the odds of having a stillbirth were 8.93 times higher among recto vaginal GBS colonized pregnant women [AOR = 8.93; 95% CI; (5.47, 14.56)]. Conclusions This study demonstrated a significant association between maternal recto vaginal GBS colonization and stillbirth. Efforts to reduce stillbirth need to consider prevention of GBS colonization among pregnant women. Maternal vaccination may provide a feasible strategy to reduce stillbirth due to GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. .,School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Egata
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Seyoum
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dadi Marami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Department of Epidemiology, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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24
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Covarrubias AE, Lecarpentier E, Lo A, Salahuddin S, Gray KJ, Karumanchi SA, Zsengellér ZK. AP39, a Modulator of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Reduces Antiangiogenic Response and Oxidative Stress in Hypoxia-Exposed Trophoblasts: Relevance for Preeclampsia Pathogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:104-114. [PMID: 30315766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the cause of preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity, has not been fully characterized, placental ischemia attributable to impaired spiral artery remodeling and abnormal secretion of antiangiogenic factors are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Placental ischemia could impair trophoblast mitochondrial function and energy production, leading to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS have been shown to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, which, in turn, may induce transcription of antiangiogenic factors, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1), and soluble endoglin in trophoblasts. Herein, we tested whether the angiogenic imbalance and oxidative stress in the preeclamptic placenta may be prevented by improving mitochondrial function. First, to evaluate the cause-effect relationship between mitochondrial function and sFLT1 production, a human trophoblast primary cell culture model was established in which hypoxia induced mitochondrial ROS production and concurrent sFLT1 increase. Second, treatment with AP39, a novel mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide donor, prevented ROS production, reduced HIF-1α protein levels, and diminished sFLT1 production. Finally, AP39, a modulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics enhanced cytochrome c oxidase activity, reversed oxidative stress and antiangiogenic response in hypoxic trophoblasts. These results suggest that placental hypoxia induces ROS production, HIF-1α stabilization, and sFLT1 up-regulation; these pathophysiological alterations can be attenuated by mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambart E Covarrubias
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Health Sciences, University San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edouard Lecarpentier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine of Créteil University Paris Est Créteil-Paris XII and Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Agnes Lo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saira Salahuddin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn J Gray
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zsuzsanna K Zsengellér
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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25
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Heim KR, Mulla MJ, Potter JA, Han CS, Guller S, Abrahams VM. Excess glucose induce trophoblast inflammation and limit cell migration through HMGB1 activation of Toll-Like receptor 4. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13044. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Heim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Melissa J. Mulla
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Julie A. Potter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Christina S. Han
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Vikki M. Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
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26
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Familari M, Cronqvist T, Masoumi Z, Hansson SR. Placenta-derived extracellular vesicles: their cargo and possible functions. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:433-447. [PMID: 26411402 DOI: 10.1071/rd15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on extracellular vesicles consists of rapidly expanding and often contradictory information. In this paper we attempt to review what is currently known regarding extracellular vesicles released specifically from human placental syncytiotrophoblast cells with a focus on the common but complex pregnancy-associated syndrome pre-eclampsia, where the level of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicle release is significantly increased. We review common methods for syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicle derivation and isolation and we discuss the cargo of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles including proteins, RNA and lipids and their possible functions. A meta-analysis of available trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicle proteomic datasets revealed only three proteins in common: albumin, fibronectin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, suggesting some variability in vesicle cargo, most likely reflecting stage and cell type of origin. We discuss the possible sources of variability that may have led to the low number of common markers, which has led us to speculate that markers and density in common use may not be strict criteria for identifying and isolating placenta-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Familari
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Tina Cronqvist
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikgatan 28, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zahra Masoumi
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikgatan 28, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan R Hansson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikgatan 28, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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27
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Ducsay CA, Goyal R, Pearce WJ, Wilson S, Hu XQ, Zhang L. Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1241-1334. [PMID: 29717932 PMCID: PMC6088145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is multidimensional involving complicated intracellular networks concerned with the transduction of hypoxia-induced responses. Of all the stresses to which the fetus and newborn infant are subjected, perhaps the most important and clinically relevant is that of hypoxia. Hypoxia during gestation impacts both the mother and fetal development through interactions with an individual's genetic traits acquired over multiple generations by natural selection and changes in gene expression patterns by altering the epigenetic code. Changes in the epigenome determine "genomic plasticity," i.e., the ability of genes to be differentially expressed according to environmental cues. The genomic plasticity defined by epigenomic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs during development is the mechanistic substrate for phenotypic programming that determines physiological response and risk for healthy or deleterious outcomes. This review explores the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development, and epigenetic mechanisms of developmental plasticity with emphasis on the uteroplacental circulation, heart development, cerebral circulation, pulmonary development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adipose tissue. The complex molecular and epigenetic interactions that may impact an individual's physiology and developmental programming of health and disease later in life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ducsay
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ravi Goyal
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J. Pearce
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Sean Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xiang-Qun Hu
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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28
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Muralimanoharan S, Kwak YT, Mendelson CR. Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factor NRF2 Enhances Trophoblast Differentiation via Induction of miR-1246 and Aromatase. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2022-2033. [PMID: 29546425 PMCID: PMC5905392 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of human trophoblast invasion and differentiation with placental hypoxia can result in preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Herein, we characterized the role and regulation of miR-1246, which is markedly induced during human syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. miR-1246 targets GSK3β and AXIN2, inhibitors of WNT/β-catenin signaling, which is crucial for placental development, and is predicted to target JARID2, which promotes silencing of developmentally regulated genes. Human cytotrophoblasts cultured in 20% O2 spontaneously differentiate to syncytiotrophoblast with induction of hCYP191A/aromatase, a marker of differentiation. miR-1246 was induced >150-fold during syncytiotrophoblast differentiation in 20% O2, whereas targets-GSK3β, AXIN2, and JARID2-were significantly decreased. However, when cytotrophoblasts were cultured in 2% O2, miR-1246 and aromatase induction were prevented. miR-1246 was significantly decreased in placentas of women with severe preeclampsia, whereas AXIN2, GSK3β, and JARID2 were increased, compared with normotensive subjects. To identify factors that regulate miR-1246, we investigated the redox-regulated transcription factor NRF2, which has predicted binding sites in the miR-1246 promoter. Intriguingly, NRF2 messenger RNA was upregulated during syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and significantly reduced by hypoxia and in preeclamptic placentas. Moreover, NRF2 knockdown in cytotrophoblasts inhibited induction of miR-1246 and hCYP19A1, as well as transcription factors C/EBPβ and PPARγ, which are implicated in placental differentiation. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we found that binding of endogenous NRF2 to the miR-1246 and hCYP191A promoters increased during syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. Thus, NRF2 promotes syncytiotrophoblast differentiation by inducing C/EBPβ, PPARγ, hCYP19A1, and miR-1246, which targets WNT inhibitors and JARID2 and is dysregulated in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youn-Tae Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carole R Mendelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: Carole R. Mendelson, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. E-mail:
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29
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Single-step PCR-based genetic sex determination of rat tissues and cells. Biotechniques 2017; 62:232-233. [PMID: 28528577 DOI: 10.2144/000114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of genome editing strategies has expanded the range of animal models available for gene manipulation and renewed research interest in the rat. Gender is a key variable for in vivo gene function analyses. Here, we present a simple PCR-based method to determine genetic sex in the rat.
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30
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Popova TA, Perfilova VN, Zhakupova GA, Verovsky VE, Ostrovskij OV, Tyurenkov IN. [The effect of sulodexide on placental mitochondria function in rats with experimental preeclampsia]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 62:572-576. [PMID: 27797333 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166205572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of drinking water for 1.8% NaCl in pregnant rats caused a pronounced increase in arterial pressure by 24,3% and urinary protein by 117% to day 21 of pregnancy. State 4 respiration of isolated placental mitochondria in the group of negative control was 3- and 1.5-fold higher with malate/glutamate and succinate as substrates than in placental mitochondria isolated from uncomplicated pregnant animals. This led to a decrease of the respiratory control ratio. These results suggest that development of experimental preeclampsia is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction through uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Daily administration of sulodexide to females with experimental preeclampsia (EP) per os at a dose of 30 LE during the whole period of gestation decreased manifestations of the disease as evidenced by a slight increase in blood pressure (by 8,6%) and less pronounces increase in urinary protein (by 58,9%). Sulodexide decreased development of mitochondrial dysfunction in EP rats as shown a decrease of non-stimulated ADP respiration with malate/glutamate and succinate (4.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively) as compared with the negative control group and the corresponding increase in the respiratory control ratio (2.5- and 1.5-fold, respectively). Thus, sulodexide reduces uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and enhances the functional activity of mitochondria in EP animals, possibly due to its antioxidant and endotelioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Popova
- Volgograd State Medical University,Volgograd, Russia
| | - V N Perfilova
- Volgograd State Medical University,Volgograd, Russia
| | - G A Zhakupova
- Volgograd State Medical University,Volgograd, Russia
| | - V E Verovsky
- Volgograd State Medical University,Volgograd, Russia
| | | | - I N Tyurenkov
- Volgograd State Medical University,Volgograd, Russia
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31
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Cheong JN, Cuffe JSM, Jefferies AJ, Anevska K, Moritz KM, Wlodek ME. Sex-Specific Metabolic Outcomes in Offspring of Female Rats Born Small or Exposed to Stress During Pregnancy. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4104-4120. [PMID: 27571133 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Low birth weight increases adult metabolic disease risk in both the first (F1) and second (F2) generation. Physiological stress during pregnancy in F1 females that were born small induces F2 fetal growth restriction, but the long-term metabolic health of these F2 offspring is unknown. Uteroplacental insufficiency (restricted) or sham (control) surgery was performed in F0 rats. F1 females (control, restricted) were allocated to unstressed or stressed pregnancies. F2 offspring exposed to maternal stress in utero had reduced birth weight. At 6 months, F2 stressed males had elevated fasting glucose. In contrast, F2 restricted males had reduced pancreatic β-cell mass. Interestingly, these metabolic deficits were not present at 12 month. F2 males had increased adrenal mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and IGF-1 receptor when their mothers were born small or exposed to stress during pregnancy. Stressed control F2 males had increased expression of adrenal genes that regulate androgen signaling at 6 months, whereas expression increased in restricted male and female offspring at 12 months. F2 females from stressed mothers had lower area under the glucose curve during glucose tolerance testing at 12 months compared with unstressed females but were otherwise unaffected. If F1 mothers were either born small or exposed to stress during her pregnancy, F2 offspring had impaired physiological outcomes in a sex- and age-specific manner. Importantly, stress during pregnancy did not exacerbate disease risk in F2 offspring of mothers born small, suggesting that they independently program disease in offspring through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Cheong
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew J Jefferies
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Cheong JN, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM, Cuffe JSM. Programming of maternal and offspring disease: impact of growth restriction, fetal sex and transmission across generations. J Physiol 2016; 594:4727-40. [PMID: 26970222 PMCID: PMC5009791 DOI: 10.1113/jp271745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Babies born small are at an increased risk of developing myriad adult diseases. While growth restriction increases disease risk in all individuals, often a second hit is required to unmask 'programmed' impairments in physiology. Programmed disease outcomes are demonstrated more commonly in male offspring compared with females, with these sex-specific outcomes partly attributed to different placenta-regulated growth strategies of the male and female fetus. Pregnancy is known to be a major risk factor for unmasking a number of conditions and can be considered a 'second hit' for women who were born small. As such, female offspring often develop impairments of physiology for the first time during pregnancy that present as pregnancy complications. Numerous maternal stressors can further increase the risk of developing a maternal complication during pregnancy. Importantly, these maternal complications can have long-term consequences for both the mother after pregnancy and the developing fetus. Conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and hypertension as well as thyroid, liver and kidney diseases are all conditions that can complicate pregnancy and have long-term consequences for maternal and offspring health. Babies born to mothers who develop these conditions are often at a greater risk of developing disease in adulthood. This has implications as a mechanism for transmission of disease across generations. In this review, we discuss the evidence surrounding long-term intergenerational implications of being born small and/or experiencing stress during pregnancy on programming outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Cheong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Maric-Bilkan C, Arnold AP, Taylor DA, Dwinell M, Howlett SE, Wenger N, Reckelhoff JF, Sandberg K, Churchill G, Levin E, Lundberg MS. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Sex Differences Research in Cardiovascular Disease: Scientific Questions and Challenges. Hypertension 2016; 67:802-7. [PMID: 26975706 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Maric-Bilkan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.).
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Doris A Taylor
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Melinda Dwinell
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Susan E Howlett
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Nanette Wenger
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Jane F Reckelhoff
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Gary Churchill
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Ellis Levin
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.)
| | - Martha S Lundberg
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.M.-B., M.S.L.); Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.D.); Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (S.E.H.); Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.E.H.); Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (N.W.); Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.); Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.); The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME (G.C.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine (E.L.).
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Rivero Osimani VL, Valdez SR, Guiñazú N, Magnarelli G. Alteration of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the placenta of rural residents. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:47-57. [PMID: 26939719 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of environmental organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure on respiratory complexes, enzymatic antioxidant defense activities, and oxidative damage markers in the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast mitochondria was evaluated. Placental progesterone (PG) levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were studied. Samples from women non-exposed (control group-CG) and women living in a rural area (rural group-RG) were collected during pesticide spraying season (RG-SS) and non-spraying season (RG-NSS). In RG-SS, the exposure biomarker placental carboxylesterase decreased and syncytiotrophoblast cytochrome c oxidase activity increased, while 4-hydroxynonenal levels decreased. PG levels decreased in RG-SS and in the RG. Nitric oxide synthase expression decreased in RG, RG-SS and RG-NSS. No significant changes in mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activities were found. These results suggest that the alteration of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondrial complex IV activity and steroidogenic function may be associated to pesticide exposure. Reduction in placental PG and eNOS expression may account for low newborn weight in RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria L Rivero Osimani
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Susana R Valdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; IMBECU-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazú
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Gladis Magnarelli
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
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Capobianco E, Fornes D, Linenberg I, Powell TL, Jansson T, Jawerbaum A. A novel rat model of gestational diabetes induced by intrauterine programming is associated with alterations in placental signaling and fetal overgrowth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:221-232. [PMID: 26747729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A family history of diabetes predisposes to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that female offspring of rats with pre-gestational diabetes will develop GDM, a pathology associated with fetal overgrowth and altered placental signaling. We found normal glycemia and insulinemia in the offspring from pre-gestational diabetic rats at three months of age. However, consistent with GDM, maternal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and increased fetal weight were evident when compared to controls. In this intrauterine programmed GDM model, the placentas showed alterations in mTOR pathway: unchanged phosphorylation of 4EBP-1 and PKCα despite reduced total expression of 4EBP-1 and PKCα, and increased phosphorylation of SGK1. GDM placentas also showed reduced expression of PPARα and PPARγ, and increased lipoperoxidation, nitric oxide production and peroxynitrite-induced damage. We conclude that exposure of maternal diabetes in utero programs GDM in the female offspring, leading to a GDM model associated with impaired placental signaling pathways, increased pro-oxidant/pro-inflammatory environment and fetal overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Fornes
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Linenberg
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Endothelial cell dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy in the STOX1 model of preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19196. [PMID: 26758611 PMCID: PMC4725931 DOI: 10.1038/srep19196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a disease of pregnancy involving systemic endothelial dysfunction. However, cardiovascular consequences of preeclampsia are difficult to analyze in humans. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the cardiovascular dysfunction induced by preeclampsia by examining the endothelium of mice suffering of severe preeclampsia induced by STOX1 overexpression. Using Next Generation Sequencing on endothelial cells of mice carrying either transgenic or control embryos, we discovered significant alterations of gene networks involved in inflammation, cell cycle, and cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, the heart of the preeclamptic mice revealed cardiac hypertrophy associated with histological anomalies. Bioinformatics comparison of the networks of modified genes in the endothelial cells of the preeclamptic mice and HUVECs exposed to plasma from preeclamptic women identified striking similarities. The cardiovascular alterations in the pregnant mice are comparable to those endured by the cardiovascular system of preeclamptic women. The STOX1 mice could help to better understand the endothelial dysfunction in the context of preeclampsia, and guide the search for efficient therapies able to protect the maternal endothelium during the disease and its aftermath.
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Zheng Q, Deng Y, Zhong S, Shi Y. Human chorionic gonadotropin, fetal sex and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A nested case-control study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6:17-21. [PMID: 26955766 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and fetal sex are two independent risk factors for hypertensive pregnancy in the early second-trimester of pregnancy. METHODS This was a retrospective nested case-control study based on a cohort of 2521 singleton pregnancies, among whom we recruited 98 hypertensive pregnancies (subdivided into severe preeclampsia, n=34; mild preeclampsia, n=29 and gestational hypertension, n=35) and 196 normotensive pregnancies. Maternal serum HCG levels were measured at 15-20 weeks of gestation and fetal sex was determined from the neonatal record. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were performed to assess differences of HCG levels and fetal sex between groups. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the effect of HCG and fetal sex on hypertensive pregnancy. RESULTS There were 35 male and 63 female fetuses in the hypertensive group, and 102 male and 94 female fetuses in the normotensive group (p=0.008). HCG (MoM) levels were significantly higher in only severe preeclamptic pregnancies (n=34) (p=0.013). There were no significant differences of the HCG (MoM) levels between male and female fetuses in each sub-group. aOR for increased maternal HCG levels and female fetus were 2.4 (95% CI: 1.434-3.954) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.227-6.661) respectively in severe preeclamptic pregnancies compared with normotensive pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS There is a female preponderance in hypertensive pregnancies. Increased HCG levels and female fetus are two independent risk factors for severe preeclampsia in the early second-trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynaecology Diagnostic Technology Research, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shilin Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
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Mandò C, Calabrese S, Mazzocco MI, Novielli C, Anelli GM, Antonazzo P, Cetin I. Sex specific adaptations in placental biometry of overweight and obese women. Placenta 2015; 38:1-7. [PMID: 26907375 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental biometry at birth has been shown to predict chronic disease in later life. We hypothesized that maternal overweight/obesity, a state of low-grade inflammation and risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome, could negatively influence placental development and that differences would be sex-specific. METHODS 696 women (537 normal-weight, NW; 112 overweight, OW; 47 obese, OB) with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies were prospectively enrolled at term delivery. Gestational age, maternal (age, height, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain -GWG, hemoglobin, hematocrit and glycemia), fetal (weight, length, ponderal index, cranial circumference) and placental (weight, diameters) data were collected. Placental area, thickness and efficiency (fetal/placental weight ratio, F/P) were calculated. RESULTS GWG was within standard recommendations in OB, while OW exceeded it. Placental weight was significantly higher in OW versus NW, but not in OB, leading to significantly higher placental thickness and lower F/P in this group. In the total population, a significant interaction effect between maternal BMI and fetal sex on placental weight and efficiency was found. Indeed, differences in placental parameters were present only in female offspring. DISCUSSION In our population of OW and OB uncomplicated pregnancies only OW women, presenting GWG over standard recommendations, had thicker and less efficient placentas. We also reported different placental adaptation depending on fetal sex, with significant changes only in female fetuses. This may be part of a female-specific strategy aiming to ensure survival if another adverse event occurs. Customized counseling according to maternal BMI and fetal sex should be evaluated in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mandò
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefania Calabrese
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Ilaria Mazzocco
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Novielli
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Anelli
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizio Antonazzo
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
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Gray C, Vickers MH, Dyson RM, Reynolds CM, Berry MJ. Magnesium sulfate has sex-specific, dose-dependent vasodilator effects on preterm placental vessels. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:22. [PMID: 26543552 PMCID: PMC4634574 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women at risk of preterm delivery receive magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in the pre-delivery phase to reduce their child’s risk of neurodevelopmental complications associated with preterm birth. However, the mechanisms underpinning its placental vascular role remain uncertain. Methods The aim of this study was to examine MgSO4 action on vascular tone in male and female human placental vessels from term and preterm deliveries. Vessels were obtained from placental biopsy following birth at term (37–41 weeks) or preterm gestation (<36 weeks of gestation). The vessels were mounted on a pressure myograph, pre-constricted with synthetic endoperoxide prostaglandin PGH2 (U46619) (0.1–100 μmol/l), and percentage of relaxation was calculated following incubation with bradykinin. Experiments were carried out in the presence of MgSO4 (0.2 mmol/l), NΨ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (0.1 mmol/l), indomethacin (10 μmol/l), Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker TRAM-34 (1 μM) and apamin (3 μM) to assess mechanisms of vascular function. Vascular [calcium ions (Ca2+)] was analysed using a colorimetric calcium assay. Results Vasodilation in vessels from preterm males was significantly blunted in the presence of MgSO4 when compared to preterm female and term male and female vessels. Overall, MgSO4 was observed to differentially modulate placental vascular tone and vascular calcium concentrations in a sex-specific manner. Conclusions As MgSO4 regulates human placental blood flow via specific pathways, foetal sex-specific MgSO4 treatment regimes may be necessary. In an era of increasing awareness of individualised medicine, sex-specific effects may be of importance when developing strategies to optimise care in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand ; Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand ; Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand ; Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand ; Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine and IHMRI, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mary J Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand ; Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand ; Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
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Mouillet JF, Ouyang Y, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y. MicroRNAs in placental health and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S163-72. [PMID: 26428496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of small noncoding RNAs that are encoded by the genomes of most organisms. They regulate gene expression through posttranscriptional mechanisms to attenuate protein output in various genetic networks. The discovery of miRNAs has transformed our understanding of gene regulation and sparked intense efforts intended to harness their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic tools. Over the last decade, a flurry of studies has shed light on placental miRNAs but has also raised many questions regarding the scope of their biologic action. Moreover, the recognition that miRNAs of placental origin are released continually in the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy suggested that circulating miRNAs might serve as biomarkers for placental function during pregnancy. Although this generated much enthusiasm, recently recognized challenges have delayed the application of miRNA-based biomarkers and therapeutics in clinical practice. In this review, we summarize key findings in the field and discuss current knowledge related to miRNAs in the context of placental biology.
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