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Chrysostomou E, Mourikis P. The extracellular matrix niche of muscle stem cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 158:123-150. [PMID: 38670702 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Preserving the potency of stem cells in adult tissues is very demanding and relies on the concerted action of various cellular and non-cellular elements in a precise stoichiometry. This balanced microenvironment is found in specific anatomical "pockets" within the tissue, known as the stem cell niche. In this review, we explore the interplay between stem cells and their niches, with a primary focus on skeletal muscle stem cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Quiescent muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells are active producers of a diverse array of ECM molecules, encompassing major constituents like collagens, laminins, and integrins, some of which are explored in this review. The conventional perception of ECM as merely a structural scaffold is evolving. Collagens can directly interact as ligands with receptors on satellite cells, while other ECM proteins have the capacity to sequester growth factors and regulate their release, especially relevant during satellite cell turnover in homeostasis or activation upon injury. Additionally, we explore an evolutionary perspective on the ECM across a range of multicellular organisms and discuss a model wherein satellite cells are self-sustained by generating their own niche. Considering the prevalence of ECM proteins in the connective tissue of various organs it is not surprising that mutations in ECM genes have pathological implications, including in muscle, where they can lead to myopathies. However, the particular role of certain disease-related ECM proteins in stem cell maintenance highlights the potential contribution of stem cell deregulation to the progression of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Chrysostomou
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research (IMRB), Créteil, France
| | - Philippos Mourikis
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research (IMRB), Créteil, France.
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2
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Vila-Farré M, Rozanski A, Ivanković M, Cleland J, Brand JN, Thalen F, Grohme MA, von Kannen S, Grosbusch AL, Vu HTK, Prieto CE, Carbayo F, Egger B, Bleidorn C, Rasko JEJ, Rink JC. Evolutionary dynamics of whole-body regeneration across planarian flatworms. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:2108-2124. [PMID: 37857891 PMCID: PMC10697840 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative abilities vary dramatically across animals. Even amongst planarian flatworms, well-known for complete regeneration from tiny body fragments, some species have restricted regeneration abilities while others are almost entirely regeneration incompetent. Here, we assemble a diverse live collection of 40 planarian species to probe the evolution of head regeneration in the group. Combining quantification of species-specific head-regeneration abilities with a comprehensive transcriptome-based phylogeny reconstruction, we show multiple independent transitions between robust whole-body regeneration and restricted regeneration in freshwater species. RNA-mediated genetic interference inhibition of canonical Wnt signalling in RNA-mediated genetic interference-sensitive species bypassed all head-regeneration defects, suggesting that the Wnt pathway is linked to the emergence of planarian regeneration defects. Our finding that Wnt signalling has multiple roles in the reproductive system of the model species Schmidtea mediterranea raises the possibility that a trade-off between egg-laying, asexual reproduction by fission/regeneration and Wnt signalling drives regenerative trait evolution. Although quantitative comparisons of Wnt signalling levels, yolk content and reproductive strategy across our species collection remained inconclusive, they revealed divergent Wnt signalling roles in the reproductive system of planarians. Altogether, our study establishes planarians as a model taxon for comparative regeneration research and presents a framework for the mechanistic evolution of regenerative abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Vila-Farré
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andrei Rozanski
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Ivanković
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - James Cleland
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeremias N Brand
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Thalen
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cardio-CARE, Medizincampus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Grohme
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanh T-K Vu
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos E Prieto
- Department of Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Carbayo
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Egger
- Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Zhen H, Huang M, Zheng M, Gao L, Guo Z, Pang Q, Jin G, Zhou Z. WTAP regulates stem cells via TRAF6 to maintain planarian homeostasis and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124932. [PMID: 37268082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
WTAP, a highly conserved Wilms' tumor 1 interacting protein, is involved in a variety of biological processes. However, functional studies of WTAP in planarians have not been reported. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of planarian DjWTAP and investigated its functions in planarians regeneration and homeostasis. Knocking-down DjWTAP resulted in severe morphological defects leading to lethality within 20 days. Silencing DjWTAP promoted the proliferation of PiwiA+ cells but impaired the lineage differentiation of epidermal, neural, digestive, and excretory cell types, suggesting a critical role for DjWTAP in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in planarian. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying the defective differentiation, RNA-seq was employed to determine the transcriptomic alterations upon DjWTAP RNA interference. Histone 4 (H4), Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase-SETMAR like, and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), were significantly upregulated in response to DjWTAP RNAi. Knocking-down TRAF6 largely rescued the defective tissue homeostasis and regeneration resulted from DjWTAP knockdown in planarians, suggesting that DjWTAP maintains planarian regeneration and homeostasis via TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhen
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mujie Huang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Zepeng Guo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
| | - Guoxiang Jin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, CHINA.
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4
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Grosbusch AL, Bertemes P, Kauffmann B, Gotsis C, Egger B. Do Not Lose Your Head Over the Unequal Regeneration Capacity in Prolecithophoran Flatworms. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:1588. [PMID: 36358289 PMCID: PMC9687166 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the central questions in studying the evolution of regeneration in flatworms remains whether the ancestral flatworm was able to regenerate all body parts, including the head. If so, this ability was subsequently lost in most existent flatworms. The alternative hypothesis is that head regeneration has evolved within flatworms, possibly several times independently. In the well-studied flatworm taxon Tricladida (planarians), most species are able to regenerate a head. Little is known about the regeneration capacity of the closest relatives of Tricladida: Fecampiida and Prolecithophora. Here, we analysed the regeneration capacity of three prolecithophoran families: Pseudostomidae, Plagiostomidae, and Protomonotresidae. The regeneration capacity of prolecithophorans varies considerably between families, which is likely related to the remaining body size of the regenerates. While all studied prolecithophoran species were able to regenerate a tail-shaped posterior end, only some Pseudostomidae could regenerate a part of the pharynx and pharynx pouch. Some Plagiostomidae could regenerate a head including the brain and eyes, provided the roots of the brain were present. The broad spectrum of regeneration capacity in Prolecithophora suggests that head regeneration capacity is not an apomorphy of Adiaphanida.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bernhard Egger
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Hall RN, Weill U, Drees L, Leal-Ortiz S, Li H, Khariton M, Chai C, Xue Y, Rosental B, Quake SR, Sánchez Alvarado A, Melosh NA, Fire AZ, Rink JC, Wang B. Heterologous reporter expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea through somatic mRNA transfection. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100298. [PMID: 36313809 PMCID: PMC9606109 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Planarians have long been studied for their regenerative abilities. Moving forward, tools for ectopic expression of non-native proteins will be of substantial value. Using a luminescent reporter to overcome the strong autofluorescence of planarian tissues, we demonstrate heterologous protein expression in planarian cells and live animals. Our approach is based on the introduction of mRNA through several nanotechnological and chemical transfection methods. We improve reporter expression by altering untranslated region (UTR) sequences and codon bias, facilitating the measurement of expression kinetics in both isolated cells and whole planarians using luminescence imaging. We also examine protein expression as a function of variations in the UTRs of delivered mRNA, demonstrating a framework to investigate gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. Together, these advances expand the toolbox for the mechanistic analysis of planarian biology and establish a foundation for the development and expansion of transgenic techniques in this unique model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uri Weill
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Leonard Drees
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sergio Leal-Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongquan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margarita Khariton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chew Chai
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew Z. Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jochen C. Rink
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Sabry Z, Wang R, Jahromi A, Rabeler C, Kristan WB, Collins EMS. Head removal enhances planarian electrotaxis. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276204. [PMID: 35924486 PMCID: PMC9482365 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain animal species utilize electric fields for communication, hunting and spatial orientation. Freshwater planarians move toward the cathode in a static electric field (cathodic electrotaxis). This planarian behavior was first described by Raymond Pearl more than a century ago. However, planarian electrotaxis has received little attention since, and the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary significance remain unknown. To close this knowledge gap, we developed an apparatus and scoring metrics for automated quantitative and mechanistic studies of planarian behavior upon exposure to a static electric field. Using this automated setup, we characterized electrotaxis in the planarian Dugesia japonica and found that this species responds to voltage instead of current, in contrast to results from previous studies using other planarian species. Surprisingly, we found differences in electrotaxis ability between small (shorter) and large (longer) planarians. To determine the cause of these differences, we took advantage of the regenerative abilities of planarians and compared electrotaxis in head, tail and trunk fragments of various lengths. We found that tail and trunk fragments electrotaxed, whereas head fragments did not, regardless of size. Based on these data, we hypothesized that signals from the head may interfere with electrotaxis when the head area/body area reached a critical threshold. In support of this hypothesis, we found that (1) smaller intact planarians that cannot electrotax have a relatively larger head-to-body-ratio than large planarians that can electrotax, and (2) the electrotaxis behavior of cut head fragments was negatively correlated with the head-to-body ratio of the fragments. Moreover, we could restore cathodic electrotaxis in head fragments via decapitation, directly demonstrating inhibition of electrotaxis by the head. Summary: A new method for quantitative studies of planarian electrotaxis shows that Dugesia japonica move toward the cathode. This behavior is enhanced by removal of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Sabry
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aryo Jahromi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William B Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Wyss LS, Bray SR, Wang B. Cellular diversity and developmental hierarchy in the planarian nervous system. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101960. [PMID: 35878572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to dissect cell type diversity, development, and plasticity in the nervous system has been transformed by the recent surge of massive sequencing studies at the single-cell level. A large body of this work has focused primarily on organisms with nervous systems established early in development. Using planarian flatworms in which neurons are constantly respecified, replenished, and regenerated, we analyze several existing single-cell transcriptomic datasets and observe features in neuron identity, differentiation, maturation, and function that may provide the planarian nervous system with high levels of adaptability required to respond to various cues including injury. This analysis allows us to place many prior observations made by functional characterizations in a general framework and provide additional hypothesis and predictions to test in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S Wyss
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Bray
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Sarkar SR, Dubey VK, Jahagirdar A, Lakshmanan V, Haroon MM, Sowndarya S, Sowdhamini R, Palakodeti D. DDX24 is required for muscle fiber organization and the suppression of wound-induced Wnt activity necessary for pole re-establishment during planarian regeneration. Dev Biol 2022; 488:11-29. [PMID: 35523320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planarians have a remarkable ability to undergo whole-body regeneration. Successful regeneration outcome is determined by processes like polarity establishment at the wound site, which is followed by pole (organizer) specification. Interestingly, these determinants are almost exclusively expressed by muscles in these animals. However, the molecular toolkit that enables the functional versatility of planarian muscles remains poorly understood. Here we report that SMED_DDX24, a D-E-A-D Box RNA helicase, is necessary for planarian survival and regeneration. We found that DDX24 is enriched in muscles and its knockdown disrupts muscle fiber organization. This leads to defective pole specification, which in turn results in misregulation of many positional control genes specifically during regeneration. ddx24 RNAi also upregulates wound-induced Wnt signalling. Suppressing this ectopic Wnt activity rescues the knockdown phenotype by enabling better anterior pole regeneration. To summarize, our work highlights the role of an RNA helicase in muscle fiber organization, and modulating amputation-induced wnt levels, both of which seem critical for pole re-organization, thereby regulating whole-body regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradeep R Sarkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, 560065, India; Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dubey
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Anusha Jahagirdar
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Haroon
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Sai Sowndarya
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India.
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9
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Wu W, Liu S, Wu H, Chen M, Gao L, Zhao B, Liu B, Pang Q. DjPtpn11 is an essential modulator of planarian (Dugesia japonica) regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1054-1064. [PMID: 35452697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica is an excellent model organism for investigating stem cell behavior during regeneration. Despite studies showing that numerous genetic factors are involved in regeneration, much more research is required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate regeneration. In this study, we identified an evolutionarily conserved gene DjPtpn11(DjShp2). DjPtpn11 transcripts are expressed in neoblasts and some differentiated cells, with a high expression at the newly formed blastema. Its silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) affected anterior regeneration and inhibited the regeneration of posterior regions, including cholinergic and serotonergic neuron regeneration. In adult planarians, DjPtpn11 knockdown did not affect neoblast survival and proliferation but might prevent the stem cell migration and differentiation through ERK signaling. DjPtpn11 was demonstrated to be necessary for the anterior blastema cell differentiation partially via regulating ERK-DjMkpA activity. DjPtpn11 also influenced posterior specification via DjIslet, suggesting that DjPtpn11 may be involved in regulating the Wnt signaling pathway during the development of posterior blastema. Together, these data identified that DjPtpn11 is an essential modulator for the regeneration of planarians, and it may influence the appropriate differentiation of blastema cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Meishan Chen
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.; Shenzhen University of Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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10
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Bonar NA, Gittin DI, Petersen CP. Src acts with WNT/FGFRL signaling to pattern the planarian anteroposterior axis. Development 2022; 149:274880. [PMID: 35297964 PMCID: PMC8995084 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue identity determination is crucial for regeneration, and the planarian anteroposterior (AP) axis uses positional control genes expressed from body wall muscle to determine body regionalization. Canonical Wnt signaling establishes anterior versus posterior pole identities through notum and wnt1 signaling, and two Wnt/FGFRL signaling pathways control head and trunk domains, but their downstream signaling mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we identify a planarian Src homolog that restricts head and trunk identities to anterior positions. src-1(RNAi) animals formed enlarged brains and ectopic eyes and also duplicated trunk tissue, similar to a combination of Wnt/FGFRL RNAi phenotypes. src-1 was required for establishing territories of positional control gene expression in Schmidtea mediterranea, indicating that it acts at an upstream step in patterning the AP axis. Double RNAi experiments and eye regeneration assays suggest src-1 can act in parallel to at least some Wnt and FGFRL factors. Co-inhibition of src-1 with other posterior-promoting factors led to dramatic patterning changes and a reprogramming of Wnt/FGFRLs into controlling new positional outputs. These results identify src-1 as a factor that promotes robustness of the AP positional system that instructs appropriate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle A Bonar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David I Gittin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christian P Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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11
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Davidian D, LeGro M, Barghouth PG, Rojas S, Ziman B, Maciel EI, Ardell D, Escobar AL, Oviedo NJ. Restoration of DNA integrity and cell cycle by electric stimulation in planarian tissues damaged by ionizing radiation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274829. [PMID: 35322853 PMCID: PMC9264365 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of ionizing γ-radiation leads to irreversible DNA damage and cell death. Here, we establish that exogenous application of electric stimulation enables cellular plasticity to reestablish stem cell activity in tissues damaged by ionizing radiation. We show that sub-threshold direct current stimulation (DCS) rapidly restores pluripotent stem cell populations previously eliminated by lethally γ-irradiated tissues of the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea. Our findings reveal that DCS enhances DNA repair, transcriptional activity, and cell cycle entry in post-mitotic cells. These responses involve rapid increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] through the activation of L-type Cav channels and intracellular Ca2+ stores leading to the activation of immediate early genes and ectopic expression of stem cell markers in postmitotic cells. Overall, we show the potential of electric current stimulation to reverse the damaging effects of high dose γ-radiation in adult tissues. Furthermore, our results provide mechanistic insights describing how electric stimulation effectively translates into molecular responses capable of regulating fundamental cellular functions without the need for genetic or pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Davidian
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Melanie LeGro
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Paul G Barghouth
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Salvador Rojas
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Benjamin Ziman
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Eli Isael Maciel
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - David Ardell
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Ariel L Escobar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
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12
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Martinez P, Ballarin L, Ereskovsky AV, Gazave E, Hobmayer B, Manni L, Rottinger E, Sprecher SG, Tiozzo S, Varela-Coelho A, Rinkevich B. Articulating the "stem cell niche" paradigm through the lens of non-model aquatic invertebrates. BMC Biol 2022; 20:23. [PMID: 35057814 PMCID: PMC8781081 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) in vertebrates typically reside in "stem cell niches" (SCNs), morphologically restricted tissue microenvironments that are important for SC survival and proliferation. SCNs are broadly defined by properties including physical location, but in contrast to vertebrates and other "model" organisms, aquatic invertebrate SCs do not have clearly documented niche outlines or properties. Life strategies such as regeneration or asexual reproduction may have conditioned the niche architectural variability in aquatic or marine animal groups. By both establishing the invertebrates SCNs as independent types, yet allowing inclusiveness among them, the comparative analysis will allow the future functional characterization of SCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - A V Ereskovsky
- Aix Marseille University, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- St. Petersburg State University, Biological Faculty, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - E Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - B Hobmayer
- Department of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - E Rottinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
| | - S G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - S Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Paris, France
| | - A Varela-Coelho
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - B Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O. Box 8030, 31080, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Abstract
One approach to elucidating the principles of regeneration is to investigate mechanisms that regenerate a target organ. Planarian eyes are discrete, visible structures that are dispensable for viability, making them powerful for studying the logic of regeneration. Fate specification in eye regeneration occurs in stem cells (neoblasts), generating eye progenitors. Eye progenitor production is not responsive to the presence or absence of the eye, with regeneration explained by constant progenitor production in the appropriate positional environment. Eye progenitors display coarse spatial specification. A combination of eye-extrinsic cues and self-organization with differentiated eye cells dictate where migratory eye progenitors target. Finally, guidepost-like cells influence regenerating axons to facilitate the restoration of eye circuitry. These findings from the eye as a case study present a model that explains how regeneration can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Reddien
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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14
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Bohr TE, Shiroor DA, Adler CE. Planarian stem cells sense the identity of the missing pharynx to launch its targeted regeneration. eLife 2021; 10:e68830. [PMID: 34156924 PMCID: PMC8219383 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to regenerate tissues successfully, stem cells must detect injuries and restore missing cell types through largely unknown mechanisms. Planarian flatworms have an extensive stem cell population responsible for regenerating any organ after amputation. Here, we compare planarian stem cell responses to different injuries by either amputation of a single organ, the pharynx, or removal of tissues from other organs by decapitation. We find that planarian stem cells adopt distinct behaviors depending on what tissue is missing to target progenitor and tissue production towards missing tissues. Loss of non-pharyngeal tissues only increases non-pharyngeal progenitors, while pharynx removal selectively triggers division and expansion of pharynx progenitors. By pharmacologically inhibiting either mitosis or activation of the MAP kinase ERK, we identify a narrow window of time during which stem cell division and ERK signaling produces pharynx progenitors necessary for regeneration. These results indicate that planarian stem cells can tailor their output to match the regenerative needs of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha E Bohr
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaUnited States
| | - Divya A Shiroor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaUnited States
| | - Carolyn E Adler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaUnited States
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15
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Bijnens K, Jaenen V, Wouters A, Leynen N, Pirotte N, Artois T, Smeets K. A Spatiotemporal Characterisation of Redox Molecules in Planarians, with a Focus on the Role of Glutathione during Regeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050714. [PMID: 34064618 PMCID: PMC8150688 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A strict coordination between pro- and antioxidative molecules is needed for normal animal physiology, although their exact function and dynamics during regeneration and development remains largely unknown. Via in vivo imaging, we were able to locate and discriminate between reactive oxygen species (ROS) in real-time during different physiological stages of the highly regenerative planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. All ROS signals were strong enough to overcome the detected autofluorescence. Combined with an in situ characterisation and quantification of the transcription of several antioxidant genes, our data showed that the planarian gut and epidermis have a well-equipped redox system. Pharmacological inhibition or RNA interference of either side of the redox balance resulted in alterations in the regeneration process, characterised by decreased blastema sizes and delayed neurodevelopment, thereby affecting tails more than heads. Focusing on glutathione, a central component in the redox balance, we found that it is highly present in planarians and that a significant reduction in glutathione content led to regenerative failure with tissue lesions, characterised by underlying stem cell alterations. This exploratory study indicates that ROS and antioxidants are tightly intertwined and should be studied as a whole to fully comprehend the function of the redox balance in animal physiology.
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16
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Davidian D, Ziman B, Escobar AL, Oviedo NJ. Direct Current Electric Stimulation Alters the Frequency and the Distribution of Mitotic Cells in Planarians. Bioelectricity 2021; 3:77-91. [PMID: 34476379 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of direct current electric stimulation (DCS) is an effective strategy to treat disease and enhance body functionality. Thus, treatment with DCS is an attractive biomedical alternative, but the molecular underpinnings remain mostly unknown. The lack of experimental models to dissect the effects of DCS from molecular to organismal levels is an important caveat. Here, we introduce the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea as a tractable organism for in vivo studies of DCS. We developed an experimental method that facilitates the application of direct current electrical stimulation to the whole planarian body (pDCS). Materials and Methods: Planarian immobilization was achieved by combining treatment with anesthesia, agar embedding, and low temperature via a dedicated thermoelectric cooling unit. Electric currents for pDCS were delivered using pulled glass microelectrodes. The electric potential was supplied through a constant voltage power supply. pDCS was administered up to six hours, and behavioral and molecular effects were measured by using video recordings, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. Results: The behavioral immobilization effects are reversible, and pDCS resulted in a redistribution of mitotic cells along the mediolateral axis of the planarian body. The pDCS effects were dependent on the polarity of the electric field, which led to either increase in reductions in mitotic densities associated with the time of pDCS. The changes in mitotic cells were consistent with apparent redistribution in gene expression of the stem cell marker smedwi-1. Conclusion: The immobilization technique presented in this work facilitates studies aimed at dissecting the effects of exogenous electric stimulation in the adult body. Treatment with DCS can be administered for varying times, and the consequences evaluated at different levels, including animal behavior, cellular and transcriptional changes. Indeed, treatment with pDCS can alter cellular and transcriptional parameters depending on the polarity of the electric field and duration of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Davidian
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Ziman
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Ariel L Escobar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
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17
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Fields C, Levin M. Why isn't sex optional? Stem-cell competition, loss of regenerative capacity, and cancer in metazoan evolution. Commun Integr Biol 2020; 13:170-183. [PMID: 33403054 PMCID: PMC7746248 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2020.1838809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals that can reproduce vegetatively by fission or budding and also sexually via specialized gametes are found in all five primary animal lineages (Bilateria, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Porifera). Many bilaterian lineages, including roundworms, insects, and most chordates, have lost the capability of vegetative reproduction and are obligately gametic. We suggest a developmental explanation for this evolutionary phenomenon: obligate gametic reproduction is the result of germline stem cells winning a winner-take-all competition with non-germline stem cells for control of reproduction and hence lineage survival. We develop this suggestion by extending Hamilton's rule, which factors the relatedness between parties into the cost/benefit analysis that underpins cooperative behaviors, to include similarity of cellular state. We show how coercive or deceptive cell-cell signaling can be used to make costly cooperative behaviors appear less costly to the cooperating party. We then show how competition between stem-cell lineages can render an ancestral combination of vegetative reproduction with facultative sex unstable, with one or the other process driven to extinction. The increased susceptibility to cancer observed in obligately-sexual lineages is, we suggest, a side-effect of deceptive signaling that is exacerbated by the loss of whole-body regenerative abilities. We suggest a variety of experimental approaches for testing our predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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18
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Vu HTK, Mansour S, Kücken M, Blasse C, Basquin C, Azimzadeh J, Myers EW, Brusch L, Rink JC. Dynamic Polarization of the Multiciliated Planarian Epidermis between Body Plan Landmarks. Dev Cell 2020; 51:526-542.e6. [PMID: 31743666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is a universal design principle of biological systems that manifests at all organizational scales, yet its coordination across scales remains poorly understood. Here, we make use of the extreme anatomical plasticity of planarian flatworms to probe the interplay between global body plan polarity and local cell polarity. Our quantitative analysis of ciliary rootlet orientation in the epidermis reveals a dynamic polarity field with head and tail as independent determinants of anteroposterior (A/P) polarization and the body margin as determinant of mediolateral (M/L) polarization. Mathematical modeling rationalizes the global polarity field and its response to experimental manipulations as superposition of separate A/P and M/L fields, and we identify the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as their molecular mediators. Overall, our study establishes a framework for the alignment of cellular polarity vectors relative to planarian body plan landmarks and establishes the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as evolutionarily conserved 2D-polarization module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi-Kim Vu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Mansour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kücken
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Blasse
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cyril Basquin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Eugene Wimberly Myers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jochen Christian Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Rozanski A, Moon H, Brandl H, Martín-Durán JM, Grohme MA, Hüttner K, Bartscherer K, Henry I, Rink JC. PlanMine 3.0-improvements to a mineable resource of flatworm biology and biodiversity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D812-D820. [PMID: 30496475 PMCID: PMC6324014 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are a basally branching phylum that harbours a wealth of fascinating biology, including planarians with their astonishing regenerative abilities and the parasitic tape worms and blood flukes that exert a massive impact on human health. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) has the mission objective of providing both a mineable sequence repository for planarians and also a resource for the comparative analysis of flatworm biology. While the original PlanMine release was entirely based on transcriptomes, the current release transitions to a more genomic perspective. Building on the recent availability of a high quality genome assembly of the planarian model species Schmidtea mediterranea, we provide a gene prediction set that now assign existing transcripts to defined genomic coordinates. The addition of recent single cell and bulk RNA-seq datasets greatly expands the available gene expression information. Further, we add transcriptomes from a broad range of other flatworms and provide a phylogeny-aware interface that makes evolutionary species comparisons accessible to non-experts. At its core, PlanMine continues to utilize the powerful InterMine framework and consistent data annotations to enable meaningful inter-species comparisons. Overall, PlanMine 3.0 thus provides a host of new features that makes the fascinating biology of flatworms accessible to the wider research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Rozanski
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - HongKee Moon
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, Fogg Building, E1 4NS London, UK
| | - Markus A Grohme
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Hüttner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bartscherer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.,The Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Henry
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Forsthoefel DJ, Cejda NI, Khan UW, Newmark PA. Cell-type diversity and regionalized gene expression in the planarian intestine. eLife 2020; 9:e52613. [PMID: 32240093 PMCID: PMC7117911 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper function and repair of the digestive system are vital to most animals. Deciphering the mechanisms involved in these processes requires an atlas of gene expression and cell types. Here, we applied laser-capture microdissection (LCM) and RNA-seq to characterize the intestinal transcriptome of Schmidtea mediterranea, a planarian flatworm that can regenerate all organs, including the gut. We identified hundreds of genes with intestinal expression undetected by previous approaches. Systematic analyses revealed extensive conservation of digestive physiology and cell types with other animals, including humans. Furthermore, spatial LCM enabled us to uncover previously unappreciated regionalization of gene expression in the planarian intestine along the medio-lateral axis, especially among intestinal goblet cells. Finally, we identified two intestine-enriched transcription factors that specifically regulate regeneration (hedgehog signaling effector gli-1) or maintenance (RREB2) of goblet cells. Altogether, this work provides resources for further investigation of mechanisms involved in gastrointestinal function, repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Forsthoefel
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Nicholas I Cejda
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityUnited States
| | - Umair W Khan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Phillip A Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
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21
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Fields C, Levin M. Does regeneration recapitulate phylogeny? Planaria as a model of body-axis specification in ancestral eumetazoa. Commun Integr Biol 2020; 13:27-38. [PMID: 32128026 PMCID: PMC7039665 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2020.1729601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan body plans combine well-defined primary, secondary, and in many bilaterians, tertiary body axes with structural asymmetries at multiple scales. Despite decades of study, how axis-defining symmetries and system-defining asymmetries co-emerge during both evolution and development remain open questions. Regeneration studies in asexual planaria have demonstrated an array of viable forms with symmetrized and, in some cases, duplicated body axes. We suggest that such forms may point toward an ancestral eumetazoan form with characteristics of both cnidarians and placazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Protein ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) process that plays fundamental roles in cell signaling. The covalent attachment of ADP ribose polymers is executed by PAR polymerases (PARP) and it is essential for chromatin organization, DNA repair, cell cycle, transcription, and replication, among other critical cellular events. The process of PARylation or polyADP-ribosylation is dynamic and takes place across many tissues undergoing renewal and repair, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this PTM remain mostly unknown. Here, we introduce the use of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a tractable model to study PARylation in the complexity of the adult body that is under constant renewal and is capable of regenerating damaged tissues. We identified the evolutionary conservation of PARP signaling that is expressed in planarian stem cells and differentiated tissues. We also demonstrate that Smed-PARP-3 homolog is required for proper regeneration of tissues in the anterior region of the animal. Furthermore, our results demonstrate, Smed-PARP-3(RNAi) disrupts the timely location of injury-induced cell death near the anterior facing wounds and also affects the regeneration of the central nervous system. Our work reveals novel roles for PARylation in large-scale regeneration and provides a simplified platform to investigate PARP signaling in the complexity of the adult body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Barghouth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA; (P.G.B.); (P.K.); (A.V.)
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Peter Karabinis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA; (P.G.B.); (P.K.); (A.V.)
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Andie Venegas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA; (P.G.B.); (P.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Néstor J. Oviedo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA; (P.G.B.); (P.K.); (A.V.)
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
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23
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Sluys R. The evolutionary terrestrialization of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae): a review and research programme. ZOOSYST EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.95.38727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The terrestrialization of animal life from aquatic ancestors is a key transition during the history of life. Planarian flatworms form an ideal group of model organisms to study this colonization of the land because they have freshwater, marine, and terrestrial representatives. The widespread occurrence of terrestrial flatworms is a testament to their remarkable success occupying a new niche on land. This lineage of terrestrial worms provides a unique glimpse of an evolutionary pathway by which a group of early divergent aquatic, invertebrate metazoans has moved onto land. Land flatworms are among the first groups of animals to have evolved terrestrial adaptations and to have extensively radiated. Study of this terrestrialization process and the anatomical key innovations facilitating their colonization of the land will contribute greatly to our understanding of this important step in Metazoan history. The context and scientific background are reviewed regarding the evolutionary terrestrialization of land flatworms. Furthermore, a framework of a research programme is sketched, which has as its main objective to test hypotheses on the evolution of land planarians, specifically whether particular anatomical and physiological key innovations have contributed to their evolutionary successful terrestrial colonization and radiation. In this context special attention is paid to the respiration in aquatic and terrestrial planarians. The research programme depends on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all major taxa of the land flatworms on the basis of both molecular and anatomical data. The data sets should be analyzed phylogenetically with a suite of phylogenetic inference methods. Building on such robust reconstructions, it will be possible to study associations between key innovations and the evolutionary terrestrialization process.
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Scott KY, Matthew R, Woolcock J, Silva M, Lemieux H. Adjustments in the control of mitochondrial respiratory capacity to tolerate temperature fluctuations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.207951. [PMID: 31439652 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As the world's climate changes, life faces an evolving thermal environment. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is critical to ensure sufficient cellular energy production, and it is strongly influenced by temperature. The thermally induced changes to the regulation of specific steps within the OXPHOS process are poorly understood. In our study, we used the eurythermal species of planarian Dugesia tigrina to study the thermal sensitivity of the OXPHOS process at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. We conducted cold acclimation experiments where we measured the adjustment of specific steps in OXPHOS at two assay temperatures (10 and 20°C) following 4 weeks of acclimation under normal (22°C) or low (5°C) temperature conditions. At the low temperature, the contribution of the NADH pathway to the maximal OXPHOS capacity, in a combined pathway (NADH and succinate), was reduced. There was partial compensation by an increased contribution of the succinate pathway. As the temperature decreased, OXPHOS became more limited by the capacity of the phosphorylation system. Acclimation to the low temperature resulted in positive adjustments of the NADH pathway capacity due, at least in part, to an increase in complex I activity. The acclimation also resulted in a better match between OXPHOS and phosphorylation system capacities. Both of these adjustments following acclimation were specific to the low assay temperature. We conclude that there is substantial plasticity in the mitochondrial OXPHOS process following thermal acclimation in D. tigrina, and this probably contributes to the wide thermal range of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Y Scott
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6C 4G9
| | - Rebecca Matthew
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6C 4G9
| | - Jennifer Woolcock
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6C 4G9
| | - Maise Silva
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6C 4G9.,Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Bahia, 41741-590, Brazil
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6C 4G9 .,Department of Medicine, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R7
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Abstract
Planarians are a group of flatworms. Some planarian species have remarkable regenerative abilities, which involve abundant pluripotent adult stem cells. This makes these worms a powerful model system for understanding the molecular and evolutionary underpinnings of regeneration. By providing a succinct overview of planarian taxonomy, anatomy, available tools and the molecular orchestration of regeneration, this Primer aims to showcase both the unique assets and the questions that can be addressed with this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ivankovic
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Radmila Haneckova
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albert Thommen
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Markus A Grohme
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Miquel Vila-Farré
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Werner
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Department of Systems Biology, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany .,Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Ochoa SD, Dores MR, Allen JM, Tran T, Osman M, Vázquez Castellanos NP, Trejo J, Zayas RM. A modular laboratory course using planarians to study genes involved in tissue regeneration. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2019; 47:547-559. [PMID: 31194289 PMCID: PMC6731126 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Undergraduate research experiences are excellent opportunities to engage students in science alongside experienced scientists, but at large institutions, it is challenging to accommodate all students. To address and engage a larger number of students, we developed a modular laboratory course based on the course-based undergraduate research experiences model. This new course was integrated with the scientific aims of a research laboratory studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in planarians. In this course, students were asked to identify genes with roles in planarian biology. Students analyzed and cloned an assigned gene, determined its expression pattern in situ and examined its function in regeneration. Additionally, we developed critical thinking and scientific communication skills by incorporating activities focused on critical concepts. Students obtained high quality primary data and were successful in completing and mastering the course learning outcomes. They benefitted by developing basic research skills, learning to perform, trouble-shooting experiments, reading and critically analyzing primary literature, and using the information to defend and explain their experimental results. Through this course, students also increased their confidence and ability to perform independent scientific research. The course was designed to make it accessible to the community to implement and adapt as appropriate in diverse institutions. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(5):547-559, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Ochoa
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael R Dores
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - John M Allen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Tuan Tran
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Maryan Osman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | | | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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27
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Cote LE, Simental E, Reddien PW. Muscle functions as a connective tissue and source of extracellular matrix in planarians. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1592. [PMID: 30962434 PMCID: PMC6453901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration and tissue turnover require new cell production and positional information. Planarians are flatworms capable of regenerating all body parts using a population of stem cells called neoblasts. The positional information required for tissue patterning is primarily harbored by muscle cells, which also control body contraction. Here we produce an in silico planarian matrisome and use recent whole-animal single-cell-transcriptome data to determine that muscle is a major source of extracellular matrix (ECM). No other ECM-secreting, fibroblast-like cell type was detected. Instead, muscle cells express core ECM components, including all 19 collagen-encoding genes. Inhibition of muscle-expressed hemicentin-1 (hmcn-1), which encodes a highly conserved ECM glycoprotein, results in ectopic peripheral localization of cells, including neoblasts, outside of the muscle layer. ECM secretion and hmcn-1-dependent maintenance of tissue separation indicate that muscle functions as a planarian connective tissue, raising the possibility of broad roles for connective tissue in adult positional information. How the cellular source of positional information compares across regenerative animals is unclear. Here, the authors find that planarian muscle, which harbours positional information, acts as a connective tissue by being a major site of matrisome gene expression and by maintaining tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Cote
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Eric Simental
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Peter W Reddien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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28
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Thommen A, Werner S, Frank O, Philipp J, Knittelfelder O, Quek Y, Fahmy K, Shevchenko A, Friedrich BM, Jülicher F, Rink JC. Body size-dependent energy storage causes Kleiber's law scaling of the metabolic rate in planarians. eLife 2019; 8:e38187. [PMID: 30608231 PMCID: PMC6320072 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleiber's law, or the 3/4 -power law scaling of the metabolic rate with body mass, is considered one of the few quantitative laws in biology, yet its physiological basis remains unknown. Here, we report Kleiber's law scaling in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Its reversible and life history-independent changes in adult body mass over 3 orders of magnitude reveal that Kleiber's law does not emerge from the size-dependent decrease in cellular metabolic rate, but from a size-dependent increase in mass per cell. Through a combination of experiment and theoretical analysis of the organismal energy balance, we further show that the mass allometry is caused by body size dependent energy storage. Our results reveal the physiological origins of Kleiber's law in planarians and have general implications for understanding a fundamental scaling law in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Thommen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Steffen Werner
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- FOM Institute AMOLFAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Olga Frank
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Jenny Philipp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource EcologyDresdenGermany
| | | | - Yihui Quek
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource EcologyDresdenGermany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Benjamin M Friedrich
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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