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Wadhwa K, Malik S, Balaji S, Thiruvengadam R, Bashyam MD, Bhattacharya PK, Behera B, Bhardwaj P, Biswas NK, Das A, Dey A, Dhotre D, Dias M, Dubey P, Dutta S, Gadepalli R, Gosain M, Goud KI, Gupta NK, Gupta N, Jana P, Jena D, John E, Karunanidhi A, Khan SMS, Khattar S, Paul APK, Kumar S, Maitra A, Modi N, Moorthy M, Nagaraj S, Palakodeti D, Pandey AK, Pandey A, Raghav SK, Ramasubban S, Raghavan S, Harikrishnan S, Krishnamoorthy S, Selvamurugan S, Sardana R, Shouche Y, Singh A, Singh AK, Ramasubramaniyan V, Yadav M, Zahoor D, Narreddy S, Bhatnagar S, Wadhwa N, Das B, Garg PK. Correlation of severity & clinical outcomes of COVID-19 with virus variants: A prospective, multicentre hospital network study. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:91-101. [PMID: 38344919 PMCID: PMC10954099 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1041_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES The clinical course of COVID-19 and its prognosis are influenced by both viral and host factors. The objectives of this study were to develop a nationwide platform to investigate the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2) and correlate the severity and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 with virus variants. METHODS A nationwide, longitudinal, prospective cohort study was conducted from September 2021 to December 2022 at 14 hospitals across the country that were linked to a viral sequencing laboratory under the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium. All participants (18 yr and above) who attended the hospital with a suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection and tested positive by the reverse transcription-PCR method were included. The participant population consisted of both hospitalized as well as outpatients. Their clinical course and outcomes were studied prospectively. Nasopharyngeal samples collected were subjected to whole genome sequencing to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants. RESULTS Of the 4972 participants enrolled, 3397 provided samples for viral sequencing and 2723 samples were successfully sequenced. From this, the evolution of virus variants of concern including Omicron subvariants which emerged over time was observed and the same reported here. The mean age of the study participants was 41 yr and overall 49.3 per cent were female. The common symptoms were fever and cough and 32.5 per cent had comorbidities. Infection with the Delta variant evidently increased the risk of severe COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio: 2.53, 95% confidence interval: 1.52, 4.2), while Omicron was milder independent of vaccination status. The independent risk factors for mortality were age >65 yr, presence of comorbidities and no vaccination. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS The authors believe that this is a first-of-its-kind study in the country that provides real-time data of virus evolution from a pan-India network of hospitals closely linked to the genome sequencing laboratories. The severity of COVID-19 could be correlated with virus variants with Omicron being the milder variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Wadhwa
- Clinical Development Services Agency, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shilpa Malik
- Clinical Development Services Agency, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbilogy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Asim Das
- ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Apollo Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhiraj Dhotre
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mary Dias
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj Dubey
- Department of Critical Care, Apollo Hospitals, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Ravisekhar Gadepalli
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Center for Maternal and Child Health, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kalal Iravaty Goud
- Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Deepak Jena
- Department of Immunogenomics & Systems Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Elizabeth John
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - S. Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sahil Khattar
- Center for Data Management, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Shakti Kumar
- Infection and Immunology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Arindam Maitra
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
| | - Nikhil Modi
- Department of Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahesh Moorthy
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Savitha Nagaraj
- Department of Microbiology, St. Johns Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Medical Superindent, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Aparna Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raghav
- Department of Immunogenomics & Systems Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh Ramasubban
- Department of Critical care, Apollo Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - S. Harikrishnan
- Department of Pulmonology, Apollo Hospitals, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Raman Sardana
- Department of Microbiology, Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- National Centre for Microbiol Resource, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Clinical Development Services Agency, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - V. Ramasubramaniyan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Monika Yadav
- Clinical Development Services Agency, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Danish Zahoor
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Suneetha Narreddy
- Departments of Infectious Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Center for Maternal and Child Health, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Corsi GI, Gadekar VP, Haukedal H, Doncheva NT, Anthon C, Ambardar S, Palakodeti D, Hyttel P, Freude K, Seemann SE, Gorodkin J. The transcriptomic landscape of neurons carrying PSEN1 mutations reveals changes in extracellular matrix components and non-coding gene expression. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:105980. [PMID: 36572121 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder, which can occur either sporadically, due to a complex combination of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, or because of rare genetic variants in specific genes (familial AD, or fAD). A key hallmark of AD is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and Tau hyperphosphorylated tangles in the brain, but the underlying pathomechanisms and interdependencies remain poorly understood. Here, we identify and characterise gene expression changes related to two fAD mutations (A79V and L150P) in the Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene. We do this by comparing the transcriptomes of glutamatergic forebrain neurons derived from fAD-mutant human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their individual isogenic controls generated via precision CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Our analysis of Poly(A) RNA-seq data detects 1111 differentially expressed coding and non-coding genes significantly altered in fAD. Functional characterisation and pathway analysis of these genes reveal profound expression changes in constituents of the extracellular matrix, important to maintain the morphology, structural integrity, and plasticity of neurons, and in genes involved in calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Furthermore, by analysing total RNA-seq data we reveal that 30 out of 31 differentially expressed circular RNA genes are significantly upregulated in the fAD lines, and that these may contribute to the observed protein-coding gene expression changes. The results presented in this study contribute to a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms impacted in AD neurons, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia I Corsi
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Veerendra P Gadekar
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Henriette Haukedal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Nadezhda T Doncheva
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Christian Anthon
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Sheetal Ambardar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Stefan E Seemann
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark.
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Hariharan N, Ghosh S, Palakodeti D. The story of rRNA expansion segments: Finding functionality amidst diversity. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2023; 14:e1732. [PMID: 35429135 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expansion segments (ESs) are multinucleotide insertions present across phyla at specific conserved positions in eukaryotic rRNAs. ESs are generally absent in bacterial rRNAs with some exceptions, while the archaeal rRNAs have microexpansions at regions that coincide with those of eukaryotic ESs. Although there is an increasing prominence of ribosomes, especially the ribosomal proteins, in fine-tuning gene expression through translation regulation, the role of rRNA ESs is relatively underexplored. While rRNAs have been established as the major catalytic hub in ribosome function, the presence of ESs widens their scope as a species-specific regulatory hub of protein synthesis. In this comprehensive review, we have elaborately discussed the current understanding of the functional aspects of rRNA ESs of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosomes and discuss their past, present, and future. This article is categorized under: RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems Translation > Ribosome Structure/Function Translation > Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Hariharan
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Sumana Ghosh
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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4
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D'Souza MN, Ramakrishna S, Radhakrishna BK, Jhaveri V, Ravindran S, Yeramala L, Nair D, Palakodeti D, Muddashetty RS. Function of FMRP Domains in Regulating Distinct Roles of Neuronal Protein Synthesis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7370-7392. [PMID: 36181660 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Fragile-X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is an RNA binding protein that regulates translation of mRNAs essential for synaptic development and plasticity. FMRP interacts with a specific set of mRNAs, aids in their microtubule-dependent transport and regulates their translation through its association with ribosomes. However, the biochemical role of FMRP's domains in forming neuronal granules and associating with microtubules and ribosomes is currently undefined. We report that the C-terminus domain of FMRP is sufficient to bind to ribosomes akin to the full-length protein. Furthermore, the C-terminus domain alone is essential and responsible for FMRP-mediated neuronal translation repression. However, dendritic distribution of FMRP and its microtubule association is favored by the synergistic combination of FMRP domains rather than individual domains. Interestingly, we show that the phosphorylation of hFMRP at Serine-500 is important in modulating the dynamics of translation by controlling ribosome association. This is a fundamental mechanism governing the size and number of FMRP puncta that contain actively translating ribosomes. Finally through the use of pathogenic mutations, we emphasize the hierarchical contribution of FMRP's domains in translation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ninochka D'Souza
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India, 560065.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, India, 560064.,Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, India, 560012
| | - Sarayu Ramakrishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India, 560065.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, India, 560064.,Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, India, 560012
| | | | - Vishwaja Jhaveri
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India, 560065
| | - Sreenath Ravindran
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India, 560065
| | - Lahari Yeramala
- National Centre For Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India, 560065
| | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 560012
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India, 560065
| | - Ravi S Muddashetty
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, India, 560012.
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5
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Jain PK, Jayappa S, Sairam T, Mittal A, Paul S, Rao VJ, Chittora H, Kashyap DK, Palakodeti D, Thangaraj K, Shenthar J, Koranchery R, Rajendran R, Alireza H, Mohanan KS, Rathinavel A, Dhandapany PS. Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 gene variants cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Med Genet 2022; 59:984-992. [PMID: 34916228 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart muscle disease with preserved or increased ejection fraction in the absence of secondary causes. Mutations in the sarcomeric protein-encoding genes predominantly cause HCM. However, relatively little is known about the genetic impact of signalling proteins on HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, using exome and targeted sequencing methods, we analysed two independent cohorts comprising 401 Indian patients with HCM and 3521 Indian controls. We identified novel variants in ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (RPS6KB1 or S6K1) gene in two unrelated Indian families as a potential candidate gene for HCM. The two unrelated HCM families had the same heterozygous missense S6K1 variant (p.G47W). In a replication association study, we identified two S6K1 heterozygotes variants (p.Q49K and p.Y62H) in the UK Biobank cardiomyopathy cohort (n=190) compared with matched controls (n=16 479). These variants are neither detected in region-specific controls nor in the human population genome data. Additionally, we observed an S6K1 variant (p.P445S) in an Arab patient with HCM. Functional consequences were evaluated using representative S6K1 mutated proteins compared with wild type in cellular models. The mutated proteins activated the S6K1 and hyperphosphorylated the rpS6 and ERK1/2 signalling cascades, suggesting a gain-of-function effect. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates for the first time that the variants in the S6K1 gene are associated with HCM, and early detection of the S6K1 variant carriers can help to identify family members at risk and subsequent preventive measures. Further screening in patients with HCM with different ethnic populations will establish the specificity and frequency of S6K1 gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratul Kumar Jain
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashank Jayappa
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thiagarajan Sairam
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupam Mittal
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Current address: Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sayan Paul
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinay J Rao
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Harshil Chittora
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak K Kashyap
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Integrative Chemical Biology Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jayaprakash Shenthar
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Koranchery
- Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Haghighi Alireza
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andiappan Rathinavel
- Department of Cardio Vascular Thoracic Surgery, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital, Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perundurai S Dhandapany
- Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Theme, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular, and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Dubey VK, Sarkar SR, Lakshmanan V, Dalmeida R, Gulyani A, Palakodeti D. Smed-ETS-1 regulates cathepsin+ cell function and epidermal lineage landscape via basement membrane remodeling. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:278082. [PMID: 36172824 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of stem cell niche. Remodelling of ECM mediated by ECM regulators such as MMPs plays a vital role in stem cell function. However, the mechanisms that modulate the function of ECM regulators in the stem cell niche are understudied. Here, we explored the role of the transcription factor (TF), ETS-1 expressed in the cathepsin+ cell population in regulating the expression of the ECM regulator, mt-mmpA, thereby modulating basement membrane thickness. In planarians, the basement membrane around the gut/inner parenchyma is thought to act as a niche for pluripotent stem cells. It has been shown that the early epidermal progenitors migrate outward from this region and progressively differentiate to maintain the terminal epidermis. Our data shows thickening of basement membrane in the absence of ets-1 results in defective migration of stem cells progeny. Furthermore, the absence of ets-1 led to a defective epidermal progenitor landscape, in spite of its lack of expression in those cell types. Together, our results demonstrate the active role of ECM remodelling in regulating tissue homeostasis and regeneration in planaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Dubey
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru 560065, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Souradeep R Sarkar
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru 560065, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru 560065, India.,SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Rimple Dalmeida
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru 560065, India.,SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru 560065, India
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7
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Sarkar SR, Dubey VK, Jahagirdar A, Lakshmanan V, Haroon MM, Sowndarya S, Sowdhamini R, Palakodeti D. DDX24 is required for muscle fiber organization and the suppression of wound-induced Wnt activity necessary for pole re-establishment during planarian regeneration. Dev Biol 2022; 488:11-29. [PMID: 35523320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planarians have a remarkable ability to undergo whole-body regeneration. Successful regeneration outcome is determined by processes like polarity establishment at the wound site, which is followed by pole (organizer) specification. Interestingly, these determinants are almost exclusively expressed by muscles in these animals. However, the molecular toolkit that enables the functional versatility of planarian muscles remains poorly understood. Here we report that SMED_DDX24, a D-E-A-D Box RNA helicase, is necessary for planarian survival and regeneration. We found that DDX24 is enriched in muscles and its knockdown disrupts muscle fiber organization. This leads to defective pole specification, which in turn results in misregulation of many positional control genes specifically during regeneration. ddx24 RNAi also upregulates wound-induced Wnt signalling. Suppressing this ectopic Wnt activity rescues the knockdown phenotype by enabling better anterior pole regeneration. To summarize, our work highlights the role of an RNA helicase in muscle fiber organization, and modulating amputation-induced wnt levels, both of which seem critical for pole re-organization, thereby regulating whole-body regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradeep R Sarkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, 560065, India; Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dubey
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Anusha Jahagirdar
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Haroon
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Sai Sowndarya
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Integrative Chemical Biology (ICB), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bengaluru, 560065, India.
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8
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Mohamed Haroon M, Vemula P, Palakodeti D. Flow Cytometry Analysis of Planarian Stem Cells Using DNA and Mitochondrial Dyes. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4299. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Dhar MS, Marwal R, Vs R, Ponnusamy K, Jolly B, Bhoyar RC, Sardana V, Naushin S, Rophina M, Mellan TA, Mishra S, Whittaker C, Fatihi S, Datta M, Singh P, Sharma U, Ujjainiya R, Bhatheja N, Divakar MK, Singh MK, Imran M, Senthivel V, Maurya R, Jha N, Mehta P, A V, Sharma P, Vr A, Chaudhary U, Soni N, Thukral L, Flaxman S, Bhatt S, Pandey R, Dash D, Faruq M, Lall H, Gogia H, Madan P, Kulkarni S, Chauhan H, Sengupta S, Kabra S, Gupta RK, Singh SK, Agrawal A, Rakshit P, Nandicoori V, Tallapaka KB, Sowpati DT, Thangaraj K, Bashyam MD, Dalal A, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V, Parida A, Raghav SK, Prasad P, Sarin A, Mayor S, Ramakrishnan U, Palakodeti D, Seshasayee ASN, Bhat M, Shouche Y, Pillai A, Dikid T, Das S, Maitra A, Chinnaswamy S, Biswas NK, Desai AS, Pattabiraman C, Manjunatha MV, Mani RS, Arunachal Udupi G, Abraham P, Atul PV, Cherian SS. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India. Science 2021; 374:995-999. [PMID: 34648303 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.02.21258076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Delhi, the national capital of India, experienced multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks in 2020 and reached population seropositivity of >50% by 2021. During April 2021, the city became overwhelmed by COVID-19 cases and fatalities, as a new variant, B.1.617.2 (Delta), replaced B.1.1.7 (Alpha). A Bayesian model explains the growth advantage of Delta through a combination of increased transmissibility and reduced sensitivity to immune responses generated against earlier variants (median estimates: 1.5-fold greater transmissibility and 20% reduction in sensitivity). Seropositivity of an employee and family cohort increased from 42% to 87.5% between March and July 2021, with 27% reinfections, as judged by increased antibody concentration after a previous decline. The likely high transmissibility and partial evasion of immunity by the Delta variant contributed to an overwhelming surge in Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Marwal
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Bani Jolly
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rahul C Bhoyar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Viren Sardana
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Salwa Naushin
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mercy Rophina
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Thomas A Mellan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Saman Fatihi
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Meena Datta
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | - Uma Sharma
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Rajat Ujjainiya
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nitin Bhatheja
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Divakar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Mohamed Imran
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vigneshwar Senthivel
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ranjeet Maurya
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Neha Jha
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivekanand A
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Arvinden Vr
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Namita Soni
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Lipi Thukral
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Debasis Dash
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Hemlata Lall
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Hema Gogia
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Madan
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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10
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Chandrasekaran A, Dittlau KS, Corsi GI, Haukedal H, Doncheva NT, Ramakrishna S, Ambardar S, Salcedo C, Schmidt SI, Zhang Y, Cirera S, Pihl M, Schmid B, Nielsen TT, Nielsen JE, Kolko M, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A, Hyttel P, Palakodeti D, Gorodkin J, Muddashetty RS, Meyer M, Aldana BI, Freude KK. Astrocytic reactivity triggered by defective autophagy and metabolic failure causes neurotoxicity in frontotemporal dementia type 3. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2736-2751. [PMID: 34678206 PMCID: PMC8581052 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia type 3 (FTD3), caused by a point mutation in the charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B), affects mitochondrial ultrastructure and the endolysosomal pathway in neurons. To dissect the astrocyte-specific impact of mutant CHMP2B expression, we generated astrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and confirmed our findings in CHMP2B mutant mice. Our data provide mechanistic insights into how defective autophagy causes perturbed mitochondrial dynamics with impaired glycolysis, increased reactive oxygen species, and elongated mitochondrial morphology, indicating increased mitochondrial fusion in FTD3 astrocytes. This shift in astrocyte homeostasis triggers a reactive astrocyte phenotype and increased release of toxic cytokines, which accumulate in nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB) pathway activation with increased production of CHF, LCN2, and C3 causing neurodegeneration. FTD3 iPSC-derived astrocytes display impaired autophagy Impaired autophagy affects mitochondria turnover, glucose hypometabolism and TCA cycle FTD3 astrocytes contribute to reactive gliosis by increased C3, LCN2, IL6, and IL8 Reactive astrocyte phenotypes are present in both in vitro and in vivo models
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Katarina Stoklund Dittlau
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Giulia I Corsi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Henriette Haukedal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Nadezhda T Doncheva
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sarayu Ramakrishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sheetal Ambardar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Claudia Salcedo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sissel I Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Maria Pihl
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | | | - Troels Tolstrup Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | | | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Ravi S Muddashetty
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark.
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11
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Bhattacharjee O, Ayyangar U, Kurbet AS, Lakshmanan V, Palakodeti D, Ginhoux F, Raghavan S. Epithelial-Macrophage Crosstalk Initiates Sterile Inflammation in Embryonic Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718005. [PMID: 34721382 PMCID: PMC8553113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly responsive to the environmental cues and are the primary responders to tissue stress and damage. While much is known about the role of macrophages during inflammatory disease progression; the initial series of events that set up the inflammation remains less understood. In this study, we use next generation sequencing (NGS) of embryonic skin macrophages and the niche cells - skin epithelia and stroma in the epidermis specific knockout of integrin beta 1 (Itgβ1) model to uncover specific roles of each cell type and identify how these cell types communicate to initiate the sterile inflammatory response. We demonstrate that while the embryonic skin fibroblasts in the Itgβ1 knockout skin are relatively inactive, the keratinocytes and macrophages are the critical responders to the sterile inflammatory cues. The epidermis expresses damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), stress response genes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines that aid in eliciting the inflammatory response. The macrophages, in-turn, respond by acquiring enhanced M2-like characteristics expressing ECM remodeling and matrisome signatures that exacerbate the basement membrane disruption. Depletion of macrophages by blocking the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) results in improved basement membrane integrity and reduced ECM remodeling activity in the KO skin. Further, blocking the skin inflammation with celecoxib reveals that the acquired fate of macrophages in the KO skin is dependent on its interaction with the epidermal compartment through COX2 dependent cytokine production. Taken together, our study highlights a critical crosstalk between the epithelia and the dermal macrophages that shapes macrophage fate and initiates sterile inflammation in the skin. The insights gained from our study can be extrapolated to other inflammatory disorders to understand the early events that set up the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharjee
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uttkarsh Ayyangar
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Ambika S Kurbet
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India.,Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) Skin Research Lab (A*SRL), Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Chakravarthy A, Nandakumar A, George G, Ranganathan S, Umashankar S, Shettigar N, Palakodeti D, Gulyani A, Ramesh A. Engineered RNA biosensors enable ultrasensitive SARS-CoV-2 detection in a simple color and luminescence assay. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101213. [PMID: 34593555 PMCID: PMC8500229 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports engineered toehold RNA–based biosensors for COVID-19 diagnostics, with a simple color or luminescence readout that makes it easily deployable in both well-equipped labs as well as low resource settings. The continued resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic with multiple variants underlines the need for diagnostics that are adaptable to the virus. We have developed toehold RNA–based sensors across the SARS-CoV-2 genome for direct and ultrasensitive detection of the virus and its prominent variants. Here, isothermal amplification of a fragment of SARS-CoV-2 RNA coupled with activation of our biosensors leads to a conformational switch in the sensor. This leads to translation of a reporter protein, for example, LacZ or nano-lantern that is easily detected using color/luminescence. By optimizing RNA amplification and biosensor design, we have generated a highly sensitive diagnostic assay that is capable of detecting as low as 100 copies of viral RNA with development of bright color. This is easily visualized by the human eye and quantifiable using spectrophotometry. Finally, this PHAsed NASBA-Translation Optical Method (PHANTOM) using our engineered RNA biosensors efficiently detects viral RNA in patient samples. This work presents a powerful and universally accessible strategy for detecting COVID-19 and variants. This strategy is adaptable to further viral evolution and brings RNA bioengineering center-stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Chakravarthy
- InStem-Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anirudh Nandakumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India.,Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Geen George
- InStem-Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Nishan Shettigar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- InStem-Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arati Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
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13
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Subramanian SP, Lakshmanan V, Palakodeti D, Subramanian R. Glycomic and glycotranscriptomic profiling of mucin-type O-glycans in planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Glycobiology 2021; 32:36-49. [PMID: 34499167 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Glycans on cell surfaces play important roles in cell-cell, cell-matrix, and receptor-ligand interaction. Therefore, glycan-based interactions are important for tissue regeneration and homeostasis. Free-living flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea, because of its robust regenerative potential, is of great interest in the field of stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, information on the composition and structure of O-glycans in planaria is unknown. Using mass spectrometry and in silico approaches, we characterized the glycome and the related transcriptome of mucin-type O-glycans of planarian S. mediterranea. Mucin-type O-glycans were composed of multiple isomeric, methylated, and unusually extended mono- and di-substituted O-GalNAc structures. Extensions made of hexoses and 3-O methyl hexoses were the glycoforms observed. From glycotranscriptomic analysis, sixty genes belonging to five distinct enzyme classes were identified to be involved in mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis. These genes shared homology with those in other invertebrate systems. While a majority of the genes involved in mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis was highly expressed during organogenesis and in differentiated cells, a few select genes in each enzyme class were specifically enriched during early embryogenesis. Our results indicate a unique temporal and spatial role for mucin-type O-glycans during embryogenesis and organogenesis and in adulthood. In summary, this is the first report on O-glycans in planaria. This study expands the structural and biosynthetic possibilities in cellular glycosylation in the invertebrate glycome and provides a framework towards understanding the biological role of mucin-type O-glycans in tissue regeneration using planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Peruvemba Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biological Sciences and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Mohamed Haroon M, Lakshmanan V, Sarkar SR, Lei K, Vemula PK, Palakodeti D. Mitochondrial state determines functionally divergent stem cell population in planaria. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1302-1316. [PMID: 33861990 PMCID: PMC8185449 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial state changes were shown to be critical for stem cell function. However, variation in the mitochondrial content in stem cells and the implication, if any, on differentiation is poorly understood. Here, using cellular and molecular studies, we show that the planarian pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have low mitochondrial mass compared with their progenitors. Transplantation experiments provided functional validation that neoblasts with low mitochondrial mass are the true PSCs. Further, the mitochondrial mass correlated with OxPhos and inhibiting the transition to OxPhos dependent metabolism in cultured cells resulted in higher PSCs. In summary, we show that low mitochondrial mass is a hallmark of PSCs in planaria and provide a mechanism to isolate live, functionally active, PSCs from different cell cycle stages (G0/G1 and S, G2/M). Our study demonstrates that the change in mitochondrial metabolism, a feature of PSCs is conserved in planaria and highlights its role in organismal regeneration. Mitochondrial state differs between stem (X1) and differentiated (Xins) cells X1 cells with low MTG are enriched for pluripotent cells compared with high MTG cells MTG-based sorting yields functional neoblasts from G1, S/G2/M phase of cell cycle Inhibition of mitochondrial activity affects neoblast differentiation in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Haroon
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India; SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India; SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Kai Lei
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Praveen Kumar Vemula
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India.
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15
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Lakshmanan V, Sujith TN, Bansal D, Shivaprasad PV, Palakodeti D, Krishna S. Comprehensive annotation and characterization of planarian tRNA and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs). RNA 2021; 27:477-495. [PMID: 33446492 PMCID: PMC7962491 DOI: 10.1261/rna.077701.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) have recently gained a lot of scientific interest due to their diverse regulatory roles in several cellular processes. However, their function in dynamic biological processes such as development and regeneration remains unexplored. Here, we show that tRFs are dynamically expressed during planarian regeneration, suggesting a possible role for these small RNAs in the regulation of regeneration. In order to characterize planarian tRFs, we first annotated 457 tRNAs in S. mediterranea combining two tRNA prediction algorithms. Annotation of tRNAs facilitated the identification of three main species of tRFs in planarians-the shorter tRF-5s and itRFs, and the abundantly expressed 5'-tsRNAs. Spatial profiling of tRFs in sequential transverse sections of planarians revealed diverse expression patterns of these small RNAs, including those that are enriched in the head and pharyngeal regions. Expression analysis of these tRF species revealed dynamic expression of these small RNAs over the course of regeneration suggesting an important role in planarian anterior and posterior regeneration. Finally, we show that 5'-tsRNA in planaria interact with all three SMEDWI proteins and an involvement of AGO1 in the processing of itRFs. In summary, our findings implicate a novel role for tRFs in planarian regeneration, highlighting their importance in regulating complex systemic processes. Our study adds to the catalog of posttranscriptional regulatory systems in planaria, providing valuable insights on the biogenesis and the function of tRFs in neoblasts and planarian regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Argonaute Proteins/genetics
- Argonaute Proteins/metabolism
- Base Pairing
- Base Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Planarians/genetics
- Planarians/metabolism
- RNA, Helminth/chemistry
- RNA, Helminth/classification
- RNA, Helminth/genetics
- RNA, Helminth/metabolism
- RNA, Small Untranslated/chemistry
- RNA, Small Untranslated/classification
- RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/classification
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- Regeneration/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), 560065 Bangalore, India
- SASTRA University, 613401 Thanjavur, India
| | - T N Sujith
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), 560065 Bangalore, India
| | - Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), 560065 Bangalore, India
| | | | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), 560065 Bangalore, India
| | - Srikar Krishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), 560065 Bangalore, India
- SASTRA University, 613401 Thanjavur, India
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16
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Biswas R, Banerjee A, Lembo S, Zhao Z, Lakshmanan V, Lim R, Le S, Nakasaki M, Kutyavin V, Wright G, Palakodeti D, Ross RS, Jamora C, Vasioukhin V, Jie Y, Raghavan S. Mechanical instability of adherens junctions overrides intrinsic quiescence of hair follicle stem cells. Dev Cell 2021; 56:761-780.e7. [PMID: 33725480 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin, a mechanotransducer associated with both adherens junctions (AJs) and focal adhesions (FAs), plays a central role in force transmission through cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts. We generated the conditional knockout (cKO) of vinculin in murine skin that results in the loss of bulge stem cell (BuSC) quiescence and promotes continual cycling of the hair follicles. Surprisingly, we find that the AJs in vinculin cKO cells are mechanically weak and impaired in force generation despite increased junctional expression of E-cadherin and α-catenin. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that vinculin functions by keeping α-catenin in a stretched/open conformation, which in turn regulates the retention of YAP1, another potent mechanotransducer and regulator of cell proliferation, at the AJs. Altogether, our data provide mechanistic insights into the hitherto-unexplored regulatory link between the mechanical stability of cell junctions and contact-inhibition-mediated maintenance of BuSC quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritusree Biswas
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Avinanda Banerjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sergio Lembo
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Ryan Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shimin Le
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | | | | | - Graham Wright
- A∗STAR Microscopy Platform, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Robert S Ross
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Colin Jamora
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - Yan Jie
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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17
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Javali A, Lakshmanan V, Palakodeti D, Sambasivan R. Modulation of β-catenin levels regulates cranial neural crest patterning and dispersal into first pharyngeal arch. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1347-1364. [PMID: 32427396 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) are multipotent, proximal to the source CNCC form the cranial ganglia. Distally, in the pharyngeal arches, they give rise to the craniofacial skeleton and connective tissues. Fate choices are made as CNCC pattern into distinct destination compartments. In spite of this importance, the mechanism patterning CNCC is poorly defined. RESULTS Here, we report that a novel β-catenin-dependent regulation of N-Cadherin levels may drive CNCC patterning. In mouse embryos, at the first pharyngeal arch axial level, membrane β-catenin levels correlate with the extent of N-cadherin-mediated adhesion and thus suggest the presence of collective and dispersed states of CNCC. Using in vitro human neural crest model and chemical modulators of β-catenin levels, we show a requirement for down-modulating β-catenin for regulating N-cadherin levels and cell-cell adhesion. Similarly, in β-catenin gain-of-function mutant mouse embryos, CNCC fail to lower N-cadherin levels. This indicates a failure to reduce cell-cell adhesion, which may underlie the failure of mutant CNCC to populate first pharyngeal arch. CONCLUSION We suggest that β-catenin-mediated regulation of CNCC adhesion, a previously underappreciated mechanism, underlies the patterning of CNCC into fate-specific compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Javali
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, India
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18
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Ganesan S, Palani HK, Lakshmanan V, Balasundaram N, Alex AA, David S, Venkatraman A, Korula A, George B, Balasubramanian P, Palakodeti D, Vyas N, Mathews V. Stromal cells downregulate miR-23a-5p to activate protective autophagy in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:736. [PMID: 31570693 PMCID: PMC6769009 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complex molecular cross talk between stromal cells and the leukemic cells in bone marrow is known to contribute significantly towards drug-resistance. Here, we have identified the molecular events that lead to stromal cells mediated therapy-resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our work demonstrates that stromal cells downregulate miR-23a-5p levels in leukemic cells to protect them from the chemotherapy induced apoptosis. Downregulation of miR-23a-5p in leukemic cells leads to upregulation of protective autophagy by targeting TLR2 expression. Further, autophagy inhibitors when used as adjuvants along with conventional drugs can improve drug sensitivity in vitro as well in vivo in a mouse model of leukemia. Our work also demonstrates that this mechanism of bone marrow stromal cell mediated regulation of miR-23a-5p levels and subsequent molecular events are relevant predominantly in myeloid leukemia. Our results illustrate the critical and dynamic role of the bone marrow microenvironment in modulating miRNA expression in leukemic cells which could contribute significantly to drug resistance and subsequent relapse, possibly through persistence of minimal residual disease in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Ganesan
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Ansu Abu Alex
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sachin David
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Anu Korula
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bengaluru, India
| | - Neha Vyas
- Molecular Medicine Department, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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19
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Sarkar A, Mukundan N, Sowndarya S, Dubey VK, Babu R, Lakshmanan V, Rangiah K, Panicker MM, Palakodeti D, Subramanian SP, Subramanian R. Serotonin is essential for eye regeneration in planaria Schmidtea mediterranea. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3198-3209. [PMID: 31529697 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Planaria is an ideal system to study factors involved in regeneration and tissue homeostasis. Little is known about the role of metabolites and small molecules in stem cell maintenance and lineage specification in planarians. Using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative metabolomics, we determined the relative levels of metabolites in stem cells, progenitors, and differentiated cells of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Tryptophan and its metabolic product serotonin are significantly enriched in stem cells and progenitor population. Serotonin biosynthesis in these cells is brought about by a noncanonical enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. Knockdown of Smed-pah leads to complete disappearance of eyes in regenerating planaria, while exogenous supply of serotonin and its precursor rescues the eyeless phenotype. Our results demonstrate a key role for serotonin in eye regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabha Sarkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Namita Mukundan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sai Sowndarya
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dubey
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rosana Babu
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kannan Rangiah
- Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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20
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Krishna S, Yim DGR, Lakshmanan V, Tirumalai V, Koh JLY, Park JE, Cheong JK, Low JL, Lim MJS, Sze SK, Shivaprasad P, Gulyani A, Raghavan S, Palakodeti D, DasGupta R. Dynamic expression of tRNA-derived small RNAs define cellular states. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47789. [PMID: 31267708 PMCID: PMC6607006 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) have recently emerged as important regulators of protein translation and shown to have diverse biological functions. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of tsRNA function in the context of dynamic cell-state transitions remain unclear. Expression analysis of tsRNAs in distinct heterologous cell and tissue models of stem vs. differentiated states revealed a differentiation-dependent enrichment of 5'-tsRNAs. We report the identification of a set of 5'-tsRNAs that is upregulated in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Notably, interactome studies with differentially enriched 5'-tsRNAs revealed a switch in their association with "effector" RNPs and "target" mRNAs in different cell states. We demonstrate that specific 5'-tsRNAs can preferentially interact with the RNA-binding protein, Igf2bp1, in the RA-induced differentiated state. This association influences the transcript stability and thereby translation of the pluripotency-promoting factor, c-Myc, thus providing a mechanistic basis for how 5'-tsRNAs can modulate stem cell states in mESCs. Together our study highlights the role of 5'-tsRNAs in defining distinct cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikar Krishna
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue HomeostasisInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
- Technologies for the Advancement of ScienceInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
- SASTRA UniversityThirumalaisamudramThanjavurIndia
| | - Daniel GR Yim
- Precision OncologyGenome Institute of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Technologies for the Advancement of ScienceInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
- SASTRA UniversityThirumalaisamudramThanjavurIndia
| | - Varsha Tirumalai
- SASTRA UniversityThirumalaisamudramThanjavurIndia
- National Centre for Biological SciencesBangaloreIndia
| | - Judice LY Koh
- Precision OncologyGenome Institute of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Jung Eun Park
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore CitySingapore
| | - Jit Kong Cheong
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell BiologyDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Joo Leng Low
- Precision OncologyGenome Institute of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Michelle JS Lim
- Precision OncologyGenome Institute of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore CitySingapore
| | | | - Akash Gulyani
- Technologies for the Advancement of ScienceInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue HomeostasisInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Technologies for the Advancement of ScienceInstitute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Precision OncologyGenome Institute of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
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21
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Rao RA, Ketkar AA, Kedia N, Krishnamoorthy VK, Lakshmanan V, Kumar P, Mohanty A, Kumar SD, Raja SO, Gulyani A, Chaturvedi CP, Brand M, Palakodeti D, Rampalli S. KMT1 family methyltransferases regulate heterochromatin-nuclear periphery tethering via histone and non-histone protein methylation. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201643260. [PMID: 30858340 PMCID: PMC6501005 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Euchromatic histone methyltransferases (EHMTs), members of the KMT1 family, methylate histone and non-histone proteins. Here, we uncover a novel role for EHMTs in regulating heterochromatin anchorage to the nuclear periphery (NP) via non-histone methylation. We show that EHMTs methylate and stabilize LaminB1 (LMNB1), which associates with the H3K9me2-marked peripheral heterochromatin. Loss of LMNB1 methylation or EHMTs abrogates heterochromatin anchorage at the NP We further demonstrate that the loss of EHMTs induces many hallmarks of aging including global reduction of H3K27methyl marks and altered nuclear morphology. Consistent with this, we observe a gradual depletion of EHMTs, which correlates with loss of methylated LMNB1 and peripheral heterochromatin in aging human fibroblasts. Restoration of EHMT expression reverts peripheral heterochromatin defects in aged cells. Collectively, our work elucidates a new mechanism by which EHMTs regulate heterochromatin domain organization and reveals their impact on fundamental changes associated with the intrinsic aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Arasala Rao
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Sastra University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Alhad Ashok Ketkar
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Neelam Kedia
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vignesh K Krishnamoorthy
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Sastra University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India.,Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Mohanty
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa Dilip Kumar
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sufi O Raja
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shravanti Rampalli
- Centre For Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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22
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D'Souza MN, Gowda NKC, Tiwari V, Babu RO, Anand P, Dastidar SG, Singh R, James OG, Selvaraj B, Pal R, Ramesh A, Chattarji S, Chandran S, Gulyani A, Palakodeti D, Muddashetty RS. FMRP Interacts with C/D Box snoRNA in the Nucleus and Regulates Ribosomal RNA Methylation. iScience 2019; 12:368. [PMID: 30763793 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Freshwater planarian species S. mediterranea is an emerging stem cell model because of its capability of regenerating large portions of missing body parts. It is one of the best model systems available to address the basic biological mechanisms in the regeneration processes. Absolute quantification of metabolites from planarians is imperative to understand their role in the regeneration processes. Here we describe a stable isotope dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected reaction monitoring (UHPLC-MS/SRM) assay for a sensitive and quantitative assessment of neurotransmitters (NTs) in planaria. We used this method for the simultaneous quantification of 16 NTs from both intact and regenerating planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Food Safety & Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India. .,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India.
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
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24
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D'Souza MN, Gowda NKC, Tiwari V, Babu RO, Anand P, Dastidar SG, Singh R, James OG, Selvaraj B, Pal R, Ramesh A, Chattarji S, Chandran S, Gulyani A, Palakodeti D, Muddashetty RS. FMRP Interacts with C/D Box snoRNA in the Nucleus and Regulates Ribosomal RNA Methylation. iScience 2018; 9:399-411. [PMID: 30469012 PMCID: PMC6249352 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that is known to localize in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Here, we have identified an interaction of FMRP with a specific set of C/D box snoRNAs in the nucleus. C/D box snoRNAs guide 2’O methylations of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) on defined sites, and this modification regulates rRNA folding and assembly of ribosomes. 2’O methylation of rRNA is partial on several sites in human embryonic stem cells, which results in ribosomes with differential methylation patterns. FMRP-snoRNA interaction affects rRNA methylation on several of these sites, and in the absence of FMRP, differential methylation pattern of rRNA is significantly altered. We found that FMRP recognizes ribosomes carrying specific methylation patterns on rRNA and the recognition of methylation pattern by FMRP may potentially determine the translation status of its target mRNAs. Thus, FMRP integrates its function in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. FMRP binds to C/D Box snoRNAs in the nucleus Differential 2’O-methylation on rRNA contributes to ribosome heterogeneity in a cell 2’O-Methylation pattern on ribosomal RNA is altered in the absence of FMRP FMRP recognizes 2’O-methylation on rRNA, which may determine interaction with ribosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ninochka D'Souza
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences & Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | | | - Vishal Tiwari
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Sudhriti Ghosh Dastidar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Owen G James
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Bhuvaneish Selvaraj
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Rakhi Pal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Arati Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Ravi S Muddashetty
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India.
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25
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Subramanian SP, Babu P, Palakodeti D, Subramanian R. Identification of multiple isomeric core chitobiose-modified high-mannose and paucimannose N-glycans in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6707-6720. [PMID: 29475940 PMCID: PMC5936828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface–associated glycans mediate many cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, signaling, and extracellular matrix organization. The galactosylation of core fucose (GalFuc epitope) in paucimannose and complex-type N-glycans is characteristic of protostome organisms, including flatworms (planarians). Although uninvestigated, the structures of these glycans may play a role in planarian regeneration. Whole-organism MALDI-MS analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides from the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea revealed the presence of multiple isomeric high-mannose and paucimannose structures with unusual mono-, di-, and polygalactosylated (n = 3–5) core fucose structures; the latter structures have not been reported in other systems. Di- and trigalactosylated core fucoses were the most dominant glycomers. N-Glycans showed extensive, yet selective, methylation patterns, ranging from non-methylated to polymethylated glycoforms. Although the majority of glycoforms were polymethylated, a small fraction also consisted of non-methylated glycans. Remarkably, monogalactosylated core fucose remained unmethylated, whereas its polygalactosylated forms were methylated, indicating structurally selective methylation. Using database searches, we identified two potential homologs of the Galβ1–4Fuc–synthesizing enzyme from nematodes (GALT-1) that were expressed in the prepharyngeal, pharyngeal, and mesenchymal regions in S. mediterranea. The presence of two GALT-1 homologs suggests different requirements for mono- and polygalactosylation of core fucose for the formation of multiple isomers. Furthermore, we observed variations in core fucose glycosylation patterns in different planarian strains, suggesting evolutionary adaptation in fucose glycosylation. The various core chitobiose modifications and methylations create >60 different glycoforms in S. mediterranea. These results contribute greatly to our understanding of N-glycan biosynthesis and suggest the presence of a GlcNAc-independent biosynthetic pathway in S. mediterranea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Peruvemba Subramanian
- From the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India and
| | - Ponnusamy Babu
- Glycomics and Glycoproteomics Facility, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- From the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India and
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- From the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India and
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Boya R, Yadavalli AD, Nikhat S, Kurukuti S, Palakodeti D, Pongubala JMR. Developmentally regulated higher-order chromatin interactions orchestrate B cell fate commitment. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11070-11087. [PMID: 28977418 PMCID: PMC5737614 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome organization in 3D nuclear-space is important for regulation of gene expression. However, the alterations of chromatin architecture that impinge on the B cell-fate choice of multi-potent progenitors are still unclear. By integrating in situ Hi-C analyses with epigenetic landscapes and genome-wide expression profiles, we tracked the changes in genome architecture as the cells transit from a progenitor to a committed state. We identified the genomic loci that undergo developmental switch between A and B compartments during B-cell fate determination. Furthermore, although, topologically associating domains (TADs) are stable, a significant number of TADs display structural alterations that are associated with changes in cis-regulatory interaction landscape. Finally, we demonstrate the potential roles for Ebf1 and its downstream factor, Pax5, in chromatin reorganization and transcription regulation. Collectively, our studies provide a general paradigm of the dynamic relationship between chromatin reorganization and lineage-specific gene expression pattern that dictates cell-fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Boya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Anurupa Devi Yadavalli
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sameena Nikhat
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Kurukuti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Jagan M R Pongubala
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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27
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Bansal D, Kulkarni J, Nadahalli K, Lakshmanan V, Krishna S, Sasidharan V, Geo J, Dilipkumar S, Pasricha R, Gulyani A, Raghavan S, Palakodeti D. Cytoplasmic poly (A)-binding protein critically regulates epidermal maintenance and turnover in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Development 2017; 144:3066-3079. [PMID: 28807897 PMCID: PMC5611960 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying key cellular events that facilitate stem cell function and tissue organization is crucial for understanding the process of regeneration. Planarians are powerful model system to study regeneration and stem cell (neoblast) function. Here, using planaria, we show that the initial events of regeneration, such as epithelialization and epidermal organization are critically regulated by a novel cytoplasmic poly A-binding protein, SMED-PABPC2. Knockdown of smed-pabpc2 leads to defects in epidermal lineage specification, disorganization of epidermis and ECM, and deregulated wound healing, resulting in the selective failure of neoblast proliferation near the wound region. Polysome profiling suggests that epidermal lineage transcripts, including zfp-1, are translationally regulated by SMED-PABPC2. Together, our results uncover a novel role for SMED-PABPC2 in the maintenance of epidermal and ECM integrity, critical for wound healing and subsequent processes for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jahnavi Kulkarni
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Kavana Nadahalli
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur 613402 India
| | - Srikar Krishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur 613402 India
| | - Vidyanand Sasidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jini Geo
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Shilpa Dilipkumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Renu Pasricha
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Sasidharan V, Marepally S, Elliott SA, Baid S, Lakshmanan V, Nayyar N, Bansal D, Sánchez Alvarado A, Vemula PK, Palakodeti D. The miR-124 family of microRNAs is crucial for regeneration of the brain and visual system in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Development 2017; 144:3211-3223. [PMID: 28807895 PMCID: PMC5612250 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain regeneration in planarians is mediated by precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression and is crucial for multiple aspects of neurogenesis. However, the mechanisms underpinning the gene regulation essential for brain regeneration are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the miR-124 family of microRNAs in planarian brain regeneration. The miR-124 family (miR-124) is highly conserved in animals and regulates neurogenesis by facilitating neural differentiation, yet its role in neural wiring and brain organization is not known. We developed a novel method for delivering anti-miRs using liposomes for the functional knockdown of microRNAs. Smed-miR-124 knockdown revealed a key role for these microRNAs in neuronal organization during planarian brain regeneration. Our results also demonstrated an essential role for miR-124 in the generation of eye progenitors. Additionally, miR-124 regulates Smed-slit-1, which encodes an axon guidance protein, either by targeting slit-1 mRNA or, potentially, by modulating the canonical Notch pathway. Together, our results reveal a role for miR-124 in regulating the regeneration of a functional brain and visual system. Summary:miR-124 is required during de novo regeneration of the cephalic ganglion and visual system in planarians, as well as in slit-1 expression in the midline of anterior regenerating tissue via canonical Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyanand Sasidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Sarah A Elliott
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Srishti Baid
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Nishtha Nayyar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
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Shettigar N, Joshi A, Dalmeida R, Gopalkrishna R, Chakravarthy A, Patnaik S, Mathew M, Palakodeti D, Gulyani A. Hierarchies in light sensing and dynamic interactions between ocular and extraocular sensory networks in a flatworm. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1603025. [PMID: 28782018 PMCID: PMC5533540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light sensing has independently evolved multiple times under diverse selective pressures but has been examined only in a handful among the millions of light-responsive organisms. Unsurprisingly, mechanistic insights into how differential light processing can cause distinct behavioral outputs are limited. We show how an organism can achieve complex light processing with a simple "eye" while also having independent but mutually interacting light sensing networks. Although planarian flatworms lack wavelength-specific eye photoreceptors, a 25 nm change in light wavelength is sufficient to completely switch their phototactic behavior. Quantitative photoassays, eye-brain confocal imaging, and RNA interference/knockdown studies reveal that flatworms are able to compare small differences in the amounts of light absorbed at the eyes through a single eye opsin and convert them into binary behavioral outputs. Because planarians can fully regenerate, eye-brain injury-regeneration studies showed that this acute light intensity sensing and processing are layered on simple light detection. Unlike intact worms, partially regenerated animals with eyes can sense light but cannot sense finer gradients. Planarians also show a "reflex-like," eye-independent (extraocular/whole-body) response to low ultraviolet A light, apart from the "processive" eye-brain-mediated (ocular) response. Competition experiments between ocular and extraocular sensory systems reveal dynamic interchanging hierarchies. In intact worms, cerebral ocular response can override the reflex-like extraocular response. However, injury-regeneration again offers a time window wherein both responses coexist, but the dominance of the ocular response is reversed. Overall, we demonstrate acute light intensity-based behavioral switching and two evolutionarily distinct but interacting light sensing networks in a regenerating organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Shettigar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
- Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Asawari Joshi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Rimple Dalmeida
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
- Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Rohini Gopalkrishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Anirudh Chakravarthy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Siddharth Patnaik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Manoj Mathew
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
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30
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Javali A, Lakshmanan V, Palakodeti D, Sambasivan R. Micro-RNAs in the unique trans-germ layer potential of the neural crest: A role in the fate choice? Mech Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Arya D, Sachithanandan SP, Ross C, Palakodeti D, Li S, Krishna S. MiRNA182 regulates percentage of myeloid and erythroid cells in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2547. [PMID: 28079885 PMCID: PMC5386378 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The deregulation of lineage control programs is often associated with the progression of haematological malignancies. The molecular regulators of lineage choices in the context of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance remain poorly understood in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). To find a potential molecular regulator contributing to lineage distribution and TKI resistance, we undertook an RNA-sequencing approach for identifying microRNAs (miRNAs). Following an unbiased screen, elevated miRNA182-5p levels were detected in Bcr-Abl-inhibited K562 cells (CML blast crisis cell line) and in a panel of CML patients. Earlier, miRNA182-5p upregulation was reported in several solid tumours and haematological malignancies. We undertook a strategy involving transient modulation and CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats)-mediated knockout of the MIR182 locus in CML cells. The lineage contribution was assessed by methylcellulose colony formation assay. The transient modulation of miRNA182-5p revealed a biased phenotype. Strikingly, Δ182 cells (homozygous deletion of MIR182 locus) produced a marked shift in lineage distribution. The phenotype was rescued by ectopic expression of miRNA182-5p in Δ182 cells. A bioinformatic analysis and Hes1 modulation data suggested that Hes1 could be a putative target of miRNA182-5p. A reciprocal relationship between miRNA182-5p and Hes1 was seen in the context of TK inhibition. In conclusion, we reveal a key role for miRNA182-5p in restricting the myeloid development of leukemic cells. We propose that the Δ182 cell line will be valuable in designing experiments for next-generation pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Arya
- Cellular Organization and Signalling Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Sasikala P Sachithanandan
- Cellular Organization and Signalling Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Cecil Ross
- Department of Medicine, St Johns Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Stem Cells and Regeneration Group, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Shang Li
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sudhir Krishna
- Cellular Organization and Signalling Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
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Arya D, Sasikala P, Li S, Palakodeti D, Ross C, Krishna S. Abstract 1931: MiR182 mediated control over myeloid differentiation provides novel mechanism of Imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
MiR182 is an evolutionarily conserved miR, present in a cluster with miR183, and miR96 on human chromosome 7q32.2. This cluster is over-expressed in hESCs, and iPSCs. Developmentally, miR182 is over-expressed during erythropoiesis from CD34 cells. Erythroid differentiation of CML cells induced by Imatinib treatment provides an alternate mechanism of Imatinib escape, and also emphasizes the need to explore miR182 function in this context. In cancerous cells, miR182 regulates metastasis in melanoma cells by regulation of MITF and FOXO3, and DNA repair in breast cancer by targeting BRCA1. These reports provide some understanding of miR182 function by transient in-vitro assays. To refine functional importance, targeted deletion of MIR182 has been done on mice retinal cells where it is shown an over-expressed candidate by quantitative methods; nevertheless MIR182 deletion does not show any phenotypic change indicating challenges to study their functions along with better model systems. We focus to study K562 cells, CML blast crisis cell line with wild type Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, partially differentiated cells able to differentiate in different lineages upon induction. We exploit use of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock-out approach to find out miR182 function in K562 cells. We show that we have successfully deleted MIR182 loci in K562 cells by CRISPR. We hypothesize if miR182 regulates proliferation or differentiation in bi-potent K562 cells. Using phenotypic characterization, we studied MIR182 deleted cells. We show that myeloid differentiation is augmented by MIR182 deletion. Homozygous MIR182 deleted cells display decreased proliferation. We find striking inverse correlation with notch signalling genes in the context of Imatinib resistance. Notch signalling has been documented in cancer cells where its role has been shown in context dependent which require more explanation of its regulation. Hes1, one of main transcriptional regulator of notch signalling pathway, is targeted by miR182 shown by both bio-informatics, and in-vitro assays. Hes1 manipulation confirms it as down-stream target of miR182 in CML cells. We next explored Imatinib resistance phenotype in the context of miR182 given its expression in CD34 cells. We demonstrate miR182 is over-expressed in CML cells towards Imatinib treatment in ex-vivo, and in-vitro. We find miR182 essential for proliferation of K562 cells, Imatinib resistance. Taken together, our studies highlight miR182 targets notch signalling genes in CML cells implication of which we have shown in the context of Bcr-Abl independent Imatinib resistance mediated by differentiation deregulation.
Citation Format: Deepak Arya, P. Sasikala, Shang Li, Dasaradhi Palakodeti, Cecil Ross, Sudhir Krishna. MiR182 mediated control over myeloid differentiation provides novel mechanism of Imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1931.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Arya
- 1National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - P. Sasikala
- 1National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Cecil Ross
- 4St. John's Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudhir Krishna
- 1National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Menoret A, Kumar S, Palakodeti D, Graveley B, Vella A. Elucidating a role for a hematopoietic-tropic microRNA in T cell (IRM12P.650). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.133.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To gain new insight into how miRNA impact T cell responses, mice were immunized with costimulation and adjuvant to generate potent T effector responses. We generated a cDNA library from lymphoid tissue. Using sequencing of size-fractionated cDNA we cloned 6 potential new miRNAs with characteristic stem loop folding. One of these candidates, termed miR-R89 but not yet registered in miRBase, was unique since its expression was hematopoietic specific and regulated during immune activation. The targets and function of miR-R89 are currently unknown, but our preliminary data show it is expressed in a T cell clone known to cause experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Transfection with a locked nucleic acid (LNA) mimic of miR-R89 in EL4 thymoma cells increased IL-2 secretion after PMA-ionomycin (PI) stimulation compared to transfection with control LNA. RNAseq analysis of the transfected cells revealed that mRNA expression of two transcription factors involved in metabolism, Tfe3 and Tef, was reduced by miR-R89 mimic. Interestingly, 3’UTR mRNA of Tfe3 and Tef have several theoretical binding sites for miR-R89. Treatment of PI-stimulated EL4 cells with UK5099, an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport and metabolism, mediated a similar increase of IL-2 secretion than observed after transfection with miR-R89. These data suggest the putative miRNA miR-R89 could target Tfe3 and Tef mRNA and function as a metabolic regulator of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Menoret
- 1Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- 3Life Science and Bio-informatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- 2Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Assam University, Bangalore, India
| | - Brenton Graveley
- 4Genetics and genome sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Anthony Vella
- 1Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
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Natarajan N, Ramakrishnan P, Lakshmanan V, Palakodeti D, Rangiah K. A quantitative metabolomics peek into planarian regeneration. Analyst 2015; 140:3445-64. [PMID: 25815385 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The fresh water planarian species Schmidtea mediterranea is an emerging stem cell model because of its capability to regenerate a whole animal from a small piece of tissue. It is one of the best model systems to address the basic mechanisms essential for regeneration. Here, we are interested in studying the roles of various amines, thiols and nucleotides in planarian regeneration, stem cell function and growth. We developed mass spectrometry based quantitative methods and validated the differential enrichment of 35 amines, 7 thiol metabolites and 4 nucleotides from both intact and regenerating planarians. Among the amines, alanine in sexual and asparagine in asexual are the highest (>1000 ng/mg) in the intact planarians. The levels of thiols such as cysteine and GSH are 651 and 1107 ng mg(-1) in planarians. Among the nucleotides, the level of cGMP is the lowest (0.03 ng mg(-1)) and the level of AMP is the highest (187 ng mg(-1)) in both of the planarian strains. We also noticed increasing levels of amines in both anterior and posterior regenerating planarians. The blastema from day 3 regenerating planarians also showed higher amounts of many amines. Interestingly, the thiol (cysteine and GSH) levels are well maintained during planarian regeneration. This suggests an inherent and effective mechanism to control induced oxidative stress because of the robust regeneration and stem cell proliferation. Like in intact planarians, the level of cGMP is also very low in regenerating planarians. Surprisingly, the levels of amines and thiols in head regenerating blastemas are ∼3 times higher compared to those for tail regenerating blastemas. Thus our results strongly indicate the potential roles of amines, thiols and nucleotides in planarian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Natarajan
- Metabolomics Facility, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, India.
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Vyas N, Walvekar A, Tate D, Lakshmanan V, Bansal D, Lo Cicero A, Raposo G, Palakodeti D, Dhawan J. Vertebrate Hedgehog is secreted on two types of extracellular vesicles with different signaling properties. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7357. [PMID: 25483805 PMCID: PMC4258658 DOI: 10.1038/srep07357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a secreted morphogen that elicits differentiation and patterning in developing tissues. Multiple proposed mechanisms to regulate Hh dispersion includes lipoprotein particles and exosomes. Here we report that vertebrate Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is secreted on two types of extracellular-vesicles/exosomes, from human cell lines and primary chick notochord cells. Although largely overlapping in size as estimated from electron micrographs, the two exosomal fractions exhibited distinct protein and RNA composition. We have probed the functional properties of these vesicles using cell-based assays of Hh-elicited gene expression. Our results suggest that while both Shh-containing exo-vesicular fractions can activate an ectopic Gli-luciferase construct, only exosomes co-expressing Integrins can activate endogenous Shh target genes HNF3β and Olig2 during the differentiation of mouse ES cells to ventral neuronal progenitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that primary vertebrate cells secrete Shh in distinct vesicular forms, and support a model where packaging of Shh along with other signaling proteins such as Integrins on exosomes modulates target gene activation. The existence of distinct classes of Shh-containing exosomes also suggests a previously unappreciated complexity for fine-tuning of Shh-mediated gradients and pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Ankita Walvekar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Dhananjay Tate
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Alessandra Lo Cicero
- 1] Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, F-75248 Paris, France [2] Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France [3] Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBiSA), Paris F-75248, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- 1] Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, F-75248 Paris, France [2] Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France [3] Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBiSA), Paris F-75248, France
| | | | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India [2] CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Rangiah K, Palakodeti D. Comprehensive analysis of neurotransmitters from regenerating planarian extract using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected reaction monitoring method. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:2439-2452. [PMID: 24097401 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Absolute quantification of neurotransmitters (NTs) from biological systems is imperative to track how changes in concentration of active neurochemicals may affect biological behavior. A sensitive method for the absolute quantification of multiple NTs in a single method is highly needed. METHODS A stable-isotope dilution ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected reaction monitoring (UHPLC/MS/SRM) assay has been developed for a sensitive and quantitative assessment of NTs in planaria. We used this method for the simultaneous quantification of 16 NTs. All analytes showed a linear relationship between concentrations (0.78-50 ng/mL), regression coefficients higher than 0.97, accuracy (91-109%) and low coefficients of variation (CVs). The inter-day CVs for the lowest quality controls (1.56 ng/mL) were in the range between 2-11%. RESULTS The levels of most of the NTs were similar in both sexual and asexual planarians except for glutamic acid, which was about two-fold higher in asexual compared to sexual planarians. We identified high levels of serotonin and failed to detect tryptamine suggesting that the pathway essential for the conversion of tryptophan into tryptamine is absent in planarians. Interestingly, we also found high levels of dopamine and L-DOPA in regenerating planarians suggesting their possible role in regeneration. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we developed novel methodology based on UHPLC/MS/SRM and quantified 16 NTs with high sensitivity and specificity from sexual and asexual strains of planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. This method will also have great application in quantifying various NTs with great precision in different model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
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Sasidharan V, Lu YC, Bansal D, Dasari P, Poduval D, Seshasayee A, Resch AM, Graveley BR, Palakodeti D. Identification of neoblast- and regeneration-specific miRNAs in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. RNA 2013; 19:1394-1404. [PMID: 23974438 PMCID: PMC3854530 DOI: 10.1261/rna.038653.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as a tractable model system to study stem cell biology and regeneration. MicroRNAs are small RNA species that control gene expression by modulating translational repression and mRNA stability and have been implicated in the regulation of various cellular processes. Though recent studies have identified several miRNAs in S. mediterranea, their expression in neoblast subpopulations and during regeneration has not been examined. Here, we identify several miRNAs whose expression is enriched in different neoblast subpopulations and in regenerating tissue at different time points in S. mediterranea. Some of these miRNAs were enriched within 3 h post-amputation and may, therefore, play a role in wound healing and/or neoblast migration. Our results also revealed miRNAs, such as sme-miR-2d-3p and the sme-miR-124 family, whose expression is enriched in the cephalic ganglia, are also expressed in the brain primordium during CNS regeneration. These results provide new insight into the potential biological functions of miRNAs in neoblasts and regeneration in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyanand Sasidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yi-Chien Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Pranavi Dasari
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Deepak Poduval
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Aswin Seshasayee
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Alissa M. Resch
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Brenton R. Graveley
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
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Krishna S, Nair A, Cheedipudi S, Poduval D, Dhawan J, Palakodeti D, Ghanekar Y. Deep sequencing reveals unique small RNA repertoire that is regulated during head regeneration in Hydra magnipapillata. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:599-616. [PMID: 23166307 PMCID: PMC3592418 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs, piRNAs and endo-siRNAs fine-tune gene expression through post-transcriptional regulation, modulating important processes in development, differentiation, homeostasis and regeneration. Using deep sequencing, we have profiled small non-coding RNAs in Hydra magnipapillata and investigated changes in small RNA expression pattern during head regeneration. Our results reveal a unique repertoire of small RNAs in hydra. We have identified 126 miRNA loci; 123 of these miRNAs are unique to hydra. Less than 50% are conserved across two different strains of Hydra vulgaris tested in this study, indicating a highly diverse nature of hydra miRNAs in contrast to bilaterian miRNAs. We also identified siRNAs derived from precursors with perfect stem-loop structure and that arise from inverted repeats. piRNAs were the most abundant small RNAs in hydra, mapping to transposable elements, the annotated transcriptome and unique non-coding regions on the genome. piRNAs that map to transposable elements and the annotated transcriptome display a ping-pong signature. Further, we have identified several miRNAs and piRNAs whose expression is regulated during hydra head regeneration. Our study defines different classes of small RNAs in this cnidarian model system, which may play a role in orchestrating gene expression essential for hydra regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikar Krishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Eipper-Mains JE, Kiraly DD, Palakodeti D, Mains RE, Eipper BA, Graveley BR. microRNA-Seq reveals cocaine-regulated expression of striatal microRNAs. RNA 2011; 17:1529-1543. [PMID: 21708909 PMCID: PMC3153976 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2775511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that modulate gene expression by binding target mRNAs. The hundreds of miRNAs expressed in the brain are critical for synaptic development and plasticity. Drugs of abuse cause lasting changes in the limbic regions of the brain that process reward, and addiction is viewed as a form of aberrant neuroplasticity. Using next-generation sequencing, we cataloged miRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens and at striatal synapses in control and chronically cocaine-treated mice. We identified cocaine-responsive miRNAs, synaptically enriched and depleted miRNA families, and confirmed cocaine-induced changes in protein expression for several predicted synaptic target genes. The miR-8 family, known for its roles in cancer, is highly enriched and cocaine regulated at striatal synapses, where its members may affect expression of cell adhesion molecules. Synaptically enriched cocaine-regulated miRNAs may contribute to long-lasting drug-induced plasticity through fine-tuning regulatory pathways that modulate the actin cytoskeleton, neurotransmitter metabolism, and peptide hormone processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi E. Eipper-Mains
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Drew D. Kiraly
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Richard E. Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Betty A. Eipper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Brenton R. Graveley
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Hollenbach JP, Resch AM, Palakodeti D, Graveley BR, Heinen CD. Loss of DNA mismatch repair imparts a selective advantage in planarian adult stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21808. [PMID: 21747960 PMCID: PMC3128615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) leads to an increased risk of early-onset colorectal and other types of cancer and is caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Loss of MMR function results in a mutator phenotype that likely underlies its role in tumorigenesis. However, loss of MMR also results in the elimination of a DNA damage-induced checkpoint/apoptosis activation barrier that may allow damaged cells to grow unchecked. A fundamental question is whether loss of MMR provides pre-cancerous stem cells an immediate selective advantage in addition to establishing a mutator phenotype. To test this hypothesis in an in vivo system, we utilized the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea which contains a significant population of identifiable adult stem cells. We identified a planarian homolog of human MSH2, a MMR gene which is mutated in 38% of LS cases. The planarian Smed-msh2 is expressed in stem cells and some progeny. We depleted Smed-msh2 mRNA levels by RNA-interference and found a striking survival advantage in these animals treated with a cytotoxic DNA alkylating agent compared to control animals. We demonstrated that this tolerance to DNA damage is due to the survival of mitotically active, MMR-deficient stem cells. Our results suggest that loss of MMR provides an in vivo survival advantage to the stem cell population in the presence of DNA damage that may have implications for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. Hollenbach
- Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alissa M. Resch
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brenton R. Graveley
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Heinen
- Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lu YC, Smielewska M, Palakodeti D, Lovci MT, Aigner S, Yeo GW, Graveley BR. Deep sequencing identifies new and regulated microRNAs in Schmidtea mediterranea. RNA 2009; 15:1483-1491. [PMID: 19553344 PMCID: PMC2714757 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1702009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in directing the differentiation of cells down a variety of cell lineage pathways. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea can regenerate all lost body tissue after amputation due to a population of pluripotent somatic stem cells called neoblasts, and is therefore an excellent model organism to study the roles of miRNAs in stem cell function. Here, we use a combination of deep sequencing and bioinformatics to discover 66 new miRNAs in S. mediterranea. We also identify 21 miRNAs that are specifically expressed in either sexual or asexual animals. Finally, we identified five miRNAs whose expression is sensitive to gamma-irradiation, suggesting they are expressed in neoblasts or early neoblast progeny. Together, these results increase the known repertoire of S. mediterranea miRNAs and identify numerous regulated miRNAs that may play important roles in regeneration, homeostasis, neoblast function, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Lu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3301, USA
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Palakodeti D, Smielewska M, Lu YC, Yeo GW, Graveley BR. The PIWI proteins SMEDWI-2 and SMEDWI-3 are required for stem cell function and piRNA expression in planarians. RNA 2008; 14:1174-1186. [PMID: 18456843 PMCID: PMC2390803 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1085008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PIWI proteins are expressed in germ cells in a wide variety of metazoans, where they participate in the synthesis and function of a novel class of small RNAs called PIWI associated RNAs (piRNAs). One function of piRNAs is to preserve the integrity of the germline genome by silencing transposons, though they also participate in epigenetic and post-transcriptional gene regulation. In the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, the PIWI proteins SMEDWI-1 and SMEDWI-2 are expressed in neoblasts and SMEDWI-2 is required for regeneration and homeostasis. Here, we identify a diverse population of approximately 32-nucleotide small RNAs that strongly resemble vertebrate and insect piRNAs and map to hundreds of thousands of loci in the S. mediterranea genome. The expression of these RNAs occurs predominantly in neoblasts and is not restricted to the germline. RNAi knockdown of either SMEDWI-2 or a newly identified PIWI protein, SMEDWI-3, impairs regeneration and homeostasis and decreases the levels of both piRNAs and neoblasts. Therefore, SMEDWI-2 and SMEDWI-3 are required for piRNA expression, regeneration, and neoblast function in S. mediterranea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3301, USA
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22-nt RNA molecules that typically bind to the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs and function to either induce mRNA degradation or repress translation. miRNAs have been shown to play important roles in the function of stem cells and cell lineage decisions in a variety of organisms, including humans. Planarians are bilaterally symmetric metazoans that have the unique ability to completely regenerate lost tissues or organs. This regenerative capacity is facilitated by a population of stem cells known as neoblasts. Planarians are therefore an excellent model system for studying many aspects of stem cell biology. Here we report the cloning and initial characterization of 71 miRNAs from the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. While several of the S. mediterranea miRNAs are members of miRNA families identified in other species, we also identified a number of planarian-specific miRNAs. This work lays the foundation for functional studies aimed at addressing the role of these miRNAs in regeneration, cell lineage decisions, and basic stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3301, USA
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