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Sinonasal Stent Coated with Slow-Release Varnish of Chlorhexidine Has Sustained Protection against Bacterial Biofilm Growth in the Sinonasal Cavity: An In Vitro Study. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111783. [PMID: 34834197 PMCID: PMC8617878 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a sustained-release varnish (SRV) containing chlorhexidine (CHX) for sinonasal stents (SNS) to reduce bacterial growth and biofilm formation in the sinonasal cavity. Segments of SNS were coated with SRV-CHX or SRV-placebo and exposed daily to bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 25923 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 (PAO1). Anti-bacterial effects were assessed by disc diffusion assay and planktonic-based activity assay. Biofilm formation on the coated stents was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). The metabolic activity of the biofilms was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Disc diffusion assay showed that SRV-CHX-coated SNS segments inhibited bacterial growth of S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 for 26 days and P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 for 19 days. CHX was released from coated SNS segments in a pH 6 medium up to 30 days, resulting in growth inhibition of S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 for 22 days and P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 for 24 days. The MTT assay showed a reduction of biofilm growth on the coated SNS by 69% for S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 and 40% for P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 compared to the placebo stent after repeated exposure to planktonic growing bacteria. CLSM and HR-SEM showed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the SRV-CHX-coated SNS segments. Coating of SNS with SRV-CHX maintains a sustained delivery of CHX, providing an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 for approximately 3 weeks.
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Marcinkiewicz J, Walczewska M. Neutrophils as Sentinel Cells of the Immune System: A Role of the MPO-halide-system in Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:2840-2851. [PMID: 31424363 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190819123300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
For decades, neutrophils were generally regarded as the cells of innate immunity with proinflammatory and phagocytic properties involved in a dual activity, beneficial (antimicrobial) and detrimental (tissue damage). Importantly, until the discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs), a role of neutrophils in adaptive immunity was limited to the effector stage of humoral response and phagocytosis of opsonized antigens. Moreover, in common opinion, neutrophils, as well as the entire innate immune system, were not functionally associated with adaptive immunity. At the time we demonstrated protein chlorination by HOCl, the major product of neutrophil MPO-halide system enhances protein immunogenicity. Based on this discovery, we proposed, as the first, a new role for neutrophils as APC-accessory cells involved in the induction stage of adaptive immunity. Thereafter, we developed our theory concerning the role of neutrophils as the cells which link innate and adaptive immunity. We proposed that protein modification by HOCl may act as a neutrophildependent molecular tagging system, by which sentinel dendritic cells can faster recognise pathogen- derived antigens. Contemporaneously, it was demonstrated that taurine, the most abundant free amino acid in neutrophil cytosol and the major scavenger of HOCl, is a part of the oxidantantioxidant network and is responsible for the regulation and termination of acute inflammation. Moreover, it has been described, that taurine chloramine (TauCl), the physiological products of the reaction of HOCl with taurine, show anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, the role of HOCl, taurine and TauCl in innate and adaptive immunity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Walczewska
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Ciszek-Lenda M, Strus M, Walczewska M, Majka G, Machul-Żwirbla A, Mikołajczyk D, Górska S, Gamian A, Chain B, Marcinkiewicz J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is a potent inducer of phagocyte hyperinflammation. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:397-413. [PMID: 30887082 PMCID: PMC6450861 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Pseudomonas aeruginosa effectively facilitate resistance to phagocyte killing by biofilm formation. However, the cross talk between biofilm components and phagocytes is still unclear. We hypothesize that a biofilm provides a concentrated extracellular source of LPS, DNA and exopolysaccharides (EPS), which polarize neighbouring phagocytes into an adverse hyperinflammatory state of activation. Methods We measured the release of a panel of mediators produced in vitro by murine neutrophils and macrophages exposed to various biofilm components of P. aeruginosa cultures. Results We found that conditioned media from a high biofilm-producing strain of P. aeruginosa, PAR5, accumulated high concentrations of extracellular bacterial LPS, DNA and EPS by 72 h. These conditioned media induced phagocytes to release a hyperinflammatory pattern of mediators, with enhanced levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL12p40, PGE2 and NO. Moreover, the phagocytes also upregulated COX-2 and iNOS with no influence on the expression of arginase-1. Conclusions Phagocytes exposed to biofilm microenvironment, called by us biofilm-associated neutrophils/macrophages (BANs/BAMs), display secretory properties similar to that of N1/M1-type phagocytes. These results suggest that in vivo high concentrations of LPS and DNA, trapped in biofilm by EPS, might convert infiltrating phagocytes into cells responsible for tissue injury without direct contact with bacteria and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ciszek-Lenda
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Strus
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczewska
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majka
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Diana Mikołajczyk
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Walczewska M, Peruń A, Białecka A, Śróttek M, Jamróz W, Dorożyński P, Jachowicz R, Kulinowski P, Nagl M, Gottardi W, Marcinkiewicz J. Comparative Analysis of Microbicidal and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Novel Taurine Bromamine Derivatives and Bromamine T. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:515-534. [PMID: 28849479 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Taurine, the most abundant free amino acid in leukocyte cytosol traps hypohalous acids (HOCl and HOBr) to produce N-chlorotaurine (taurine chloramine, NCT and N-bromotaurine (taurine bromamine, Tau-NHBr,) respectively. Both haloamines show anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. However, the therapeutic applicability of Tau-NHBr is limited due to its relatively poor stability. To overcome this disadvantage, we have synthesized the stable N-bromotaurine compounds N-monobromo-2,2-dimethyltaurine (Br-612) and N-dibromo-2,2-dimethyltaurine (Br-422). The aim of this study was to compare anti-inflammatory and microbicidal properties of Br-612 and Br-422 with that of Tau-NHBr and bromamine T (BAT). We have shown that all the tested compounds show similar anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, the stable N-bromotaurine compounds exerted even stronger microbicidal activity than Tau-NHBr. Finally, for the purpose of topical application of these compounds we have developed a carbomer-based bioadhesive solid dosage form of BAT and Br-612, featuring sustained release of the active substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walczewska
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Peruń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Białecka
- Center of Microbiological research and Autovaccines Ltd., Krakow, Poland
| | - M Śróttek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - W Jamróz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Dorożyński
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Jachowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Kulinowski
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Nagl
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - W Gottardi
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Farzamfar S, Naseri-Nosar M, Samadian H, Mahakizadeh S, Tajerian R, Rahmati M, Vaez A, Salehi M. Taurine-loaded poly (ε-caprolactone)/gelatin electrospun mat as a potential wound dressing material: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911517737103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Farzamfar
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Naseri-Nosar
- Departments of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Mahakizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roksana Tajerian
- Departments of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Departments of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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De Carvalho Bertozo L, Morgon NH, De Souza AR, Ximenes VF. Taurine Bromamine: Reactivity of an Endogenous and Exogenous Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Amino Acid Derivative. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6020023. [PMID: 27110829 PMCID: PMC4919918 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine bromamine (Tau-NHBr) is produced by the reaction between hypobromous acid (HOBr) and the amino acid taurine. There are increasing number of applications of Tau-NHBr as an anti-inflammatory and microbicidal drug for topical usage. Here, we performed a comprehensive study of the chemical reactivity of Tau-NHBr with endogenous and non-endogenous compounds. Tau-NHBr reactivity was compared with HOBr, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and taurine chloramine (Tau-NHCl). The second-order rate constants (k2) for the reactions between Tau-NHBr and tryptophan (7.7 × 102 M−1s−1), melatonin (7.3 × 103 M−1s−1), serotonin (2.9 × 103 M−1s−1), dansylglycine (9.5 × 101 M−1s−1), tetramethylbenzidine (6.4 × 102 M−1s−1) and H2O2 (3.9 × M−1s−1) were obtained. Tau-NHBr demonstrated the following selectivity regarding its reactivity with free amino acids: tryptophan > cysteine ~ methionine > tyrosine. The reactivity of Tau-NHBr was strongly affected by the pH of the medium (for instance with dansylglycine: pH 5.0, 1.1 × 104 M−1s−1, pH 7.0, 9.5 × 10 M−1s−1 and pH 9.0, 1.7 × 10 M−1s−1), a property that is related to the formation of the dibromamine form at acidic pH (Tau-NBr2). The formation of singlet oxygen was observed in the reaction between Tau-NHBr and H2O2. Tau-NHBr was also able to react with linoleic acid, but with low efficiency compared with HOBr and HOCl. Compared with HOBr, Tau-NHBr was not able to react with nucleosides. In conclusion, the following reactivity sequence was established: HOBr > HOCl > Tau-NHBr > Tau-NHCl. These findings can be very helpful for researchers interested in biological applications of taurine haloamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza De Carvalho Bertozo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Henrique Morgon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-861, Brazil.
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil.
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