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Li G, Tao X, Lei B, Hou X, Yang X, Wang L, Zhang S, Lv Y, Wang T, Yu L. Effects of exercise on post-stroke cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Top Stroke Rehabil 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38825881 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2024.2356393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research examining the effect of exercise on cognitive function in stroke patients, while findings of available studies were conflicting. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate the effect of exercise on cognitive function in stroke patients. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus electronic databases, through 13 March 2023. The three-level restricted maximum likelihood random effects model was used to synthesize the data. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant effect of exercise on improving cognitive function in stroke patients (Cohen's d = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.58, p < 0.01, I2 = 22.12%). Subgroup analysis showed that exercise significantly improved memory. In addition, aerobic exercise, exercise conducted 12 weeks or more, 3 times or more per week, less than 60 minutes per session, less than 180 minutes per week, and up to 12 months post-stroke increased cognitive function significantly. CONCLUSIONS Exercise improved cognitive function in stroke patients. To improve cognitive function, this meta-analysis provides clinicians with evidence to recommend that stroke patients participate in aerobic exercise at least 3 times per week for 30-60 minutes, with a goal of 180 minutes per week being achieved by increasing the frequency of exercise. Exercise initiated within 12 months post-stroke and continued for 12 weeks or more is most beneficial for improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Tao
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingkai Lei
- School of Physical Education, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Leiyuyang Wang
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongling Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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2
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De Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Cristini J, Moncion K, Ploughman M, Tang A, Fung J, Roig M. Measuring Neuroplasticity in Response to Cardiovascular Exercise in People With Stroke: A Critical Perspective. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2024:15459683231223513. [PMID: 38291890 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231223513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rehabilitative treatments that promote neuroplasticity are believed to improve recovery after stroke. Animal studies have shown that cardiovascular exercise (CE) promotes neuroplasticity but the effects of this intervention on the human brain and its implications for the functional recovery of patients remain unclear. The use of biomarkers has enabled the assessment of cellular and molecular events that occur in the central nervous system after brain injury. Some of these biomarkers have proven to be particularly valuable for the diagnosis of severity, prognosis of recovery, as well as for measuring the neuroplastic response to different treatments after stroke. OBJECTIVES To provide a critical analysis on the current evidence supporting the use of neurophysiological, neuroimaging, and blood biomarkers to assess the neuroplastic response to CE in individuals poststroke. RESULTS Most biomarkers used are responsive to the effects of acute and chronic CE interventions, but the response appears to be variable and is not consistently associated with functional improvements. Small sample sizes, methodological variability, incomplete information regarding patient's characteristics, inadequate standardization of training parameters, and lack of reporting of associations with functional outcomes preclude the quantification of the neuroplastic effects of CE poststroke using biomarkers. CONCLUSION Consensus on the optimal biomarkers to monitor the neuroplastic response to CE is currently lacking. By addressing critical methodological issues, future studies could advance our understanding of the use of biomarkers to measure the impact of CE on neuroplasticity and functional recovery in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat De Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Lynden Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Moncion
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ada Tang
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce Fung
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
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Chakraborty S, Suryavanshi CA, Nayak KR. Cognitive function and heart rate variability in open and closed skill sports. Ann Med 2023; 55:2267588. [PMID: 37824224 PMCID: PMC10572042 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2267588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The differences in sporting environments between open and closed skill sports impose unique demands on athletes' cognitive and motor capabilities. Our study aims to investigate and compare cognitive function and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) among individuals involved in different sports, namely basketball, swimming, and a sedentary non-sports group. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of three groups, namely basketball players, swimmers, and sedentary individuals, with each group comprising twenty-six participants. HRV was assessed with the help of PowerLab. Cognition was assessed using the Ebbinghaus Memory Procedure Test (EMT), Go/No-Go Task (GNG), Color Stroop task, Trail Making Test (TMT), and Letter Cancellation test (LCT). RESULTS The results of the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) analyses indicated that there was significance between the groups. However, no significant differences were observed between swimmers and basketball players in cognitive functions and HRV measures. Overall, the sport group outperformed the sedentary group. Specifically, basketball players and swimmers completed LCT and TMT faster than the sedentary group (p = 0.044 and p < 0.001 for basketball players, p = 0.002 and p = 0.001 for swimmers). Additionally, basketball players took fewer trials in EMT (p = 0.013) and less time (p = 0.026) compared to the sedentary group. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that sports training, regardless of sport type, positively impacts overall cognitive function. However, no significant differences were observed in cognitive task performance and HRV measures between open and closed skill sport players. These findings suggest that sports can enhance cognitive functions, regardless of the sport played.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipana Chakraborty
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Chinmay A. Suryavanshi
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Kirtana R. Nayak
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Sivaramakrishnan A, Subramanian SK. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Neurophysiological, Molecular, and Behavioral Measures in Chronic Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:151-164. [PMID: 36703562 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221146996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single bout of aerobic exercise (AE) can produce changes in neurophysiological and behavioral measures in healthy individuals and those with stroke. However, the effects of AE-priming effects on neuroplasticity markers and behavioral measures are unclear. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of AE on neuroplasticity measures, such as corticomotor excitability (CME), molecular markers, cortical activation, motor learning, and performance in stroke. METHODS A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Randomized and non-randomized studies incorporating acute AE in stroke were selected. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias and methodological rigor of the studies and extracted data on participant characteristics, exercise interventions, and neuroplasticity related outcomes. The quality of transcranial magnetic stimulation reported methods was assessed using a standardized checklist. RESULTS A total of 16 studies were found suitable for inclusion. Our findings suggest mixed evidence for the effects of AE on CME, limited to no effects on intracortical inhibition and facilitation and some evidence for modulating brain derived neurotrophic factor levels, motor learning, and cortical activation. Exercise intensities in the moderate to vigorous range showed a trend towards better effects on neuroplasticity measures. CONCLUSION It appears that choosing a moderate to vigorous exercise paradigm for at least 20 to 30 minutes may induce changes in some neuroplasticity parameters in stroke. However, these findings necessitate prudent consideration as the studies were diverse and had moderate methodological quality. There is a need for a consensus on an exercise priming paradigm and for good-quality, larger controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep K Subramanian
- Department of Physical Therapy, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA
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Amiri S, Hassani-Abharian P, Vaseghi S, Kazemi R, Nasehi M. Effect of RehaCom cognitive rehabilitation software on working memory and processing speed in chronic ischemic stroke patients. Assist Technol 2023; 35:41-47. [PMID: 34033513 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2021.1934608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke survivors need assistance to overcome cognitive impairments. Working memory (WM) and processing speed (PS) as two critical cognitive functions are disrupted by stroke. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of RehaCom rehabilitation software on WM and PS in participants with chronic ischemic stroke with hemiplegia (right/left side). Participants were selected among stroke patients who were referred to our special rehabilitation clinic. Fifty participants were assigned to control (n = 25) and experimental (n = 25) groups. The results of the experimental group were compared with the control group before and after the treatment with RehaCom (ten 45-min sessions across five weeks, two sessions per week). The results showed a significant improvement in WM and PS in the experimental group in comparison with the control group after a 5-week training with RehaCom. In conclusion, our findings indicate that treatment with RehaCom software improves WM and PS in chronic ischemic stroke participants with hemiplegia. The exact mechanism of RehaCom is largely unknown and further studies are needed, but its effects on the function of brain regions involved in modulating cognitive functions such as the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and parietal cortex may be mechanisms of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Amiri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Hassani-Abharian
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Kazemi
- TABASOM Rehabilitation Center for Stroke Patients, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Xu G, Hao F, Zhao W, Qiu J, Zhao P, Zhang Q. The influential factors and non-pharmacological interventions of cognitive impairment in children with ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1072388. [PMID: 36588886 PMCID: PMC9797836 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of pediatric ischemic stroke rose by 35% between 1990 and 2013. Affected patients can experience the gradual onset of cognitive impairment in the form of impaired language, memory, intelligence, attention, and processing speed, which affect 20-50% of these patients. Only few evidence-based treatments are available due to significant heterogeneity in age, pathological characteristics, and the combined epilepsy status of the affected children. Methods We searched the literature published by Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, which researched non-pharmacological rehabilitation interventions for cognitive impairment following pediatric ischemic stroke. The search period is from the establishment of the database to January 2022. Results The incidence of such impairment is influenced by patient age, pathological characteristics, combined epilepsy status, and environmental factors. Non-pharmacological treatments for cognitive impairment that have been explored to date mainly include exercise training, psychological intervention, neuromodulation strategies, computer-assisted cognitive training, brain-computer interfaces (BCI), virtual reality, music therapy, and acupuncture. In childhood stroke, the only interventions that can be retrieved are psychological intervention and neuromodulation strategies. Conclusion However, evidence regarding the efficacy of these interventions is relatively weak. In future studies, the active application of a variety of interventions to improve pediatric cognitive function will be necessary, and neuroimaging and electrophysiological measurement techniques will be of great value in this context. Larger multi-center prospective longitudinal studies are also required to offer more accurate evidence-based guidance for the treatment of patients with pediatric stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Rehabilitation Branch, Tianjin Children's Hospital/Tianjin University Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuchun Hao
- Medicine & Nursing Faculty, Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Chinese Teaching and Research Section, Tianjin Beichen Experimental Middle School, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiwen Qiu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Rehabilitation Branch, Tianjin Children's Hospital/Tianjin University Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Peng Zhao
| | - Qian Zhang
- Child Health Care Department, Tianjin Beichen Women and Children Health Center, Tianjin, China,Qian Zhang
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7
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Kimura D, Hosokawa T, Ujikawa T, Ito T. Effects of different exercise intensities on prefrontal activity during a dual task. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13008. [PMID: 35906385 PMCID: PMC9338235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of physical exercise on cognitive tasks have been investigated. However, it is unclear how different exercise intensities affect the neural activity. In this study, we investigated the neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by varying the exercise intensity while participants performed a dual task (DT). Twenty healthy young adults performed serial subtraction while driving a cycle ergometer. Exercise intensity was set to one of three levels: low, moderate, or high intensity. We did not find any significant change in PFC activity during DT under either the control (no exercise) or low-intensity conditions. In contrast, we observed a significant increase in PFC activity during DT under moderate- and high-intensity conditions. In addition, we observed complex hemodynamics after DT. PFC activity decreased from baseline after DT under the control condition, while it increased under the low-intensity condition. PFC activity remained higher than the baseline level after DT under the moderate-intensity condition but returned to baseline under the high-intensity condition. The results suggest that moderate-intensity exercise with a cognitive load effectively increases PFC activity, and low-intensity exercise may increase PFC activity when combined with a cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Hosokawa
- Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takuya Ujikawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Ito
- Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
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8
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Pickersgill JW, Turco CV, Ramdeo K, Rehsi RS, Foglia SD, Nelson AJ. The Combined Influences of Exercise, Diet and Sleep on Neuroplasticity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:831819. [PMID: 35558719 PMCID: PMC9090458 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to undergo structural and functional adaptations in response to experience, and this process is associated with learning, memory and improvements in cognitive function. The brain’s propensity for neuroplasticity is influenced by lifestyle factors including exercise, diet and sleep. This review gathers evidence from molecular, systems and behavioral neuroscience to explain how these three key lifestyle factors influence neuroplasticity alone and in combination with one another. This review collected results from human studies as well as animal models. This information will have implications for research, educational, fitness and neurorehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia V Turco
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karishma Ramdeo
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ravjot S Rehsi
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stevie D Foglia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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9
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Mayer JF, Sandberg CW, Mozeiko J, Madden EB, Murray LL. Cognitive and Linguistic Benefits of Aerobic Exercise: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Review of the Stroke Literature. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:785312. [PMID: 36188840 PMCID: PMC9397720 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.785312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to determine how aerobic exercise affects cognition after stroke, with particular focus on aphasia and language improvement. Methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro+ scale with half of the 27 included studies rated as high quality. Data extraction focused on cognitive effects of aerobic exercise post-stroke, intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and participant characteristics. Whereas attention, memory, and executive functioning measures were common across the included studies, no study included a language-specific, performance-based measure. Seventeen studies reported positive cognitive effects, most frequently in the domains of attention, memory and executive functioning. Variability in outcome measures, intervention characteristics, and participant characteristics made it difficult to identify similarities among studies reporting positive cognitive effects of exercise or among those studies reporting null outcomes. Only three studies provided specific information about the number of individuals with aphasia included or excluded, who comprise approximately one-third of the stroke population. The review identified patent gaps in our understanding of how aerobic exercise may affect not only the cognitive domain of language post-stroke but also the broader cognitive functioning of individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Methodological limitations of the reviewed studies also warrant further examination of the direct impact of aerobic exercise on cognition post-stroke with careful attention to the selection and reporting of population, intervention, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F. Mayer
- School of Allied Health and Communicative Disorders, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jamie F. Mayer
| | - Chaleece W. Sandberg
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Mozeiko
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Elizabeth B. Madden
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Laura L. Murray
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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El-Tamawy MS, Darwish MH, Basheer MA, Reda AM, Elzanaty M, Khalifa HA. Effect of cycling exercise on motor excitability and gait abnormalities in stroke patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-020-00236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The concepts of brain excitability are still re-wiring in response to changes in environment. Ambulation is often limited in stroke patients.
Objective
To determine the effect of cycling exercise on motor excitability and consequences on spatiotemporal gait parameters in stroke patients.
Methods
Forty male ischemic stroke patients were included; their age ranged from 45 to 60 years. The patients were assigned into two equal groups: control group (GI) and study group (GII). The GI is treated by a design physical therapy program in the form of task-oriented progressive resistance exercise for lower limb muscles, and the GII is treated by the same program in addition to cycling exercise for 30 min. Treatment was conducted three times per week for 10 weeks. The excitability over motor area (Cz) was assessed by the quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG). The spatiotemporal gait parameters were assessed by the Biodex Gait Trainer 2TM.
Results
There was a significant increase of speed, step cycle, and step length of the affected side (P < 0.05) and a non-significant difference of step length of the non-affected side in the study group compared with that of the control group (P > 0.05). There was a significant increase of excitability over motor area (Cz) in the study group compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Cycling exercise has a positive effect on excitability over motor area of lower limbs and can improve gait parameters in stroke patients.
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Menglu S, Ruiwen L, Suyong Y, Dong Z. Effects of Tai Chi on the Executive Function and Physical Fitness of Female Methamphetamine Dependents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:653229. [PMID: 34177646 PMCID: PMC8222617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.653229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Exercise improves the health and mental status of drug dependents. The way by which Tai Chi (TC) as a special exercise treatment affects executive functions (EFs) of methamphetamine (MA) dependents is yet to be established. This study aimed to explore the effects of TC on the EFs and physical fitness of MA dependents. Methods: A total of 76 female MA dependents were randomly assigned to the exercise and control groups. The exercise group underwent three 60-min sessions of TC training per week for 12 weeks. The control group was trained with conventional exercises including the 9th Guang Bo Ti Cao and square dance. Physical fitness and EF assessments that evaluated inhibitory control (IC, go/no-go task), working memory (3-back task) and cognitive flexibility (switching task) were performed at baseline and at 12 weeks. A repeated-measures ANOVA was applied to analyze the differences of group and time. Results: The exercise group showed decreased response time (RT) with a significant main effect of time on the go/no-go task [F (1, 68) = 9.6, p < 0.05]. The interaction effect between time and group was significant on accuracy [F (1, 61) = 4.73, p < 0.05], and the main effect of time was significant on RT [F (1, 61) = 4.66, p < 0.05] in the 3-back task of the exercise group. Significant changes in BMI [F (1, 68) = 19.57, p < 0.05], vital capacity [F (1, 68) = 6.00, p < 0.05], and systolic blood pressure [F (1, 68) = 6.11, p < 0.05] were observed in the exercise group. Conclusion: These findings showed that 3 months of TC training can improve the IC and maintain the working memory and cognitive flexibility of MA dependents. Other data implied that TC may improve the physical fitness of MA dependents. Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn/, ChiCTR1900022091.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Menglu
- Wushu College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Ruiwen
- Wushu College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Suyong
- School of Sport Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Dong
- School of International Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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12
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Feng Y, Tian X, Zhang M, Lou S. Treadmill Exercise Reverses the Change of Dendritic Morphology and Activates BNDF-mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex of Ovariectomized Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1849-1862. [PMID: 34041687 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A decline of estrogen level leads to spatial learning and memory impairments, which mediated by hippocampus and cortex. Accumulating evidences demonstrated that aerobic exercise improved memory of postmenopausal women and ovariectomized (OVX) mice. However, the molecular mechanisms for this protection of exercise are not completely clear. Accordingly, the present study was designed to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on the dendritic morphology in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, as well as the BNDF-mTOR signaling pathway of OVX mice. Adult female C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (n = 10/group): sham-operated (SHAM/CON), sham-operated with 8-week treadmill exercise (SHAM/EX), ovariectomized operated (OVX/CON), and ovariectomized operated with exercise (OVX/EX). Aerobic exercise improved the impairment of dendritic morphology significantly induced by OVX that was tested by Golgi staining, and it also upregulated the synaptic plasticity-related protein expression of PSD95 and GluR1 as well as activated BDNF-mTOR signaling pathway in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, aerobic exercise reversed the change of dendritic morphology and increased the synaptic plasticity-related protein expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of OVX mice. The positive effects induced by exercise might be mediated through the BDNF-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Shanghai University of Sport, Kinesiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Shanghai University of Sport, Kinesiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shanghai University of Sport, Kinesiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- Shanghai University of Sport, Kinesiology, Shanghai, China.
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Herold F, Behrendt T, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Müller NG, Schega L. Cortical hemodynamics as a function of handgrip strength and cognitive performance: a cross-sectional fNIRS study in younger adults. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:10. [PMID: 33588769 PMCID: PMC7885414 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for a positive correlation between measures of muscular strength and cognitive abilities. However, the neurophysiological correlates of this relationship are not well understood so far. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical hemodynamics [i.e., changes in concentrations of oxygenated (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb)] as a possible link between measures of muscular strength and cognitive performance. METHODS In a cohort of younger adults (n = 39, 18-30 years), we assessed (i) handgrip strength by a handhold dynamometer, (ii) short-term working memory performance by using error rates and reaction times in the Sternberg task, and (iii) cortical hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). RESULTS We observed low to moderate negative correlations (rp = ~ - 0.38 to - 0.51; p < 0.05) between reaction time and levels of oxyHb in specific parts of the PFC. Furthermore, we noticed low to moderate positive correlations (rp = ~ 0.34 to 0.45; p < 0.05) between reaction times and levels of deoxyHb in distinct parts of the PFC. Additionally, higher levels of oxyHb (rp (35) = 0.401; p = 0.014) and lower levels of deoxyHb (rp (34) = - 0.338; p = 0.043) in specific parts of the PFC were linked to higher percentage of correct answers. We also found low to moderate correlations (p < 0.05) between measures of handgrip strength and levels of oxyHb (rp = ~ 0.35; p < 0.05) and levels of deoxyHb (rp = ~ - 0.25 to - 0.49; p < 0.05) in specific parts of the PFC. However, there was neither a correlation between cognitive performance and handgrip strength nor did cortical hemodynamics in the PFC mediate the relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive performance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence for a positive neurobehavioral relationship between cortical hemodynamics and cognitive performance. Our findings further imply that in younger adults higher levels of handgrip strength positively influence cortical hemodynamics although the latter did not necessarily culminate in better cognitive performance. Future research should examine whether the present findings can be generalized to other cohorts (e.g., older adults).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Törpel
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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Trofimov AO, Kopylov AA, Martynov DS, Zorkova AV, Trofimova K, Cheremuhin PN, Bragin DE. The Changes in Brain Oxygenation During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation as Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:235-239. [PMID: 33966223 PMCID: PMC9126087 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the changes in brain tissue oxygenation, assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in patients with mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nineteen patients with diffuse, blunt, non-severe TBI (mean age 32.7 ± 11.4 years; 4 women and 15 men; Glasgow Coma Score before tACS 14.1 ± 0.5) were treated by 10 Hz in-phase tACS applied for 30 minutes to the left and right lateral prefrontal cortex at 21 days after TBI. Regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobes was measured simultaneously by the cerebral oximeter. Significance was preset to P < 0.05. The SctO2 values before tACS were not different between hemispheres ~65%. After 15 minutes of tACS, a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in regional SctO2 was observed with the minimum at the eighth minute of 53.4 ± 3.2% and 53.4 ± 3.2% in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. At the end of the stimulation (30 minutes), the hemispheric differences in cerebral oxygen saturation became statistically insignificant again (p > 0.05). Therefore, tACS causes a significant decrease in SctO2, probably, due to neuronal activation. Our data indicate that tACS may need to be supplemented with oxygen therapy. Further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Trofimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regional Hospital named after Semashko, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Arthem A Kopylov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Martynov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after R.E. Alekseev, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna V Zorkova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ksenia Trofimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Peter N Cheremuhin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regional Hospital named after Semashko, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Denis E Bragin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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15
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Elsner VR, Trevizol L, de Leon I, da Silva M, Weiss T, Braga M, Pochmann D, Blembeel AS, Dani C, Boggio E. Therapeutic effectiveness of a single exercise session combined with WalkAide functional electrical stimulation in post-stroke patients: a crossover design study. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:805-812. [PMID: 33229713 PMCID: PMC8178791 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has suggested that the imbalance of epigenetic markers and oxidative stress appears to be involved in the pathophysiology and progression of stroke. Thus, strategies that modulate these biomarkers might be considered targets for neuroprotection and novel therapeutic opportunities for these patients. Physical exercise has been reported to induce changes in these epigenetic markers and improve clinical outcomes in different populations. However, little is reported on this in post-stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a single exercise session with WalkAide functional electrical stimulation (FES) on cognitive performance, clinical functional parameters, oxidative stress and epigenetic modulation in post-stroke individuals. In this crossover design study, 12 post-stroke individuals aged 54–72 years of either sexes were included and subjected to a single session of exercise (45 minutes) without WalkAide functional electrical stimulation (EXE alone group), followed by another single session of exercise (45 minutes) with WalkAide functional electrical stimulation (EXE + FES group). The clinical functional outcome measures, cognitive performance and blood collections for biomarker measurements were assessed pre- and post-intervention. After intervention, higher Berg Balance Scale scores were obtained in the EXE + FES group than in the EXE alone group. There was no significant difference in the Timed Up and Go test results post-intervention between EXE alone and EXE + FES groups. After intervention, a better cognitive performance was found in both groups compared with before the intervention. After intervention, the Timed Up and Go test scores were higher in the EXE + FES group than in the EXE alone group. In addition, the intervention induced lower levels of lipid peroxidation. After intervention, carbonyl level was lower, superoxide dismutase activity and superoxide dismutase/catalase activity ratio were higher in the EXE + FES group, compared with the EXE group alone. In each group, both histone deacetylase (HDAC2) and histone acetyltransferase activities were increased after intervention compared with before the intervention. These findings suggest that a single exercise session with WalkAide FES is more effective on balance ability and cognitive performance compared with conventional exercise alone in post-stroke patients. This is likely to be related to the regulation of oxidative stress markers. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Methodist University Center-IPA (approval No. 2.423.376) on December 7, 2017 and registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials—ReBEC (RBR-9phj2q) on February 11, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Rostirola Elsner
- Curso de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Reabilitação do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Lucieli Trevizol
- Curso de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Isadora de Leon
- Curso de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcos da Silva
- Curso de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Thayná Weiss
- Curso de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Milena Braga
- Curso de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Daniela Pochmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Reabilitação do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Amanda Stolzenberg Blembeel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Reabilitação do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Caroline Dani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Reabilitação do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Elenice Boggio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Reabilitação do Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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16
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Besser LM, Hirsch J, Galvin JE, Renne J, Park J, Evenson KR, Kaufman JD, Fitzpatrick AL. Associations between neighborhood park space and cognition in older adults vary by US location: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health Place 2020; 66:102459. [PMID: 33045671 PMCID: PMC8274384 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We used cross-sectional Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis data from six US cities/counties and adjusted multilevel linear regression to examine park space-cognition associations among non-demented older adults (n = 4084). We found that greater neighborhood park space 1-mile around the residence (measured continuously) was associated with better processing speed in the overall sample (estimate: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.92). However, greater neighborhood park space (½-mile around residence) was associated with worse global cognition in Los Angeles, California (estimate: -2.66; 95% CI: -4.70, -0.62) and worse processing speed in Forsyth County, North Carolina (estimate: -0.72; 95% CI: -1.37, -0.08). Dichotomizing at the mean, having ≥6% park space (½-mile around residence) was associated with better global cognition in Saint Paul, Minnesota (estimate: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.38), and better processing speed in New York City (estimate: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.35). Park space-cognition associations varied by city/county, suggesting problems with pooling multiple sites without accounting for geographic context or regionally-varying park characteristics (e.g., quality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah M Besser
- Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, SO-284H, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Jana Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3600 Market St, Room 706, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - James E Galvin
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave #1140, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - John Renne
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, SO-284, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Juyoung Park
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, SO-319, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of NC-Chapel Hill, 123 W. Franklin St, Building C, Suite 410, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NW, Suite 308, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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17
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A single bout of physical exercise does not affect young adults’ executive functions. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim. The purpose of the current study is to determine the impact of single bouts of physical exercise of different duration and intensity on young adults’ executive functions.
Material and methods. The study employed 81 participants (37 females, 44 males) ranging between 19 and 39 years (mean age: 24.6 ± 4.08 years; mean height: 168 ± 9.67 cm; mean weight: 67.2 ± 13.0 kg). The executive functions were assessed through the Stroop task, the Tower of London test, and the Corsi block test. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions (30-second Wingate test condition, an incremental intensity exercise test, and a submaximal constant-intensity test) or the control group.
Results. For all the conditions, repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect of time on executive function performances, meaning that participants improved their performance between pre-test and post-test, while the interaction time x activity was in the expected direction but nonsignificant.
Conclusions. Apparently, a single, brief, high-intensity bout of exercise has no effects on young adults’ cognitive functions, but the same experiment should be replicated with a bigger sample.
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18
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Narita N, Ishii T, Iwaki S, Kamiya K, Okubo M, Uchida T, Kantake I, Shibutani K. Prefrontal Consolidation and Compensation as a Function of Wearing Denture in Partially Edentulous Elderly Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32082135 PMCID: PMC7005254 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cognitive effects of wearing a denture are not well understood. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of denture use on prefrontal and chewing muscle activities, occlusal state, and subjective chewing ability in partially edentulous elderly individuals. Methods A total of 16 partially edentulous patients were enrolled. Chewing-related prefrontal cortex and jaw muscle activities were simultaneously examined using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device and electromyography, under the conditions of unwearing, and wearing a denture. Occlusal state and masticatory score were also determined under both conditions. Using multiple linear regression analysis, associations between prefrontal and chewing activities with wearing were examined using change rates. Results Chewing rhythmicity was maintained under both conditions. As compared with unwearing, the wearing condition was associated with improved prefrontal cortex and chewing muscle activities, occlusal state in regard to force and area, and masticatory score. Also, prefrontal activities were positively associated with burst duration and peak amplitude in masseter (Mm) and temporal muscle activities, as well as masticatory scores. In contrast, prefrontal activities were negatively associated with occlusal force. Conclusion Wearing a denture induced a positive association between burst duration and peak amplitude in Mm and temporal muscle activities and prefrontal activity, which may indicate a parallel consolidation of prefrontal cortex and rhythmical chewing activities, as well as masticatory scores. On the other hand, denture use induced a negative association of occlusal force with prefrontal activities, which might suggest that prefrontal compensative associations for the physiocognitive acquisition depended on biomechanical efficacy gained by wearing a denture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Narita
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iwaki
- Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Kamiya
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Okubo
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | | | - Ikuo Kantake
- Dental Support Co. Ltd., Chiba, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Koh Shibutani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
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19
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Moriarty TA, Mermier C, Kravitz L, Gibson A, Beltz N, Zuhl M. Acute Aerobic Exercise Based Cognitive and Motor Priming: Practical Applications and Mechanisms. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2790. [PMID: 31920835 PMCID: PMC6920172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise stimulates brain regions involved in motor and cognitive processes. Recent research efforts have explored the benefits of aerobic exercise on brain health and cognitive functioning with positive results reported for both healthy and neurocognitively impaired individuals. Specifically, exercise positioned near therapeutic (both behavioral and physical) activities may enhance outcomes associated with treatment outcomes (e.g., depression or motor skill) through neural plasticity promoting mechanisms (e.g., increased brain flow and oxygenation). This approach has been termed "exercise priming" and is a relatively new topic of exploration in the fields of exercise science and motor control. The authors report on physiological mechanisms that are related to the priming effect. In addition, parameters related to the exercise bout (e.g., intensity, duration) and the idea of combining exercise and therapeutic rehabilitation are explored. This exercise-based priming concept has the potential to be applied to many areas such as education, cognitive therapy, and motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence A Moriarty
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Len Kravitz
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ann Gibson
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nicholas Beltz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, United States
| | - Micah Zuhl
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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20
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Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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21
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Kotov SV, Isakova EV, Sheregeshev VI. [Possibility of treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders in patients with stroke during rehabilitation]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:26-31. [PMID: 31156218 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911904126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of the comprehensive rehabilitation, which includes mechanotherapy and cognitive stimulation based on tablet technologies, on emotional and behavioral disorders in patients in the acute stage of ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study enrolled 100 patients admitted to the hospital in the acute stage of ischemic stroke. The patients were randomized into treatment and control groups. Patients of the treatment group (n=50) underwent daily robotic mechanotherapy using the MOTOmed movement trainer and tablet technologies for self-training to improve memory, perception, reaction, counting. Patients of the control group (n=50) received standard therapy. The functional state of patients was assessed with the Rankin modified scale. Psychometric scales (the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories) were used to measure emotional and behavioral disorders. RESULTS The program of comprehensive rehabilitation in the acute stage of ischemic stroke helps to decrease emotional and behavioral disorders (p=0.0001). In patients of the treatment group, the severity of depressive disorders was lower at discharge from the hospital and continued to decrease for 6 months (p=0.001). The level of anxiety decreased over the study period (p=0.0001) compared with the patients of the control group who did not demonstrate improvement. Patients of the treatment group displayed better functional recovery reflected by significant changes in Rankin scale scores. CONCLUSION The rehabilitation program, which includes mechanotherapy and cognitive stimulation based on tablet technologies, is an easy and accessible method for treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders in patients in the acute stage of ischemic stroke. The results are maintained during the study period with further improvement after 3 and 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kotov
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Isakova
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Sheregeshev
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Yang M, Yang Z, Yuan T, Feng W, Wang P. A Systemic Review of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Stroke: Current Application and Future Directions. Front Neurol 2019; 10:58. [PMID: 30804877 PMCID: PMC6371039 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Survivors of stroke often experience significant disability and impaired quality of life. The recovery of motor or cognitive function requires long periods. Neuroimaging could measure changes in the brain and monitor recovery process in order to offer timely treatment and assess the effects of therapy. A non-invasive neuroimaging technique near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with its ambulatory, portable, low-cost nature without fixation of subjects has attracted extensive attention. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review in order to review the use of NIRS in stroke or post-stroke patients in July 2018. NCBI Pubmed database, EMBASE database, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect database were searched. Results: Overall, we reviewed 66 papers. NIRS has a wide range of application, including in monitoring upper limb, lower limb recovery, motor learning, cortical function recovery, cerebral hemodynamic changes, cerebral oxygenation, as well as in therapeutic method, clinical researches, and evaluation of the risk for stroke. Conclusions: This study provides a preliminary evidence of the application of NIRS in stroke patients as a monitoring, therapeutic, and research tool. Further studies could give more emphasize on the combination of NIRS with other techniques and its utility in the prevention of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyue Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
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23
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Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Müller NG. Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise⁻Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E466. [PMID: 30469482 PMCID: PMC6306799 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise⁻cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise⁻cognition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39118, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
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24
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Törpel A, Herold F, Hamacher D, Müller NG, Schega L. Strengthening the Brain-Is Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction an Effective Strategy for Cognitive Improvement? J Clin Med 2018; 7:E337. [PMID: 30304785 PMCID: PMC6210989 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decrease in physical capabilities (e.g., strength loss) and cognitive decline. The observed bidirectional relationship between physical activity and brain health suggests that physical activities could be beneficial to maintain and improve brain functioning (e.g., cognitive performance). However, the exercise type (e.g., resistance training, endurance training) and their exercise variables (e.g., load, duration, frequency) for an effective physical activity that optimally enhance cognitive performance are still unknown. There is growing evidence that resistance training induces substantial brain changes which contribute to improved cognitive functions. A relative new method in the field of resistance training is blood flow restriction training (BFR). While resistance training with BFR is widely studied in the context of muscular performance, this training strategy also induces an activation of signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity and cognitive functions. Based on this, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that resistance training with BFR is a promising new strategy to boost the effectiveness of resistance training interventions regarding cognitive performance. To support our hypothesis, we provide rationales of possible adaptation processes induced by resistance training with BFR. Furthermore, we outline recommendations for future studies planning to investigate the effects of resistance training with BFR on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
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25
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Vichinsky E. Chronic organ failure in adult sickle cell disease. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:435-439. [PMID: 29222290 PMCID: PMC6142529 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is now a chronic adult illness characterized by progressive multiorgan failure, particularly involving the brain and kidney. The etiology is multifactorial; it includes hemolysis and nitric oxide deficiency. As patients age, most experience neurologic insult. Twenty-five percent of older adults have had a clinical stroke and at least half of the population have had a silent infarct, cortical atrophy, and neurocognitive impairment. Periodic screening with neuroimaging and neurocognitive testing is recommended. Identification and correction of modifiable risk factors such as nocturnal hypoxemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and physical exercise programs should be implemented. Patients with neurocognitive impairment require cognitive remediation and educational accommodations. Chronic renal disease occurs in 25% of older adults and results in 50% of their deaths. Renal failure often develops insidiously. It can be prevented or minimized by early screening and treatment of modifiable risk factors including hypertension and microalbuminuria. There is an increasing number of therapeutic options, including inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, and haptoglobin therapy. Patients with sickle cell disease have increased mortality rates from renal failure compared with nonsickle cell patients, in part from a lack of access to early multidisciplinary care, including timely initiation of dialysis and renal transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Albuminuria/diagnosis
- Albuminuria/etiology
- Albuminuria/metabolism
- Albuminuria/therapy
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/diagnosis
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/metabolism
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Haptoglobins/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypertension/diagnosis
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/etiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Multiple Organ Failure/diagnosis
- Multiple Organ Failure/drug therapy
- Multiple Organ Failure/etiology
- Multiple Organ Failure/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System
- Risk Factors
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/drug therapy
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/etiology
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/metabolism
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26
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Aminov A, Rogers JM, Johnstone SJ, Middleton S, Wilson PH. Acute single channel EEG predictors of cognitive function after stroke. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185841. [PMID: 28968458 PMCID: PMC5624638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and accurate identification of factors that predict post-stroke cognitive outcome is important to set realistic targets for rehabilitation and to guide patients and their families accordingly. However, behavioral measures of cognition are difficult to obtain in the acute phase of recovery due to clinical factors (e.g. fatigue) and functional barriers (e.g. language deficits). The aim of the current study was to test whether single channel wireless EEG data obtained acutely following stroke could predict longer-term cognitive function. METHODS Resting state Relative Power (RP) of delta, theta, alpha, beta, delta/alpha ratio (DAR), and delta/theta ratio (DTR) were obtained from a single electrode over FP1 in 24 participants within 72 hours of a first-ever stroke. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was administered at 90-days post-stroke. Correlation and regression analyses were completed to identify relationships between 90-day cognitive function and electrophysiological data, neurological status, and demographic characteristics at admission. RESULTS Four acute qEEG indices demonstrated moderate to high correlations with 90-day MoCA scores: DTR (r = -0.57, p = 0.01), RP theta (r = 0.50, p = 0.01), RP delta (r = -0.47, p = 0.02), and DAR (r = -0.45, p = 0.03). Acute DTR (b = -0.36, p < 0.05) and stroke severity on admission (b = -0.63, p < 0.01) were the best linear combination of predictors of MoCA scores 90-days post-stroke, accounting for 75% of variance. CONCLUSIONS Data generated by a single pre-frontal electrode support the prognostic value of acute DAR, and identify DTR as a potential marker of post-stroke cognitive outcome. Use of single channel recording in an acute clinical setting may provide an efficient and valid predictor of cognitive function after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aminov
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Sandy Middleton
- Nursing Research Institute, St Vincent’s Health Australia and Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Peter H. Wilson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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