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Tang M, Shen L, Tang M, Liu L, Rao Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yin S, Li S, Xu G, Zhang K. Human mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute and chronic kidney injury via TSG-6. Stem Cells 2024; 42:848-859. [PMID: 38804841 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used in tumor chemotherapy, but nephrotoxicity is an unavoidable side effect of cisplatin. Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ameliorate cisplatin-induced kidney injury, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the cisplatin-induced kidney injury mouse model was established by subjecting a single intraperitoneal injection with cisplatin. One hour before cisplatin injection, the mice received human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) with or without siRNA-transfection, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene/protein 6 (rhTSG-6), or PBS through the tail vein. In addition, cisplatin-stimulated HK-2 cells were treated with hBM-MSCs or rhTSG-6. Human BM-MSCs treatment remarkably ameliorated cisplatin-induced acute and chronic kidney injury, as evidenced by significant reductions in serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen, tubular injury, collagen deposition, α-smooth muscle actin accumulation, as well as inflammatory responses, and by remarkable increased anti-inflammatory factor expression and Treg cells infiltration in renal tissues. Furthermore, we found that only a few hBM-MSCs engrafted into damaged kidney and that the level of human TSG-6 in the serum of mice increased significantly following hBM-MSCs administration. Moreover, hBM-MSCs significantly increased the viability of damaged HK-2 cells and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the culture supernatant. However, the knockdown of the TSG-6 gene in hBM-MSCs significantly attenuated their beneficial effects in vivo and in vitro. On the contrary, treated with rhTSG-6 achieved similar beneficial effects of hBM-MSCs. Our results indicate that systemic administration of hBM-MSCs alleviates cisplatin-induced acute and chronic kidney injury in part by paracrine TSG-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Linguo Shen
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozhi Tang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengsheng Rao
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Wang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Supei Yin
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Li
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400065, People's Republic of China
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2
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Yuce K. The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Different Cardiovascular Disorders: Ways of Administration, and the Effectors. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10765-9. [PMID: 39023739 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The heart is an organ with a low ability to renew and repair itself. MSCs have cell surface markers such as CD45-, CD34-, CD31-, CD4+, CD11a+, CD11b+, CD15+, CD18+, CD25+, CD49d+, CD50+, CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD9+, CD10+, CD106+, CD109+, CD127+, CD120a+, CD120b+, CD124+, CD126+, CD140a+, CD140b+, adherent properties and the ability to differentiate into cells such as adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Autogenic, allogeneic, normal, pretreated and genetically modified MSCs and secretomes are used in preclinical and clinical studies. MSCs and their secretomes (the total released molecules) generally have cardioprotective effects. Studies on cardiovascular diseases using MSCs and their secretomes include myocardial infraction/ischemia, fibrosis, hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis. Stem cells or their secretomes used for this purpose are administered to the heart via intracoronary (Antegrade intracoronary and retrograde coronary venous injection), intramyocardial (Transendocardial and epicardial injection) and intravenous routes. The protective effects of MSCs and their secretomes on the heart are generally attributed to their differentiation into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, their immunomodulatory properties, paracrine effects, increasing blood vessel density, cardiac remodeling, and ejection fraction and decreasing apoptosis, the size of the wound, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, ventricular myo-mass, fibrosis, matrix metalloproteins, and oxidative stress. The present review aims to assist researchers and physicians in selecting the appropriate cell type, secretomes, and technique to increase the chance of success in designing therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Yuce
- Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye.
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3
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Tajabadi M, Goran Orimi H, Ramzgouyan MR, Nemati A, Deravi N, Beheshtizadeh N, Azami M. Regenerative strategies for the consequences of myocardial infarction: Chronological indication and upcoming visions. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112584. [PMID: 34968921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart muscle injury and an elevated troponin level signify myocardial infarction (MI), which may result in defective and uncoordinated segments, reduced cardiac output, and ultimately, death. Physicians apply thrombolytic therapy, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to recanalize and restore blood flow to the coronary arteries, albeit they were not convincingly able to solve the heart problems. Thus, researchers aim to introduce novel substitutional therapies for regenerating and functionalizing damaged cardiac tissue based on engineering concepts. Cell-based engineering approaches, utilizing biomaterials, gene, drug, growth factor delivery systems, and tissue engineering are the most leading studies in the field of heart regeneration. Also, understanding the primary cause of MI and thus selecting the most efficient treatment method can be enhanced by preparing microdevices so-called heart-on-a-chip. In this regard, microfluidic approaches can be used as diagnostic platforms or drug screening in cardiac disease treatment. Additionally, bioprinting technique with whole organ 3D printing of human heart with major vessels, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells can be an ideal goal for cardiac tissue engineering and remarkable achievement in near future. Consequently, this review discusses the different aspects, advancements, and challenges of the mentioned methods with presenting the advantages and disadvantages, chronological indications, and application prospects of various novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tajabadi
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16844, Iran
| | - Hanif Goran Orimi
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16844, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Roya Ramzgouyan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nemati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Pant T, Juric M, Bosnjak ZJ, Dhanasekaran A. Recent Insight on the Non-coding RNAs in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Regulatory and Therapeutic Role in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:737512. [PMID: 34660740 PMCID: PMC8517144 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.737512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering over the past few decades have paved the path for cell-free therapy. Numerous stem cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been reported to impart therapeutic effects via paracrine secretion of exosomes. The underlying factors and the associated mechanisms contributing to these MSC-derived exosomes' protective effects are, however, poorly understood, limiting their application in the clinic. The exosomes exhibit a diversified repertoire of functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and have the potential to transfer these biologically active transcripts to the recipient cells, where they are found to modulate a diverse array of functions. Altered expression of the ncRNAs in the exosomes has been linked with the regenerative potential and development of various diseases, including cardiac, neurological, skeletal, and cancer. Also, modulating the expression of ncRNAs in these exosomes has been found to improve their therapeutic impact. Moreover, many of these ncRNAs are expressed explicitly in the MSC-derived exosomes, making them ideal candidates for regenerative medicine, including tissue engineering research. In this review, we detail the recent advances in regenerative medicine and summarize the evidence supporting the altered expression of the ncRNA repertoire specific to MSCs under different degenerative diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic role of these ncRNA for the prevention of these various degenerative diseases and their future in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Matea Juric
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Gilchrist AE, Serrano JF, Ngo MT, Hrnjak Z, Kim S, Harley BAC. Encapsulation of murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a thiol-crosslinked maleimide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:138-148. [PMID: 34161871 PMCID: PMC8373770 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial platforms are an integral part of stem cell biomanufacturing protocols. The collective biophysical, biochemical, and cellular cues of the stem cell niche microenvironment play an important role in regulating stem cell fate decisions. Three-dimensional (3D) culture of stem cells within biomaterials provides a route to present biophysical and biochemical stimuli through cell-matrix interactions and cell-cell interactions via secreted biomolecules. Herein, we describe a maleimide-functionalized gelatin (GelMAL) hydrogel that can be crosslinked via thiol-Michael addition click reaction for the encapsulation of sensitive stem cell populations. The maleimide functional units along the gelatin backbone enables gelation via the addition of a dithiol crosslinker without requiring external stimuli (e.g., UV light, photoinitiator), thereby reducing reactive oxide species generation. Additionally, the versatility of crosslinker selection enables easy insertion of thiol-containing bioactive or bioinert motifs. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were encapsulated in GelMAL, with mechanical properties tuned to mimic the in vivo bone marrow niche. We report the insertion of a cleavable peptide crosslinker that can be degraded by the proteolytic action of Sortase A, a mammalian-inert enzyme. Notably, Sortase A exposure preserves stem cell surface markers, which are an essential metric of hematopoietic activity used in immunophenotyping. This novel GelMAL system enables a route to produce artificial stem cell niches with tunable biophysical properties, intrinsic cell-interaction motifs, and orthogonal addition of bioactive crosslinks. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We describe a maleimide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel that can be crosslinked via a thiol-maleimide mediated click reaction to form a stable hydrogel without the production of reactive oxygen species typical in light-based crosslinking. The mechanical properties can be tuned to match the in vivo bone marrow microenvironment for hematopoietic stem cell culture. Additionally, we report inclusion of a peptide crosslinker that can be cleaved via the proteolytic action of Sortase A and show that Sortase A exposure does not degrade sensitive surface marker expression patterns. Together, this approach reduces stem cell exposure to reactive oxygen species during hydrogel gelation and enables post-culture quantitative assessment of stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan E Gilchrist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Julio F Serrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mai T Ngo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zona Hrnjak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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6
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Romano B, Lleo A, Sala E, D’Amico G, Marino DI, Ciccocioppo R, Vetrano S. Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Digestive System Disorders: Progress Made and Future Directions. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Wang BH, Liew D, Huang KW, Huang L, Tang W, Kelly DJ, Reid C, Liu Z. The Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure and the Potential Strategies to Improve the Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984418410088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the single highest global cause of death and a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Despite the advances in medical treatments, the prevalence and mortality for heart failure remain unacceptably high. New approaches are urgently needed to reduce this burden and improve patient outcomes and quality of life. One such promising approach is stem cell therapy, including embryonic stem cells, bone marrow derived stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. However, the cardiac microenvironment following myocardial infarction poses huge challenges with inflammation, adequate retention, engraftment and functional incorporation all crucial concerns. The lack of cardiac regeneration, cell viability and functional improvement has hindered the success of stem cell therapy in clinical settings. The use of biomaterial scaffolds in conjunction with stem cells has recently been shown to enhance the outcome of stem cell therapy for heart failure and myocardial infarction. This review outlines some of the current challenges in the treatment of heart failure and acute myocardial infarction through improving stem cell therapeutic strategies, as well as the prospect of suitable biomaterial scaffolds to enhance their efficacy and improve patient clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hui Wang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Kevin W. Huang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Li Huang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, P. R. China
| | - Darren J. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, P. R. China
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8
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Zhang J, Yang M, Yang AK, Wang X, Tang YH, Zhao QY, Wang T, Chen YT, Huang CX. Insulin gene enhancer binding protein 1 induces adipose tissue‑derived stem cells to differentiate into pacemaker‑like cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:879-889. [PMID: 30483766 PMCID: PMC6317671 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid approaches combining gene- and cell-based therapies to make biological pacemakers are a promising therapeutic avenue for bradyarrhythmia. The present study aimed to direct adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to differentiate specifically into cardiac pacemaker cells by overexpressing a single transcription factor, insulin gene enhancer binding protein 1 (ISL-1). In the present study, the ADSCs were transfected with ISL‑1 or mCherry fluorescent protein lentiviral vectors and co-cultured with neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) in vitro for 5-7 days. The feasibility of regulating the differentiation of ADSCs into pacemaker-like cells by overexpressing ISL-1 was evaluated by observation of cell morphology and beating rate, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blotting, immunofluorescence and analysis of electrophysiological activity. In conclusion, these data indicated that the overexpression of ISL-1 in ADSCs may enhance the pacemaker phenotype and automaticity in vitro, features which were significantly increased following co‑culture induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - An-Kang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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9
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Nasti A, Sakai Y, Seki A, Buffa GB, Komura T, Mochida H, Yamato M, Yoshida K, Ho TTB, Takamura M, Usui S, Wada T, Honda M, Kaneko S. The CD45 + fraction in murine adipose tissue derived stromal cells harbors immune-inhibitory inflammatory cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:2163-2174. [PMID: 28891216 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells in adipose tissue are useful for repair/regenerative therapy as they harbor a substantial number of mesenchymal stem cells; therefore, freshly isolated autologous uncultured adipose tissue derived stromal cells (u-ADSCs) are useful for regenerative therapy, and obviate the need for mesenchymal stem cells. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of murine u-ADSCs and sorted subsets of u-ADSCs in a concanavalin A (ConA) induced murine model of hepatitis, as well as their characteristics. We found that 10-20% of u-ADSCs expressed the CD45 leukocyte-related antigen. CD68, which is a marker of macrophages (MΦs), was expressed by 50% of CD45+ u-ADSCs. About 90% of CD68+ CD45+ cells expressed CD206 antigen, which is a marker of inhibitory M2-type MΦs. Genes related to M2-type MUs were especially more highly expressed by CD45+ CD206+ u-ADSCs than by CD45- u-ADSCs. CD45+ u-ADSCs inhibited the expression of cytokines/chemokines and suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes stimulated with ConA. We observed that not only whole u-ADSCs, but also the CD45+ subset of u-ADSCs ameliorated the ConA-induced hepatitis in mice. In conclusion, we show that freshly isolated murine u-ADSCs were effective against acute hepatitis, and CD45+ u-ADSCs acting phenotypically and functionally like M2-type MΦs, contributed to the repair of liver tissue undergoing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nasti
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sakai
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
| | - Akihiro Seki
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Geraldine Belen Buffa
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Takuya Komura
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hatsune Mochida
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamato
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshida
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Tuyen T B Ho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Soichiro Usui
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.,School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
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10
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Lv Y, Gao CW, Liu B, Wang HY, Wang HP. BMP-2 combined with salvianolic acid B promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:477-485. [PMID: 28962818 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypotheses that bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2) combined with salvianolic acid B(Sal-B) enhance the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) towards cardiomyocytes in vitro. BMSCs were treated with BMP-2 and Sal-B, alone or in combination, for 72 h, then added new media (excluding inductive substance) and cultured for 4 weeks. The morphologic characteristics, surface antigens and mRNA expression of several transcription factors were also assessed. We found that they could all be identified by the positive staining for cardiomyocyte-specific proteins, desmin and cardiac troponin T, in these cells. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of GATA-4 and Nkx2.5 genes was slightly increased on day 7, enhanced on day 14 and decreased on day 28 while α-MHC gene was not expressed on day 7, but expressed slightly on day 14 and enhanced on day 28. The expression of these cardiac-specific markers in treatment groups were all significantly higher than those in the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy showed that BMSCs in treatment groups all had myofilaments, z line-like substances and mitochondria. Taken together, these results indicate that BMP-2 combined with Sal-B promotes myocardial differentiation of BMSCs, which may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lv
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chen-Wei Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.
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11
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Der Sarkissian S, Lévesque T, Noiseux N. Optimizing stem cells for cardiac repair: Current status and new frontiers in regenerative cardiology. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:9-25. [PMID: 28154736 PMCID: PMC5253186 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has the potential to improve healing of ischemic heart, repopulate injured myocardium and restore cardiac function. The tremendous hope and potential of stem cell therapy is well understood, yet recent trials involving cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases have yielded mixed results with inconsistent data thereby readdressing controversies and unresolved questions regarding stem cell efficacy for ischemic cardiac disease treatment. These controversies are believed to arise by the lack of uniformity of the clinical trial methodologies, uncertainty regarding the underlying reparative mechanisms of stem cells, questions concerning the most appropriate cell population to use, the proper delivery method and timing in relation to the moment of infarction, as well as the poor stem cell survival and engraftment especially in a diseased microenvironment which is collectively acknowledged as a major hindrance to any form of cell therapy. Indeed, the microenvironment of the failing heart exhibits pathological hypoxic, oxidative and inflammatory stressors impairing the survival of transplanted cells. Therefore, in order to observe any significant therapeutic benefit there is a need to increase resilience of stem cells to death in the transplant microenvironment while preserving or better yet improving their reparative functionality. Although stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes has been observed in some instance, the prevailing reparative benefits are afforded through paracrine mechanisms that promote angiogenesis, cell survival, transdifferentiate host cells and modulate immune responses. Therefore, to maximize their reparative functionality, ex vivo manipulation of stem cells through physical, genetic and pharmacological means have shown promise to enable cells to thrive in the post-ischemic transplant microenvironment. In the present work, we will overview the current status of stem cell therapy for ischemic heart disease, discuss the most recurring cell populations employed, the mechanisms by which stem cells deliver a therapeutic benefit and strategies that have been used to optimize and increase survival and functionality of stem cells including ex vivo preconditioning with drugs and a novel “pharmaco-optimizer” as well as genetic modifications.
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Yang M, Zhang GG, Wang T, Wang X, Tang YH, Huang H, Barajas-Martinez H, Hu D, Huang CX. TBX18 gene induces adipose-derived stem cells to differentiate into pacemaker-like cells in the myocardial microenvironment. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1403-1410. [PMID: 27632938 PMCID: PMC5065308 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-box 18 (TBX18) plays a crucial role in the formation and development of the head of the sinoatrial node. The objective of this study was to induce adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to produce pacemaker-like cells by transfection with the TBX18 gene. A recombinant adenovirus vector carrying the human TBX18 gene was constructed to transfect ADSCs. The ADSCs transfected with TBX18 were considered the TBX18-ADSCs. The control group was the GFP-ADSCs. The transfected cells were co-cultured with neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs). The results showed that the mRNA expression of TBX18 in TBX18-ADSCs was significantly higher than in the control group after 48 h and 7 days. After 7 days of co-culturing with NRVMs, there was no significant difference in the expression of the myocardial marker cardiac troponin I (cTnI) between the two groups. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis showed that the expression of HCN4 was higher in the TBX18-ADSCs than in the GFP-ADSCs. The If current was detected using the whole cell patch clamp technique and was blocked by the specific blocker CsCl. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSCMs) showed approximately twice the current density compared with the ADSCs. Our study indicated that the TBX18 gene induces ADSCs to differentiate into pacemaker-like cells in the cardiac microenvironment. Although further experiments are required in order to assess safety and efficacy prior to implementation in clinical practice, this technique may provide new avenues for the clinical therapy of bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ge-Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | | | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Lv Y, Liu B, Wang HP, Zhang L. Intramyocardial implantation of differentiated rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhanced by TGF-β1 improves cardiac function in heart failure rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5273. [PMID: 27254663 PMCID: PMC4932821 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypotheses that i) transforming growth
factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) enhances differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem
cells (MSCs) towards the cardiomyogenic phenotype and ii)
intramyocardial implantation of the TGF-β1-treated MSCs improves cardiac function in
heart failure rats. MSCs were treated with different concentrations of TGF-β1 for 72
h, and then morphological characteristics, surface antigens and mRNA expression of
several transcription factors were assessed. Intramyocardial implantation of these
TGF-β1-treated MSCs to infarcted heart was also investigated. MSCs were initially
spindle-shaped with irregular processes. On day 28 after TGF-β1 treatment, MSCs
showed fusiform shape, orientating parallel with one another, and were connected with
adjoining cells forming myotube-like structures. Immunofluorescence revealed the
expression of cardiomyocyte-specific proteins, α-sarcomeric actin and troponin T, in
these cells. The mRNA expression of GATA4 and
Nkx2.5 genes was slightly increased on day 7, enhanced on day 14
and decreased on day 28 while α-MHC gene was not expressed on day 7,
but expressed slightly on day 14 and enhanced on day 28. Transmission electron
microscopy showed that the induced cells had myofilaments, z line-like substances,
desmosomes, and gap junctions, in contrast with control cells. Furthermore,
intramyocardial implantation of TGF-β1-treated MSCs to infarcted heart reduced scar
area and increased the number of muscle cells. This structure regeneration was
concomitant with the improvement of cardiac function, evidenced by decreased left
ventricular end-diastolic pressure, increased left ventricular systolic pressure and
increased maximal positive pressure development rate. Taken together, these results
indicate that intramyocardial implantation of differentiated MSCs enhanced by TGF-β1
improved cardiac function in heart failure rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lv
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - H P Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Rap1-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity regulates the paracrine capacity of mesenchymal stem cells in heart repair following infarction. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15007. [PMID: 27551443 PMCID: PMC4981000 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracrine effect is the major mechanism that underlies mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-based therapy. This study aimed to examine how Rap1, telomeric repeat-binding factor 2-interacting protein 1 (Terf2IP), which is a novel modulator involved in the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway, regulates the paracrine effects of MSC-mediated heart repair following infarction. NF-κB activity of stromal cells was increased by Rap1 as measured by pNF-κB-luciferase reporter activity, and this was abolished by IkB-dominant-negative protein. Knockdown of Rap1 with shRap1 resulted in diminished translocation of p65-NF-κB from the cytoplasm to nuclei in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. Compared with BM-MSCs, Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs displayed a significantly reduced ratio of phosphorylated NF-κB to NF-κB-p65 and of Bax to Bcl-2, and increased resistance to hypoxia-induced apoptosis by the terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In contrast, re-expression of Rap1 in Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs resulted in loss of resistance to apoptosis in the presence of hypoxia. Moreover, absence of Rap1 in BM-MSCs led to downregulation of NF-κB activity accompanied by reduced pro-inflammatory paracrine cytokines TNF-α, IL (interleukin)-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs compared with BM-MSCs. The apoptosis of neonatal cardiomyocytes (NCMCs) induced by hypoxia was significantly reduced when cocultured with Rap1−/−-BM-MSC hypoxic-conditioned medium (CdM). The increased cardioprotective effects of Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs were reduced when Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs were reconstituted with Rap1 re-expression. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that transplantation of Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs significantly improved heart function, decreased infarct size, prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inhibited inflammation compared with controls and BM-MSCs (P<0.01). This study reveals that Rap1 has a critical role in the regulation of MSC paracrine actions. Compared with BM-MSCs, Rap1−/−-BM-MSCs decreased NF-κB sensitivity to stress-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and reduced apoptosis. Selective inhibition of Rap1 in BM-MSCs may be a novel strategy to enhance MSC-based therapeutic efficacy in myocardial infarction.
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Sala E, Genua M, Petti L, Anselmo A, Arena V, Cibella J, Zanotti L, D'Alessio S, Scaldaferri F, Luca G, Arato I, Calafiore R, Sgambato A, Rutella S, Locati M, Danese S, Vetrano S. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Colitis in Mice via Release of TSG6, Independently of Their Localization to the Intestine. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:163-176.e20. [PMID: 25790743 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells that can promote expansion of immune regulatory cells and might be developed for the treatment of immune disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases. MSCs were reported to reduce colitis in mice; we investigated whether MSC localization to the intestine and production of paracrine factors, including tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 6 (TSG6), were required for these effects. METHODS MSCs were isolated from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) of 4- to 6-week-old C57BL/6, C57BL/6-green fluorescent protein, or Balb/c Tsg6-/- male mice. Colitis was induced by ad libitum administration of dextran sulfate sodium for 10 days; after 5 days the mice were given intraperitoneal injections of BM-MSCs or saline (controls). Blood samples and intestinal tissues were collected 24, 48, 96, and 120 hours later; histologic and flow cytometry analyses were performed. RESULTS Injection of BM-MSCs reduced colitis in mice, increasing body weight and reducing markers of intestinal inflammation, compared with control mice. However, fewer than 1% of MSCs reached the inflamed colon. Most of the BM-MSCs formed aggregates in the peritoneal cavity. The aggregates contained macrophages and B and T cells, and produced immune-regulatory molecules including FOXP3, interleukin (IL)10, transforming growth factor-β, arginase type II, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 (CCL22), heme oxygenase-1, and TSG6. Serum from mice given BM-MSCs, compared with mice given saline, had increased levels of TSG6. Injection of TSG6 reduced the severity of colitis in mice, along with the numbers of CD45+ cells, neutrophils and metalloproteinase activity in the mucosa, while increasing the percentage of Foxp3CD45+ cells. TSG6 injection also promoted the expansion of regulatory macrophages that expressed IL10 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and reduced serum levels of interferon-γ, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor. Tsg6-/- MSCs did not suppress the mucosal inflammatory response in mice with colitis. CONCLUSIONS BM-MSCs injected into mice with colitis do not localize to the intestine but instead form aggregates in the peritoneum where they produce immunoregulatory molecules, including TSG6, that reduce intestinal inflammation. TSG6 is sufficient to reduce intestinal inflammation in mice with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Sala
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Petti
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Department of Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Cibella
- Department of Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Zanotti
- Department of Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Alessio
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Iva Arato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Rutella
- Clinical Research Center, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical & Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
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Liang X, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Tse HF, Lian Q. Paracrine mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: current status and perspectives. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:1045-59. [PMID: 23676629 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x667709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of a few stem cell types to be applied in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair. In addition to their multipotent differentiation potential, a strong paracrine capacity has been proposed as the principal mechanism that contributes to tissue repair. Apart from cytokine/chemokine secretion, MSCs also display a strong capacity for mitochondrial transfer and microvesicle (exosomes) secretion in response to injury with subsequent promotion of tissue regeneration. These unique properties of MSCs make them an invaluable cell type to repair damaged tissues/organs. Although MSCs offer great promise in the treatment of degenerative diseases and inflammatory disorders, there are still many challenges to overcome prior to their widespread clinical application. Particularly, their in-depth paracrine mechanisms remain a matter for debate and exploration. This review will highlight the discovery of the paracrine mechanism of MSCs, regulation of the paracrine biology of MSCs, important paracrine factors of MSCs in modulation of tissue repair, exosome and mitochondrial transfer for tissue repair, and the future perspective for MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Liang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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García AN, Sanz-Ruiz R, Santos MEF, Fernández-Avilés F. “Second-generation” stem cells for cardiac repair. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:352-367. [PMID: 25815120 PMCID: PMC4369492 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, stem cell therapy has emerged as an inspiring alternative to restore cardiac function after myocardial infarction. A large body of evidence has been obtained in this field but there is no conclusive data on the efficacy of these treatments. Preclinical studies and early reports in humans have been encouraging and have fostered a rapid clinical translation, but positive results have not been uniformly observed and when present, they have been modest. Several types of stem cells, manufacturing methods and delivery routes have been tested in different clinical settings but direct comparison between them is challenging and hinders further research. Despite enormous achievements, major barriers have been found and many fundamental issues remain to be resolved. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms implicated in cardiac development and myocardial regeneration is critically needed to overcome some of these hurdles. Genetic and pharmacological priming together with the discovery of new sources of cells have led to a “second generation” of cell products that holds an encouraging promise in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. In this report, we review recent advances in this field focusing on the new types of stem cells that are currently being tested in human beings and on the novel strategies employed to boost cell performance in order to improve cardiac function and outcomes after myocardial infarction.
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18
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Johnstone SA, Liley M, Dalby MJ, Barnett SC. Comparison of human olfactory and skeletal MSCs using osteogenic nanotopography to demonstrate bone-specific bioactivity of the surfaces. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:266-76. [PMID: 25463488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently we identified a novel population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human olfactory mucosa (OM-MSCs), a tissue which promotes neurogenesis throughout life, and demonstrated that they promoted CNS myelination to a greater extent than bone marrow-derived (BM)-MSCs. Previous data demonstrated that nanotopographies with a degree of disorder induce BM-MSC osteogenic differentiation. Thus, using biomaterials as non-chemical tools, we investigated if MSCs from a completely different cellular niche could be induced to differentiate similarly to nanoscale cues alone. Both MSCs differentiated into bone when cultured on nanotopographically embossed polycaprolactone (PCL) with a disordered pattern and heights but not on a "smooth" non-embossed PCL control substrate, but OM-MSC changes were at lower expression levels. Both MSCs showed similar increases in differentiation markers at the protein and mRNA level when plated on the two patterned surfaces. Thus, topographical cues from substrates with disordered patterns can up-regulate several MSC resident genes in both BM-MSCs and OM-MSCs. Moreover, antibody purified BM-MSCs had similar properties to non-purified BM-MSCs. These data suggest that MSCs from a neural cellular niche express similar bone-induced cues to BM-MSCs, suggesting that MSCs that inherently support nervous tissue can differentiate along the bone lineage in a similar manner to MSCs from a skeletal environment.
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19
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Santos Nascimento D, Mosqueira D, Sousa LM, Teixeira M, Filipe M, Resende TP, Araújo AF, Valente M, Almeida J, Martins JP, Santos JM, Bárcia RN, Cruz P, Cruz H, Pinto-do-Ó P. Human umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate remodeling after myocardial infarction by proangiogenic, antiapoptotic, and endogenous cell-activation mechanisms. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:5. [PMID: 24411922 PMCID: PMC4055157 DOI: 10.1186/scrt394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Among the plethora of cells under investigation to restore a functional myocardium, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been granted considerable interest. However, whereas the beneficial effects of bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) in the context of the diseased heart are widely reported, data are still scarce on MSCs from the umbilical cord matrix (UCM-MSCs). Herein we report on the effect of UCM-MSC transplantation to the infarcted murine heart, seconded by the dissection of the molecular mechanisms at play. Methods Human umbilical cord tissue-derived MSCs (UCX®), obtained by using a proprietary technology developed by ECBio, were delivered via intramyocardial injection to C57BL/6 females subjected to permanent ligation of the left descending coronary artery. Moreover, medium produced by cultured UCX® preconditioned under normoxia (CM) or hypoxia (CMH) was collected for subsequent in vitro assays. Results Evaluation of the effects upon intramyocardial transplantation shows that UCX® preserved cardiac function and attenuated cardiac remodeling subsequent to myocardial infarction (MI). UCX® further led to increased capillary density and decreased apoptosis in the injured tissue. In vitro, UCX®-conditioned medium displayed (a) proangiogenic activity by promoting the formation of capillary-like structures by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and (b) antiapoptotic activity in HL-1 cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia. Moreover, in adult murine cardiac Sca-1+ progenitor cells (CPCs), conditioned medium enhanced mitogenic activity while activating a gene program characteristic of cardiomyogenic differentiation. Conclusions UCX® preserve cardiac function after intramyocardial transplantation in a MI murine model. The cardioprotective effects of UCX® were attributed to paracrine mechanisms that appear to enhance angiogenesis, limit the extent of the apoptosis, augment proliferation, and activate a pool of resident CPCs. Overall, these results suggest that UCX® should be considered an alternative cell source when designing new therapeutic approaches to treat MI.
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Kimura K, Nagano M, Salazar G, Yamashita T, Tsuboi I, Mishima H, Matsushita S, Sato F, Yamagata K, Ohneda O. The role of CCL5 in the ability of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells to support repair of ischemic regions. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:488-501. [PMID: 24171667 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent and possess high proliferative activity, and thus are thought to be a reliable cell source for cell therapies. Here, we isolated MSC from adult tissues--bone marrow (BM-MSC), dental tissue (DT-MSC), and adipose tissue (AT-MSC)--to compare how autotransplantation of these MSC effectively supports the repair of bone fracture and ischemic tissue. An analysis by in vitro differentiation assays showed no significant difference among these MSC. The degree of calcification at the joint region of bone fracture was higher in mice transplanted with AT-MSC than in mice transplanted with BM-MSC or DT-MSC. To compare the abilities of MSC, characterize how those MSC affect the repair of ischemic tissue, vascular occlusion was performed by ligation of the femoral artery and vein. Of note, the blood flow in the ischemic region rapidly increased in mice injected with AT-MSC, as contrasted with mice injected with BM- or DT-MSC. The number of CD45- and F4/80-positive cells at the femoral region was higher in AT-MSC recipients than in recipients of BM-MSC or DT-MSC. We evaluated the mRNA expression of angiogenic and migration factors in MSC and found the expression of CCL5 mRNA was higher in AT-MSC than in BM-MSC or DT-MSC. Transplantation of AT-MSC with impaired expression of CCL5 clearly showed a significant delay in the recovery of blood flow compared with the control. These findings have fundamental implications for the modulation of AT-MSC in the repair of vasculature and bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kimura
- 1 Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
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21
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Sreejit P, Verma RS. Natural ECM as biomaterial for scaffold based cardiac regeneration using adult bone marrow derived stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:158-71. [PMID: 23319217 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular therapy using stem cells for cardiac diseases has recently gained much interest in the scientific community due to its potential in regenerating damaged and even dead tissue and thereby restoring the organ function. Stem cells from various sources and origin are being currently used for regeneration studies directly or along with differentiation inducing agents. Long term survival and minimal side effects can be attained by using autologous cells and reduced use of inducing agents. Cardiomyogenic differentiation of adult derived stem cells has been previously reported using various inducing agents but the use of a potentially harmful DNA demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) has been found to be critical in almost all studies. Alternate inducing factors and conditions/stimulant like physical condition including electrical stimulation, chemical inducers and biological agents have been attempted by numerous groups to induce cardiac differentiation. Biomaterials were initially used as artificial scaffold in in vitro studies and later as a delivery vehicle. Natural ECM is the ideal biological scaffold since it contains all the components of the tissue from which it was derived except for the living cells. Constructive remodeling can be performed using such natural ECM scaffolds and stem cells since, the cells can be delivered to the site of infraction and once delivered the cells adhere and are not "lost". Due to the niche like conditions of ECM, stem cells tend to differentiate into tissue specific cells and attain several characteristics similar to that of functional cells even in absence of any directed differentiation using external inducers. The development of niche mimicking biomaterials and hybrid biomaterial can further advance directed differentiation without specific induction. The mechanical and electrical integration of these materials to the functional tissue is a problem to be addressed. The search for the perfect extracellular matrix for therapeutic applications including engineering cardiac tissue structures for post ischemic cardiac tissue regeneration continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sreejit
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, TN, India
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22
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Emmert MY, Wolint P, Winklhofer S, Stolzmann P, Cesarovic N, Fleischmann T, Nguyen TDL, Frauenfelder T, Böni R, Scherman J, Bettex D, Grünenfelder J, Schwartlander R, Vogel V, Gyöngyösi M, Alkadhi H, Falk V, Hoerstrup SP. Transcatheter based electromechanical mapping guided intramyocardial transplantation and in vivo tracking of human stem cell based three dimensional microtissues in the porcine heart. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2428-41. [PMID: 23332174 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been repeatedly suggested for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the low retention rate of single cell suspensions limits the efficacy of current therapy concepts so far. Taking advantage of three dimensional (3D) cellular self-assembly prior to transplantation may be beneficial to overcome these limitations. In this pilot study we investigate the principal feasibility of intramyocardial delivery of in-vitro generated stem cell-based 3D microtissues (3D-MTs) in a porcine model. 3D-MTs were generated from iron-oxide (MPIO) labeled human adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ATMSCs) using a modified hanging-drop method. Nine pigs (33 ± 2 kg) comprising seven healthy ones and two with chronic MI in the left ventricle (LV) anterior wall were included. The pigs underwent intramyocardial transplantation of 16 × 10(3) 3D-MTs (1250 cells/MT; accounting for 2 × 10(7) single ATMSCs) into the anterior wall of the healthy pigs (n = 7)/the MI border zone of the infarcted (n = 2) of the LV using a 3D NOGA electromechanical mapping guided, transcatheter based approach. Clinical follow-up (FU) was performed for up to five weeks and in-vivo cell-tracking was performed using serial magnet resonance imaging (MRI). Thereafter, the hearts were harvested and assessed by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Intramyocardial transplantation of human ATMSC based 3D-MTs was successful in eight animals (88.8%) while one pig (without MI) died during the electromechanical mapping due to sudden cardiac-arrest. During FU, no arrhythmogenic, embolic or neurological events occurred in the treated pigs. Serial MRI confirmed the intramyocardial presence of the 3D-MTs by detection of the intracellular iron-oxide MPIOs during FU. Intramyocardial retention of 3D-MTs was confirmed by PCR analysis and was further verified on histology and immunohistochemical analysis. The 3D-MTs appeared to be viable, integrated and showed an intact micro architecture. We demonstrate the principal feasibility and safety of intramyocardial transplantation of in-vitro generated stem cell-based 3D-MTs. Multimodal cell-tracking strategies comprising advanced imaging and in-vitro tools allow for in-vivo monitoring and post-mortem analysis of transplanted 3D-MTs. The concept of 3D cellular self-assembly represents a promising application format as a next generation technology for cell-based myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Y Emmert
- Swiss Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Syedain ZH, Bradee AR, Kren S, Taylor DA, Tranquillo RT. Decellularized tissue-engineered heart valve leaflets with recellularization potential. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:759-69. [PMID: 23088577 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHV) have been proposed as a promising solution for the clinical needs of pediatric patients. In vivo studies have shown TEHV leaflet contraction and regurgitation after several months of implantation. This has been attributed to contractile cells utilized to produce the extracellular matrix (ECM) during TEHV culture. Here, we utilized such cells to develop a mature ECM in a fibrin-based scaffold that generates commissural alignment in TEHV leaflets and then removed these cells using detergents. Further, we evaluated recellularization with potentially noncontractile cells. A tissue-engineered leaflet model was developed with mechanical anisotropy and tensile properties comparable to an ovine pulmonary valve leaflet. No change in tensile properties occurred after decellularization using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 1% Triton detergent treatment. Cell removal was verified by DNA quantitation and western blot analysis for cellular proteins. Histological and scanning electron microscope imaging showed no significant change in the ECM organization and microstructure. We further tested the recellularization potential of decellularized leaflets by seeding human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on the surface of the leaflets and evaluated them at 1 and 3 weeks in two culture conditions. One medium (M1) was chosen to maintain the MSC phenotype while a second medium (M2) was used to potentially differentiate cells to an interstitial cell phenotype. Cellular quantitation showed that the engineered leaflets were recellularized to the highest concentration with M2 followed by M1, with minimum cell invasion of decellularized native leaflets. Histology showed cellular invasion throughout the thickness of the leaflets in M2 and partial invasion in M1. hMSC stained positive for MSC markers, but also for α-smooth muscle actin in both media at 1 week, with no presence of MSC markers at 3 weeks with the exception of CD90. These results show that engineered leaflets, while having similar tensile properties and collagen content compared to native leaflets, have better recellularization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan H Syedain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Tamama K, Barbeau DJ. Early growth response genes signaling supports strong paracrine capability of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:428403. [PMID: 23304166 PMCID: PMC3529451 DOI: 10.1155/2012/428403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MSCs provide a promising method for cell therapy through their wound healing and tissue regenerative properties. Originally, MSCs' role in wound healing was thought to be tied to their multipotency, but it is now accepted that MSCs mediate the healing process through their strong paracrine capability. EGF was shown to facilitate in vitro expansion of MSCs without altering multipotency. Our previous data suggest that the molecular machinery underlying MSCs' strong paracrine capability lies downstream of EGFR signaling, and we focus on transcription factors EGR1 and EGR2. Evidence suggests that EGR1 regulates angiogenic and fibrogenic factor production in MSCs, and an EGFR-EGR1-EGFR ligands autocrine loop is one of the underlying mechanisms supporting their strong paracrine machinery through EGR1. EGR2 appears to regulate the expression of immunomodulatory molecules. Chronic nonhealing wounds are ischemic, inflammatory, and often fibrotic, and the hypoxic micro-environment of these wounds may compromise MSCs' wound healing properties in vivo by upregulating the EGR1's fibrogenic effects and downregulating the EGR2's immuno-modulatory effects. Thus, these transcription factors can be potential targets in the optimization of cell-based therapies. Further study in vitro is required to understand MSCs' paracrine machinery and to optimize it as a tool for effective cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Salamon A, Toldy E, Nagy L, Lőcsei Z. [The role of adult bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in the repair of tissue injuries]. Orv Hetil 2012; 153:1807-15. [PMID: 23146781 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2012.29490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells, which reside in adult bone marrow are multipotent, have an excellent regeneration potential for tissue repair. These cells are able to differentiate in cell culture not only into mesodermal lineages but also into other lineages of ectodermal and endodermal cells. This regenerative process is assisted by application of bioactive molecules, specific growth factors and biomaterials (scaffolds). The cell therapy is successfully used in the treatment of bone defects, nonunions, osteoblasts formed from the mesenchymal stem cells. At present, there are encouraging data in the clinical practice. The mesenchymal stem cell seems to be successful in the regeneration of articular cartilage. There are further promising data for the application of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of myocardial infarction, neurologic diseases, liver and kidney diseases and injuries and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to survey the molecular characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and specific growth factors using the data of preclinical investigations and to call attention to their possible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Salamon
- Egyetemi Oktatókórház Nonprofit Zrt. Baleseti Sebészeti Osztály, Szombathely.
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Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 2012; 83:1391-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration: translation to bedside reality. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:646038. [PMID: 22754578 PMCID: PMC3382381 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimate of 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008 and by 2030, the number of deaths is estimated to reach almost 23.6 million. Despite the development of a variety of treatment options, heart failure management has failed to inhibit myocardial scar formation and replace the lost cardiomyocyte mass with new functional contractile cells. This shortage is complicated by the limited ability of the heart for self-regeneration. Accordingly, novel management approaches have been introduced into the field of cardiovascular research, leading to the evolution of gene- and cell-based therapies. Stem cell-based therapy (aka, cardiomyoplasty) is a rapidly growing alternative for regenerating the damaged myocardium and attenuating ischemic heart disease. However, the optimal cell type to achieve this goal has not been established yet, even after a decade of cardiovascular stem cell research. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in particular have been extensively investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration, due to their distinctive characteristics. In this paper, we focus on the therapeutic applications of MSCs and their transition from the experimental benchside to the clinical bedside.
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Sharma AK. An examination of regenerative medicine-based strategies for the urinary bladder. Regen Med 2012; 6:583-98. [PMID: 21916594 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients that are afflicted with dysfunctional urinary bladders due to developmental defect, trauma or malignant transformation have limited treatment options that would allow for complete recapitulation of the urinary bladder. Hence, novel tissue engineering techniques that are successful in regenerating functional urinary bladder tissue for replacement therapy would be invaluable. Current tissue engineering techniques are hampered by several problems including choice of appropriate cell type, inadequate development of new blood vessels to the regenerated tissue, tissue innervation and primitive bioscaffold design. This article describes the recent advances in stem cell biology and the material sciences to address these problems, and attempts to improve upon current tissue engineering techniques to make successful regeneration of urinary bladder tissue a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Children's Memorial Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) originally isolated from marrow have multipotent differentiation potential and favorable immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that make them very attractive for regenerative cellular therapy. Cells with similar phenotypic characteristics have now been derived from almost all fetal, neonatal, and adult tissues; furthermore, more recently similar cells have also been generated from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Generation of MSCs from human ESCs provides an opportunity to study the developmental biology of human mesenchymal lineage generation in vitro. Generation of bone and cartilage from human ESC-derived MSCs and their functional characterization, both in vitro and in vivo, is also an active area of investigation as ESCs could provide an unlimited source of MSCs for potential repair of bone and cartilage defects. MSCs from adult sources are being investigated in numerous Phase I-III clinical trials for a wide variety of indications, mainly based on their immunomodulatory properties. Our group and others have shown MSCs derived from human ESCs possess immunomodulatory properties similar to marrow-derived MSCs. Immunomodulatory properties of ESC-derived MSCs could prove to be highly valuable for their potential clinical applications in the future as derivatives of human ESCs have already entered clinical arena in the context of Phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, USA.
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Franco C, Price J, West J. Development and optimization of a dual-photoinitiator, emulsion-based technique for rapid generation of cell-laden hydrogel microspheres. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3267-76. [PMID: 21704198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of clinical trials explore the use of cell-based therapies for the treatment of disease and restoration of damaged tissue; however, limited cell survival and engraftment remains a significant challenge. As the field continues to progress, microencapsulation strategies are proving to be a valuable tool for protecting and supporting these cell therapies while preserving minimally invasive delivery. This work presents a novel, dual-photoinitiator technique for encapsulation of cells within hydrogel microspheres. A desktop vortexer was used to generate an emulsion of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) or PEGDA-based precursor solution in mineral oil. Through an optimized combination of photoinitiators added to both the aqueous and the oil phase, rapid gelation of the suspended polymer droplets was achieved. The photoinitiator combination provided superior cross-linking consistency and greater particle yield, and required lower overall initiator concentrations compared with a single initiator system. When cells were combined with the precursor solution, these benefits translated to excellent microencapsulation yield with 60-80% viability for the tested cell types. It was further shown that the scaffold material could be modified with cell-adhesive peptides to be used as surface-seeded microcarriers, or additionally with enzymatically degradable sequences to support three-dimensional spreading, migration and long-term culture of encapsulated cells. Three cell lines relevant to neural stem cell therapies are demonstrated here, but this technology is adaptable, scalable and easy to implement with standard laboratory equipment, making it a useful tool for advancing the next generation of cell-based therapeutics.
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Chen TS, Arslan F, Yin Y, Tan SS, Lai RC, Choo ABH, Padmanabhan J, Lee CN, de Kleijn DPV, Lim SK. Enabling a robust scalable manufacturing process for therapeutic exosomes through oncogenic immortalization of human ESC-derived MSCs. J Transl Med 2011; 9:47. [PMID: 21513579 PMCID: PMC3100248 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes or secreted bi-lipid vesicles from human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESC-MSCs) have been shown to reduce myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in animal models. However, as hESC-MSCs are not infinitely expansible, large scale production of these exosomes would require replenishment of hESC-MSC through derivation from hESCs and incur recurring costs for testing and validation of each new batch. Our aim was therefore to investigate if MYC immortalization of hESC-MSC would circumvent this constraint without compromising the production of therapeutically efficacious exosomes. Methods The hESC-MSCs were transfected by lentivirus carrying a MYC gene. The transformed cells were analyzed for MYC transgene integration, transcript and protein levels, and surface markers, rate of cell cycling, telomerase activity, karyotype, genome-wide gene expression and differentiation potential. The exosomes were isolated by HPLC fractionation and tested in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and infarct sizes were further assessed by using Evans' blue dye injection and TTC staining. Results MYC-transformed MSCs largely resembled the parental hESC-MSCs with major differences being reduced plastic adherence, faster growth, failure to senesce, increased MYC protein expression, and loss of in vitro adipogenic potential that technically rendered the transformed cells as non-MSCs. Unexpectedly, exosomes from MYC-transformed MSCs were able to reduce relative infarct size in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury indicating that the capacity for producing therapeutic exosomes was preserved. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that MYC transformation is a practical strategy in ensuring an infinite supply of cells for the production of exosomes in the milligram range as either therapeutic agents or delivery vehicles. In addition, the increased proliferative rate by MYC transformation reduces the time for cell production and thereby reduces production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sheng Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648 Singapore
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Li Y, Yao Y, Sheng Z, Yang Y, Ma G. Dual-modal tracking of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:815-23. [PMID: 21589649 PMCID: PMC3090278 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Results for implantation efficiency and effective improvement of cardiac function in the field of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are controversial. To attempt to clarify this debate, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared optical imaging (OI) to explore the effects of different delivery modes of mesenchymal stem cells on cell retention time and cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Rat MSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and 1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (DiD) for noninvasive cell tracking in a rat MI model. Rats underwent coronary artery ligation and were randomized into three experimental groups: intravenous (IV), intramyocardial (IM), and a control group. The first two groups referred to the route of delivery of the transplanted dual-labeled MSCs; whereas the control group was given an IV injection of serum-free medium one day post-MI. Cellular engraftment was determined 1 day and 7 days post cell delivery by measuring the iron and optical signals in explanted organs. Prussian blue staining and fluorescent microscopy were performed on histological sections for iron and DiD, respectively. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography on day 7. RESULTS The cardiac function of the IM group increased significantly compared to the IV and control groups at day 7. In the IM group, labeled cells were visualized in the infracted heart by serial MRI, and the intensity by OI was significantly higher on day 1. In the IV group, the heart signals were significantly attenuated by dual-modal tracking at two time points, but the lung signals in OI were significantly stronger than the IM group at both time points. CONCLUSION IM injection of MSCs increased cell engraftment within infarcted hearts and improved cardiac function after MI. However, IV infusion has a low efficacy due to the cell trapping in the lung. Therefore, direct injection may provide an advantage over IV, with regard to retention of stem cells and protection of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell therapy for intestinal diseases is an emerging area in clinical gastroenterology. We will review recent literature regarding mesenchymal stem cells, which have been utilized in preclinical models and are now headed for clinical trials in several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS Important studies over the last 2 years have made significant inroads into understanding the mechanisms of action of these cell types. The two major competing hypotheses are that mesenchymal stem cells home to areas of injury where they repair based on their stem cell activity or that mesenchymal stem cells act as a source of secreted factors that stimulate repair and inhibit inflammation. SUMMARY Mesenchymal stem cells show promise for therapy in a number of intestinal diseases. Further understanding of their mechanism of action should improve our ability to use them therapeutically.
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Abstract
Chronic ischemic heart disease patients are already being treated worldwide with bone marrow stem cells both in the context of clinical studies and in therapy trials. By combining this therapy with established revascularization procedures such as bypass surgery, a high level of patient safety can be achieved. To date, no stem cell-related cardiac complications following intramyocardial injection of bone marrow-derived stem cells during CABG (coronary artery bypass graft) surgery have been reported. The functional advantage conferred by surgical bone marrow stem cell therapy is a 7.2% increase in LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction) compared to controls. Randomized placebo-controlled trials, like the German trial PERFECT, are needed to obtain a more evidence-based assessment of this therapy.
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Eitan Y, Sarig U, Dahan N, Machluf M. Acellular cardiac extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue engineering: in vitro cell support, remodeling, and biocompatibility. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:671-83. [PMID: 19780649 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an efficient decellularization process for the isolation of extracellular matrix (ECM) from native cardiac tissue. The isolated ECM exhibited desirable mechanical properties in terms of elasticity, strength and durability-properties required from scaffolds used for cardiac tissue repair. This study further investigates the potential use of this scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering in terms of interactions with seeded cells and biocompatibility. We used the commonly studied fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells, which were isolated and seeded onto the scaffold. Cell density and distribution were followed by 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate staining, and their proliferation and viability were assessed by AlamarBlue assay and fluorecein-diacetate/propidium iodide staining. Fibroblast-seeded scaffolds shrank to 1-2 mm(3) spheroids, and their glycosaminoglycans significantly increased by 23%. The expression of ECM remodeling-related mRNAs of collagens I and III, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and type 1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and was found significantly elevated in fibroblast-seeded scaffold, compared with the control cells on plates. Fibroblast-seeded scaffolds lost some flexibility, yet gained strength compared with the acellular scaffolds, as shown by mechanical testing. Scaffold seeded with cardiomyocyte began to beat in concert few days after seeding, and the myocytes expressed typical functional cardiac markers such as alpha-actinin, troponin I, and connexin43. The cells revealed aligned elongated morphology, as presented by immunofluorescent staining and scanning electron microscopy. Mesenchymal stem cell-seeded scaffolds maintained viability over 24 days in culture. These findings further strengthen the potential use of acellular cardiac ECM as a biomaterial for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Eitan
- The Laboratory of Cancer Drug Delivery and Mammalian Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Buravkova LB, Andreeva ER. Interaction of human mesenhymal stromal with immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119710050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lai RC, Arslan F, Tan SS, Tan B, Choo A, Lee MM, Chen TS, Teh BJ, Eng JKL, Sidik H, Tanavde V, Hwang WS, Lee CN, Oakley RME, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DP, Tan KH, Lim SK. Derivation and characterization of human fetal MSCs: An alternative cell source for large-scale production of cardioprotective microparticles. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Song H, Song BW, Cha MJ, Choi IG, Hwang KC. Modification of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:309-19. [PMID: 20132054 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903455997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the greatest potential for use in cell-based therapy of human heart diseases, especially in myocardial infarcts. The therapeutic potential of MSCs in myocardial repair is based on the ability of MSCs to directly differentiate into cardiac tissue and on the paracrine actions of factors released from MSCs. However, the major obstacle in the clinical application of MSC-based therapy is the poor viability of the transplanted cells due to harsh microenvironments like ischemia, inflammation and/or anoikis in the infarcted myocardium. Recently, various approaches have been implemented in an effort to improve the survival of implanted MSCs through ex vivo manipulation of MSCs. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Major obstacles in MSC-based therapy are discussed, along with recent advances for enhancing therapeutic potential of engrafted MSCs from the past decade. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review focuses primarily on ex vivo manipulation of MSCs before transplantation, which includes pretreatment, preconditioning and genetic modification of MSCs, and future directions. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Modification of MSCs before transplantation has developed into a promising option for enhancing the beneficial effects of MSC-based therapy for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesang Song
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, 250 Seongsanno,Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yi W, Sun Y, Wei X, Gu C, Dong X, Kang X, Guo S, Dou K. Proteomic profiling of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under shear stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 341:9-16. [PMID: 20407807 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells for tissue engineering of blood vessels. As seed cells, MSCs must endure blood fluid shear stress after transplantation. It has been shown that fluid shear stress can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. However, the effects of fluid shear stress on MSCs including the types of proteins modulated are still not well understood. In this study, we exposed human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) to 3 dyn/cm(2) shear stress for 6 h and compared them to a control group using proteomic analysis. Thirteen specific proteins were affected by shear stress, 10 of which were up-regulated. Shear stress especially induced sustained increases in the expression of Annexin A2 and GAPDH, which have been specifically shown to affect HMSCs function. We present here the first comparative proteome analysis of effect of shear stress on HMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, 4th Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Wei H, Ooi TH, Tan G, Lim SY, Qian L, Wong P, Shim W. Cell delivery and tracking in post-myocardial infarction cardiac stem cell therapy: an introduction for clinical researchers. Heart Fail Rev 2010; 15:1-14. [PMID: 19238541 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-009-9134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy for patients with post-infarct heart failure is a relatively new and revolutionary concept in cardiology. Despite the encouraging results from pre-clinical studies, outcomes from most clinical trials remain moderately positive while the clinical benefits are largely attributed to transplanted cell-associated paracrine effects in stimulating angiogenesis and protecting endogenous cardiomyocytes. This scenario indicates that there may be a considerably protracted iterative process of conceptual and procedural refinement before true clinical benefits can be fully materialized. At present, many pressing questions regarding cell therapy remain unanswered. In addition to the primary interest in determining the ideal type of stem cells with best cardiogenic potential in vitro and in vivo, there are growing concerns on the impact of the host cardiac milieu on the transplanted cells, including their survival, migration, engraftment, and trans-differentiation as well as contribution to left ventricular function. Effective cell delivery and tracking methods are central to the unraveling of these questions. To date, cell-delivery modalities are yet to be optimized and strategies for safe and effective assessment of cells transplanted in the recipients are to be established. In this review, we discuss cell delivery and tracking modalities that are adopted in the current pre-clinical and clinical studies. We further discussed emerging technologies that are poised to impact the success of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Wei
- Research and Development Unit, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tang J, Wang J, Zheng F, Kong X, Guo L, Yang J, Zhang L, Huang Y. Combination of chemokine and angiogenic factor genes and mesenchymal stem cells could enhance angiogenesis and improve cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 339:107-18. [PMID: 20058054 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene and stem-cell therapies hold promise for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease. Combined stem cell, chemokine, and angiogenic growth factor gene therapy could augment angiogenesis, and better improve heart function in the infarcted myocardium. In order to prove this action, we established the animal model of myocardial infarction (MI) was by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in rats. Seven days after surgery, 5.0 x 10(6) Ad-EGFP-MSC, 5.0 x 10(6) Ad-SDF-1-MSC, 5.0 x 10(6) Ad-VEGF-MSC, or 5.0 x 10(6) Ad-SDF-VEGF-MSC (Ad-SDF-1-VEGF-MSC) suspension in 0.2 ml of serum-free medium was injected into four sites in the infarcted hearts. Results showed that MSCs transfected with Ad-VEGF and Ad-SDF-1 produced more SDF-1 and VEGF protein than MSCs alone, the increased protein levels of VEGF and SDF-1 activated Akt in MSCs transfected with Ad-VEGF and Ad-SDF-1, and improved the survival capability of the MSCs in vitro and in vivo. These transplanted cells showed that the characteristic phenotype of cardiomyocyte (e.g., cTnt) and endothelial cells (e.g., CD31). Four weeks after transplantation, reduced infarct size and fibrosis, greater vascular density, and a thicker left ventricle wall were observed in Ad-SDF-VEGF-MSC group. Measurement of hemodynamic parameters showed an improvement in left ventricular performance in Ad-SDF-VEGF-MSC group compared with other groups. These results demonstrated that combination of chemokine and angiogenic factor gene and stem cells could enhance angiogenesis and improves cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Yunyang Medical College, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, People's Republic of China.
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of intravenous adult human mesenchymal stem cells (prochymal) after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 54:2277-86. [PMID: 19958962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 960] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the safety and efficacy of intravenous allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived hMSCs may ameliorate consequences of MI, and have the advantages of preparation ease, allogeneic use due to immunoprivilege, capacity to home to injured tissue, and extensive pre-clinical support. METHODS We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging (0.5, 1.6, and 5 million cells/kg) safety trial of intravenous allogeneic hMSCs (Prochymal, Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland) in reperfused MI patients (n=53). The primary end point was incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events within 6 months. Ejection fraction and left ventricular volumes determined by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging were exploratory efficacy end points. RESULTS Adverse event rates were similar between the hMSC-treated (5.3 per patient) and placebo-treated (7.0 per patient) groups, and renal, hepatic, and hematologic laboratory indexes were not different. Ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring demonstrated reduced ventricular tachycardia episodes (p=0.025), and pulmonary function testing demonstrated improved forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p=0.003) in the hMSC-treated patients. Global symptom score in all patients (p=0.027) and ejection fraction in the important subset of anterior MI patients were both significantly better in hMSCs versus placebo subjects. In the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging substudy, hMSC treatment, but not placebo, increased left ventricular ejection fraction and led to reverse remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous allogeneic hMSCs are safe in patients after acute MI. This trial provides pivotal safety and provisional efficacy data for an allogeneic bone marrow-derived stem cell in post-infarction patients. (Safety Study of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells [MSC] to Treat Acute Myocardial Infarction; NCT00114452).
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Tang J, Wang J, Guo L, Kong X, Yang J, Zheng F, Zhang L, Huang Y. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha improve cardiac remodeling via paracrine activation of hepatocyte growth factor in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Mol Cells 2010; 29:9-19. [PMID: 20016947 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising source for cell-based treatment of myocardial infarction (MI), but existing strategies are restricted by low cell survival and engraftment. We examined whether SDF-1 transfection improve MSC viability and paracrine action in infarcted hearts. We found SDF-1-modified MSCs effectively expressed SDF-1 for at least 21 days after exposure to hypoxia. The apoptosis of Ad-SDF-1-MSCs was 42% of that seen in Ad-EGFP-MSCs and 53% of untreated MSCs. In the infarcted hearts, the number of DAPI-labeling cells in the Ad-SDF-1-MSC group was 5-fold that in the Ad-EGFP-MSC group. Importantly, expression of antifibrotic factor, HGF, was detected in cultured MSCs, and HGF expression levels were higher in Ad-SDF-MSC-treated hearts, compared with Ad-EGFP-MSC or control hearts. Compared with the control group, Ad-SDF-MSC transplantation significantly decreased the expression of collagens I and III and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9, but heart function was improved in d-SDF-MSC-treated animals. In conclusion, SDF-1-modified MSCs enhanced the tolerance of engrafted MSCs to hypoxic injury in vitro and improved their viability in infarcted hearts, thus helping preserve the contractile function and attenuate left ventricle (LV) remodeling, and this may be at least partly mediated by enhanced paracrine signaling from MSCs via antifibrotic factors such as HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Tang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Yunyang Medical College, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy for repair of damaged cardiac tissue is an attractive option to improve the health of the growing number of heart failure patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess unique properties that may make them a better option for cardiac repair than other cell types. Unlike other adult stem cells, they appear to escape allorecognition by the immune system and they have immune-modulating properties, thus making it possible to consider them for use as an allogeneic cell therapy product. There is a large and growing body of preclinical and early clinical experience with MSC therapy that shows great promise in realizing the potential of stem cell therapy to effect repair of damaged cardiac tissue. This review discusses the mechanism of action of MSC therapy and summarizes the current literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Boyle
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Adipose Tissue-derived Stem Cells Differentiated into Cardiomyocytes in Cardiac Microenvironment*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2008.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Neßelmann C, Steinhoff G. Mesenchymale Stammzellen zur kardialen Regeneration. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-009-0747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Battiwalla M, Hematti P. Mesenchymal stem cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:503-15. [PMID: 19728189 DOI: 10.1080/14653240903193806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) of bone marrow (BM) origin not only provide the supportive microenvironmental niche for hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) but are capable of differentiating into various cell types of mesenchymal origin, such as bone, fat and cartilage. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that MSC have low inherent immunogenicity, modulate/suppress immunologic responses through interactions with immune cells, and home to damaged tissues to participate in regeneration processes through their diverse biologic properties. MSC derived from BM are being evaluated for a wide range of clinical applications, including disorders as diverse as myocardial infarction and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 1. However, their use in HSC transplantation, either for enhancement of hematopoietic engraftment or for treatment/prevention of graft-versus-host disease, is far ahead of other indications. Ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion of MSC, combined with their intriguing immunomodulatory properties and their impressive record of safety in a wide variety of clinical trials, make these cells promising candidates for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Battiwalla
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA
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Zhang ZY, Teoh SH, Chong MSK, Lee ESM, Tan LG, Mattar CN, Fisk NM, Choolani M, Chan J. Neo-vascularization and bone formation mediated by fetal mesenchymal stem cell tissue-engineered bone grafts in critical-size femoral defects. Biomaterials 2009; 31:608-20. [PMID: 19836073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered bone grafts (TEBG) require highly osteogenic cell sources for use in fracture repair applications. Compared to other sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), human fetal MSC (hfMSC) have recently been shown to be more proliferative and osteogenic. We studied the functional performance of hfMSC-mediated TEBG in 7 mm rat femoral critical-sized bone defects (CSD). Dynamically-cultured and osteogenically-primed hfMSC seeded onto macroporous poly-epsilon-caprolactone tri-calcium phosphate scaffolds were transplanted into CSDs. After 12 weeks, hfMSC-mediated TEBG induced 2.1x more new bone formation (43.3+/-10.5 vs. 21.0+/-7.4 mm(3), p<0.05), with greater compact and woven bone, and a 9.8x increase in stiffness (3.9+/-1.7 vs. 0.4+/-0.3 mNm/degree, p<0.05) compared to acellular scaffolds, such that only animals transplanted with TEBG underwent full fracture repair of the CSD. Although hfMSC survived for <4 weeks, by 4 weeks they were associated with a 3.9x larger vasculature network in the defect area (35.2+/-11.1 vs. 6.5+/-3.6 mm(3)p<0.05), suggesting an important role for hfMSC in the promotion of neo-vasculogenesis. We speculate that hfMSC-mediated healing of the CSD by stimulating neo-vascularization through as yet undetermined mechanisms. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the utility of primitive MSC for bone regeneration, and may be of relevance to vascularization in other areas of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Matrix elasticity regulates the secretory profile of human bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:663-7. [PMID: 19766096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is attributed to particular MSC-derived cytokines and growth factors. As MSCs are applied locally to target organs or home there after systemic administration, they experience diverse microenvironments that are biochemically and biophysically distinct. Here we use well-defined in vitro conditions to study the impact of substrate elasticity on MSC-derived trophic factors. By varying hydrogel compliance, the elasticity of brain and muscle tissue was mimicked. We screened >90 secreted factors at the protein level, finding a diverse elasticity-dependent expression pattern. In particular, IL-8 was up-regulated as much as 90-fold in MSCs cultured for 2days on hard substrates, whereas levels were consistently low on soft substrates. In summary, we show substrate elasticity directly affects MSC paracrine expression, a relevant finding for therapies administering MSCs in vivo.
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