1
|
Rooper LM, Agaimy A, Bell D, Gagan J, Gallia GL, Jo VY, Lewis JS, London NR, Nishino M, Stoehr R, Thompson LDR, Din NU, Wenig BM, Westra WH, Bishop JA. Recurrent Wnt Pathway and ARID1A Alterations in Sinonasal Olfactory Carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100448. [PMID: 38369189 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Sinonasal tumors with neuroepithelial differentiation, defined by neuroectodermal elements reminiscent of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) and epithelial features such as keratin expression or gland formation, are a diagnostically challenging group that has never been formally included in sinonasal tumor classifications. Recently, we documented that most of these neuroepithelial neoplasms have distinctive histologic and immunohistochemical findings and proposed the term "olfactory carcinoma" to describe these tumors. However, the molecular characteristics of olfactory carcinoma have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we performed targeted molecular profiling of 23 sinonasal olfactory carcinomas to further clarify their pathogenesis and classification. All tumors included in this study were composed of high-grade neuroectodermal cells that were positive for pankeratin and at least 1 specific neuroendocrine marker. A significant subset of cases also displayed rosettes and neurofibrillary matrix, intermixed glands with variable cilia, peripheral p63/p40 expression, and S100 protein-positive sustentacular cells. Recurrent oncogenic molecular alterations were identified in 20 tumors, including Wnt pathway alterations affecting CTNNB1 (n = 8) and PPP2R1A (n = 2), ARID1A inactivation (n = 5), RUNX1 mutations (n = 3), and IDH2 hotspot mutations (n = 2). Overall, these findings do demonstrate the presence of recurrent molecular alterations in olfactory carcinoma, although this group of tumors does not appear to be defined by any single mutation. Minimal overlap with alterations previously reported in ONB also adds to histologic and immunohistochemical separation between ONB and olfactory carcinoma. Conversely, these molecular findings enhance the overlap between olfactory carcinoma and sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas. A small subset of neuroepithelial tumors might better fit into the superseding molecular category of IDH2-mutant sinonasal carcinoma. At this point, sinonasal neuroendocrine and neuroepithelial tumors may best be regarded as a histologic and molecular spectrum that includes core groups of ONB, olfactory carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and IDH2-mutant sinonasal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rooper
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jeffrey Gagan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gary L Gallia
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vickie Y Jo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nyall R London
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michiya Nishino
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nasir Ud Din
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bruce M Wenig
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - William H Westra
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koyama Y, Okazaki H, Shi Y, Mezawa Y, Wang Z, Sakimoto M, Ishizuka A, Ito Y, Koyama T, Daigo Y, Takano A, Miyagi Y, Yokose T, Yamashita T, Sugahara K, Hino O, Yang L, Maruyama R, Katakura A, Yasukawa T, Orimo A. Increased RUNX3 expression mediates tumor-promoting ability of human breast cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18062-18077. [PMID: 37641472 PMCID: PMC10523979 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major stromal component of human breast cancers and often promote tumor proliferation, progression and malignancy. We previously established an experimental CAF (exp-CAF) cell line equipped with a potent tumor-promoting ability. It was generated through prolonged incubation of immortalized human mammary fibroblasts with human breast cancer cells in a tumor xenograft mouse model. RESULTS Herein, we found that the exp-CAFs highly express Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), while counterpart fibroblasts do not. In breast cancer patients, the proportion of RUNX3-positive stromal fibroblast-like cells tends to be higher in cancerous regions than in non-cancerous regions. These findings suggest an association of RUNX3 with CAF characteristics in human breast cancers. To investigate the functional role of RUNX3 in CAFs, the exp-CAFs with or without shRNA-directed knockdown of RUNX3 were implanted with breast cancer cells subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice. Comparison of the resulting xenograft tumors revealed that tumor growth was significantly attenuated when RUNX3 expression was suppressed in the fibroblasts. Consistently, Ki-67 and CD31 immunohistochemical staining of the tumor sections indicated reduction of cancer cell proliferation and microvessel formation in the tumors formed with the RUNX3-suppressed exp-CAFs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that increased RUNX3 expression could contribute to the tumor-promoting ability of CAFs through mediating cancer cell growth and neoangiogenesis in human breast tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Koyama
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and SurgeryTokyo Dental CollegeTokyoJapan
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroya Okazaki
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and SurgeryTokyo Dental CollegeTokyoJapan
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Mezawa
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Mizuki Sakimoto
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akane Ishizuka
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Present address:
Department of Immunological DiagnosisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takumi Koyama
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and SurgeryTokyo Dental CollegeTokyoJapan
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, Research HospitalThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, and Center for Advanced Medicine against CancerShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuJapan
| | - Atsushi Takano
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, Research HospitalThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, and Center for Advanced Medicine against CancerShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuJapan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics DivisionKanagawa Cancer Center Research InstituteYokohamaJapan
| | | | - Toshinari Yamashita
- Department of Breast Surgery and OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Keisuke Sugahara
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and SurgeryTokyo Dental CollegeTokyoJapan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Liying Yang
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer InstituteJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer InstituteJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Katakura
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and SurgeryTokyo Dental CollegeTokyoJapan
| | - Takehiro Yasukawa
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Pathology and OncologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ito K, Otani S, Date Y. p53 Deficiency-Dependent Oncogenicity of Runx3. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081122. [PMID: 37190031 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The RUNX transcription factors are frequently dysregulated in human cancers, suggesting their potential as attractive targets for drug treatment. However, all three transcription factors have been described as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes, indicating the need to determine their molecular mechanisms of action. Although RUNX3 has long been considered a tumor suppressor in human cancers, several recent studies have shown that RUNX3 is upregulated during the development or progression of various malignant tumors, suggesting it may act as a "conditional" oncogene. Resolving this paradox and understanding how a single gene can exhibit both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties is essential for successful drug targeting of RUNX. This review describes the evidence for the activities of RUNX3 in human cancer and proposes an explanation for the duality of RUNX3 involving the status of p53. In this model, p53 deficiency causes RUNX3 to become oncogenic, leading to aberrant upregulation of MYC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shohei Otani
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Date
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan AS, Campbell KJ, Cameron ER, Blyth K. The RUNX/CBFβ Complex in Breast Cancer: A Conundrum of Context. Cells 2023; 12:641. [PMID: 36831308 PMCID: PMC9953914 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting and identifying the major actors and pathways in the genesis, progression and aggressive advancement of breast cancer is challenging, in part because neoplasms arising in this tissue represent distinct diseases and in part because the tumors themselves evolve. This review attempts to illustrate the complexity of this mutational landscape as it pertains to the RUNX genes and their transcription co-factor CBFβ. Large-scale genomic studies that characterize genetic alterations across a disease subtype are a useful starting point and as such have identified recurring alterations in CBFB and in the RUNX genes (particularly RUNX1). Intriguingly, the functional output of these mutations is often context dependent with regards to the estrogen receptor (ER) status of the breast cancer. Therefore, such studies need to be integrated with an in-depth understanding of both the normal and corrupted function in mammary cells to begin to tease out how loss or gain of function can alter the cell phenotype and contribute to disease progression. We review how alterations to RUNX/CBFβ function contextually ascribe to breast cancer subtypes and discuss how the in vitro analyses and mouse model systems have contributed to our current understanding of these proteins in the pathogenesis of this complex set of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adiba S. Khan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (A.S.K.); (K.J.C.)
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kirsteen J. Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (A.S.K.); (K.J.C.)
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- School of Biodiversity One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (A.S.K.); (K.J.C.)
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
RUNX3 in Stem Cell and Cancer Biology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030408. [PMID: 36766749 PMCID: PMC9913995 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) play prominent roles in cell cycle progression, differentiation, apoptosis, immunity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. There are three members in the mammalian RUNX family, each with distinct tissue expression profiles. RUNX genes play unique and redundant roles during development and adult tissue homeostasis. The ability of RUNX proteins to influence signaling pathways, such as Wnt, TGFβ and Hippo-YAP, suggests that they integrate signals from the environment to dictate cell fate decisions. All RUNX genes hold master regulator roles, albeit in different tissues, and all have been implicated in cancer. Paradoxically, RUNX genes exert tumor suppressive and oncogenic functions, depending on tumor type and stage. Unlike RUNX1 and 2, the role of RUNX3 in stem cells is poorly understood. A recent study using cancer-derived RUNX3 mutation R122C revealed a gatekeeper role for RUNX3 in gastric epithelial stem cell homeostasis. The corpora of RUNX3R122C/R122C mice showed a dramatic increase in proliferating stem cells as well as inhibition of differentiation. Tellingly, RUNX3R122C/R122C mice also exhibited a precancerous phenotype. This review focuses on the impact of RUNX3 dysregulation on (1) stem cell fate and (2) the molecular mechanisms underpinning early carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Deregulation of transcription factors is critical to hallmarks of cancer. Genetic mutations, gene fusions, amplifications or deletions, epigenetic alternations, and aberrant post-transcriptional modification of transcription factors are involved in the regulation of various stages of carcinogenesis, including cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Thus, targeting the dysfunctional transcription factors may lead to new cancer therapeutic strategies. However, transcription factors are conventionally considered as "undruggable." Here, we summarize the recent progresses in understanding the regulation of transcription factors in cancers and strategies to target transcription factors and co-factors for preclinical and clinical drug development, particularly focusing on c-Myc, YAP/TAZ, and β-catenin due to their significance and interplays in cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
RUNX Proteins as Epigenetic Modulators in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223687. [PMID: 36429115 PMCID: PMC9688118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX proteins are highly conserved in metazoans and perform critical functions during development. Dysregulation of RUNX proteins through various molecular mechanisms facilitates the development and progression of various cancers, where different RUNX proteins show tumor type-specific functions and regulate different aspects of tumorigenesis by cross-talking with different signaling pathways such as Wnt, TGF-β, and Hippo. Molecularly, they could serve as transcription factors (TFs) to activate their direct target genes or interact with many other TFs to modulate chromatin architecture globally. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functions and regulations of RUNX proteins in different cancer types and highlight their potential role as epigenetic modulators in cancer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Otani S, Date Y, Ueno T, Ito T, Kajikawa S, Omori K, Taniuchi I, Umeda M, Komori T, Toguchida J, Ito K. Runx3 is required for oncogenic Myc upregulation in p53-deficient osteosarcoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:683-691. [PMID: 34803166 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) in human patients is characterized by genetic alteration of TP53. Osteoprogenitor-specific p53-deleted mice (OS mice) have been widely used to study the process of osteosarcomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of OS upon p53 inactivation remain largely unknown. In this study, we detected prominent RUNX3/Runx3 expression in human and mouse p53-deficient OS. Myc was aberrantly upregulated by Runx3 via mR1, a consensus Runx site in the Myc promoter, in a manner dependent on p53 deficiency. Reduction of the Myc level by disruption of mR1 or Runx3 knockdown decreased the tumorigenicity of p53-deficient OS cells and effectively suppressed OS development in OS mice. Furthermore, Runx inhibitors exerted therapeutic effects on OS mice. Together, these results show that p53 deficiency promotes osteosarcomagenesis in human and mouse by allowing Runx3 to induce oncogenic Myc expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Otani
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Date
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueno
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kajikawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Omori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masahiro Umeda
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang D, Guo C, Li Y, Zhou M, Wang H, Liu J, Chen P. Oestrogen up-regulates DNMT1 and leads to the hypermethylation of RUNX3 in the malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 44:27-37. [PMID: 34799276 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the mechanism of hypermethylation of runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) in the eutopic endometrium of endometriosis as biomarker in the malignant transformation of endometriosis? DESIGN Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the methylation status of RUNX3 in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Primary eutopic endometrial stromal cells (ESC) were isolated from the uteri of patients with ovarian endometriosis. After RUNX3 knockdown by RNA interference technology or ESC treated with oestradiol, the proliferation and invasion ability were evaluated in ESC by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and transwell assays. RESULTS The frequency of methylation of RUNX3 in neoplastic tissue in the EAOC group was significantly higher than that in the ectopic endometrium of the endometriosis group (P < 0.001), and the frequency of methylation of RUNX3 in the eutopic endometrium of the EAOC group was significantly higher than that in the endometriosis group (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the eutopic endometrium when compared between the endometriosis group and the control endometrium group (P = 0.233). Silencing RUNX3 promoted the proliferation and invasion of ESC (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). Following intervention with oestrogen, it was observed that the oestradiol group showed higher levels of RUNX3 methylation (P < 0.001) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA and protein expression (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001), and lower RUNX3 mRNA and protein expression when compared with the ESC group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that hypermethylation of the RUNX3 was related to the malignant transformation of endometriosis and that this process was related to corresponding changes in the eutopic endometrium. Furthermore, the 'oestrogen-DNMT1' signalling pathway may induce the hypermethylation of RUNX3 to promote the malignant transformation of endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danbo Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cuishan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingyi Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110042, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ashe H, Krakowiak P, Hasterok S, Sleppy R, Roller DG, Gioeli D. Role of the runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family in prostate cancer. FEBS J 2021; 288:6112-6126. [PMID: 33682350 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a very complex disease that is a major cause of death in men worldwide. Currently, PCa dependence on the androgen receptor (AR) has resulted in use of AR antagonists and antiandrogen therapies that reduce endogenous steroid hormone production. However, within two to three years of receiving first-line androgen deprivation therapy, the majority of patients diagnosed with PCa progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). There is an urgent need for therapies that are more durable than antagonism of the AR axis. Studies of runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) and their heterodimerization partner, core-binding factor subunit b (CBFβ), are revealing that the RUNX family are drivers of CRPC. In this review, we describe what is presently understood about RUNX members in PCa, including what regulates and is regulated by RUNX proteins, and the role of RUNX proteins in the tumor microenvironment and AR signaling. We discuss the implications for therapeutically targeting RUNX, the potential for RUNX as PCa biomarkers, and the current pressing questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ashe
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patryk Krakowiak
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sylwia Hasterok
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rosalie Sleppy
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Devin G Roller
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fritz AJ, Hong D, Boyd J, Kost J, Finstaad KH, Fitzgerald MP, Hanna S, Abuarqoub AH, Malik M, Bushweller J, Tye C, Ghule P, Gordon J, Zaidi SK, Frietze S, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. RUNX1 and RUNX2 transcription factors function in opposing roles to regulate breast cancer stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7261-7272. [PMID: 32180230 PMCID: PMC7415511 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are competent to initiate tumor formation and growth and refractory to conventional therapies. Consequently BCSCs are implicated in tumor recurrence. Many signaling cascades associated with BCSCs are critical for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We developed a model system to mechanistically examine BCSCs in basal-like breast cancer using MCF10AT1 FACS sorted for CD24 (negative/low in BCSCs) and CD44 (positive/high in BCSCs). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis comparing RNA-seq on the CD24-/low versus CD24+/high MCF10AT1 indicates that the top activated upstream regulators include TWIST1, TGFβ1, OCT4, and other factors known to be increased in BCSCs and during EMT. The top inhibited upstream regulators include ESR1, TP63, and FAS. Consistent with our results, many genes previously demonstrated to be regulated by RUNX factors are altered in BCSCs. The RUNX2 interaction network is the top significant pathway altered between CD24-/low and CD24+/high MCF10AT1. RUNX1 is higher in expression at the RNA level than RUNX2. RUNX3 is not expressed. While, human-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers demonstrate that RUNX1 and CDH1 decrease in human MCF10CA1a cells that have grown tumors within the murine mammary fat pad microenvironment, RUNX2 and VIM increase. Treatment with an inhibitor of RUNX binding to CBFβ for 5 days followed by a 7-day recovery period results in EMT suggesting that loss of RUNX1, rather than increase in RUNX2, is a driver of EMT in early stage breast cancer. Increased understanding of RUNX regulation on BCSCs and EMT will provide novel insight into therapeutic strategies to prevent recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Joseph Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jason Kost
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kristiaan H. Finstaad
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Mark P. Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sebastian Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Alqassem H. Abuarqoub
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Miles Malik
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - John Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - Coralee Tye
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Prachi Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
LncRNA E2F-Mediated Cell Proliferation Enhancing lncRNA Regulates Cancer Cell Behaviors and Affects Prognosis of Gastric Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1348-1354. [PMID: 31584135 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study reported a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) E2F-mediated cell proliferation enhancing lncRNA (EPEL, human chromosome 4, intergenic region) plays an oncogenic role in lung cancer. AIMS We aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA EPEL in gastric cancer. METHODS Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blot. Survival analysis was performed by comparing survival curves. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were analyzed by CCK-8 and Transwell assays. RESULTS We found that lncRNA EPEL and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were both upregulated in gastric cancer. EPEL and RUNX2 were positively correlated in tumor. Patients with high expression level of lncRNA EPEL showed poor survival. LncRNA EPEL and RUNX2 overexpression promoted, while lncRNA EPEL siRNA silencing inhibited the migration, proliferation, and invasion of gastric cancers. In addition, RUNX2 overexpression completely rescued the inhibited cancer cell migration, proliferation, and invasion caused by lncRNA EPEL siRNA silencing. Consistently, EPEL overexpression resulted in upregulated RUNX2 expression, while RUNX2 overexpression did not affect lncRNA EPEL expression. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, lncRNA EPEL may regulate cancer cell behaviors and affect prognosis of gastric cancer by interacting with RUNX2.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sweeney K, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Complex Interplay between the RUNX Transcription Factors and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer: A Tango in the Night. Mol Cells 2020; 43:188-197. [PMID: 32041394 PMCID: PMC7057843 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are designed to be sensitive to a myriad of external cues so they can fulfil their individual destiny as part of the greater whole. A number of well-characterised signalling pathways dictate the cell's response to the external environment and incoming messages. In healthy, well-ordered homeostatic systems these signals are tightly controlled and kept in balance. However, given their powerful control over cell fate, these pathways, and the transcriptional machinery they orchestrate, are frequently hijacked during the development of neoplastic disease. A prime example is the Wnt signalling pathway that can be modulated by a variety of ligands and inhibitors, ultimately exerting its effects through the β-catenin transcription factor and its downstream target genes. Here we focus on the interplay between the three-member family of RUNX transcription factors with the Wnt pathway and how together they can influence cell behaviour and contribute to cancer development. In a recurring theme with other signalling systems, the RUNX genes and the Wnt pathway appear to operate within a series of feedback loops. RUNX genes are capable of directly and indirectly regulating different elements of the Wnt pathway to either strengthen or inhibit the signal. Equally, β-catenin and its transcriptional co-factors can control RUNX gene expression and together they can collaborate to regulate a large number of third party co-target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Sweeney
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- Glasgow Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Date Y, Ito K. Oncogenic RUNX3: A Link between p53 Deficiency and MYC Dysregulation. Mol Cells 2020; 43:176-181. [PMID: 31991537 PMCID: PMC7057839 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX transcription factors serve as master regulators of development and are frequently dysregulated in human cancers. Among the three family members, RUNX3 is the least studied, and has long been considered to be a tumor-suppressor gene in human cancers. This idea is mainly based on the observation that RUNX3 is inactivated by genetic/epigenetic alterations or protein mislocalization during the initiation of tumorigenesis. Recently, this paradigm has been challenged, as several lines of evidence have shown that RUNX3 is upregulated over the course of tumor development. Resolving this paradox and understanding how a single gene can exhibit both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties is essential for successful drug targeting of RUNX. We propose a simple explanation for the duality of RUNX3: p53 status. In this model, p53 deficiency causes RUNX3 to become an oncogene, resulting in aberrant upregulation of MYC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Date
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Mutated or dysregulated transcription factors represent a unique class of drug targets that mediate aberrant gene expression, including blockade of differentiation and cell death gene expression programmes, hallmark properties of cancers. Transcription factor activity is altered in numerous cancer types via various direct mechanisms including chromosomal translocations, gene amplification or deletion, point mutations and alteration of expression, as well as indirectly through non-coding DNA mutations that affect transcription factor binding. Multiple approaches to target transcription factor activity have been demonstrated, preclinically and, in some cases, clinically, including inhibition of transcription factor-cofactor protein-protein interactions, inhibition of transcription factor-DNA binding and modulation of levels of transcription factor activity by altering levels of ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasome degradation or by inhibition of regulators of transcription factor expression. In addition, several new approaches to targeting transcription factors have recently emerged including modulation of auto-inhibition, proteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs), use of cysteine reactive inhibitors, targeting intrinsically disordered regions of transcription factors and combinations of transcription factor inhibitors with kinase inhibitors to block the development of resistance. These innovations in drug development hold great promise to yield agents with unique properties that are likely to impact future cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mevel R, Draper JE, Lie-A-Ling M, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX transcription factors: orchestrators of development. Development 2019; 146:dev148296. [PMID: 31488508 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors orchestrate many different aspects of biology, including basic cellular and developmental processes, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In this Primer, we introduce the molecular hallmarks of the three mammalian RUNX genes, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, and discuss the regulation of their activities and their mechanisms of action. We then review their crucial roles in the specification and maintenance of a wide array of tissues during embryonic development and adult homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Julia E Draper
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carlton AL, Illendula A, Gao Y, Llaneza DC, Boulton A, Shah A, Rajewski RA, Landen CN, Wotton D, Bushweller JH. Small molecule inhibition of the CBFβ/RUNX interaction decreases ovarian cancer growth and migration through alterations in genes related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 149:350-360. [PMID: 29551565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer survival and treatment have improved minimally in the past 20years. Novel treatment strategies are needed to combat this disease. This study investigates the effects of chemical inhibition of the CBFβ/RUNX protein-protein interaction on ovarian cancer cell lines. METHODS Ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with CBFβ/RUNX inhibitors, and the effects on proliferation, DNA replication, wound healing, and anchorage-independent growth were measured. RNA-Seq was performed on compound-treated cells to identify differentially expressed genes. Genes altered by compound treatment were targeted with siRNAs, and effects on DNA replication and wound healing were measured. RESULTS Chemical inhibition of the CBFβ/RUNX interaction decreases ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Inhibitor treatment leads to an S-phase cell cycle delay, as indicated by an increased percentage of cells in S-phase, and a decreased DNA replication rate. Inhibitor treatment also reduces wound healing and anchorage-independent growth. RNA-Seq on compound-treated cells revealed changes in a small number of genes related to proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. siRNA-mediated knockdown of INHBA and MMP1 - two genes whose expression decreases with compound treatment - slowed DNA replication and impaired wound healing. CONCLUSIONS Chemical inhibition of the CBFβ/RUNX interaction is a viable strategy for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Carlton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anuradha Illendula
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Danielle C Llaneza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Adam Boulton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anant Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Roger A Rajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Charles N Landen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Special AT-rich Sequence Binding Protein 1 (SATB1) and its role in solid tumors. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:96-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|