1
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Song JY, Kitamura SI, Oh MJ, Nakayama K. Heavy oil exposure suppresses antiviral activities in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:201-207. [PMID: 35378310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A combined treatment of heavy oil (HO) exposure and virus infection induces increased mortality in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, we addressed how HO exposure affects the immune system, especially antiviral activities, in Japanese flounder. The fish were infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), followed by exposure to HO. We analyzed virus titers in the heart and mRNA expression in the kidney of surviving fish. The virus titers in fish exposed to heavy oil were higher than the threshold for onset. The results suggest that HO exposure may allow the replication of VHSV, leading to higher mortality in the co-treated group. Gene-expression profiling demonstrated that the expression of antiviral-activity-related genes, such as those for interferon and apoptosis induction, were lower in the co-treated group than in the group with VHSV infection only. These results helped explain the high virus titers in fish treated with both stressors. Thus, interferon production in the virus-infected cells and apoptosis induction by natural killer cells worked normally in the VHSV-infected fish without HO exposure, but these antiviral activities were slightly suppressed by HO exposure, possibly leading to extensive viral replication in the host cells and the occurrence of VHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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2
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McLoone P, Dyussupov O, Nurtlessov Z, Kenessariyev U, Kenessary D. The effect of exposure to crude oil on the immune system. Health implications for people living near oil exploration activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:762-787. [PMID: 31709802 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1689232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
People who reside near oil exploration activities may be exposed to toxins from gas flares or oil spills. The impact of such exposures on the human immune system has not been fully investigated. In this review, research investigating the effects of crude oil on the immune system is evaluated. The aim was to obtain a greater understanding of the possible immunological impact of living near oil exploration activities. In animals, the effect of exposure to crude oil on the immune system depends on the species, dose, exposure route, and type of oil. Important observations included; hematological changes resulting in anemia and alterations in white blood cell numbers, lymph node and splenic atrophy, genotoxicity in immune cells, modulation of cytokine gene expression and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. In humans, there are reports that exposure to crude oil can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer and cause immunomodulation.Abbreviations: A1AT: alpha-1 antitrypsin; ACH50: hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway; AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CYP: cytochrome P450; DNFB: 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene; G-CSF: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; 8-IP: 8-isoprostane; ISG15: interferon stimulated gene; LPO: lipid peroxidation; LTB4: leukotriene B4; M-CSF: macrophage-colony stimulating factor; MMC: melanomacrophage center; MPV: mean platelet volume; NK: natural killer; OSPM: oil sail particulate matter; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PCV: packed cell volume; RBC: red blood cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RR: relative risk; TH: T helper; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; UV: ultraviolet; VNNV: Viral Nervous Necrosis Virus; WBC: white blood cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline McLoone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olzhas Dyussupov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxybek Nurtlessov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ussen Kenessariyev
- Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Kenessary
- Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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3
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Olivares-Rubio HF, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Acetylcholinesterase activity in fish species exposed to crude oil hydrocarbons: A review and new perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128401. [PMID: 33059211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil and its derivatives are primary energy resources for humans, and processes involving these materials could affect aquatic environments. Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity is a suitable biomarker for exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Under controlled conditions, fish exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene and anthracene, showed inhibition of this biomarker; however, PAHs with a low molecular weight did not induce changes or cause stimulation of AChE activity. Diverse responses of fish exposed to soluble fractions of crude oil, fuels or gasoline were documented. Most studies in which AChE activity was considered for environmental monitoring have been performed to evaluate the presence of pesticides, and the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons are unclear. The objective of this review was to provide the recent status of research on this topic and suggest proposals for future investigations. To establish the suitability of this biomarker in fish species exposed to these pollutants and to determine their neurotoxic effects, researchers must determinate the mechanism involved in the AChE inhibition by petroleum hydrocarbons, unify criteria concerning the experimental in vitro and in vivo designs and apply multivariate statistical and correlation analyses between these pollutants with AChE activity in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Olivares-Rubio
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Javier Espinosa-Aguirre
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Agathokleous E, Barceló D, Tsatsakis A, Calabrese EJ. Hydrocarbon-induced hormesis: 101 years of evidence at the margin? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114846. [PMID: 32474358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons are used worldwide for an array of purposes ranging from transportation to making plastics and synthetic fibers. Hydrocarbons pollution can occur from local to global scales, becoming a focus of regulatory authorities since a long time ago. While studies show numerous adverse effects on biota, such effects usually occur at very high doses. This paper collates significant evidence showing that hydrocarbons induce hormesis in biota, with dual effects of low versus high doses. Hydrocarbon-induced hormetic responses should be considered in relevant dose-response studies as well as in risk assessment. Dismissing hormesis could lead to incorrect predictions of hydrocarbons effects, which can occur at doses up to 100 times smaller than the traditional toxicological threshold, and would raise serious concerns regarding human and ecological health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Ningliu Rd. 219, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Jiang H, Wang K, Fang Y, Chen J, Li Y, Xia G, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ren C, Lin Q. Sex-biased regulation of respiratory burst, phagocytic activity and plasma immune factors in lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) after subchronic benzo[a]pyrene exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1162-1168. [PMID: 30599255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both wild and aquacultured seahorses are currently under great threat from marine pollution, notably from the potent contaminant and carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). However, very little data are available regarding the immunomodulating effects of BaP in seahorses. Therefore, in this study, we exposed lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) for 7 d to BaP at three dosages (0.5, 5, and 50 μg/L) to evaluate sexual dimorphism in immune response. We measured eight immune parameters in the blood, including respiratory burst (RB), phagocytic activity (PA), monocytes/leucocytes, immunoglobulin M, complement 3, complement, interferon-a, and interleukin-2. Male seahorses had significantly higher parameters than females, except in terms of monocytes/leucocytes (P < 0.05). Although flow cytometry showed that RB and PA variation per BaP dose were roughly similar across sexes, RB and PA exhibited distinct patterns. Additionally, fluorescence intensity and leucocyte percentage were positively correlated in PA but not RB for all treatment and sex combinations. Through ELISA, we showed that the other six parameters had complex responses that nevertheless varied in a BaP-dosage and sex-dependent manner. Overall, adult male seahorses had higher immunocompetence than females before BaP exposure, and sexual dimorphism continued to be apparent during BaP exposure. Furthermore, all eight parameters were sensitive to BaP. Based on these results, we highly recommend H. erectus as a sentinel species for crude contamination, whereas PA and RB are valuable bioindicators of marine contaminants such as BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guangbo Xia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yingfeng Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Chuanbo Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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6
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De Guise S, Levin M, Gebhard E, Jasperse L, Burdett Hart L, Smith CR, Venn-Watson S, Townsend F, Wells R, Balmer B, Zolman E, Rowles T, Schwacke L. Changes in immune functions in bottlenose dolphins in the northern Gulf of Mexico associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Rehberger K, Werner I, Hitzfeld B, Segner H, Baumann L. 20 Years of fish immunotoxicology - what we know and where we are. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:509-535. [PMID: 28425344 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent field observations of impaired immune response and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, immunotoxic effects are rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. The aim of this study was to review the literature on immunotoxic effects of chemicals in fish to quantitatively evaluate (i) which experimental approaches were used to assess immunotoxic effects, (ii) whether immune markers exist to screen for potential immunotoxic activities of chemicals, and (iii) how predictive those parameters are for adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence and disease resistance. A total of 241 publications on fish immunotoxicity were quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions included: (i) To date, fish immunotoxicology focused mainly on innate immune responses and immunosuppressive effects. (ii) In numerous studies, the experimental conditions are poorly documented, as for instance age or sex of the fish or the rationale for the selected exposure conditions is often missing. (iii) Although a broad variety of parameters were used to assess immunotoxicity, the rationale for the choice of measured parameters was often not given, remaining unclear how they link to the suspected immunotoxic mode of action of the chemicals. (iv) At the current state of knowledge, it is impossible to identify a set of immune parameters that could reliably screen for immunotoxic potentials of chemicals. (v) Similarly, in fish immunotoxicology there is insufficient understanding of how and when chemical-induced modulations of molecular/cellular immune changes relate to adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence, although this would be crucial to include immunotoxicity in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Lisa Baumann
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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8
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Khaniyan M, Salamat N, Safahieh A, Movahedinia A. Detection of benzo[a]pyrene-induced immunotoxicity in orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:329-338. [PMID: 25263604 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on immune status of orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish were injected with 2, 20 and 35 mg/kg-bw of BaP and were kept under laboratory conditions for 14 days. Blood samples were taken at days 1, 4, 7, and 14 and changes in total WBC and RBC, phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, lysosomal membrane stability, immunoglobulin M (IgM) level and antibacterial activity were evaluated. Also BaP bioaccumulation in fish muscle was measured. BaP concentration in the muscle of treated fish reached a maximum level after 4 days (P < 0.05). Exposure of fish to BaP resulted in a significant decrease of total RBC and WBC, lysozyme activity, lysosomal membrane stability, IgM level and antibacterial activity after 4 days and phagocytosis after 7 days of the experiment (P < 0.05). Totally, the results revealed BaP ability to suppress the fish immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khaniyan
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Alireza Safahieh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
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T. Abbas W, Awad E, Abdel-Rahm EH. Effect of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) on the Interaction between Immune and Biotransformation Systems of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Benzo-a-Pyrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2016.56.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Bo J, Gopalakrishnan S, Fan DQ, Thilagam H, Qu HD, Zhang N, Chen FY, Wang KJ. Benzo[a]pyrene modulation of acute immunologic responses in Red Sea bream pretreated with lipopolysaccharide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:517-525. [PMID: 22610821 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to modulate the immune response in aquatic animals, but the collected information of their effects on fish immunity is so far ambiguous. This study demonstrated that Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure altered the expression pattern of an antimicrobial peptide hepcidin (PM-hepc) gene and the activities of some immune-associated parameters in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged red sea bream (Pagrus major). It was observed that LPS could increase respiratory burst, lysozyme and antibacterial activity in P. major. However when the P. major was exposed to different concentrations of BaP (1, 4, or 8 μg L(-1) ) for 14 days and then challenged with LPS there was no significant change in the lysozyme and antibacterial activity. It was further observed that LPS could induce the PM-hepc mRNA expression at 3, 6, and 12-h post-LPS challenge. However, when P. major was exposed first to BaP for 14 days and then challenged with LPS, the expression of PM-hepc mRNA was delayed in the liver until 24 h and not significantly induced until 48 and 96 h. The mRNA expression pattern was completely different from that only with LPS challenge, showing that BaP exposure changed the PM-hepc mRNA expression pattern of fish with LPS challenge. This study demonstrated that BaP exposure can weaken or inhibit the induction of lysozyme and antibacterial activity in the LPS-challenged P. major; conversely BaP exposure could enhance the mRNA expression of PM-hepc gene, indicating that the effect of BaP has different modulatory mechanism on hepcidin genes and immune-associated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
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11
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Song JY, Nakayama K, Kokushi E, Ito K, Uno S, Koyama J, Rahman MH, Murakami Y, Kitamura SI. Effect of heavy oil exposure on antibacterial activity and expression of immune-related genes in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:828-835. [PMID: 22228536 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heavy oil (HO) pollution is one of the most important environmental issues globally. However, little is known about the immunotoxicity of HO in fish. We therefore investigated the effects of HO exposure on immunocompetence and expression of immune-related genes in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. To test immunocompetency, serum collected from the fish was mixed with Edwardsiella tarda, plated, and the resultant numbers of bacterial colonies were counted. Plates with serum from HO-exposed fish (5 d postexposure [dpe]) had significantly higher numbers of colonies than those of the untreated control group, suggesting that HO exposure suppresses immunocompetency. Downregulation of the immunoglobulin light chain (IgM) gene in HO-exposed fish at 5 dpe was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that IgM-mediated immunity is suppressed by HO exposure. We measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the liver of the fish. Low molecular weight PAHs were found to be taken up at high concentrations in fish liver; therefore, they are likely the cause of immune suppression in the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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12
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Connelly H, Means JC. Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Exposure to Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:532-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810377518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been demonstrated to affect immune system modulation. The freshwater species of fish, Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), was employed to investigate the effects of a 14-day dietary exposure to PAH including 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (9,10-DMA) and a mixture of these 3 compounds at a total dose of 3.1 ± 0.01 mg on lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with 3 mitogens (concanavalin A [Con A], phorbol ester, and calcium ionophore). 2-Aminoanthracene was mitogenic itself and with added mitogens. 2-Methylnaphthalene induced some stimulatory and some inhibitory effects upon cell proliferation by Con A. 9,10-DMA and the mixture each suppressed cell proliferation. The mixture was highly suppressive to lymphocytes. Intracellular baseline calcium levels were reduced, possibly as a step prior to cell death. All PAH compounds tested were immunomodulatory to bluegill lymphocytes. Bluegill were demonstrated to have utility as a biomarker species for investigation of immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Connelly
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jay C. Means
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Effects of two oils and 16 pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on plasmatic immune parameters in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linné). Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Mos L, Cooper GA, Serben K, Cameron M, Koop BF. Effects of diesel on survival, growth, and gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2656-2662. [PMID: 18505012 DOI: 10.1021/es702215c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diesel spills are all too frequent disturbances of freshwater ecosystems, largely as a result of the quantities transported and consumed. Assessing the risk that such events may pose to aquatic life remains a difficult process, because of the complexity of this hydrocarbon mixture and our limited knowledge of its toxicity. A diesel spike experiment with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry was carried out to fill this knowledge gap. Survival, growth, and gene expression changes were assessed and toxicity thresholds were determined. Whereas the biological end points were consistent in the determination of (sub)lethal doses, microarrays supplied additional information on the mechanism of toxicity (oxygen deprivation) and potential long-term effects (feminization, immune system alterations) of diesel exposure on salmonids. Hemoglobins, prostaglandins, cytochromes, and gluthathion-S-transferases were among the molecular biomarkers proposed for use in future risk assessments based on microarray results. By bridging traditional toxicity testing with recent microarray technologies, this study shows the potential of genomics tools in ecotoxicity studies as well as industrial applications, including risk assessment, in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Mos
- Hemmera, Fourth Floor 19 Bastion Square, Victoria BC V8W 1J1 Canada.
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15
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Reynaud S, Deschaux P. The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on lymphocyte proliferation in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Toxicology 2005; 211:156-64. [PMID: 15863259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of lymphocyte proliferation as bioindicator of pollution stress was evaluated in the common carp (Cyrinus carpio L.). The time course response of peripheral blood leukocyte proliferation in response or not to mitogens was measured from 1 to 7 days after peritoneal injection of 3-methylcholantrene (3-MC), and compared to the time course response of a highly sensitive biomarker, induction of cytochrome P450. 3-Methylcholanthrene (40 mg kg(-1)) inhibited both B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (Con A). Studies with alpha-naphtofiavone, suggest the lack of metabolic processes. 3-Methylcholanthrene alone strongly stimulated resting peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) proliferation. This effect was not transient. The induction of lymphocyte proliferation paralleled the increase in cytochrome P450 content in the liver. The specificity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced lymphocyte proliferation suggests that this immune activity may be an early marker of exposure to PAHs in aquatic environments. The capacity of 3-MC to induce rapid lymphocyte proliferation may be related to PAH-induced rapid clonal expansion in mammals. These results strongly suggested that the underlying mechanism might be the same in both models. More studies are needed in fish to explain this phenomenon and may be helpful in understanding the occurrence of neoplastic epizootics in fish associated with PAH exposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reynaud
- Laboratory of General and Comparative Immunophysiology, UER of Sciences, 123, Av. Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France.
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Bols NC, Brubacher JL, Ganassin RC, Lee LE. Ecotoxicology and innate immunity in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:853-73. [PMID: 11602200 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the scattered literature on the effects of toxicants on the external and internal innate immunity of fish. Insecticides, heavy metals and surfactants have been the most frequently examined toxicants, whereas dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls have been tested less frequently. Studies to date have been conducted at the levels of cells in vitro, of fish in the laboratory and microcosms, and also of fish in the field. Among innate immune parameters, phagocyte respiratory burst appears especially sensitive to toxicants. Toxicant-induced alterations in external mucous production have also been observed repeatedly. Field studies have occasionally examined changes to melano-macrophage centers, but the meaning of such changes is not clear. Advances in basic knowledge of fish innate immunity should lead to improvements in monitoring fish health and predicting the impact of toxicants on fish populations, which is a fundamental ecotoxicological goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Faculty of Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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