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Yu BY, Shi LG, Jiang C, Wang GK, Liu J, Wu TY. Kinesin family member C 1 overexpression exerts tumor-promoting properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via the Rac1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100134. [PMID: 36990154 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member C 1 (KIFC1) is a kinesin-14 motor protein, and its abnormal upregulation promotes the malignant behavior of cancer cells. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is a common modification of eukaryotic mRNA and affects RNA expression. Herein, we explored how KIFC1 regulated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumorigenesis and how m6A modification affected KIFC1 expression. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to screen for genes of interest, and in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to investigate the function and mechanism of KIFC1 in HNSCC. We observed that the expression of KIFC1 in HNSCC tissues was significantly higher than in normal or adjacent normal tissues. Cancer patients with higher KIFC1 expression have lower tumor differentiation status. Demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5), a cancer-promoting factor in HNSCC, could interact with KIFC1 mRNA and post-transcriptionally activated KIFC1 through m6A modification. KIFC1 downregulation suppressed HNSCC cell growth and metastasis in vivo and in vitro. However, overexpression of KIFC1 promoted these malignant behaviors. We demonstrated that KIFC1 overexpression activated the oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin pathway. KIFC1 interacted with the small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) at the protein level and increased activity. The Rho GTPase Rac1 was indicated to be an upstream activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and its Rac1 inhibitor, NSC-23766, treatment reversed the effects caused by KIFC1 overexpression. Those observations demonstrate that abnormal expression of KIFC1 may be regulated by demethylase ALKBH5 in an m6A-dependent manner and promote HNSCC progression via the Rac1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ling-Gai Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guang-Ke Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Ishikawa A, Fujii H, Fukui T, Kido A, Katsuya N, Sentani K, Kuraoka K, Tazuma S, Sudo T, Serikawa M, Oka S, Oue N. Expression of kinesin family member C1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma affects tumor progression and stemness. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154277. [PMID: 36565617 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a novel molecular target for the treatment of PDAC. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) belongs to the kinesin superfamily proteins and has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of carcinomas. However, the role of KIFC1 in PDAC remains unknown. This study aimed to analyze the expression and biological function of KIFC1 in PDAC. Immunohistochemically, KIFC1 was found in 37 of 81 PDAC cases (46%). A high expression of KIFC1 was significantly related to tumor size (p = 0.023) and poor overall survival (p = 0.011). Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that KIFC1 expression was a prognostic factor in PDAC cases. As for cancer stem cell markers, KIFC1 expression tended to co-express significantly with CD44 (p < 0.01). The growth and spheroid colony formation of KIFC1 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected PDAC cells were significantly lower than those of negative control siRNA-transfected cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that KIFC1 is an independent prognostic factor in PDAC and may represent a new promising therapeutic target in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takafumi Fukui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Aya Kido
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Narutaka Katsuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuraoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023, Japan; Institute for Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023, Japan
| | - Sho Tazuma
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sudo
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023, Japan
| | - Masahiro Serikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Sun Y, Zhang Y, Lang Z, Huang J, Zou Z. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of kinesin family member C1 in various cancers: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17346. [PMID: 31577729 PMCID: PMC6783163 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1), a C-type kinesin motor protein, plays important roles in centrosome assembly and intracellular transport. Numerous studies have focused on the prognostic value of KIFC1 in malignant tumors and the relationship between KIFC1 expression and clinicopathological traits of cancer patients, but the studies remain controversial. And no meta-analysis has yet shown the association between KIFC1 and various cancers. METHODS Systematic retrieval was carried out within several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In addition, hazard ratios (HR) and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to examine the risk or hazard correlation by Stata SE15.1. RESULTS Eleven studies with the overall 2424 participants were included in this research. High KIFC1 expression was remarkably correlated with worse OS (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.07-1.60) and poorer relapse-free survival (HR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.75-2.80). In subgroup analysis, high KIFC1 expression was a negative predictor for OS in patients with ovarian cancer (P < .001), breast cancer (P < .001), hepatocellular carcinoma (P < .001), and non-small cell lung cancer (P < .001), but not for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P = .246). Moreover, high levels of KIFC1 were related with positive lymph node metastasis (RR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.01-1.50, P = .041) and advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (RR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.27-1.89, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS KIFC1 overexpression indicates poor prognosis and more serious clinicopathological characteristics in kinds of malignancies. Thus, we conclude that KIFC1 could be a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhiquan Lang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Junfu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhong Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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Xiao KH, Teng K, Ye YL, Tan L, Chen MK, Liang HT, Feng ZH, Duan JL, Deng MH, Wei WS, Luo JH, Qin ZK, Xie D. Kinesin family member C1 accelerates bladder cancer cell proliferation and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Akt/GSK3β signaling. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2822-2833. [PMID: 31278883 PMCID: PMC6726677 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) is implicated in the clustering of multiple centrosomes to maintain tumor survival and is thought to be an oncogene in several kinds of cancers. In our experiments, we first performed bioinformatics analysis to investigate the expression levels of KIFC1 in bladder cancer (BC) specimens and normal bladder epitheliums and then, using our samples, verified findings by quantitative real‐time PCR and western blotting assays. All data showed that KIFC1 was significantly upregulated in BC specimens at both the mRNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemical studies in a cohort of 152 paraffin‐embedded BC tissues displayed that upregulated expression of KIFC1 clearly correlated with pT status (P = .014) and recurrent status (P = .002). Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and log‐rank test indicated that patients with BC with high KIFC1 expression had both shorter cancer‐specific survival (P < .001) and recurrence‐free survival time (P < .001) than those with low KIFC1 expression. Furthermore, ectopic downregulation of KIFC1 weakened BC cell proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo, whereas upregulation of KIFC1 enhanced this in vitro. Overexpression of KIFC1 phosphorylated GSK3β and promoted Snail through activating AKT (protein kinase B0) to induce proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and, therefore, substantially promoted BC migration and metastasis. Our study revealed an oncogenic role for KIFC1 to promote BC cell proliferation and EMT via Akt/GSK3β signaling; KIFC1 might be a promising prognostic biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Kun Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hao Feng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ling Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Su Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hang Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ke Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Oue N, Sentani K, Sakamoto N, Uraoka N, Yasui W. Molecular carcinogenesis of gastric cancer: Lauren classification, mucin phenotype expression, and cancer stem cells. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:771-778. [PMID: 30980196 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common human cancers, is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes, prognoses, and responses to treatment. Understanding the pathogenesis of GC at the molecular level is important for prognosis prediction and determining treatments. Microsatellite instability (MSI), silencing of MLH1, MGMT, and CDKN2A genes by DNA hypermethylation, KRAS mutation, APC mutation, and ERBB2 amplification are frequently found in intestinal type GC. Inactivation of CDH1 and RARB by DNA hypermethylation, and amplification of FGFR and MET, are frequently detected in diffuse type GC. In addition, BST2 and PCDHB9 genes are overexpressed in intestinal type GC. Both genes are associated with GC progression. GC can be divided into gastric/intestinal mucin phenotypes according to mucin expression. MSI, alterations of TP73, CDH1 mutation, and DNA methylation of MLH are detected frequently in the gastric mucin phenotype. TP53 mutation, deletion of APC, and DNA methylation of MGMT are detected frequently in the intestinal mucin phenotype. FKTN is overexpressed in the intestinal mucin phenotype, and IQGAP3 is overexpressed in the gastric mucin phenotype. These genes are involved in GC progression. To characterize cancer stem cells, a useful method is spheroid colony formation. KIFC1 and KIF11 genes show more than twofold higher expression in spheroid-forming cells than that in parental cells. Both KIF genes are overexpressed in GC, and knockdown of these genes inhibits spheroid formation. Alterations of these molecules may be useful to understand gastric carcinogenesis. Specific inhibitors of these molecules may also be promising anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uraoka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Fu X, Zhu Y, Zheng B, Zou Y, Wang C, Wu P, Wang J, Chen H, Du P, Liang B, Fang L. KIFC1, a novel potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1912-1922. [PMID: 29620256 PMCID: PMC5919720 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1, also known as HSET) is a minus end-directed motor protein, which is critical in centrosome clustering. The present study investigated the expression of KIFC1 in paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 91 patients by immunohistochemical analysis; clinical data were concomitantly collected. KIFC1 was expressed at high levels in HCC tissues, compared with that in peritumoral tissues (54.9 vs. 14.3%; P<0.01), and its expression correlated with tumor emboli, metastasis, recurrence and time of recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the expression of KIFC1 was significantly associated with tumor-free survival rates. In addition, multivariate analyses revealed that the overexpression of KIFC1was an independent predictive marker in patients with HCC. Consistently, data derived from GEPIA was in agreement with the results. In vitro, KIFC1 knockdown effectively decreased HCC cell viability, and induced apoptosis and cell death. KIFC1 knockdown also significantly suppressed tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, the apoptosis-related protein, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), was downregulated in KIFC1 small interfering RNA-treated groups, whereas thee levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein and p53 were upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphorylated AKT were decreased significantly when KIFC1 was silenced. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins, N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), β-catenin, Slug, and Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1, were downregulated, whereas the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated. The overexpression of KIFC1 was correlated closely with the progression of HCC and poor prognosis, and suggested that the expression levels of KIFC1 are a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiong Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yeqing Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
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Proteomic Identification of Heat Shock-Induced Danger Signals in a Melanoma Cell Lysate Used in Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3982942. [PMID: 29744371 PMCID: PMC5878886 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3982942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with cancer cell-derived lysates have become a promising tool in cancer immunotherapy. During the last decade, we demonstrated that vaccination of advanced melanoma patients with autologous tumor antigen presenting cells (TAPCells) loaded with an allogeneic heat shock- (HS-) conditioned melanoma cell-derived lysate (called TRIMEL) is able to induce an antitumor immune response associated with a prolonged patient survival. TRIMEL provides not only a broad spectrum of potential melanoma-associated antigens but also danger signals that are crucial in the induction of a committed mature DC phenotype. However, potential changes induced by heat conditioning on the proteome of TRIMEL are still unknown. The identification of newly or differentially expressed proteins under defined stress conditions is relevant for understanding the lysate immunogenicity. Here, we characterized the proteomic profile of TRIMEL in response to HS treatment. A quantitative label-free proteome analysis of over 2800 proteins was performed, with 91 proteins that were found to be regulated by HS treatment: 18 proteins were overexpressed and 73 underexpressed. Additionally, 32 proteins were only identified in the HS-treated TRIMEL and 26 in non HS-conditioned samples. One protein from the overexpressed group and two proteins from the HS-exclusive group were previously described as potential damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some of the HS-induced proteins, such as haptoglobin, could be also considered as DAMPs and candidates for further immunological analysis in the establishment of new putative danger signals with immunostimulatory functions.
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Imai T, Oue N, Yamamoto Y, Asai R, Uraoka N, Sentani K, Yoshida K, Yasui W. Overexpression of KIFC1 and its association with spheroid formation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1388-1393. [PMID: 28964573 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common human cancers. We previously reported that KIFC1 is involved in gastric cancer pathogenesis and that KIFC1 plays an important role in gastric cancer spheroid colony formation. However, the significance of KIFC1 in ESCC has not been examined. In the present study, we analyzed the expression and distribution of KIFC1 in 132 ESCC cases by immunohistochemistry. In contrast to weak or no staining of KIFC1 in non-neoplastic mucosa, ESCC tissue showed stronger, more extensive KIFC1 staining. In total, 95 (72%) of 132 ESCC cases were positive for KIFC1. Immunostaining of ALDH1 was also performed, and KIFC1-positive ESCC cases were significantly frequently found in ALDH1-positive ESCC cases compared with ALDH1-negative ESCC cases. Spheroid colony formation is an effective method to characterize CSCs, thus we analyzed sphere number and size at 15days in ESCC cells downregulated for KIFC1 by siRNA transfection. Both the number and size of sphere from TE-1 cells were significantly reduced in KIFC1 siRNA-transfected TE-1 cells than in negative control siRNA-transfected cells. These results suggest that KIFC1 plays an important role in ESCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Imai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Asai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uraoka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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9
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Xiao YX, Yang WX. KIFC1: a promising chemotherapy target for cancer treatment? Oncotarget 2016; 7:48656-48670. [PMID: 27102297 PMCID: PMC5217046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin motor KIFC1 has been suggested as a potential chemotherapy target due to its critical role in clustering of the multiple centrosomes found in cancer cells. In this regard, KIFC1 seems to be non-essential in normal somatic cells which usually possess only two centrosomes. Moreover, KIFC1 is also found to initiatively drive tumor malignancy and metastasis by stabilizing a certain degree of genetic instability, delaying cell cycle and protecting cancer cell surviving signals. However, that KIFC1 also plays roles in other specific cell types complicates the question of whether it is a promising chemotherapy target for cancer treatment. For example, KIFC1 is found functionally significant in vesicular and organelle trafficking, spermiogenesis, oocyte development, embryo gestation and double-strand DNA transportation. In this review we summarize a recent collection of information so as to provide a generalized picture of ideas and mechanisms against and in favor of KIFC1 as a chemotherapy target. And we also drew the conclusion that KIFC1 is a promising chemotherapy target for some types of cancers, because the side-effects of inhibiting KIFC1 mentioned in this review are theoretically easy to avoid, while KIFC1 is functionally indispensable during mitosis and malignancy of multi-centrosome cancer cells. Further investigations of how KIFC1 is regulated throughout the mitosis in cancer cells are needed for the understanding of the pathways where KIFC1 is involved and for further exploitation of indirect KIFC1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Xiao
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Oue N, Mukai S, Imai T, Pham TTB, Oshima T, Sentani K, Sakamoto N, Yoshida K, Yasui W. Induction of KIFC1 expression in gastric cancer spheroids. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:349-55. [PMID: 27176706 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common human cancers. Spheroid colony formation is an effective model for characterization of cancer stem cells. However, gene expression profiles of spheroid colonies obtained from GC cells have not been examined. We performed microarray analyses by Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array in spheroid body-forming and parental cells from MKN-45 and MKN-74 GC cell lines. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) was expressed >2-fold higher in spheroid body-forming cells than in parental cells in both GC lines. Both the number and size of spheres from MKN-45 cells were significantly reduced upon KIFC1 siRNA-transfection compared with negative control siRNA-transfection. Immunohistochemical analysis of 114 GC tissue samples revealed that 42 (37%) of GC cases were positive for KIFC1 expression. GC cases positive for KIFC1 were found more frequently in stage III/IV cases than in stage I/II cases. GC cases positive for KIFC1 were found more frequently in intestinal type GC cases than in diffuse type GC cases. Furthermore, KIFC1-positive GC cases showed high Ki-67 labeling index. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that KIFC1 expression was not associated with survival. We found positive expression of KIFC1 in CD44‑positive GC and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)-positive GC cells. Our results showed that KIFC1 is overexpressed in GC. Since knockdown of KIFC1 inhibited sphere formation, KIFC1 likely plays an important role in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takeharu Imai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Trang T B Pham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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11
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Yukawa M, Ikebe C, Toda T. The Msd1-Wdr8-Pkl1 complex anchors microtubule minus ends to fission yeast spindle pole bodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:549-62. [PMID: 25987607 PMCID: PMC4442821 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Msd1–Wdr8 are delivered by Pkl1 to mitotic spindle pole bodies, where the Msd1–Wdr8–Pkl1 complex anchors the minus ends of spindle microtubules and antagonizes the outward-pushing forces generated by Cut7/kinesin-5 in fission yeast. The minus ends of spindle microtubules are anchored to a microtubule-organizing center. The conserved Msd1/SSX2IP proteins are localized to the spindle pole body (SPB) and the centrosome in fission yeast and humans, respectively, and play a critical role in microtubule anchoring. In this paper, we show that fission yeast Msd1 forms a ternary complex with another conserved protein, Wdr8, and the minus end–directed Pkl1/kinesin-14. Individual deletion mutants displayed the identical spindle-protrusion phenotypes. Msd1 and Wdr8 were delivered by Pkl1 to mitotic SPBs, where Pkl1 was tethered through Msd1–Wdr8. The spindle-anchoring defect imposed by msd1/wdr8/pkl1 deletions was suppressed by a mutation of the plus end–directed Cut7/kinesin-5, which was shown to be mutual. Intriguingly, Pkl1 motor activity was not required for its anchoring role once targeted to the SPB. Therefore, spindle anchoring through Msd1–Wdr8–Pkl1 is crucial for balancing the Cut7/kinesin-5–mediated outward force at the SPB. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into the spatiotemporal regulation of two opposing kinesins to ensure mitotic spindle bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yukawa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Chiho Ikebe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Takashi Toda
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
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12
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Welburn JPI. The molecular basis for kinesin functional specificity during mitosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:476-93. [PMID: 24039047 PMCID: PMC4065354 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-based motor proteins play key roles during mitosis to assemble the bipolar spindle, define the cell division axis, and align and segregate the chromosomes. The majority of mitotic motors are members of the kinesin superfamily. Despite sharing a conserved catalytic core, each kinesin has distinct functions and localization, and is uniquely regulated in time and space. These distinct behaviors and functional specificity are generated by variations in the enzymatic domain as well as the non-conserved regions outside of the kinesin motor domain and the stalk. These flanking regions can directly modulate the properties of the kinesin motor through dimerization or self-interactions, and can associate with extrinsic factors, such as microtubule or DNA binding proteins, to provide additional functional properties. This review discusses the recently identified molecular mechanisms that explain how the control and functional specification of mitotic kinesins is achieved. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Kinesins are a family of molecular motors that travel unidirectionally along microtubule tracks to fulfil their many roles in intracellular transport or cell division. Over the past few years kinesins that are involved in mitosis have emerged as potential targets for cancer drug development. Several compounds that inhibit two mitotic kinesins (EG5 (also known as KIF11) and centromere-associated protein E (CENPE)) have entered Phase I and II clinical trials either as monotherapies or in combination with other drugs. Additional mitotic kinesins are currently being validated as drug targets, raising the possibility that the range of kinesin-based drug targets may expand in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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14
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Christodoulou A, Lederer CW, Surrey T, Vernos I, Santama N. Motor protein KIFC5A interacts with Nubp1 and Nubp2, and is implicated in the regulation of centrosome duplication. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2035-47. [PMID: 16638812 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of motor protein activity has been linked with defects in the formation of poles in the spindle of dividing cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional relationship between motor activity and centrosome dynamics have remained uncharacterised. Here, we characterise KIFC5A, a mouse kinesin-like protein that is highly expressed in dividing cells and tissues, and is subject to developmental and cell-type-specific regulation. KIFC5A is a minus-end-directed, microtubule-dependent motor that produces velocities of up to 1.26 μm minute-1 in gliding assays and possesses microtubule bundling activity. It is nuclear in interphase, localises to the centre of the two microtubule asters at the beginning of mitosis, and to spindle microtubules in later mitotic phases. Overexpression of KIFC5A in mouse cells causes the formation of aberrant, non-separated microtubule asters and mitotic arrest in a prometaphase-like state. KIFC5A knockdown partly rescues the phenotype caused by inhibition of plus-end-directed motor Eg5 by monastrol on the mitotic spindle, indicating that it is involved in the balance of forces determining bipolar spindle assembly and integrity. Silencing of KIFC5A also results in centrosome amplification detectable throughout the cell cycle. Supernumerary centrosomes arise primarily as a result of reduplication and partly as a result of cytokinesis defects. They contain duplicated centrioles and have the ability to organise microtubule asters, resulting in the formation of multipolar spindles. We show that KIFC5A interacts with nucleotide-binding proteins 1 and 2 (Nubp1 and Nubp2), which have extensive sequence similarity to prokaryotic division-site-determining protein MinD. Nubp1 and Nubp2 also interact with each other. Knockdown of Nubp1 or double knockdown of Nubp1 and Nubp2 (Nubp1&Nubp2) both phenocopy the KIFC5A silencing effect. These results implicate KIFC5A and the Nubp proteins in a common regulatory pathway involved in the control of centrosome duplication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Christodoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus and Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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15
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Maiato H, Sampaio P, Sunkel CE. Microtubule-associated proteins and their essential roles during mitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 241:53-153. [PMID: 15548419 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)41002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play essential roles during mitosis, including chromosome capture, congression, and segregation. In addition, microtubules are also required for successful cytokinesis. At the heart of these processes is the ability of microtubules to do work, a property that derives from their intrinsic dynamic behavior. However, if microtubule dynamics were not properly regulated, it is certain that microtubules alone could not accomplish any of these tasks. In vivo, the regulation of microtubule dynamics is the responsibility of microtubule-associated proteins. Among these, we can distinguish several classes according to their function: (1) promotion and stabilization of microtubule polymerization, (2) destabilization or severance of microtubules, (3) functioning as linkers between various structures, or (4) motility-related functions. Here we discuss how the various properties of microtubule-associated proteins can be used to assemble an efficient mitotic apparatus capable of ensuring the bona fide transmission of the genetic information in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Fant X, Merdes A, Haren L. Cell and molecular biology of spindle poles and NuMA. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 238:1-57. [PMID: 15364196 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)38001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic and meiotic cells contain a bipolar spindle apparatus of microtubules and associated proteins. To arrange microtubules into focused spindle poles, different mechanisms are used by various organisms. Principally, two major pathways have been characterized: nucleation and anchorage of microtubules at preexisting centers such as centrosomes or spindle pole bodies, or microtubule growth off the surface of chromosomes, followed by sorting and focusing into spindle poles. These two mechanisms can even be found in cells of the same organism: whereas most somatic animal cells utilize the centrosome as an organizing center for spindle microtubules, female meiotic cells build an acentriolar spindle apparatus. Most interestingly, the molecular components that drive acentriolar spindle pole formation are also present in cells containing centrosomes. They include microtubule-dependent motor proteins and a variety of structural proteins that regulate microtubule orientation, anchoring, and stability. The first of these spindle pole proteins, NuMA, had already been identified more than 20 years ago. In addition, several new proteins have been characterized more recently. This review discusses their role during spindle formation and their regulation in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fant
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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17
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DeLuca JG, Newton CN, Himes RH, Jordan MA, Wilson L. Purification and characterization of native conventional kinesin, HSET, and CENP-E from mitotic hela cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28014-21. [PMID: 11382767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a strategy for the purification of native microtubule motor proteins from mitotic HeLa cells and describe here the purification and characterization of human conventional kinesin and two human kinesin-related proteins, HSET and CENP-E. We found that the 120-kDa HeLa cell conventional kinesin is an active motor that induces microtubule gliding at approximately 30 microm/min at room temperature. This active form of HeLa cell kinesin does not contain light chains, although light chains were detected in other fractions. HSET, a member of the C-terminal kinesin subfamily, was also purified in native form for the first time, and the protein migrates as a single band at approximately 75 kDa. The purified HSET is an active motor that induces microtubule gliding at a rate of approximately 5 microm/min, and microtubules glide for an average of 3 microm before ceasing movement. Finally, we purified native CENP-E, a kinesin-related protein that has been implicated in chromosome congression during mitosis, and we found that this form of CENP-E does not induce microtubule gliding but is able to bind to microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G DeLuca
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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18
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Miki H, Setou M, Kaneshiro K, Hirokawa N. All kinesin superfamily protein, KIF, genes in mouse and human. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7004-11. [PMID: 11416179 PMCID: PMC34614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.111145398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is essential for morphogenesis and functioning of the cell. The kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) have been shown to transport membranous organelles and protein complexes in a microtubule- and ATP-dependent manner. More than 30 KIFs have been reported in mice. However, the nomenclature of KIFs has not been clearly established, resulting in various designations and redundant names for a single KIF. Here, we report the identification and classification of all KIFs in mouse and human genome transcripts. Previously unidentified murine KIFs were found by a PCR-based search. The identification of all KIFs was confirmed by a database search of the total human genome. As a result, there are a total of 45 KIFs. The nomenclature of all KIFs is presented. To understand the function of KIFs in intracellular transport in a single tissue, we focused on the brain. The expression of 38 KIFs was detected in brain tissue by Northern blotting or PCR using cDNA. The brain, mainly composed of highly differentiated and polarized cells such as neurons and glia, requires a highly complex intracellular transport system as indicated by the increased number of KIFs for their sophisticated functions. It is becoming increasingly clear that the cell uses a number of KIFs and tightly controls the direction, destination, and velocity of transportation of various important functional molecules, including mRNA. This report will set the foundation of KIF and intracellular transport research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Molecular motors that hydrolyze ATP and use the derived energy to generate force are involved in a variety of diverse cellular functions. Genetic, biochemical, and cellular localization data have implicated motors in a variety of functions such as vesicle and organelle transport, cytoskeleton dynamics, morphogenesis, polarized growth, cell movements, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear fusion, and signal transduction. In non-plant systems three families of molecular motors (kinesins, dyneins, and myosins) have been well characterized. These motors use microtubules (in the case of kinesines and dyneins) or actin filaments (in the case of myosins) as tracks to transport cargo materials intracellularly. During the last decade tremendous progress has been made in understanding the structure and function of various motors in animals. These studies are yielding interesting insights into the functions of molecular motors and the origin of different families of motors. Furthermore, the paradigm that motors bind cargo and move along cytoskeletal tracks does not explain the functions of some of the motors. Relatively little is known about the molecular motors and their roles in plants. In recent years, by using biochemical, cell biological, molecular, and genetic approaches a few molecular motors have been isolated and characterized from plants. These studies indicate that some of the motors in plants have novel features and regulatory mechanisms. The role of molecular motors in plant cell division, cell expansion, cytoplasmic streaming, cell-to-cell communication, membrane trafficking, and morphogenesis is beginning to be understood. Analyses of the Arabidopsis genome sequence database (51% of genome) with conserved motor domains of kinesin and myosin families indicates the presence of a large number (about 40) of molecular motors and the functions of many of these motors remain to be discovered. It is likely that many more motors with novel regulatory mechanisms that perform plant-specific functions are yet to be discovered. Although the identification of motors in plants, especially in Arabidopsis, is progressing at a rapid pace because of the ongoing plant genome sequencing projects, only a few plant motors have been characterized in any detail. Elucidation of function and regulation of this multitude of motors in a given species is going to be a challenging and exciting area of research in plant cell biology. Structural features of some plant motors suggest calcium, through calmodulin, is likely to play a key role in regulating the function of both microtubule- and actin-based motors in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Reddy
- Department of Biology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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20
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Yang Z, Xia C, Roberts EA, Bush K, Nigam SK, Goldstein LS. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of mouse C-terminal kinesin motor KifC3. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:765-70. [PMID: 11154264 PMCID: PMC86668 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.3.765-770.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the kinesin superfamily define a class of microtubule-dependent motors that play crucial roles in cell division and intracellular transport. To study the molecular mechanism of intracellular transport involving microtubule-dependent motors, a cDNA encoding a new kinesin-like protein called KifC3 was cloned from a mouse brain cDNA library. Sequence and secondary structure analysis revealed that KifC3 is a member of the C-terminal motor family. In contrast to other mouse C-terminal motors, KifC3 is apparently ubiquitous and may have a general role in intracellular transport. To understand the in vivo function of the KifC3 gene, we used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to construct knockout mouse strains for the KifC3 gene. Homozygous mutants of the KifC3 gene are viable, reproduce normally, and apparently develop normally. These results suggest that KifC3 is dispensable for normal development and reproduction in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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21
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Sültmann H, Murray BW, Klein J. Identification of seven genes in the major histocompatibility complex class I region of the zebrafish. Scand J Immunol 2000; 51:577-85. [PMID: 10849368 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Physical linkage of genes whose products are involved in similar physiological pathways may have functional significance. The identification of conserved gene linkage in distantly related organisms can therefore strengthen the hypothesis of selection acting towards keeping genes on a chromosome. We used the cDNA selection technique and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with generic primers for the identification of new genes on the genomic clones bearing the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) class I genes of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We found six new genes (BING1, DAXX, TAPBP, KNSL2, TAP2B and KE6) whose orthologues are known to be linked to the Mhc class II region in humans and mice. In addition, a new zebrafish Mhc class I gene, termed Dare-UFA, was detected. By contrast, a search for the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-linked BING3, KE3 and SACM2L genes revealed that these loci are not located on the class I clones of the zebrafish. The zebrafish class I region contains repetitive elements with similarity to the DANA, SATA and LINE repeats, as well as Tc1 transposable elements. Our findings indicate a high degree of linkage conservation between the zebrafish class I and the mammalian class II regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sültmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Mountain V, Simerly C, Howard L, Ando A, Schatten G, Compton DA. The kinesin-related protein, HSET, opposes the activity of Eg5 and cross-links microtubules in the mammalian mitotic spindle. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:351-66. [PMID: 10525540 PMCID: PMC2174226 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.2.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have prepared antibodies specific for HSET, the human homologue of the KAR3 family of minus end-directed motors. Immuno-EM with these antibodies indicates that HSET frequently localizes between microtubules within the mammalian metaphase spindle consistent with a microtubule cross-linking function. Microinjection experiments show that HSET activity is essential for meiotic spindle organization in murine oocytes and taxol-induced aster assembly in cultured cells. However, inhibition of HSET did not affect mitotic spindle architecture or function in cultured cells, indicating that centrosomes mask the role of HSET during mitosis. We also show that (acentrosomal) microtubule asters fail to assemble in vitro without HSET activity, but simultaneous inhibition of HSET and Eg5, a plus end-directed motor, redresses the balance of forces acting on microtubules and restores aster organization. In vivo, centrosomes fail to separate and monopolar spindles assemble without Eg5 activity. Simultaneous inhibition of HSET and Eg5 restores centrosome separation and, in some cases, bipolar spindle formation. Thus, through microtubule cross-linking and oppositely oriented motor activity, HSET and Eg5 participate in spindle assembly and promote spindle bipolarity, although the activity of HSET is not essential for spindle assembly and function in cultured cells because of centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Mountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Calvin Simerly
- Departments of Cell-Developmental Biology, Obstetrics-Gynecology, and Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Louisa Howard
- Rippel Electron Microscope Facility, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Asako Ando
- Department of Genetic Information, Division of Molecular Life Science, University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Gerald Schatten
- Departments of Cell-Developmental Biology, Obstetrics-Gynecology, and Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Duane A. Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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23
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Tripodis N, Mason R, Humphray SJ, Davies AF, Herberg JA, Trowsdale J, Nizetic D, Senger G, Ragoussis J. Physical map of human 6p21.2-6p21.3: region flanking the centromeric end of the major histocompatibility complex. Genome Res 1998; 8:631-43. [PMID: 9647638 PMCID: PMC310739 DOI: 10.1101/gr.8.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1997] [Accepted: 04/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have physically mapped and cloned a 2.5-Mb chromosomal segment flanking the centromeric end of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). We characterized in detail 27 YACs, 144 cosmids, 51 PACs, and 5 BACs, which will facilitate the complete genomic sequencing of this region of chromosome 6. The contig contains the genes encoding CSBP, p21, HSU09564 serine kinase, ZNF76, TCP-11, RPS10, HMGI(Y), BAK, and the human homolog of Tctex-7 (HSET). The GLO1 gene was mapped further centromeric in the 6p21.2-6p21.1 region toward TCTE-1. The gene order of the GLO1-HMGI(Y) segment in respect to the centromere is similar to the gene order in the mouse t-chromosome distal inversion, indicating that there is conservation in gene content but not gene order between humans and mice in this region. The close linkage of the BAK and CSBP genes to the MHC is of interest because of their possible involvement in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tripodis
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St. Thomas', Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Herberg JA, Sgouros J, Jones T, Copeman J, Humphray SJ, Sheer D, Cresswell P, Beck S, Trowsdale J. Genomic analysis of the Tapasin gene, located close to the TAP loci in the MHC. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:459-67. [PMID: 9521053 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199802)28:02<459::aid-immu459>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Tapasin molecule is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily required for the association of TAP transporters and MHC class I heterodimers in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, the Tapasin gene was precisely mapped in relation to the MHC. The gene was centromeric of the HLA-DP locus between the HSET and HKE1.5 genes and within 500 kbp of the TAP1 and TAP2 genes. A homologous mouse EST was mapped to a syntenic position on chromosome 17, centromeric of the H-2 K locus. Similarly, the rat Tapasin gene was shown to be in an equivalent location with respect to the RT1.A locus. The localization of Tapasin, TAP, LMP and class I genes within such a short distance of each other on the chromosome implies some regulatory or functional significance. We determined the Tapasin gene sequence for comparison of its structure to that of other Ig superfamily members, such as MHC class I genes. The IgC domain was encoded by a separate exon. However, the positions of the other introns were not characteristic of other Ig superfamily genes, indicating that Tapasin has a distinct phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Herberg
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, London, GB
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25
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Yang Z, Hanlon DW, Marszalek JR, Goldstein LS. Identification, partial characterization, and genetic mapping of kinesin-like protein genes in mouse. Genomics 1997; 45:123-31. [PMID: 9339368 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-dependent motors of the kinesin superfamily have undergone structural and functional diversification during evolution and play crucial roles in cell division and intracellular transport. Degenerate oligonucleotides homologous to highly conserved regions of sequence within the motor domain were used in a polymerase chain reaction to isolate five new members (KIF3C, KIFC2, KIFC3, KIFC4, and KIF22) of the kinesin superfamily from a mouse brain cDNA library. Northern analysis showed that KIF3C and KIFC2 are expressed mainly in neural tissues, that KIFC4 and KIF22 are expressed primarily in proliferative tissues and cell lines, and that KIFC3 is apparently ubiquitous. To elucidate the organization of genes encoding kinesin-like motors in the mouse genome and to explore the potential associations of these genes with classical mouse mutations or human genetic diseases, these new genes as well as genes encoding the previously reported KIF3A and KIF3B motors were mapped to mouse chromosomes by using an interspecific backcross panel of DNAs from The Jackson Laboratory. The data indicate that the gene KIFC4 is present in three copies in the mouse genome on chromosomes 13 (KIFC4A), 10 (KIFC4B), and 17 (KIFC4C). The gene KIF22 is present in two copies on chromosomes 7 (KIF22A) and 1 (KIF22B). The genes KIF3A, KIF3B, KIF3C, KIFC2, and KIFC3 are each single loci and map to chromosomes 11, 2, 12, 15, and 8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0683, USA
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26
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Khan ML, Gogonea CB, Siddiqui ZK, Ali MY, Kikuno R, Nishikawa K, Siddiqui SS. Molecular cloning and expression of the Caenorhabditis elegans klp-3, an ortholog of C terminus motor kinesins Kar3 and ncd. J Mol Biol 1997; 270:627-39. [PMID: 9245592 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Common to all eukaryotes, kinesins are cytoskeletal motor proteins that mediate intracellular transport on microtubule tracks, using ATP hydrolysis. A Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA clone corresponding to the klp-3 gene, encoding a novel kinesin, was isolated, and mapped on LGII. Northern blot analysis using the klp-3 cDNA probe reveals a 1.9 kb mRNA that is transcribed at a low level during development. Temporal and spatial expression of the klp-3::lacZ fusion gene is limited to the marginal cells in the pharynx, and a group of muscle cells in the posterior gut region. The nucleotide sequence of klp-3 has been deduced from the cDNA and nematode genome sequencing consortium data. Conceptual translation of the klp-3 gene reveals a kinesin-like protein with its conserved motor domain containing the ATP binding and microtubule binding sites located in the C terminus. KLP-3 shares extensive homology with the yeast Kar3 and Drosophila ncd kinesins, which have previously been shown to mediate chromosomal movement and segregation during meiosis and mitosis. Overexpression of the klp-3 gene partially rescues the lethal phenotype of the maternal lethal him-14 ts(it44) mutants at non-permissive temperatures, and reduces the incidence of males caused by non-disjunction of the X-chromosome. Similarly, expression of a klp-3 antisense RNA, under the control of a heat shock promoter, causes embryonic arrest, dead eggs and polyploid cells in transgenic lines, suggesting a critical role for the klp-3 function in chromosome segregation. Further analysis of the klp-3 gene in C. elegans may elucidate diverse functions of the C terminus mitotic motor proteins during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, 441, Japan
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27
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Kikuti YY, Tamiya G, Ando A, Chen L, Kimura M, Ferreira E, Tsuji K, Trowsdale J, Inoko H. Physical mapping 220 kb centromeric of the human MHC and DNA sequence analysis of the 43-kb segment including the RING1, HKE6, and HKE4 genes. Genomics 1997; 42:422-35. [PMID: 9205114 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cosmid contig was constructed from a YAC clone with a 220-kb insert that spans the centromeric side of the human MHC class II region, corresponding to the mouse t complex. The gene order was identified to be HSET-HKE1.5-HKE2-HKE3-RING1-HKE6- HKE4 (RING5). The genomic sequence of a 42,801-bp long region encoded by one cosmid clone in the RING1, HKE6, and HKE4 subregions was determined by the shotgun method. The exon-intron organization of these three genes, RING1 (Ring finger protein), HKE6 (steroid dehydrogenase-like protein), and HKE4 (transmembrane protein with histidine-rich charge clusters), was determined. The previously reported RING2 gene was revealed to be identical to HKE6. Transcripts from HKE4 were detected in the placenta, lung, kidney, and pancreas. Those of HKE6 were found in the liver and pancreas. The 25-kb region proximal to the RING1 gene includes an extensive dense cluster of Alu repeats (about 1.2 Alu per kb), and no gene has been identified in this so far. The region is equivalent to part of the mouse t complex and could be of relevance to human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Kikuti
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Walczak CE, Verma S, Mitchison TJ. XCTK2: a kinesin-related protein that promotes mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. J Cell Biol 1997; 136:859-70. [PMID: 9049251 PMCID: PMC2132492 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.136.4.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1996] [Revised: 12/23/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a peptide antibody to a conserved sequence in the motor domain of kinesins to screen a Xenopus ovary cDNA expression library. Among the clones isolated were two that encoded a protein we named XCTK2 for Xenopus COOH-terminal kinesin 2. XCTK2 contains an NH2-terminal globular domain, a central alpha-helical stalk, and a COOH-terminal motor domain. XCTK2 is similar to CTKs in other organisms and is most homologous to CHO2. Antibodies raised against XCTK2 recognize a 75-kD protein in Xenopus egg extracts that cosediments with microtubules. In Xenopus tissue culture cells, the anti-XCTK2 antibodies stain mitotic spindles as well as a subset of interphase nuclei. To probe the function of XCTK2, we have used an in vitro assay for spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. Addition of antibodies to cytostatic factor-arrested extracts causes a 70% reduction in the percentage of bipolar spindles formed. XCTK2 is not required for maintenance of bipolar spindles, as antibody addition to preformed spindles has no effect. To further evaluate the function of XCTK2, we expressed XCTK2 in insect Sf-9 cells using the baculovirus expression system. When purified (recombinant XCTK2 is added to Xenopus egg extracts at a fivefold excess over endogenous levels) there is a stimulation in both the rate and extent of bipolar spindle formation. XCTK2 exists in a large complex in extracts and can be coimmunoprecipitated with two other proteins from extracts. XCTK2 likely plays an important role in the establishment and structural integrity of mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Walczak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco 94143-0450, USA.
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29
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Gaglio T, Saredi A, Bingham JB, Hasbani MJ, Gill SR, Schroer TA, Compton DA. Opposing motor activities are required for the organization of the mammalian mitotic spindle pole. J Cell Biol 1996; 135:399-414. [PMID: 8896597 PMCID: PMC2121053 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.135.2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We use both in vitro and in vivo approaches to examine the roles of Eg5 (kinesin-related protein), cytoplasmic dynein, and dynactin in the organization of the microtubules and the localization of NuMA (Nu-clear protein that associates with the Mitotic Apparatus) at the polar ends of the mammalian mitotic spindle. Perturbation of the function of Eg5 through either immunodepletion from a cell free system for assembly of mitotic asters or antibody microinjection into cultured cells leads to organized astral microtubule arrays with expanded polar regions in which the minus ends of the microtubules emanate from a ring-like structure that contains NuMA. Conversely, perturbation of the function of cytoplasmic dynein or dynactin through either specific immunodepletition from the cell free system or expression of a dominant negative subunit of dynactin in cultured cells results in the complete lack of organization of microtubules and the failure to efficiently concentrate the NuMA protein despite its association with the microtubules. Simultaneous immunodepletion of these proteins from the cell free system for mitotic aster assembly indicates that the plus end-directed activity of Eg5 antagonizes the minus end-directed activity of cytoplasmic dynein and a minus end-directed activity associated with NuMA during the organization of the microtubules into a morphologic pole. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the unique organization of the minus ends of microtubules and the localization of NuMA at the polar ends of the mammalian mitotic spindle can be accomplished in a centrosome-independent manner by the opposing activities of plus end- and minus end-directed motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gaglio
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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30
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Sperry AO, Zhao LP. Kinesin-related proteins in the mammalian testes: candidate motors for meiosis and morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7:289-305. [PMID: 8688559 PMCID: PMC275880 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.7.2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin superfamily of molecular motors comprises proteins that participate in a wide variety of motile events within the cell. Members of this family share a highly homologous head domain responsible for force generation attached to a divergent tail domain thought to couple the motor domain to its target cargo. Many kinesin-related proteins (KRPs) participate in spindle morphogenesis and chromosome movement in cell division. Genetic analysis of mitotic KRPs in yeast and Drosophila, as well as biochemical experiments in other species, have suggested models for the function of KRPs in cell division, including both mitosis and meiosis. Although many mitotic KRPs have been identified, the relationship between mitotic motors and meiotic function is not clearly understood. We have used sequence similarity between mitotic KRPs to identify candidates for meiotic and/or mitotic motors in a vertebrate. We have identified a group of kinesin-related proteins from rat testes (termed here testes KRP1 through KRP6) that includes new members of the bimC and KIF2 subfamilies as well as proteins that may define new kinesin subfamilies. Five of the six testes KRPs identified are expressed primarily in testes. Three of these are expressed in a region of the seminiferous epithelia (SE) rich in meiotically active cells. Further characterization of one of these KRPs, KRP2, showed it to be a promising candidate for a motor in meiosis: it is localized to a meiotically active region of the SE and is homologous to motor proteins associated with the mitotic apparatus. Testes-specific genes provide the necessary probes to investigate whether the motor proteins that function in mammalian meiosis overlap with those of mitosis and whether motor proteins exist with functions unique to meiosis. Our search for meiotic motors in a vertebrate testes has successfully identified proteins with properties consistent with those of meiotic motors in addition to uncovering proteins that may function in other unique motile events of the SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Sperry
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA
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31
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Inoko H, Mizuki N, Shiina T, Ando A, Kimura M, Kikuchi YY, Kawata H, Sugaya K, Fukagawa T, Matsumoto K, Nagata T, Taketo M, Okumura K, Kasahara M, Ikemura T. Cloning, sequencing and evolutionary analyses of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1996; 7:31-2. [PMID: 9063634 DOI: 10.3109/10425179609015643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Inoko
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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32
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Kuriyama R, Kofron M, Essner R, Kato T, Dragas-Granoic S, Omoto CK, Khodjakov A. Characterization of a minus end-directed kinesin-like motor protein from cultured mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 1995; 129:1049-59. [PMID: 7744954 PMCID: PMC2120493 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.129.4.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the CHO2 monoclonal antibody raised against CHO spindles (Sellitto, C., M. Kimble, and R. Kuriyama. 1992. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 22:7-24) we identified a 66-kD protein located at the interphase centrosome and mitotic spindle. Isolated cDNAs for the antigen encode a 622-amino acid polypeptide. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 340-amino acid residues in the COOH terminus, which is homologous to the motor domain conserved among other members of the kinesin superfamily. The protein is composed of a central alpha-helical portion with globular domains at both NH2 and COOH termini, and the epitope to the monoclonal antibody resides in the central alpha-helical stalk. A series of deletion constructs were created for in vitro analysis of microtubule interactions. While the microtubule binding and bundling activities require both the presence of the COOH terminus and the alpha-helical domain, the NH2-terminal half of the antigen lacked the ability to interact with microtubules. The full-length as well as deleted proteins consisting of the COOH-terminal motor and the central alpha-helical stalk supported microtubule gliding, with velocity ranging from 1.0 to 8.4 microns/minute. The speed of microtubule movement decreased with decreasing lengths of the central stalk attached to the COOH-terminal motor. The microtubules moved with their plus end leading, indicating that the antigen is a minus end-directed motor. The CHO2 sequence shows 86% identify to HSET, a gene located at the centromeric end of the human MHC region in chromosome 6 (Ando, A., Y. Y. Kikuti, H. Kawata, N. Okamoto, T. Imai, T. Eki, K. Yokoyama, E. Soeda, T. Ikemura, K. Abe, and H. Inoko. 1994. Immunogenetics. 39:194-200), indicating that HSET might represent a human homologue of the CHO2 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuriyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Fukagawa T, Sugaya K, Matsumoto K, Okumura K, Ando A, Inoko H, Ikemura T. A boundary of long-range G + C% mosaic domains in the human MHC locus: pseudoautosomal boundary-like sequence exists near the boundary. Genomics 1995; 25:184-91. [PMID: 7774916 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is composed of long-range G+C% (GC%) mosaic structures related to chromosome bands. We found the human MHC locus to be an example of megabase-level GC% mosaic structures and predicted a possible boundary of the megabase-level domains within an undercharacterized 450-kb region harboring the junction of MHC classes II and III. Chromosome walking of the 450-kb region and base-compositional analysis precisely located the boundary of the mosaic domains, disclosing a sharp GC% transition. Near the transition point there was a 20-kb dense Alu cluster, a 30-kb dense LINE-1 cluster, and a sequence highly homologous with the pseudoautosomal boundary of the short arms of human sex chromosomes (PAB1X and PAB1Y); PAB1X and PAB1Y are the interface between sex-specific and pseudoautosomal regions. Many PAB1XY-like sequences (PABLs) were detected by hybridization against genomic DNA, and the new sequences defined the complete form of PABLs to be about 650 nt.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukagawa
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka-ken, Japan
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34
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Leelayuwat C, Degli-Esposti MA, Taylor E, Abraham LJ, Dawkins RL. PCR SSCP reveals haplotype related polymorphism of PERB1: a new marker for MHC beta block typing. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1994; 21:431-46. [PMID: 9098453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1994.tb00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many new Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes have been discovered in the last 5 years. Defining the polymorphism of these new genes may elucidate their function and their relevance to diseases with MHC associations. Polymerase chain reaction and single stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR SSCP) analyses were used to detect sequence polymorphisms of PERB1 demonstrated by comparing the available genomic sequence of four haplotypes. This study showed that PCR SSCP of PERB1 is reproducible. In addition, PERB1 alleles segregate within families together with MHC haplotypes. Typing results from the Forth Asia and Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop (4AOHW) cell panel indicate that the identified polymorphisms of PERB1 are "haplotypic', i.e., unrelated individuals carrying the same MHC ancestral haplotypes carry the same PERB1 SSCP pattern. Interestingly, PERB1 SSCP patterns allow the distinction of ancestral haplotypes which share HLA-B serological specificities, such as HLA-B44 and therefore this analysis can be used to further define MHC haplotypes and thus to improve our understanding of the evolution of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leelayuwat
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia
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