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Bacon CD, Gutiérrez‐Pinto N, Flantua S, Castellanos Suárez D, Jaramillo C, Pennington RT, Antonelli A. The seasonally dry tropical forest species
Cavanillesia chicamochae
has a middle Quaternary origin. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine D. Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
- Laboratório de Biología Molecular (CINBIN) Department of Biology Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
| | - Natalia Gutiérrez‐Pinto
- Laboratório de Biología Molecular (CINBIN) Department of Biology Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Suzette Flantua
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Diego Castellanos Suárez
- Laboratório de Biología Molecular (CINBIN) Department of Biology Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancon Republic of Panama
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution Montpellier University of MontpellierCNRSEPHE Montpellier IRD France
- Department of Geology University of Salamanca Salamanca Spain
| | - R. Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Geography University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond Surrey UK
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
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2
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Van Treuren R, Bulsma R, Ouborg NJ, Van Delden W. THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION SIZE AND PLANT DENSITY ON OUTCROSSING RATES IN LOCALLY ENDANGERED SALVIA PRATENSIS. Evolution 2017; 47:1094-1104. [PMID: 28564294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1992] [Accepted: 11/07/1992] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus outcrossing rates were estimated in natural and experimental populations of Salvia pratensis, an entomophilous, gynodioecious, protandrous perennial. Male steriles were used to check the estimation procedure of outcrossing rates in hermaphrodites. Estimates of outcrossing rates in hermaphroditic plants ranged from 38.2% to 81.8% in natural populations and from 71.5% to 95.5% in experimental populations. No correlations were found between outcrossing rates and population size. However, outcrossing in hermaphrodites was promoted by high plant densities and low frequencies of male steriles. It is argued that effective management to preserve genetic variation in populations of S. pratensis should provide for the maintenance of high plant densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Van Treuren
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN HAREN, The Netherlands
| | - R Bulsma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN HAREN, The Netherlands
| | - N J Ouborg
- Department of Plant Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands
| | - W Van Delden
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN HAREN, The Netherlands
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3
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Ledig FT, Conkle MT, Bermejo-Velázquez B, Eguiluz-Piedra T, Hodgskiss PD, Johnson DR, Dvorak WS. EVIDENCE FOR AN EXTREME BOTTLENECK IN A RARE MEXICAN PINYON: GENETIC DIVERSITY, DISEQUILIBRIUM, AND THE MATING SYSTEM INPINUS MAXIMARTINEZII. Evolution 2017; 53:91-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/1997] [Accepted: 09/30/1998] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Thomas Ledig
- Institute of Forest Genetics; Pacific Southwest Research Station; USDA Forest Service, 2480 Carson Road Placerville California 95667
| | - M. Thompson Conkle
- Institute of Forest Genetics; Pacific Southwest Research Station; USDA Forest Service, Box 245 Berkeley California 94701
| | - Basilio Bermejo-Velázquez
- Centro de Genetica Forestal; Universidad Autonoma Chapingo; Apartado Postal No. 37, Chapingo México C.P. 56230 México
| | - Teobaldo Eguiluz-Piedra
- Centro de Genetica Forestal; Universidad Autonoma Chapingo; Apartado Postal No. 37, Chapingo México C.P. 56230 México
| | - Paul D. Hodgskiss
- Centro de Genetica Forestal; Universidad Autonoma Chapingo; Apartado Postal No. 37, Chapingo México C.P. 56230 México
| | - David R. Johnson
- Institute of Forest Genetics; Pacific Southwest Research Station; USDA Forest Service, 2480 Carson Road Placerville California 95667
| | - William S. Dvorak
- CAMCORE, Grinnells Laboratories, College of Forest Resources; North Carolina State University; Box 7626 Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7626
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4
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Rymer PD, Sandiford M, Harris SA, Billingham MR, Boshier DH. Remnant Pachira quinata pasture trees have greater opportunities to self and suffer reduced reproductive success due to inbreeding depression. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:115-24. [PMID: 23963342 PMCID: PMC4815449 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is extensive throughout the world, converting natural ecosystems into fragments of varying size, density and connectivity. The potential value of remnant trees in agricultural landscapes as seed sources and in connecting fragments has formed a fertile area of debate. This study contrasted the mating patterns of bat-pollinated Pachira quinata trees in a continuous forest to those in pasture through microsatellite-based paternity analysis of progeny. The breeding system was determined by analysis of pollen tube growth and seed production from controlled pollinations. Fitness of selfed and outcrossed seed was compared by germination and seedling growth. There was more inbreeding within pasture trees (outcrossing=0.828±0.015) compared with forest trees (0.926±0.005). Pasture trees had fewer sires contributing to mating events, but pollen dispersal distances were greater than those in the forest. Paternity analysis showed variation in outcrossing rates among pasture trees with high proportions of external and self pollen sources detected. A leaky self-incompatibility system was found, with self pollen having reduced germination on stigmas and slower growth rate through the style. Controlled pollinations also showed a varied ability to self among trees, which was reflected in the selfing rates among pasture trees shown by the paternity analysis (0-80% selfing). Self pollination resulted in lower seed set, germination and seedling growth compared with outcrossing. While remnant trees in agricultural landscapes are involved in broader mating patterns, they show increased but varied levels of inbreeding, which result in reduced fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Rymer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Bourke Street, Richmond, Australia
| | - M Sandiford
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - S A Harris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - M R Billingham
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - D H Boshier
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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5
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Tani N, Tsumura Y, Fukasawa K, Kado T, Taguchi Y, Lee SL, Lee CT, Muhammad N, Niiyama K, Otani T, Yagihashi T, Tanouchi H, Ripin A, Kassim AR. Mixed Mating System Are Regulated by Fecundity in Shorea curtisii (Dipterocarpaceae) as Revealed by Comparison under Different Pollen Limited Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123445. [PMID: 25938512 PMCID: PMC4418579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of mixed mating was studied in Shorea curtisii, a dominant and widely distributed dipterocarp species in Southeast Asia. Paternity and hierarchical Bayesian analyses were used to estimate the parameters of pollen dispersal kernel, male fecundity and self-pollen affinity. We hypothesized that partial self incompatibility and/or inbreeding depression reduce the number of selfed seeds if the mother trees receive sufficient pollen, whereas reproductive assurance increases the numbers of selfed seeds under low amounts of pollen. Comparison of estimated parameters of self-pollen affinity between high density undisturbed and low density selectively logged forests indicated that self-pollen was selectively excluded from mating in the former, probably due to partial self incompatibility or inbreeding depression until seed maturation. By estimating the self-pollen affinity of each mother tree in both forests, mother trees with higher amount of self-pollen indicated significance of self-pollen affinity with negative estimated value. The exclusion of self-fertilization and/or inbreeding depression during seed maturation occurred in the mother trees with large female fecundity, whereas reproductive assurance increased self-fertilization in the mother trees with lower female fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tani
- Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keita Fukasawa
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kado
- Hayama Center for Advanced Studies, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Miura-gun, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuriko Taguchi
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Soon Leong Lee
- Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chai Ting Lee
- Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Norwati Muhammad
- Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kaoru Niiyama
- Bureau of International Partnership, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Otani
- Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Asakuranishi-machi, Kochi-shi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yagihashi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanouchi
- Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Asakuranishi-machi, Kochi-shi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Azizi Ripin
- Green Forest Resources, Rawang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Kassim
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Melo Júnior AF, Carvalho D, Brandão MM, Sousa LG, Vieira FDA, Menezes EV, Royo VA, Oliveira DA. Spatial genetic structure of Cavanillesia arborea K. Schum. (Malvaceae) in seasonally dry Tropical forest: Implications for conservation. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Yuan CQ, Sun YH, Li YF, Zhao KQ, Hu RY, Li Y. Selection occurs within linear fruit and during the early stages of reproduction in Robinia pseudoacacia. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24655746 PMCID: PMC3998051 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen donor compositions differ during the early stages of reproduction due to various selection mechanisms. In addition, ovules linearly ordered within a fruit have different probabilities of reaching maturity. Few attempts, however, have been made to directly examine the magnitude and timing of selection, as well as the mechanisms during early life stages and within fruit. Robinia pseudoacacia, which contains linear fruit and non-random ovule maturation and abortion patterns, has been used to study the viability of selection within fruit and during the early stages of reproduction. To examine changes in the pollen donor composition during the early stages of reproduction and of progeny originating from different positions within fruit, paternity analyses were performed for three early life stages (aborted seeds, mature seeds and seedlings) in the insect-pollinated tree R. pseudoacacia. RESULTS Selection resulted in an overall decrease in the level of surviving selfed progeny at each life stage. The greatest change was observed between the aborted seed stage and mature seed stage, indicative of inbreeding depression (the reduced fitness of a given population that occurs when related individual breeding was responsible for early selection). A selective advantage was detected among paternal trees. Within fruits, the distal ends showed higher outcrossing rates than the basal ends, indicative of selection based on the order of seeds within the fruit. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that selection exists both within linear fruit and during the early stages of reproduction, and that this selection can affect male reproductive success during the early life stages. This indicates that tree species with mixed-mating systems may have evolved pollen selection mechanisms to increase the fitness of progeny and adjust the population genetic composition. The early selection that we detected suggests that inbreeding depression caused the high abortion rate and low seed set in R. pseudoacacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Quan Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Wenquan Nursery, Beijing Gardening and Greening Bureau, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Ke-Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui-Yang Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Estimation of in situ mating systems in wild sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in Ethiopia using SSR-based progeny array data: implications for the spread of crop genes into the wild. J Genet 2013; 92:3-10. [PMID: 23640403 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Because transgenic sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is being developed for Africa, we investigated the potential for transgenes to spread to conspecific wild/weedy sorghum populations in Ethiopia, which is considered the centre of origin of cultivated sorghum. In the current study, the extent of outcrossing, and uniparental and biparental inbreeding were investigated in seven wild/weedy sorghum populations collected at elevations ranging from 631 to 1709 m. Based on allele frequency data of 1120 progenies and 140 maternal plants from five polymorphic microsatellite markers, outcrossing rates were estimated using standard procedures. The average multilocus outcrossing rate was 0.51, with a range of 0.31-0.65 among populations, and the family outcrossing rate was in the extreme range of 0 to 100%. The highest outcrossing (t(m) = 0.65) was recorded in a weedy population that was intermixed with an improved crop variety in Abuare (Wello region). It was also observed that the inbreeding coefficient of the progenies (F(p)) tend to be more than the inbreeding coefficient of both their maternal parents (F(m)) and the level of inbreeding expected at equilibrium (F(eq)), which is a characteristic of predominantly outbreeding species. Biparental inbreeding was evident in all populations and averaged 0.24 (range = 0.10-0.33). The high outcrossing rates of wild/weedy sorghum populations in Ethiopia indicate a high potential for crop genes (including transgenes) to spread within the wild pool. Therefore, effective risk management strategies may be needed if the introgression of transgenes or other crop genes from improved cultivars into wild or weedy populations is deemed to be undesirable.
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9
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Pires JPDA, Silva AGD, Freitas L. Plant size, flowering synchrony and edge effects: What, how and where they affect the reproductive success of a Neotropical tree species. AUSTRAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ary Gomes da Silva
- Universidade Vila Velha; Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional; Vila Velha Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Rua Pacheco Leão 915 Rio de Janeiro 20460-030 Brazil
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10
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Lobo J, Solís S, Fuchs EJ, Quesada M. Individual and Temporal Variation in Outcrossing Rates and Pollen Flow Patterns inCeiba pentandra(Malvaceae: Bombacoidea). Biotropica 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lobo
- Escuela de Biología; Universidad de Costa Rica; 2060; San José; Costa Rica
| | - Silvia Solís
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari); 58089; Morelia; Michoacan; Mexico
| | - Eric J. Fuchs
- Escuela de Biología; Universidad de Costa Rica; 2060; San José; Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari); 58089; Morelia; Michoacan; Mexico
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11
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Wang J, El-Kassaby YA, Ritland K. Estimating selfing rates from reconstructed pedigrees using multilocus genotype data. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:100-16. [PMID: 22106925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several methods have been developed to estimate the selfing rate of a population from a sample of individuals genotyped for several marker loci. These methods can be based on homozygosity excess (or inbreeding), identity disequilibrium, progeny array (PA) segregation or population assignment incorporating partial selfing. Progeny array-based method is generally the best because it is not subject to some assumptions made by other methods (such as lack of misgenotyping, absence of biparental inbreeding and presence of inbreeding equilibrium), and it can reveal other facets of a mixed-mating system such as patterns of shared paternity. However, in practice, it is often difficult to obtain PAs, especially for animal species. In this study, we propose a method to reconstruct the pedigree of a sample of individuals taken from a monoecious diploid population practicing mixed mating, using multilocus genotypic data. Selfing and outcrossing events are then detected when an individual derives from identical parents and from two distinct parents, respectively. Selfing rate is estimated by the proportion of selfed offspring in the reconstructed pedigree of a sample of individuals. The method enjoys many advantages of the PA method, but without the need of a priori family structure, although such information, if available, can be utilized to improve the inference. Furthermore, the new method accommodates genotyping errors, estimates allele frequencies jointly and is robust to the presence of biparental inbreeding and inbreeding disequilibrium. Both simulated and empirical data were analysed by the new and previous methods to compare their statistical properties and accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
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12
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da Silva Carneiro F, Magno Sebbenn A, Kanashiro M, Degen B. Low Interannual Variation of Mating System and Gene Flow of Symphonia globulifera in the Brazilian Amazon. Biotropica 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Fujimori N, Samejima H, Kenta T, Ichie T, Shibata M, Iida S, Nakashizuka T. Reproductive success and distance to conspecific adults in the sparsely distributed tree Kalopanax pictus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2006; 119:195-203. [PMID: 16583262 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand how a sparsely distributed species can maintain viable populations, and with a particular interest in distance-dependent reproductive success, we investigated the ovule survival and the factors that determine the survival for sparsely distributed Kalopanax pictus (Araliaceae) in a temperate forest landscape around the Ogawa Forest Reserve, central Japan. We found 154 potentially mature trees (>20 cm diameter at breast height) in a 600-ha site. The year 2000 was a mass flowering year for K. pictus; 96.8% of the trees examined flowered in that year; however, this was less than half of the trees that flowered in other years. The flowers of K. pictus include protandrous inflorescences, which bloom on individual tress in midsummer when few other tree species bloom. We conducted pollination experiments with out-crossed, self-pollinated, bagged, and control inflorescences. Results suggest that self-pollination is limited, partially by low self-compatibility and partially by protandry. Ovule survival from the flower to the seed stages was not dependent on the temporal flowering density of conspecific adults. The flowering habit and presence of effective pollinators may allow K. pictus to avoid the negative effects of sparse distribution on pollination efficiency. However, ovule survival during the ovary development stage depended on infection by a species-specific fungus, Mycosphaerella acanthopanacis. The fungus damages leaves, and the infection intensity depends on the distance between conspecific K. pictus adults. Thus, an advantage of sparse distribution in K. pictus is disease avoidance, whereas its disadvantages are overcome by pollination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fujimori
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
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14
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Naito Y, Konuma A, Iwata H, Suyama Y, Seiwa K, Okuda T, Lee SL, Muhammad N, Tsumura Y. Selfing and inbreeding depression in seeds and seedlings of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Dipterocarpaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2005; 118:423-30. [PMID: 16283070 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the degree of selfing and inbreeding depression at the seed and seedling stages of a threatened tropical canopy tree, Neobalanocarpus heimii, using microsatellite markers. Selection resulted in an overall decrease in the level of surviving selfed progeny from seeds to established seedlings, indicating inbreeding depression during seedling establishment. Mean seed mass of selfed progeny was lower than that of outcrossed progeny. Since the smaller seeds suffered a fitness disadvantage at germination in N. heimii, the reduced seed mass of selfed progeny would be one of the determinants of the observed inbreeding depression during seedling establishment. High selfing rates in some mother trees could be attributed to low local densities of reproductive individuals, thus maintenance of a sufficiently high density of mature N. heimii should facilitate regeneration and conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Naito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Abstract
The ecological significance of spacing among plants in contributing to the maintenance of species richness, particularly in tropical forests, has received considerable attention that has largely focussed on distance- and density-dependent seed and seedling mortality. More recently it has become apparent that plant spacing is also relevant to pollination, which often constrains seed production. While seed and seedling survival is reduced at high conspecific densities, pollination success, by contrast, is positively correlated to local conspecific density. Distance-dependent mechanisms acting on pollination and seed production have now been described for a variety of plants, with relatively isolated plants or fragmented populations generally suffering reduced fecundity due to pollen limitation. Yet there is considerable variability in the vulnerability of plant species to pollination failure, which may be a function of breeding system, life history, the pollination vector, the degree of specialisation among plants and their pollinators, and other indirect effects of habitat change acting on plants or pollinators. As reduced tree densities and population fragmentation are common outcomes of anthropogenically altered landscapes, understanding how pollination processes are affected in such degraded landscapes can inform effective conservation and management of remaining natural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaboury Ghazoul
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PT, UK.
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16
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Ward M, Dick CW, Gribel R, Lowe AJ. To self, or not to self… A review of outcrossing and pollen-mediated gene flow in neotropical trees. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 95:246-54. [PMID: 16094304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the typically low population densities and animal-mediated pollination of tropical forest trees, outcrossing and long-distance pollen dispersal are the norm. We reviewed the genetic literature on mating systems and pollen dispersal for neotropical trees to identify the ecological and phylogenetic correlates. The 36 studies surveyed found >90% outcrossed mating for 45 hermaphroditic or monoecious species. Self-fertilization rates varied inversely with population density and showed phylogenetic and geographic trends. The few direct measures of pollen flow (N=11 studies) suggest that pollen dispersal is widespread among low-density tropical trees, ranging from a mean of 200 m to over 19 km for species pollinated by small insects or bats. Future research needs to examine (1) the effect of inbreeding depression on observed outcrossing rates, (2) pollen dispersal in a wide range of pollination syndromes and ecological classes, (3) and the range of variation of mating system expression at different hierarchical levels, including individual, seasonal, population, ecological, landscape and range wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ward
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Brenes-Arguedas T, Coley PD. Phenotypic variation and spatial structure of secondary chemistry in a natural population of a tropical tree species. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maad J, Reinhammar LG. Incidence of geitonogamy differs between two populations in the hawkmoth-pollinated Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We estimated geitonogamy in individuals with different inflorescence sizes in a small (100–200 flowering individuals) and a large population (>700 flowering individuals) of the self-compatible, moth-pollinated orchid Platanthera bifolia (L.) L. C. Rich. (Orchidaceae). Geitonogamy was estimated as the percent reduction in pollen receipt by emasculated compared with control plants over seven nights. Geitonogamy in the small population was 23% and 38% during 2 years, respectively. In contrast, no geitonogamy was detected during a single flowering season in the large population. Geitonogamy did not vary with inflorescence size and emasculation had no impact on fruit set. The difference in geitonogamy between the populations in the present study may be related to pollinator abundance and behaviour. We suggest that incidence of geitonogamy will be higher if the pollinator carries smaller pollen loads when arriving at a plant because there will be a smaller fraction of cross-pollen carried after visiting one flower. Geitonogamy may be influenced by available number of mates, pollen load size, pollinator behaviour, and pollen carryover.Key words: geitonogamy, population size, inflorescence size, pollen-limitation, pollen carryover, self-pollination.
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Freitas ML, Sebbenn AM, Moraes ML, Lemos EG. Mating system of a population of Myracrodruon urundeuva F.F. & M.F. Allemão using the fAFLP molecular marker. Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Alves RM, Artero AS, Sebbenn AM, Figueira A. Mating system in a natural population of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum., by microsatellite markers. Genet Mol Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572003000300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M. Alves
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Brazil; Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Brazil
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Cascante A, Quesada M, Lobo JJ, Fuchs EA. Effects of Dry Tropical Forest Fragmentation on the Reproductive Success and Genetic Structure of the Tree Samanea saman. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2002; 16:137-147. [PMID: 35701973 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropical trees are particularly vulnerable to forest fragmentation because of their low densities, self-incompatibilty system, and high rates of outbreeding. Forest fragmentation is likely to decrease gene flow, increase endogamy, and eventually produce a high differentiation among remnant populations. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of forest fragmentation on the reproductive success, progeny vigor, and genetic variation of the tropical dry-forest tree Samanea saman. We conducted our study in the dry forest of Costa Rica and compared two tree conditions to evaluate forest fragmentation: (1) isolated, individual trees more than 500 m from the nearest conspecific and surrounded by agricultural fields, pastures, or small remnant forest patches and (2) trees in continuous populations of 10 or more individuals per hectare and surrounded by undisturbed forest. We compared the probability of natural pollination, seed production, genetic variation, and progeny vigor of trees in isolation and in continuous populations. The probability of flowers receiving more than 23 pollen tubes at the base of styles (the flowers more likely to produce a mature fruit) was significantly greater for trees in continuous populations (2.1%) than for trees in isolation (0.4%). However, flowers from the two tree conditions received similar pollen loads on their stigmas. Fruits of trees from continuous populations produced similar numbers of seeds as isolated trees did and had a similar probability of seed abortion. The probability of seed predation by bruchid beetles was significantly greater in continuous populations (30%) than in isolated trees (20%). The number of undamaged seeds ( potentially viable) was similar for both tree conditions. A genetic analysis of progeny showed that levels of genetic diversity in trees in isolation and in continuous populations were comparable. The effective self-fertilization rate and inbreeding coefficient of the progeny were slightly higher for isolated trees than for trees in continuous populations. In addition, there was more genetic similarity in the progeny of isolated trees, within and between fruits. Seeds produced by different fruits within a tree were more likely to be related in an isolated tree than in a tree from continuous populations. Seeds produced by trees from continuous populations were more likely to germinate and to produce greater leaf area and biomass as seedlings than progeny from isolated trees. We concluded that the fragmentation of tropical dry forests affects the genetic variation and vigor of S. saman progeny. Isolated trees showed high reproductive capacity, however, in spite of their habitat condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cascante
- Escuela de Biología , Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Departamento de Ecología de los Recursos Naturales , Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari), 58089, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, email
| | - Jorge J Lobo
- Escuela de Biología , Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Eric A Fuchs
- Escuela de Biología , Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
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Moraes PLRD, Monteiro R. Taxas de cruzamento em uma população natural de Cryptocarya Moschata Nees (Lauraceae). BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032002000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O sistema de cruzamento da espécie arbórea de dossel da Mata Atlântica brasileira, Cryptocarya moschata, foi estudado a partir de material proveniente do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo, Brasil. As taxas de cruzamento foram determinadas através de marcadores alozímicos obtidos de plântulas germinadas de coortes de sementes coletadas de 35 árvores. O valor médio da taxa de cruzamento de equilíbrio (estimador indireto) foi t^eq = 0.51. As estimativas das taxas de cruzamento uniloco e multilocos (estimadores diretos) foram t^s = 0.725± 0,041 e t^m = 0,884 ± 0,034, respectivamente, indicando um sistema de cruzamento predominantemente alogâmico. As taxas de cruzamento de árvores individuais variaram de 27 a 100 ( x¯ = 87,8) porcento, a partir de t^m calculado com as freqüências gênicas de pólen mantidas constantes ao nível populacional. A partir do modelo de "par de irmãos" (modelo de cruzamento correlacionado) de Ritland, a correlação entre duas progênies irmãs oriundas de autofecundação (r^s) e a correlação entre duas progênies irmãs oriundas de paternidade por exocruzamento (r^p) foram 35,7% e 99,0%, respectivamente. Esses resultados corroboram o fato de haver variação nas taxas de autocruzamento entre as diferentes árvores, podendo também indicar que quando há endogamia, a maior parte das sementes nas árvores são provavelmente irmãs-germanas.
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Enjalbert J, David JL. Inferring recent outcrossing rates using multilocus individual heterozygosity: application to evolving wheat populations. Genetics 2000; 156:1973-82. [PMID: 11102388 PMCID: PMC1461371 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/156.4.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using multilocus individual heterozygosity, a method is developed to estimate the outcrossing rates of a population over a few previous generations. Considering that individuals originate either from outcrossing or from n successive selfing generations from an outbred ancestor, a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator is described that gives estimates of past outcrossing rates in terms of proportions of individuals with different n values. Heterozygosities at several unlinked codominant loci are used to assign n values to each individual. This method also allows a test of whether populations are in inbreeding equilibrium. The estimator's reliability was checked using simulations for different mating histories. We show that this ML estimator can provide estimates of outcrossing rates for the final generation outcrossing rate (t(0)) and a mean of the preceding rates (t(p)) and can detect major temporal variation in the mating system. The method is most efficient for low to intermediate outcrossing levels. Applied to nine populations of wheat, this method gave estimates of t(0) and t(p). These estimates confirmed the absence of outcrossing t(0) = 0 in the two populations subjected to manual selfing. For free-mating wheat populations, it detected lower final generation outcrossing rates t(0) = 0-0.06 than those expected from global heterozygosity t = 0.02-0.09. This estimator appears to be a new and efficient way to describe the multilocus heterozygosity of a population, complementary to Fis and progeny analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enjalbert
- INRA, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Franceschinelli EV, Bawa KS. The effect of ecological factors on the mating system of a South American shrub species (Helicteres brevispira). Heredity (Edinb) 2000; 84 ( Pt 1):116-23. [PMID: 10692018 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating systems are influenced by several ecological factors, including plant density, number of flowers per plant, and pollinator movements. In this study, we investigated the simultaneous effects of these three factors on the mating system of a self-compatible Brazilian shrub species: Helicteres brevispira St. Hil. Outcrossing rate is directly correlated with plant density. Changes in the number of flowers per plant affect outcrossing rate through their effect on the density of flowers. Variation in foraging behaviour of hummingbird pollinators is a consequence of the interaction between plant density and number of flowers per plant. Territorialist pollinators are common in high density areas but visit few flowers on each plant, thereby promoting outcrossing. In areas of low plant density, trapliners and rare territorialists visit several flowers per plant, thus increasing selfing. Our results indicate that outcrossing rate is a dynamic parameter, with the extent of variation depending on a number of ecological factors. In successional species such as those in the genus Helicteres, demographic changes may be accompanied by alterations in mating system parameters, with concomitant effects on the genetic structure of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Franceschinelli
- Depto. de Botânica - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-110, Brazil.
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Shapcott A. Comparison of the population genetics and densities of five pinanga palm species at kuala belalong, brunei. Mol Ecol 1999; 8:1641-54. [PMID: 10583828 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of population density on the population genetic structure of five co-occurring congeneric understorey palm species: Pinanga aristata, P. sp. aff. brevipes, P. dumetosa, P. tenella var. tenella and P. veitchii, all endemic to northern Borneo. The average population densities of the study species varied across a wide spectrum, ranging from 343 (plants per ha) in P. tenella to 10 (plants per ha) in P. veitchii. All species of Pinanga palms studied had quite high levels of genetic diversity (HE: 0.379, 0.256, 0.294, 0.133, 0.352). Genetic diversity (HE) was correlated with population density (D; rs = - 0.433, P < 0.01) and the average distance to the nearest conspecific neighbour (NN; rs = 0.576, P < 0.001) such that the most-dense species had less genetic diversity and the less-dense species had greater genetic diversity. Gene flow (Nm) among populations approximately followed a gradient of increasing species density and abundance, such that the most common species P. dumestosa had the greatest gene flow (Nm = 2.268) between its populations and the rarest, most sparsely distributed species P. sp. aff. brevipes had the lowest (Nm = 0.698). All species of Pinanga were effectively inbred (F: 0.760, 0.856, 0.640, 0.753, 0.674). The amount of homozygosity and inbreeding (HO, F) were not correlated (P > 0.05) with population density (D) or the distance between nearest neighbouring plants of the same species (NN).
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Loveless MD, Hamrick JL, Foster RB. Population structure and mating system in Tachigali versicolor, a monocarpic neotropical tree. Heredity (Edinb) 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Genetics of cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) variation in the Amazonian tree Pseudobombax munguba (Bombacaceae). Heredity (Edinb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1996.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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31
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Williams G, Adam P. A review of rainforest pollination and plant-pollinator interactions with particular reference to Australian subtropical rainforests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.7882/az.1994.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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House SM. Pollination success in a population of dioecious rain forest trees. Oecologia 1993; 96:555-561. [PMID: 28312462 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/1993] [Accepted: 09/30/1993] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pollination success in female trees was determined for a population of Neolitsea dealbata (R. Br.) Merr., a locally abundant dioecious tree pollinated by small, unspecialized insects in northern Queensland rain forest, Australia. The population consisted of a clustered group of trees with a mean male-to-female distance of 4.5 m and more isolated individuals, including females more than 90 m away from the nearest pollen source. A map of all reproductive trees was produced to determine accurate male-to-female distances. The size of the pollen source available to females was defined as a function of the distance to the nearest ten male trees and their sizes (male neighbourhood index). The rate of pollen movement to females was measured by counting pollen tubes (and the number of tubes per style) in female trees 6 days after the commencement of population flowering. The pollination rate decreased steeply to less than half when the nearest male was only 6.5 m away. Although pollen reached a female 330 m away from the nearest pollen source, only 10% of receptive flowers had been pollinated. The short flowering period (2-3 weeks) combined with the the slow rate of pollen movement means that a large proportion of flowers in isolated trees are unpollinated, confirming an earlier finding that isolated females set fewer fruits than gregarious females. The reliability of pollen transfer to females was determined by quantifying insects and their pollen loads trapped at female trees with a range of male neighbourhood indices. Quantities of insects and pollen were significantly correlated with the size of the male neighbourhood index, indicating a strong density-dependent response by vectors to flowering. Pollen was also collected from insect visitors to non-flowering trees. Females with large male neighbourhood indices received more pollen than non-flowering trees with equivalent male neighbourhood indices. However, when the male neighbourhood indices were small for both female and non-flowering trees, the changces of pollinators encountering female and non-flowering trees were similar, suggesting random movements of pollinators in sparse-flowering sub-populations. The dioecious breeding system, brief, synchronous flowering period, clustered population structure and random, opportunistic foraging behaviour of vectors interacted in a way that reduced reproduction in relatively isolated trees. These results demonstrate a mechanism for differential breeding success between trees in natural populations and emphasize the possible impact of logging regimes on pollen flow between trees. Large interconspecific distances in species-rich environments may have been a factor in the selection for synchronous flowering between trees in outcrossing tree species with generalist insect pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M House
- Department of Biogeography and Geomorphology, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Kang H, Jaschek G, Bawa KS. Variation in seed and seedling traits in Pithecellobium pedicellare, a tropical rain forest tree. Oecologia 1992; 91:239-244. [PMID: 28313463 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/1991] [Accepted: 03/31/1992] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pithecellobium pedicellare, a mimosoid legume, is a large canopy tree in the tropical rain forests of Costa Rica. We examined the pattern of variation in seed weight, germination date, hypocotyl length (stem), and rachis length (the first leaf) of the seedlings in this species. Seeds collected from widely dispersed individual trees at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, were randomly planted in blocks, and grown under controlled, indoor conditions for about 2 weeks. There-fore, we were able to quantify the effects of maternal family on mean seed weight and the effects of maternal family and microenvironment on the remaining traits examined. A significant effect of maternal family was detected for all traits. In particular, the maternal effects on germination date and seedling size traits which were consistently significant even after controlling the initial seed weight may indicate that the maternal effects reflect, at least to some extent, maternal genetic control over these traits. Despite overall strong maternal effects, the performance of maternal siblings, such as the rachis length, differed among blocks. The sensitivity of maternal siblings to the local environments may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variability in this highly outcrossing tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoon Kang
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 02125, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graciela Jaschek
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 02125, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamaljit S Bawa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 02125, Boston, MA, USA
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The effect of the density of flowering individuals on the mating systems of nine tropical tree species. Heredity (Edinb) 1991. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1991.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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