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D'Esposito M, Quaderi NA, Ciccodicola A, Bruni P, Esposito T, D'Urso M, Brown SD. Isolation, physical mapping, and northern analysis of the X-linked human gene encoding methyl CpG-binding protein, MECP2. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:533-5. [PMID: 8672133 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D'Esposito
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Via Marconi 10, Naples I-80125, Italy
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Tucker PK, Lundrigan BL. The nature of gene evolution on the mammalian Y chromosome: lessons from Sry. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1995; 350:221-7. [PMID: 8570685 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1995.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the exception of a small region, heteromorphic sex chromosomes of mammals do not undergo recombination in male meiosis. As a result, the majority of the Y chromosome is clonally transmitted through paternal lineages. Numerous phenomena, including the Hill-Robertson effect, Muller's ratchet, genetic hitch-hiking, and male-driven molecular evolution, are associated with the special transmission properties of the Y chromosome, and can potentially explain the tempo and pattern of gene evolution on the mammalian Y. We explore these phenomena in light of comparative data from the Y-linked sex-determining locus, Sry. Sry exhibits rapid amino acid divergence between species and little to no variation within species. We find no evidence for directional selection acting on this locus. The pattern of evolution between species is consistent with the Hill-Robertson effect and Muller's ratchet. Lack of variation in Sry within species may reflect genetic hitch-hiking, however, we cannot exclude the confounding effects of small effective population size of Y chromosomes. We find no support for male-driven molecular evolution for Sry in Old World mice and rats. However, a more appropriate test of this hypothesis would be to compare the evolution of Sry to the X-linked Sox3 gene in these same species. Clearly, more comparative studies of Sry and other Y-linked loci are needed to characterize the effects of Y chromosome transmission on the evolution of Y-linked sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Tucker
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48019, USA
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Adler DA, Quaderi NA, Brown SD, Chapman VM, Moore J, Tate P, Disteche CM. The X-linked methylated DNA binding protein, Mecp2, is subject to X inactivation in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:491-2. [PMID: 8589515 DOI: 10.1007/bf00356163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation at the promoter region of X-linked genes is associated with the maintenance of X inactivation in mammals. One of the methylated DNA binding proteins, MECP2, that binds to methylated bases in DNA is encoded by a gene (Mecp2) located on the mouse X Chromosome (Chr). To determine whether this gene was expressed from the inactive X Chr, and X-autosome translocation (T(X;16)16H) system in which expression from the Mecp2 allele on the inactive X Chr could be assayed was used. Results from these experiments indicate that Mecp2 is subject to X inactivation in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Adler
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, Gaspar P, Chen K, Pournin S, Müller U, Aguet M, Babinet C, Shih JC. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science 1995; 268:1763-6. [PMID: 7792602 PMCID: PMC2844866 DOI: 10.1126/science.7792602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), an enzyme that degrades serotonin and norepinephrine, has recently been shown to be associated with aggressive behavior in men of a Dutch family. A line of transgenic mice was isolated in which transgene integration caused a deletion in the gene encoding MAOA, providing an animal model of MAOA deficiency. In pup brains, serotonin concentrations were increased up to ninefold, and serotonin-like immunoreactivity was present in catecholaminergic neurons. In pup and adult brains, norepinephrine concentrations were increased up to twofold, and cytoarchitectural changes were observed in the somatosensory cortex. Pup behavioral alterations, including trembling, difficulty in righting, and fearfulness were reversed by the serotonin synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine. Adults manifested a distinct behavioral syndrome, including enhanced aggression in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cases
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche Associée (URA), Institut Curie, Orsay, France
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Yu J, Nagarajan S, Liu J, Young N, Medof ME. Cloning and characterization of the mouse PIG-A gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1255:344-50. [PMID: 7734452 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is no experimental animal model for studying paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), an acquired hemolytic anemia linked to mutations of the PIG-A gene. In this study, we cloned and characterized the mouse PIG-A gene. Sequencing of mouse PIG-A cDNA showed that it encodes a 485 amino acid-long protein. Northern hybridizations identified a major mRNA transcript of 3.6 kb and PCR amplifications identified four smaller alternative splice products. Exon:intron junctional analyses of the mouse PIG-A genome showed 6 exons (1(> or = 60 bp), 2(780 bp), 3(133 bp) 4(133 bp), 5(207 bp), and 6(2276 bp)), the latter 5 of which encompass the coding region. Chromosomal mapping using C57BL/6J x M. Spretus backcross DNA localized the mouse PIG-A gene near the telomeric end of the mouse X chromosome. The isolation of the mouse PIG-A gene opens the possibility for the development of a mouse model of PNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Merrell K, Gonzales JC, Wells S, Calame K, Herman GE. Genetic analyses of tattered, an X-linked dominant, developmental mouse mutation. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:291-4. [PMID: 7613037 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tattered (Td) is an X-linked dominant mouse mutation that causes prenatal lethality in affected males. To map the locus, we analyzed 199 normal male and affected female progeny from a backcross of Td and Mus castaneus. Pedigree analysis of these animals suggests a gene order of cen-DXWas70-(Td, DXMit26, Gata1, Tcfe3)-(Cybb, Otc)-tel, where Tcfe3 is a transcription factor homologous to a gene involved in the murine microphthalmia (mi) mutation [Hodgkinson et al. Cell 74, 395-404, 1993]. To evaluate Tcfe3 as a candidate for Td, heterozygous tattered females were crossed to xid males to obtain females in which > 95% of B cells expressed genes solely from the Td X Chromosome (Chr). Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and Western blotting of isolated splenocytes from Td/xid double heterozygotes rule out Tcfe3 as a likely candidate for the Td mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Merrell
- Integrated Program in Molecular Biology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Monaco
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wu J, Salido EC, Yen PH, Mohandas TK, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Park J, Chapman VM, Shapiro LJ. The murine Xe169 gene escapes X-inactivation like its human homologue. Nat Genet 1994; 7:491-6. [PMID: 7951318 DOI: 10.1038/ng0894-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Among a number of genes that escape X-chromosome inactivation in humans, three have been evaluated in mice and unexpectedly all three are subject to X-inactivation. We report here the cloning and expression studies of a novel mouse gene, Xe169, and show that it escapes X-inactivation like its human homologue. Xe169 was assigned to band F2/F3 on the mouse X chromosome by fluorescent in situ hybridization and Southern analysis indicates that the gene is located outside the pseudoautosomal region. Homologous, but divergent, sequences exist on the Y chromosome. In vitro and in vivo studies show that Xe169 is expressed from both the active and the inactive X chromosomes. Xe169 is the first cloned non-pseudoautosomal gene that escapes X-inactivation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Abstract
High resolution genetic maps have been constructed for many regions of the mouse genome and form the basis for the ongoing physical mapping of mouse chromosomes. Comparison of mouse and human genetic maps allows us to identify linkage groups that are conserved between the two organisms, and these have become a powerful tool for the development of mouse models of human genetic disease. Recent advances include the identification of mouse models for human genetic deafness, neural crest defects and X-linked immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Hendriks RW, Reed V, Boyd Y. Mapping of the agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase gene on the mouse X chromosome with interspecific crosses. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:60-1. [PMID: 8111133 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Hendriks
- Department of Immunohaematology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Thomas JD, Sideras P, Smith CI, Vorechovský I, Chapman V, Paul WE. Colocalization of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and X-linked immunodeficiency genes. Science 1993; 261:355-8. [PMID: 8332900 DOI: 10.1126/science.8332900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mice that bear the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation have a B lymphocyte-specific defect resulting in an inability to make antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. A backcross of 1114 progeny revealed the colocalization of xid with Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (btk) gene, which is implicated in the human immune deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Mice that carry xid have a missense mutation that alters a highly conserved arginine near the amino-terminus of the btk protein, Btk. Because this region of Btk lies outside any obvious kinase domain, the xid mutation may define another aspect of tyrosine kinase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thomas
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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