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Migliaro M, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Herrera-Solís A, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García OE. Endocannabinoid system and aggression across animal species. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105375. [PMID: 37643683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review article summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and aggression across multiple vertebrate species. Experimental evidence indicates that acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and the pharmacological enhancement of endocannabinoid signaling decreases aggressive behavior in several animal models. However, research on the chronic effects of cannabinoids on animal aggression has yielded inconsistent findings, indicating a need for further investigation. Cannabinoid receptors, particularly cannabinoid receptor type 1, appear to be an important part of the endogenous mechanism involved in the dampening of aggressive behavior. Overall, this review underscores the importance of the ECS in regulating aggressive behavior and provides a foundation for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Migliaro
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Unidad de Investigación en Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Andrea Herrera-Solís
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Efectos Terapéuticos de los Cannabinoides, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Prospéro-García
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
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Extinction of operant responses by rats under the effects of Cannabis sativa extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03331798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Ribeiro do Valle J. Pharmacological Approaches to the Study of the Cannabis Problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10826086909062039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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van Ree JM, Niesink RJ, Nir I. delta 1-Tetrahydrocannabinol but not cannabidiol reduces contact and aggressive behavior of rats tested in dyadic encounters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 84:561-5. [PMID: 6098915 DOI: 10.1007/bf00431467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A low and a high dose of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC) and of cannabidiol (CBD) were IP injected in rats that had been isolated for 7 days. Forty-five minutes after injection, the rats were tested for social interactions with non-isolated, untreated test partners in dyadic encounters under standardized conditions. Different aspects of social behavior were analyzed. The high dose of delta 1-THC (10 mg/kg) prevented nearly all social interactions. The low dose of delta 1-THC (1 mg/kg) exerted selective and specific effects on social interactions. Social contact behavior, including crawl over/mounting, and social grooming, and aggressive behavior, including fighting, kicking, and biting, were markedly decreased, whereas social exploratory behavior (exploration of the partner and anogenital investigation) and the behavioral item, approach/follow, were hardly affected by delta 1-THC treatment. Both doses of CBD (2 and 20 mg/kg) failed to change the various aspects of social interaction. It is postulated that the effects of delta 1-THC on close and intimate contact behavior of rats may contribute to the understanding of marihuana taking in humans.
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Cherek DR, Thompson T, Kelly T. Chronic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration and schedule-induced aggression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 12:305-9. [PMID: 6246545 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on key-pecking maintained by a response-initiated fixed interval (FI) schedule of food presentation and schedule-induced aggression in the pigeon were studied. Initially, following the administration of delta 9-THC both the rate of key-pecking and attack responding were markedly reduced. Over sessions, tolerance developed to the suppressant effect on key-pecking, with the rate returning to the predrug level. The suppressing effect of delta 9-THC on the rate of attack remained at or near zero throughout the series of delta 9-THC injections.
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Sieber B, Frischknecht HR, Waser PG. Behavioral effects of hashish in mice. III. Social interactions between two residents and an intruder male. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980; 70:273-8. [PMID: 6777799 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract (20 mg delta 9-THC/kg) on the social interactions between two drug-treated residents and an untreated intruder male were investigated. In this analysis 28 different behavioral elements were recorded. A single drug application suppressed all categories of behavior, except submissive behavior and flight, in dominant and subordinate residents. Treated animals were less active than controls and immobility was very frequent. An elevated total activity, due to an increase in non-social activities, was observed in the untreated intruder males of this group. Social investigation as well as submissive behavior and flight were reduced in these animals. On introduction of an untreated male after the fourth drug treatment of the residents, the drugged males showed tolerance to the sedative and most of the other behavioral effects of the drug, and intruder males behaved quite normally. The formation of a dominant-subordinate relation within the group was influenced neither by a single nor by repeated drug treatment. The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract on social, especially aggressive behavior of males are compared to those described in previous papers and the variation in the results of the different studies is discussed.
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Drug Effects on Agonistic Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-004702-4.50009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Dalterio S, Bartke A, Roberson C, Watson D, Burstein S. Direct and pituitary-mediated effects of delta9-THC and cannabinol on the testis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 8:673-8. [PMID: 693551 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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De Souza H, Trajano E, de Carvalho FV, Palermo Neto J. Effects of acute and long-term cannabis treatment of restraint-induced gastric ulceration in rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1978; 28:507-10. [PMID: 702954 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.28.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Miczek KA. delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: antiaggressive effects in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys. Science 1978; 199:1459-61. [PMID: 415367 DOI: 10.1126/science.415367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the most active constituent of marihuana, decreased species-specific attack behavior in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys at doses (0.25 to 2.0 milligram per kilogram of body weight) that have no effects on other elements of the behavioral repertoire. Aggressive behavior was engendered in all three species by confronting a resident animal with an intruder conspecific. The present results contrast with the widely held belief that marihuana increases aggressive behavior.
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12
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Behavioral Pharmacology of the Tetrahydrocannabinols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-004701-7.50006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Dorr M, Steinberg H. Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on social behaviour in mice: comparison between two vehicles. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976; 47:87-91. [PMID: 986665 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two vehicles for the intraperitoneal administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) were compared, using aspects of social behaviour in mice and 5 doses of delta9- THC, with vehicle alone and saline control groups. 10% propane-1,2-diol-1% Tween 80-saline (vehicle B) seemed to be more effective than 1% Tween 80-saline (vehicle A) since depressant effects of --1 delta9-THC on behaviour tended to occur at lower doses with this vehicle. Few differences in behaviour could be detected among the three control groups. In general the overall number of behavioural acts decreased with increasing doses of delta9-THC, but with vehicle B low doses selectively decreased the number of 'social' (including aggressive) as distinct from 'individual' acts. Low doses of the drug in vehicle A sometimes stimulated behaviour, whereas with vehicle B such doses mostly produced depression; however, 2.5 mg/kg delta9-THC, in either vehicle, markedly increased the percentage of animals which showed both aggression and flight acts--a rare combination among controls. Our findings are consistent with other evidence that propylene glycol is an effective vehicle for the i.p. administration of delta9-THC.
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Neto JP, Nunes JF, Carvalho FV. The effects of chronic cannabis treatment upon brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, plasma corticosterone and aggressive behavior in female rats with different hormonal status. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1975; 42:195-200. [PMID: 1172250 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomized rats, chronically treated with cannabis extract or control solution, were given different hormonal treatments. Results indicated that both cannabis-treated and estrogen-treated animals were more aggressive than controls. Furthermore, aggressiveness was virtually abolished when cannabis-treated females were made sexually receptive by estrogen and progesterone treatments. After 25 days of cannabis or control solution treatment, all subjects were sacrificed. The levels and turnover rate of brain 5-HT and peripheral plasma corticosterone were then assayed. Data indicated both a significant inverse relationship between plasma corticosterone and whole brain levels of 5-HT(r = -0.742 to -0.985) for all groups and a significant positive relationship between aggressive behavior and plasma corticosterone (r = +0.675 to +0.946) in all groups that were fighting prior to decapitation. Results are tentatively explained, suggesting that the variability of the female response to stress during the different phases of the estrus cycle, permitted them to perform differently after chronic cannabis treatment. 5-HT is apparently involved, either directly in its effects on aggressive behavior or indirectly through the pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation.
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16
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Barkov NK, Kucherova NF. Further study of the connection between the chemical structure and pharmacological activity of carboline derivatives. Pharm Chem J 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00758879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Ely DL, Henry JP, Jarosz CJ. Effects of marihuana (delta9-THC) on behavior patterns and social roles in colonies of CBA mice. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1975; 13:263-76. [PMID: 1168047 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(75)91290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Cutler MG, Mackintosh JH, Chance MR. Effects of cannabis resin on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1975; 41:271-6. [PMID: 1171494 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of several dose levels of cannabis have been studied by an ethiological analysis of encounters between male mice injected with the drug and partners injected with Tween-saline. The duration of immobility was directly related to the logarithm of the dose of cannabis given. The ratio of flight in the treated animals to aggression in those mice with which they were paired showed a progressive increase as the dose of cannabis was raised from 4-50 mg/kg. A straight line relationship was found to exist between the logarithm of flight/aggression and logarithm of the dose of cannabis administered. Non-social activity and social investigation were decreased by the administration of cannabis; this was due to the time spent by the treated animals in immobility. Aggression was not significantly altered. Many mice given doses of 25-100 mg cannabis/kg showed an ataxic gait and the Straub tail reaction.
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19
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Miczek KA, Barry H. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aggressive behavior in rats. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1974; 11:261-7. [PMID: 4858807 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(74)90465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Kolodny RC, Masters WH, Kolodner RM, Toro G. Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use. N Engl J Med 1974; 290:872-4. [PMID: 4816961 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197404182901602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Carlini EA, Karniol IG, Renault PF, Schuster CR. Effects of marihuana in laboratory animals and in man. Br J Pharmacol 1974; 50:299-309. [PMID: 4609532 PMCID: PMC1776629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb08576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The pharmacological potencies of the resins from three different samples of Brazilian marihuana (A, B and C) were determined through corneal areflexia in rabbits, decrease of spontaneous motor activity and induction of catatonia in mice, and decrease of rope climbing performance of rats.2 The Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9) THC) content of the marihuanas, measured by gas chromatography, was 0.82, 2.02 and 0.52%, respectively, for samples A, B and C. Approximately 2% cannabinol was present in samples A and B whereas the content of cannabidiol was approximately 0.1%.3 The petroleum ether extraction of the samples A, B and C yielded, respectively, 12.06, 14.56 and 4.26% of resin.4 In all animal tests resin B was nearly twice as active as resin A, whereas C was the weakest.5 The smoke of the marihuana samples was inhaled by 33 human subjects, under a double-blind standardized procedure. Pulse rate, a time production task and an evaluation of psychological effects were recorded.6 The smoke of 250 mg of sample B provoked disruption of the time production task, increased pulse rate, and induced strong psychological reactions in four of the six subjects who received it. Similar effects, although slightly smaller, were obtained with 500 mg of sample A. On the other hand, 500 mg of sample C did not differ from placebo.7 It is suggested that it is possible by means of animal tests to predict the potency of a marihuana sample in man.8 In parallel experiments, Delta(9)-THC was administered to other human subjects and to laboratory animals in a manner similar to that in which the marihuana samples were administered.9 Comparison of the results between the marihuanas and Delta(9)-THC showed that in man and in the laboratory animals marihuanas A and B induced effects two to four times greater than expected from their Delta(9)-THC content.10 It is suggested that there may be potentiation of the effects of Delta(9)-THC by other substances present in these marihuana samples.
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22
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Palermo Neto J, Carvalho FV. The effects of chronic cannabis treatment on the aggressive behavior and brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels of rats with different temperaments. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 32:383-92. [PMID: 4796837 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Cherek DR, Thompson T. Effects of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol on schedule-induced aggression in pigeons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1973; 1:493-500. [PMID: 4799571 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(73)90072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Kilbey MM, Moore JW. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol induced inhibition of predatory aggression in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 31:157-66. [PMID: 4737311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Alves CN, Carlini EA. Effects of acute and chronic administration of Cannabis sative extract on the mouse-killing behavior of rats. Life Sci 1973; 13:75-85. [PMID: 4796256 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Bowman M, Pihl RO. Cannabis: psychological effects of chronic heavy use. A controlled study of intellectual functioning in chronic users of high potency cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 29:159-70. [PMID: 4709840 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Boggan WO, Steele RA, Freedman DX. 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol effect on audiogenic seizure susceptibility. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 29:101-6. [PMID: 4709834 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Siegel RK. An ethologic search for self-administration of hallucinogens. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ADDICTIONS 1973; 8:373-93. [PMID: 4585053 DOI: 10.3109/10826087309057482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cherek DR, Thompson T, Heistad GT. Effects of 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol and food deprivation level on responding maintained by the opportunity to attack. Physiol Behav 1972; 9:795-800. [PMID: 4676261 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(72)90054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Mills L, Brawley P. The psychopharmacology of "cannabis sativa": a review. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1972; 2:201-15. [PMID: 4629765 DOI: 10.1007/bf02087044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Ueki S, Fujiwara M, Ogawa N. Mouse-killing behavior (muricide) induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Physiol Behav 1972; 9:585-7. [PMID: 4677621 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(72)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kilbey MM, Fritchie GE, McLendon DM, Johnson KM. Attack behaviour in mice inhibited by -9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Nature 1972; 238:463-5. [PMID: 4561858 DOI: 10.1038/238463a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carlini EA, Hamaoui A, Märtz RM. Factors influencing the aggressiveness elicited by marihuana in food-deprived rats. Br J Pharmacol 1972; 44:794-804. [PMID: 5064930 PMCID: PMC1666002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Aggressive behaviour was elicited in rats that had been deprived of food for 20 h daily (starved), by chronic administration of Cannabis sativa extract or (-)-Delta(9)-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol.2. The influence of intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral glucose administration, cold environment, acidosis, and corn, and protein-free diets on this aggressiveness was studied.3. Intraperitoneal injections of glucose (100-1,600 mg/kg) did not alter the aggressiveness induced by marihuana in starved rats; glucose given orally, however, blocked this behaviour.4. Low temperature (14 degrees C) strongly potentiated the aggressive behaviour induced by marihuana in the starved rats.5. Lactic acid in doses capable of potentiating thiopental anaesthesia, failed to alter the marihuana-aggressiveness of starved rats or to facilitate this effect of marihuana in rats fed ad libitum. The same negative results were obtained with ammonium chloride.6. In rats fed ad libitum with protein-free or corn diets, marihuana administered chronically did not elicit aggressive behaviour. However, aggressiveness appeared when rats were fed for only 2 h daily on those diets.7. The results suggest that the stress of hunger (and not hypoglycaemia, acidosis or lack of specific nutrients due to starvation) is the factor that facilitates the development of aggressive behaviour by chronic administration of marihuana.
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González SC, Karniol IG, Carlini EL. Effects of Cannabis sativa extract on conditioned fear. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1972; 7:83-94. [PMID: 5043706 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(72)80191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Palermo Neto J, Carlini EA. Aggressive behaviour elicited in rats by Cannabis sativa: effects of p-chlorophenylalanine and DOPA. Eur J Pharmacol 1972; 17:215-20. [PMID: 4260322 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(72)90161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McDonough JH, Manning FJ, Elsmore TF. Reduction of predatory aggression of rats following administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1972; 11:103-11. [PMID: 4675887 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Masur J, Märtz RM, Carlini EA. The behavior of worker and non-worker rats under the influence of (-) 9 -trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, chlorpromazine and amylobarbitone. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1972; 25:57-68. [PMID: 5038983 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Ferraro DP, Grilly DM, Lynch WC. Effects of marihuana extract on the operant behavior of chimpanzees. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1971; 22:333-51. [PMID: 5133435 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Masur J, Märtz RM, Carlini EA. Effects of acute and chronic administration of cannabis sativa and (-) delta9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol on the behavior of rats in an open-field arena. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1971; 19:388-97. [PMID: 5565250 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Carlini EA, Santos M, Claussen U, Bieniek D, Korte F. Structure activity relationship of four tetrahydrocannabinols and the pharmacological activity of five semi-purified extracts of Cannabis sativa. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1970; 18:82-93. [PMID: 5535578 DOI: 10.1007/bf00402387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
When large populations of mice were treated with LSD (2mcg/kg to 30mcg/kg), bufotenine (5mg/kg to 30mg/kg), a cannabis sativa extract (50mg/kg to 100mg/kg), or tetrahydrocannabinol (2mg/kg to 10mg/kg), there was a dramatic change in social behavior. Such treatment produced a significant reduction in aggression, group aggregation, and temporary disruptions of social hierarchies. Hallucinogenic-treated mice placed in normal untreated colonies were hypersensitive to auditory and tactile stimulation and aggregated in small groups apart from the rest of the population. Treatment with saline or BOL-148 produced no significant changes in behavior.
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Carlini EA, Masur J. Development of aggressive behavior in rats by chronic administration of Cannabis sativa (marihuana). Life Sci 1969; 8:607-20. [PMID: 5816398 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(69)90022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Giacalone E, Tansella M, Valzelli L, Garattini S. Brain serotonin metabolism in isolated aggressive mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1968; 17:1315-27. [PMID: 5690693 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(68)90069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Scheckel CL, Boff E, Dahlen P, Smart T. Behavioral effects in monkeys of racemates of two biologically active marijuana constituents. Science 1968; 160:1467-9. [PMID: 4968256 DOI: 10.1126/science.160.3835.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Both dl-Delta(8)- and dl-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol produced marked alterations of behavior in rhesus and squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys appeared to have visual hallucinations. Continuous avoidance behavior of squirrel monkeys was stimulated by both drugs, but high doses of dl-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol also caused depression after the stimulant phase. Complex behavior involving memory and visual discrimination in rhesus monkeys was markedly disrupted by both drugs.
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Garriott JC, King LJ, Forney RB, Hughes FW. Effects of some tetrahydrocannabinols on hexobarbital sleeping time and amphetamine induced hyperactivity in mice. Life Sci 1967; 6:2119-28. [PMID: 6060268 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(67)90232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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