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On the Ultrastructure and Function of Rhogocytes from the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141195. [PMID: 26488403 PMCID: PMC4619347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhogocytes, also termed "pore cells", occur as solitary or clustered cells in the connective tissue of gastropod molluscs. Rhogocytes possess an enveloping lamina of extracellular matrix and enigmatic extracellular lacunae bridged by cytoplasmic bars that form 20 nm diaphragmatic slits likely to act as a molecular sieve. Recent papers highlight the embryogenesis and ultrastructure of these cells, and their role in heavy metal detoxification. Rhogocytes are the site of hemocyanin or hemoglobin biosynthesis in gastropods. Based on electron microscopy, we recently proposed a possible pathway of hemoglobin exocytosis through the slit apparatus, and provided molecular evidence of a common phylogenetic origin of molluscan rhogocytes, insect nephrocytes and vertebrate podocytes. However, the previously proposed secretion mode of the respiratory proteins into the hemolymph is still rather hypothetical, and the possible role of rhogocytes in detoxification requires additional data. Although our previous study on rhogocytes of the red-blooded (hemoglobin-containing) freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata provided much new information, a disadvantage was that the hemoglobin molecules were not unequivocally defined in the electron microscope. This made it difficult to trace the exocytosis pathway of this protein. Therefore, we have now performed a similar study on the rhogocytes of the blue-blooded (hemocyanin-containing) freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The intracellular hemocyanin could be identified in the electron microscope, either as individual molecules or as pseudo-crystalline arrays. Based on 3D-electron microscopy, and supplemented by in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and stress response experiments, we provide here additional details on the structure and hemocyanin biosynthesis of rhogocytes, and on their response in animals under cadmium and starvation stress. Moreover, we present an advanced model on the release of synthesized hemocyanin molecules through the slit apparatus into the hemolymph, and the uptake of much smaller particles such as cadmium ions from the hemolymph through the slit apparatus into the cytoplasm.
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Kokkinopoulou M, Güler MA, Lieb B, Barbeck M, Ghanaati S, Markl J. 3D-ultrastructure, functions and stress responses of gastropod (Biomphalaria glabrata) rhogocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101078. [PMID: 24971744 PMCID: PMC4074132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhogocytes are pore cells scattered among the connective tissue of different body parts of gastropods and other molluscs, with great variation in their number, shape and size. They are enveloped by a lamina of extracellular matrix. Their most characteristic feature is the "slit apparatus", local invaginations of the plasma membrane bridged by cytoplasmic bars, forming slits of ca. 20 nm width. A slit diaphragm creates a molecular sieve with permeation holes of 20×20 nm. In blue-blooded gastropods, rhogocytes synthesize and secrete the respiratory protein hemocyanin, and it has been proposed-though not proven-that in the rare red-blooded snail species they might synthesize and secrete the hemoglobin. However, the cellular secretion pathway for respiratory proteins, and the functional role(s) of the enigmatic rhogocyte slit apparatus are still unclear. Additional functions for rhogocytes have been proposed, notably a role in protein uptake and degradation, and in heavy metal detoxification. Here we provide new structural and functional information on the rhogocytes of the red-blooded freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. By in situ hybridization of mantle tissues, we prove that rhogocytes indeed synthesize hemoglobin. By electron tomography, the first three dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the slit apparatus are provided, showing detail of highly dense material in the cytoplasmic bars close to the slits. By immunogold labelling, we collected evidence that a major component of this material is actin. By genome databank mining, the complete sequence of a B. glabrata nephrin was obtained, and localized to the rhogocytes by immunofluorescence microscopy. The presence of both proteins fit the ultrastructure-based hypothesis that rhogocytes are related to mammalian podocytes and insect nephrocytes. Reactions of the rhogocytes to deprivation of food and cadmium toxification are also documented, and a possible secretion pathway of newly synthesized respiratory proteins through the slit apparatus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Lieb
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mike Barbeck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Markl
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lieb B, Dimitrova K, Kang HS, Braun S, Gebauer W, Martin A, Hanelt B, Saenz SA, Adema CM, Markl J. Red blood with blue-blood ancestry: intriguing structure of a snail hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12011-6. [PMID: 16877545 PMCID: PMC1567689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic enigma of snail hemoglobin, its isolated occurrence in a single gastropod family, the Planorbidae, and the lack of sequence data, stimulated the present study. We present here the complete cDNA and predicted amino acid sequence of two hemoglobin polypeptides from the planorbid Biomphalaria glabrata (intermediate host snail for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni). Both isoforms contain 13 different, cysteine-free globin domains, plus a small N-terminal nonglobin "plug" domain with three cysteines for subunit dimerization (total M(r) approximately 238 kDa). We also identified the native hemoglobin molecule and present here a preliminary 3D reconstruction from electron microscopical images (3 nm resolution); it suggests a 3 x 2-mer quaternary structure (M(r) approximately 1.43 MDa). Moreover, we identified a previously undescribed rosette-like hemolymph protein that has been mistaken for hemoglobin. We also detected expression of an incomplete hemocyanin as trace component. The combined data show that B. glabrata hemoglobin evolved from pulmonate myoglobin, possibly to replace a less-efficient hemocyanin, and reveals a surprisingly simple evolutionary mechanism to create a high molecular mass respiratory protein from 78 similar globin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lieb
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | | | - Hio-Sun Kang
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Sabrina Braun
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Gebauer
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Martin
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Steven A. Saenz
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Coen M. Adema
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, 269 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jürgen Markl
- *Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and
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Marigómez I, Soto M, Cajaraville MP, Angulo E, Giamberini L. Cellular and subcellular distribution of metals in molluscs. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 56:358-92. [PMID: 11877813 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cellular processes involved in metal metabolism in molluscs are reviewed, with emphasis on the contribution of microscopy (AMG, ARG, EPMA, and SIMS) to both basic research of metal cell biology and applied environmental research. In molluscs, metal uptake may occur by facilitated diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis, and can be enhanced by MT synthesis or formation of mineralized granules. In aquatic molluscs, gills constitute a key interface for dissolved metal uptake, where metals are bound to MT, incorporated into lysosomes, and released basally towards the blood plasma and circulating hemocytes. However, particulate metal uptake is mainly achieved via the digestive tract by endocytosis; further metals are transferred first to lysosomes and then to residual bodies, especially in the digestive cells of the digestive gland. Additionally, metals can be accumulated selectively in specific cell types. As ligands pools differ from cell to cell, different metals may be retained in different cell types. Class "a" metals are localized in cells with granules composed of carbonate, oxalate, phosphate, and sulfate (oxygen donors), whereas "b" metals are associated with those cell types rich in sulfur and nitrogen ligands (sulfur donors). In molluscs, oxygen donors occur in connective tissue calcium cells and basophilic cells, whereas sulfur donors are present in digestive cells, podocytes, nephrocytes, and rhogocytes. Hemocytes, which constitute the most relevant system for metal transport between tissues, move around the body and may penetrate tissues and remove metals from the inner medium to be accumulated in lysosomes as nondigested products. Rhogocytes also participate in metal mobilization, accumulation, and release. The assessment of metal levels in target cells of sentinel molluscs by microscopic techniques provides an early-warning measure, with promising applications as an exposure biomarker for environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionan Marigómez
- Zoologia eta Animali Zelulen Dinamika Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain.
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Markl J, Decker H. Molecular Structure of the Arthropod Hemocyanins. BLOOD AND TISSUE OXYGEN CARRIERS 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-76418-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Markl J, Nour el Din M, Winter-Simanowski S, Simanowski UA. Specific IgG activity of sera from Egyptian schistosomiasis patients to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1991; 78:30-1. [PMID: 1902554 DOI: 10.1007/bf01134040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Markl
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Würzburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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Miksys SL, Saleuddin ASM. Ferritin in mantle pore cells and its role in reproduction ofHelisoma duryi (mollusca: Pulmonata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402420110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jones GW, Bowen ID. The fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in pore cells of embryonic and newly hatched Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Cell Tissue Res 1979; 204:253-65. [PMID: 535030 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the pore cells in pre- and post-hatched Deroceras reticulatum is described. The cells have been divided into three main types on morphological grounds, one type being particulary rich in glycogen. Certain pore cells contain haemocyanin granules in grooves below cytoplasmic tongues, and in characteristic double-membrane-bounded vesicles within dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as in other identified areas. All types of pore cells show fine fibres reminiscent of collagen associated with the basal lamina and pore complexes. In addition to acid phosphatase activity in lysosomes and Golgi elements, intra- and extracisternal activity has been demonstrated in association with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The intracisternal activity is in close proximity to the Golgi apparatus and may represent enzyme that is about to enter the GERL system. Extracisternal activity may be associated with cellular lysis and death, or may represent local areas of degradation leading to cytodifferentiation. Remnants of lysed pore cells appear to be taken up by connective tissue amoebocytes.
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Schindelmeiser I, Kuhlmann D, Nolte A. Localization and characterization of hemoproteins in the central nervous tissue of some gastropods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Extracellular hemoglobin of the clam, Cardita borealis (conrad): An unusual polymeric hemoglobin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bergtrom G, Robinson JM. Ultrastructural localization of the site of hemoglobin synthesis in Chironomus thummi (Diptera). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 60:395-405. [PMID: 894782 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Michelson EH, Richards CS. Neoplasms and tumor-like growths in the aquatic pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 266:411-25. [PMID: 1072602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sminia T, Boer HH. Haemocyanin production in pore cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 145:443-5. [PMID: 4772597 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Die blutdr�se der doridoidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) als ort m�glicher h�mocyanin-synthese. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00298625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Jong-Brink M. The effects of desiccation and starvation upon the weight, histology and ultrastructure of the reproductive tract of Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 136:229-62. [PMID: 4346561 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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