1
|
Yanus GA, Suspitsin EN, Imyanitov EN. The Spectrum of Disease-Associated Alleles in Countries with a Predominantly Slavic Population. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9335. [PMID: 39273284 PMCID: PMC11394759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There are more than 260 million people of Slavic descent worldwide, who reside mainly in Eastern Europe but also represent a noticeable share of the population in the USA and Canada. Slavic populations, particularly Eastern Slavs and some Western Slavs, demonstrate a surprisingly high degree of genetic homogeneity, and, consequently, remarkable contribution of recurrent alleles associated with hereditary diseases. Along with pan-European pathogenic variants with clearly elevated occurrence in Slavic people (e.g., ATP7B c.3207C>A and PAH c.1222C>T), there are at least 52 pan-Slavic germ-line mutations (e.g., NBN c.657_661del and BRCA1 c.5266dupC) as well as several disease-predisposing alleles characteristic of the particular Slavic communities (e.g., Polish SDHD c.33C>A and Russian ARSB c.1562G>A variants). From a clinical standpoint, Slavs have some features of a huge founder population, thus providing a unique opportunity for efficient genetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grigoriy A Yanus
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Suspitsin
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Mattei F, Ferrandes F, Gallone S, Canosa A, Calvo A, Chiò A, Vasta R. Epidemiology of Spinocerebellar Ataxias in Europe. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1176-1183. [PMID: 37698771 PMCID: PMC11102384 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogenous group of rare neurodegenerative conditions sharing an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. More than 40 SCAs have been genetically determined. However, a systematic review of SCA epidemiology in Europe is still missing. Here we performed a narrative review of the literature on the epidemiology of the most common SCAs in Europe. PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE were searched from inception until 1 April 2023. All English peer-reviewed articles published were considered and then filtered by abstract examination and subsequently by full text reading. A total of 917 original articles were retrieved. According to the inclusion criteria and after reviewing references for useful papers, a total of 35 articles were included in the review. Overall, SCA3 is the most frequent spinocerebellar ataxia in Europe. Its frequency is strikingly higher in Portugal, followed by Germany, France, and Netherlands. None or few cases were described in Italy, Russia, Poland, Serbia, Finland, and Norway. SCA1 and SCA2 globally displayed similar frequencies, and are more prevalent in Italy, United Kingdom, Poland, Serbia, and France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo De Mattei
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferrandes
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Gallone
- Neurology 1, AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Canosa
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neurology 1, AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neurology 1, AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neurology 1, AOU Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Vasta
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soloveva EV, Skleimova MM, Minaycheva LI, Garaeva AF, Zhigalina DI, Churkin EO, Okkel YV, Timofeeva OS, Petrov IA, Seitova GN, Lebedev IN, Stepanov VA. PGT-M for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1: development of a STR panel and a report of two clinical cases. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:1273-1283. [PMID: 38578603 PMCID: PMC11143087 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-024-03105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the developed preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) and the outcomes of IVF with PGT. METHODS PGT was performed for two unrelated couples from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with the risk of SCA1 in one spouse. We have developed a system for PGT of a monogenic disease (PGT-M) for SCA1, which includes the analysis of a panel of 11 polymorphic STR markers linked to the ATXN1 gene and a pathogenic variant of the ATXN1 gene using nested PCR and fragment analysis. IVF/ICSI programs were performed according to standard protocols. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) was used for whole genome amplification (WGA) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) for aneuploidy testing (PGT-A). RESULTS Eight STRs were informative for the first couple and ten for the second. Similarity of the haplotypes carrying pathogenic variants of the ATXN1 gene was noted. In the first case, during IVF/ICSI-PGT, three embryos reached the blastocyst stage and were biopsied. One embryo was diagnosed as normal by maternal STR haplotype and the ATXN1 allele. PGT-A revealed euploidy. The embryo transfer resulted in a singleton pregnancy, and a healthy boy was born. Postnatal diagnosis confirmed normal ATXN1. In the second case, two blastocysts were biopsied. Both were diagnosed as normal by PGT-M, but PGT-A revealed aneuploidy. CONCLUSION Birth of a healthy child after PGT for SCA1 was the first case of successful preimplantation prevention of SCA1 for the Yakut couple and the first case of successful PGT for SCA1 in Russia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Soloveva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Maria M Skleimova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Larisa I Minaycheva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna F Garaeva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Daria I Zhigalina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Egor O Churkin
- ART Center of the Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia V Okkel
- ART Center of the Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oksana S Timofeeva
- ART Center of the Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ilya A Petrov
- ART Center of the Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Gulnara N Seitova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Igor N Lebedev
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vadim A Stepanov
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Targeting mGlu1 Receptors in the Treatment of Motor and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Mice Modeling Type 1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233916. [PMID: 36497172 PMCID: PMC9738505 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA1) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment to date. Using mice modeling SCA1, it has been demonstrated that a drug that amplifies mGlu1 receptor activation (mGlu1 receptor PAM, Ro0711401) improves motor coordination without the development of tolerance when cerebellar dysfunction manifests (i.e., in 30-week-old heterozygous ataxin-1 [154Q/2Q] transgenic mice). SCA1 is also associated with cognitive dysfunction, which may precede cerebellar motor signs. Here, we report that otherwise healthy, 8-week-old SCA1 mice showed a defect in spatial learning and memory associated with reduced protein levels of mGlu1α receptors, the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors, and cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the hippocampus. Systemic treatment with Ro0711401 (10 mg/kg, s.c.) partially corrected the learning deficit in the Morris water maze and restored memory retention in the SCA1 mice model. This treatment also enhanced hippocampal levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide, without changing the levels of 2-arachidonylglycerol. These findings suggest that mGlu1 receptor PAMs may be beneficial in the treatment of motor and nonmotor signs associated with SCA1 and encourage further studies in animal models of SCA1 and other types of SCAs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Orlov IE, Laidus TA, Tumakova AV, Yanus GA, Iyevleva AG, Sokolenko AP, Bizin IV, Imyanitov EN, Suspitsin EN. Identification of recurrent pathogenic alleles using exome sequencing data: Proof-of-concept study of Russian subjects. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104426. [PMID: 35026467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) is a powerful tool for the cataloguing of population-specific genetic diseases. Within this proof-of-concept study we evaluated whether analysis of a small number of individual exomes is capable of identifying recurrent pathogenic alleles. We considered 106 exomes of subjects of Russian origin and revealed 13 genetic variants, which occurred more than twice and fulfilled the criteria for pathogenicity. All these alleles turned out to be indeed recurrent, as revealed by the analysis of 1045 healthy Russian donors. Eight of these variants (NAGA c.973G > A, ACADM c.985 A > C, MPO c.2031-2 A > C, SLC3A1 c.1400 T > C, LRP2 c.6160G > A, BCHE c.293 A > G, MPO c.752 T > C, FCN3 c.349delC) are non-Russian-specific, as their high prevalence was previously demonstrated in other European populations. The remaining five disease-associated alleles appear to be characteristic for subjects of Russian origin and include CLCN1 c.2680C > T (myotonia congenita), DHCR7 c.453G > A (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome), NUP93 c.1162C > T (steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, type 12), SLC26A2 c.1957T > A (multiple epiphyseal dysplasia) and EIF3F c.694 T > G (mental retardation). These recessive disease conditions may be of particular relevance for the Russian Federation and other countries with significant Slavic population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E Orlov
- St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia.
| | - Tatiana A Laidus
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | | | - Grigoriy A Yanus
- St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia; N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Aglaya G Iyevleva
- St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia; N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Anna P Sokolenko
- St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia; N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Ilya V Bizin
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia; N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 191015, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Suspitsin
- St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia; N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Asher M, Rosa JG, Rainwater O, Duvick L, Bennyworth M, Lai RY, Kuo SH, Cvetanovic M. Cerebellar contribution to the cognitive alterations in SCA1: evidence from mouse models. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:117-131. [PMID: 31696233 PMCID: PMC8216071 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal expansion of glutamine (Q) encoding CAG repeats in the gene Ataxin-1 (ATXN1). Although motor and balance deficits are the core symptoms of SCA1, cognitive decline is also commonly observed in patients. While mutant ATXN1 is expressed throughout the brain, pathological findings reveal severe atrophy of cerebellar cortex in SCA1 patients. The cerebellum has recently been implicated in diverse cognitive functions, yet to what extent cerebellar neurodegeneration contributes to cognitive alterations in SCA1 remains poorly understood. Much of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of motor symptoms in SCA1 comes from mouse models. Reasoning that mouse models could similarly offer important insights into the mechanisms of cognitive alterations in SCA1, we tested cognition in several mouse lines using Barnes maze and fear conditioning. We confirmed cognitive deficits in Atxn1154Q/2Q knock-in mice with brain-wide expression of mutant ATXN1 and in ATXN1 null mice. We found that shorter polyQ length and haploinsufficiency of ATXN1 do not cause significant cognitive deficits. Finally, ATXN1[82Q ] transgenic mice-with cerebellum limited expression of mutant ATXN1-demonstrated milder impairment in most aspects of cognition compared to Atxn1154Q/2Q mice, supporting the concept that cognitive deficits in SCA1 arise from a combination of cerebellar and extra-cerebellar dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Asher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Juao-Guilherme Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Orion Rainwater
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lisa Duvick
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael Bennyworth
- Mouse Behavior Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455 NY 10032-3784, USA
| | - Ruo-Yah Lai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
| | - CRC-SCA
- Clinical Research Consortium for Spinocerebellar Ataxia (CRC-SCA)#
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Mouse Behavior Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455 NY 10032-3784, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martins Junior CR, Borba FCD, Martinez ARM, Rezende TJRD, Cendes IL, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OGP, França Júnior MC. Twenty-five years since the identification of the first SCA gene: history, clinical features and perspectives for SCA1. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 76:555-562. [PMID: 30231129 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of monogenic diseases that share ataxia and autosomal dominant inheritance as the core features. An important proportion of SCAs are caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansions in the coding region of different genes. In addition to genetic heterogeneity, clinical features transcend motor symptoms, including cognitive, electrophysiological and imaging aspects. Despite all the progress in the past 25 years, the mechanisms that determine how neuronal death is mediated by these unstable expansions are still unclear. The aim of this article is to review, from an historical point of view, the first CAG-related ataxia to be genetically described: SCA 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrício Castro de Borba
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Iscia Lopes Cendes
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Genética Médica, Campinas SP, Brasil
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unidade de Ataxia, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Origins and Spread of Machado-Joseph Disease Ancestral Mutations Events. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:243-254. [PMID: 29427107 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is the most common autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia reported worldwide, but it shows marked geographic differences in prevalence. The study of ancestral origins and spreading routes of MJD mutational events has contributed to explain such differences. During human evolution, at least two independent de novo MJD expansions occurred in distinct haplotype backgrounds: TTACAC and GTGGCA (named Joseph and Machado lineages). The most ancient Joseph lineage, probably of Asian origin, has been introduced recently in Europe, where founder effects are responsible for the high MJD prevalence, as occurs in the Portuguese/Azorean island of Flores and Northeastern mainland. The Machado lineage is geographically more restricted, with most known families in Portugal (island of São Miguel and along the Tagus valley). The hypothesis of other mutational origins has been raised, namely to explain the disease among Australian aborigines; however, a comprehensive haplotype study suggested the introduction of the Joseph lineage in that community via Asia. Also, additional SNP-based haplotypes (TTAGAC, TTGGAC and GTGCCA) were observed in other MJD families, but phylogenetic analysis with more polymorphic flanking markers did not point to independent mutational events, reinforcing the hypothesis of a very low mutation rate underlying this repeat expansion locus.
Collapse
|
9
|
Krysa W, Sulek A, Rakowicz M, Szirkowiec W, Zaremba J. High relative frequency of SCA1 in Poland reflecting a potential founder effect. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:1319-25. [PMID: 27193757 PMCID: PMC4956719 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) have irregular distributions worldwide. SCA1 is the most frequent in Poland, and no cases of SCA3 of Polish origin has yet been identified. In view of such patterns of SCAs occurrence, the relative frequency, geographical distribution and a possible founder effect of SCA1 were investigated. DNA samples of 134 probands with SCA1 and 228 controls were analysed. The genotyping of four markers, D6S89, D6S109, D6S274, D6S288, around the ATXN1 gene (SCA1) and sequencing of the selected variant of D6S89 were performed. The relative frequency of SCA1 was 68 %. The studied SCA1 pedigrees were irregularly distributed, with the highest concentration in Central Poland. Haplotyping revealed the association of ATXN1 gene mutation with a 197-bp variant of D6S89 marker (63 % of probands) and with a 184-bp variant of DS6274 (50.7 % of probands). Out of 61 SCA1 probands from Mazowieckie, 41 carried the same 197-bp variant. SCA1 relative frequency in Poland shows the highest value compared with the data from other countries worldwide. Due to the association with the mutation obtained for the investigated markers and the SCA1 pedigrees concentration in Central Poland, we hypothesise that it represents a potential founder effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Krysa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9 Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Sulek
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9 Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Rakowicz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Walentyna Szirkowiec
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9 Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Zaremba
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9 Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumaran D, Balagopal K, Tharmaraj RGA, Aaron S, George K, Muliyil J, Sivadasan A, Danda S, Alexander M, Hasan G. Genetic characterization of Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 in a South Indian cohort. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:114. [PMID: 25344417 PMCID: PMC4411758 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-014-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a late onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, caused by CAG triplet repeat expansion in the ATXN1 gene. The frequency of SCA1 occurrence is more in Southern India than in other regions as observed from hospital-based studies. However there are no reports on variability of CAG repeat expansion, phenotype-genotype association and founder mutations in a homogenous population from India. Methods Genomic DNA isolated from buccal mouthwash of the individuals in the cohort was used for PCR-based diagnosis of SCA1. Subsequently SNP’s found within the ATXN1 loci were identified by Taqman allelic discrimination assays. Significance testing of the genotype-phenotype associations was calculated by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test with post-hoc Dunnett’s test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results By genetic analysis of an affected population in Southern India we identified 21 pre-symptomatic individuals including four that were well past the average age of disease onset of 44 years, 16 symptomatic and 63 normal individuals. All pre-symptomatic cases harbor “pure” expansions of greater than 40 CAGs. Genotyping to test for the presence of two previously identified SNPs showed a founder effect of the same repeat carrying allele as in the general Indian population. We show that SCA1 disease onset is significantly delayed when transmission of the disease is maternal. Conclusions Our finding of early disease onset in individuals with a paternally inherited allele could serve as valuable information for clinicians towards early detection of SCA1 in patients with affected fathers. Identification of older pre-symptomatic individuals (n = 4) in our cohort among individuals with a shared genetic and environmental background, suggests that second site genetic or epigenetic modifiers might significantly affect SCA1 disease progression. Moreover, such undetected SCA1 cases could underscore the true prevalence of SCA1 in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Kumaran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. .,Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Krishnan Balagopal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Sanjith Aaron
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kuryan George
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jayaprakash Muliyil
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ajith Sivadasan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mathew Alexander
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sequeiros J, Martins S, Silveira I. Epidemiology and population genetics of degenerative ataxias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:227-51. [PMID: 21827892 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sequeiros
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Donato SD, Mariotti C, Taroni F. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:399-421. [PMID: 21827903 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one out of nine polyglutamine diseases, a group of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases present only in humans. SCA1, the first autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) to be genetically characterized, is caused by the expansion of a CAG triplet repeat located in the N-terminal coding region of the disease-causing gene ATX1 located on chromosome 6p23: the mutation results in the production of a mutant protein, dubbed ataxin-1, with a longer-than-normal polyglutamine stretch. The predominant effect of the mutation is thought to be a toxic gain-of-function of the aberrant protein, and longer expansions are associated with earlier onset and more severe disease in subsequent generations. The most common presentation of SCA1 is dominant ataxia 'plus', characterized by cerebellar dysfunctions variably associated with slow saccades, ophthalmoplegia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal features, mild to moderate dementia, amyotrophy, and peripheral neuropathy. Its diagnostic pathological feature is olivopontocerebellar atrophy and degeneration predominantly affects the Purkinje cells and the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. Pathogenesis is mainly attributed to the toxic effect of mutant ataxin-1, which localizes into the nucleus and, through restricted and aberrant protein-protein interactions, causes putative dysfunctional gene transcription in target cells which leads to late-onset cell dysfunction and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Donato
- UO Biochimica e Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sułek-Piątkowska A, Zdzienicka E, Rakowicz M, Krysa W, Rajkiewicz M, Szirkowiec W, Zaremba J. The occurrence of spinocerebellar ataxias caused by dynamic mutations in Polish patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Watanabe H, Tanaka F, Matsumoto M, Doyu M, Ando T, Mitsuma T, Sobue G. Frequency analysis of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias in Japanese patients and clinical characterization of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Clin Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Dragasević NT, Culjković B, Klein C, Ristić A, Keckarević M, Topisirović I, Vukosavić S, Svetel M, Kock N, Stefanova E, Romac S, Kostić VS. Frequency analysis and clinical characterization of different types of spinocerebellar ataxia in Serbian patients. Mov Disord 2006; 21:187-91. [PMID: 16149098 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative frequencies of different spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) vary widely among different ethnic groups, presumably due to a founder effect. We investigated the relative prevalence of SCA1-3, 6-8, 12, 17; dentate-rubro-pallidoluysian atrophy; and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) in Serbian patients with adult-onset (>20 years of age) hereditary and sporadic SCAs, and compared clinical features of patients with genetically confirmed SCAs. A total of 108 patients from 54 families (38 apparently dominant [ADCA] and 16 apparently recessive) with adult-onset hereditary ataxia and 75 apparently sporadic patients were assessed. Of 38 families with ADCA, 13 (34%) were positive for an expansion in an SCA1 and 5 families (13%) for an expansion in an SCA2 allele. In 20 families (53%), no expansions have been identified in any of the analyzed genes. Gaze palsy, spasticity, and hyperreflexia were significantly more common in SCA1, whereas slow saccades, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, and dystonia prevailed in SCA2 patients. Among the 16 families with an apparently recessive mode of ataxia inheritance, 4 (25%) were identified as having the FRDA mutation. Ataxia-causing mutations were identified in 8 (10.6%) of patients with apparently sporadic adult-onset ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa T Dragasević
- Institute of Neurology CCS, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mittal U, Sharma S, Chopra R, Dheeraj K, Pal PK, Srivastava AK, Mukerji M. Insights into the mutational history and prevalence of SCA1 in the Indian population through anchored polymorphisms. Hum Genet 2005; 118:107-14. [PMID: 16133185 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a wide variation in prevalence of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) in different populations. In the present study, we observed SCA1 in approximately 22% (37/167 families) of the autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) in the Indian population. We investigated the role of various genetic factors like repeat length, interruption pattern and chromosomal background in predisposing the repeats to instability in these families. We analyzed 12 markers (9 SNPs and 3 microsatellite markers) and found 3 of them, spanning a region of approximately 65 kbp to be linked with the disease locus in the Indian population. The haplotype C-4-C defined by rs1476464 (SNP9)-D6S288-rs2075974 (SNP1), which was extremely rare in nonaffected chromosomes (approximately 3%), was observed to be significantly (P<0.0000) associated with the expanded chromosomes in approximately 44% of SCA1 families. This haplotype was found in all nonhuman primates. SNP1 (C/T), which showed a skewed allelic distribution between large (LN > 30 repeats) and small normal (SN <or= 30 repeats) alleles (P<0.0000) had similar allelic distribution (P=0.3477) in LN and expanded alleles. Our study suggested that LN and expanded chromosomes linked with the ancestral C allele of SNP1 might have originated simultaneously during evolution by the lengthening of repeats. The LN alleles might have accumulated repeat stabilizing non-CAG interruptions during this process. Similar proportions of T allele in SN with single interruptions, LN and expanded chromosomes lend credence to the origin of expanded alleles from singly-interrupted chromosomes. Our analyses using markers linked (anchoring) to SCA1 suggest that prevalence of SCA1 is correlated to both repeat length and number of interruptions in the Indian population. The spectrum of these alleles also points toward the antiquity of SCA1 mutation in the Indian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Mittal
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sobczak K, Krzyzosiak WJ. Patterns of CAG repeat interruptions in SCA1 and SCA2 genes in relation to repeat instability. Hum Mutat 2005; 24:236-47. [PMID: 15300851 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
About 3% of the human genome is composed of simple sequence repeats and many of these sequences occur within genes. These repeats are often polymorphic in a normal population and their expansion in specific genes leads to a number of hereditary neurological diseases. Normal variants of disease-related genes contain either pure or interrupted repeats, and the postulated function of the interruptions is to prevent repeat expansions. Their structural role in the repeat tracts of genes and transcripts awaits detailed characterization. In this study, we have determined the SCA1 and SCA2 genotypes in a Polish population and found significant differences in allele spectra and frequencies from those reported for other populations. They are discussed in relation to the repeat expansion mechanism and disease incidence. We postulate that the dynamic mutation of the genes SCA1 (also ATX1 or ataxin 1) and SCA2 (also ATX2 or ataxin 2) may begin from the expansion of long pure repeat tracts without the prior loss of interruptions. A simple way of cost-effective allelotyping of CAG repeat regions in the SCA1 and SCA2genes is also shown. The reliable SSCP/duplex analysis presented here may be the method of choice for the systematic searching of genes for known and novel interrupted repeats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sobczak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bryer A, Krause A, Bill P, Davids V, Bryant D, Butler J, Heckmann J, Ramesar R, Greenberg J. The hereditary adult-onset ataxias in South Africa. J Neurol Sci 2004; 216:47-54. [PMID: 14607302 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is little data on the spectrum and frequencies of the autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) from the African continent. We undertook a large prospective population-based study over a 10-year period in South Africa (SA). Affected persons were clinically evaluated, and the molecular analysis for the SCA1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 expansions was undertaken. Of the 54 SA families with dominant ataxia, SCA1 accounted for 40.7%, SCA2 for 13%, SCA3 for 3.7%, SCA6 for 1.9%, SCA7 for 22.2% and 18.5% were negative for all these mutations. The frequency of the SCA1 and SCA7 expansions in SA represents one of the highest frequencies for these expansions reported in any country. In this study, the SCA7 mutations have only been found in SA families of Black ethnic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bryer
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chakravarty A, Mukherjee SC. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias in ethnic Bengalees in West Bengal - an Eastern Indian state. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105:202-8. [PMID: 11886365 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.1o054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic and genotypic patterns of a hereditary disease in a large multiethnic country like India need to be studied in relation to geographical location and ethnicity of the population. The few reported studies from India on dominant ataxias (ADCA) have mostly been conducted on multiethnic populations and hence may not reflect the patterns observed in specific ethnic groups or geographical locations. The present study attempted to look into the patterns of ADCA amongst ethnic Bengalee patients hailing from the eastern Indian state of West Bengal. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between mid-1996 and mid-2000, in a clinic based study, 37 cases (from 14 families) with ADCA were studied. This included 33 affected and four asymptomatic members with abnormal physical signs. Genotypic analyses were performed on more than one affected member from each family. Clinical, neuroradiological and electrophysiological aspects were studied. OBSERVATIONS Genotype analysis revealed: two families with SCA-1,4 families with SCA2,5 families with SCA3 and three families with undetermined genotype. Of the latter, phenotypically 2 were of ADCA 1 and one of ADCA 2 type. No clear preponderance of one particular genotype over another was observed. We noted significant intra- and interfamily variations in phenotype within the same genotype form as well as overlapping of clinical signs between different genotypes. Slow saccadic eye movements and peripheral neuropathy were not seen consistently in our ethnic Bengalee subjects with SCA2 genotypes. Similarly, extrapyramidal features, ophthalmoplegias and distal amyotrophy were seen in some but not in all families with SCA3 mutation. A peculiar form of abduction lag during slow pursuit movement of eyes was observed in an asymptomatic girl in an SCA3 family. CONCLUSIONS Although SCA2 has been claimed to be the commonest form of ADCA in India, this does not appear to be so in our ethnic Bengalee subjects. Phenotypic expression of the genotype also appears to be variable amongst families and individuals. Hence, phenotypic expression appears to be an inconsistent marker of the SCA genotype in our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chakravarty
- Division of Neurology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Calcutta, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Takano H, Cancel G, Ikeuchi T, Lorenzetti D, Mawad R, Stevanin G, Didierjean O, Dürr A, Oyake M, Shimohata T, Sasaki R, Koide R, Igarashi S, Hayashi S, Takiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Tanaka H, Zoghbi H, Brice A, Tsuji S. Close associations between prevalences of dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias with CAG-repeat expansions and frequencies of large normal CAG alleles in Japanese and Caucasian populations. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:1060-6. [PMID: 9758625 PMCID: PMC1377499 DOI: 10.1086/302067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the frequencies of normal alleles (ANs) with a relatively large number of CAG repeats (large ANs) are related to the prevalences of the dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs)-SCA types 1, 2, 3 (Machado-Joseph disease), 6, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA)-we investigated the relative prevalences of these diseases in 202 Japanese and 177 Caucasian families and distributions of the number of CAG repeats of ANs at these disease loci in normal individuals in each population. The relative prevalences of SCA1 and SCA2 were significantly higher in Caucasian pedigrees (15% and 14%, respectively) than in Japanese pedigrees (3% and 5%, respectively), corresponding to the observation that the frequencies of large ANs of SCA1 (alleles >30 repeats) and of SCA2 (alleles >22 repeats) were significantly higher in Caucasians than in Japanese. The relative prevalences of MJD/SCA3, SCA6, and DRPLA were significantly higher in Japanese pedigrees (43%, 11%, and 20%, respectively) than in Caucasian pedigrees (30%, 5%, and 0%, respectively), corresponding to the observation that the frequencies of large ANs of MJD/SCA3 (>27 repeats), SCA6 (>13 repeats), and DRPLA (>17 repeats) were significantly higher in Japanese than in Caucasians. The close correlations of the relative prevalences of the dominant SCAs with the distributions of large ANs strongly support the assumption that large ANs contribute to generation of expanded alleles (AEs) and the relative prevalences of the dominant SCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Takano
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|