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Li Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Chen Z, Guan G, Niu Q, Zhang X, Luo J, Yin H. Infection of small ruminants and their red blood cells with Theileria annulata schizonts. Exp Parasitol 2013; 137:21-4. [PMID: 24316464 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata, the causative agent of tropical theileriosis, is a protozoan parasite that also causes lymphoproliferative diseases in cattle. In vivo, parasitized cells undergo clonal expansion and infiltrate both the lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of the infected host. To determine whether the small ruminants and their red blood cells (RBCs) were invaded by T. annulata schizonts or not, T. annulata schizonts were used to infect bovine, ovine and caprine RBCs in vitro, and sheep and goats in vivo. The results showed that the schizonts infected bovine, ovine and caprine RBCs in vitro, but not sheep and goats, which showed only an increase in body temperature and no development of piroplasms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of small ruminants and their RBCs by T. annulata schizonts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
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3
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Schneider I, Haller D, Seitzer U, Beyer D, Ahmed JS. Molecular genetic characterization and subcellular localization of a putative Theileria annulata membrane protein. Parasitol Res 2004; 94:405-15. [PMID: 15490238 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Theileria annulata protein (TaD) exhibiting an N-terminal signal sequence for endoplasmic reticulum membrane translocation and a conserved cysteine-rich region was isolated by screening the mRNA of a T. annulata-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell line with degenerated primers directed against T. annulata-targeting sequences. The TaD-coding sequence was found to be most closely related to the genomic DNA sequence of T. parva (TIGR database, 72%) and the amino acid sequence of Plasmodium falciparum (41%), P. yoelii yoelii (38%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (36%). The TaD mRNA is expressed within the sporozoite, schizont and merozoite stages of the parasite, implying that it is constitutively transcribed throughout the parasite's life cycle. Allelic variants were found between isolates originating from different geographical regions, however not affecting conserved cysteines. The open reading frame encoded a protein of 19.5 kDa and non-reducing SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated a homodimeric protein. Using confocal microscopy, the protein was found to be both located in the parasite cytoplasm and to colocalize with a transmembrane protein of the schizonts within infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Schneider
- Division of Veterinary Infectiology and Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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5
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Schnittger L, Hollmann C, Diemer U, Boguslawski K, Ahmed JS. Proliferation and cytokine profile of T. annulata-infected ovine, caprine, and bovine lymphoblastoid cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 916:676-80. [PMID: 11193699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T. annulata, the causative agent of tropical theileriosis in cattle, can also infect ovine and caprine leukocytes in vitro. In vivo studies showed that this parasite causes a mild infection in both these animal species, and in sheep merozoite stage development seems to be inhibited. Since the nature of T. annulata infected caprine and ovine cells is not known, all three cell lines were karyotyped and phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry. They all express mRNA of cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, but not of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4. In contrast, IL-6 mRNA was expressed in the cattle cell line only, while mRNA of IL-10 was exclusively produced by the sheep cell line. The observed differences in cytokine mRNA expression may be responsible for the different pathogenesis of T. annulata infection in cattle and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schnittger
- Forschungszentrum Borstel Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus Theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. The parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells. The piroplasms are transmitted by ixodid ticks and are capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrate hosts which are competent in maintaining the transmission cycle. Studies involving animal hosts other than humans have contributed significantly to our understanding of the disease process, including possible pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and immunological responses of the host. To date, there are several species of Babesia that can infect humans, Babesia microti being the most prevalent. Infections with Babesia species generally follow regional distributions; cases in the United States are caused primarily by B. microti, whereas cases in Europe are usually caused by Babesia divergens. The spectrum of disease manifestation is broad, ranging from a silent infection to a fulminant, malaria-like disease, resulting in severe hemolysis and occasionally in death. Recent advances have resulted in the development of several diagnostic tests which have increased the level of sensitivity in detection, thereby facilitating diagnosis, expediting appropriate patient management, and resulting in a more accurate epidemiological description.
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Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus Theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. The parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells. The piroplasms are transmitted by ixodid ticks and are capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrate hosts which are competent in maintaining the transmission cycle. Studies involving animal hosts other than humans have contributed significantly to our understanding of the disease process, including possible pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and immunological responses of the host. To date, there are several species of Babesia that can infect humans, Babesia microti being the most prevalent. Infections with Babesia species generally follow regional distributions; cases in the United States are caused primarily by B. microti, whereas cases in Europe are usually caused by Babesia divergens. The spectrum of disease manifestation is broad, ranging from a silent infection to a fulminant, malaria-like disease, resulting in severe hemolysis and occasionally in death. Recent advances have resulted in the development of several diagnostic tests which have increased the level of sensitivity in detection, thereby facilitating diagnosis, expediting appropriate patient management, and resulting in a more accurate epidemiological description.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Homer
- Corixa Corporation and The Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Leemans I, Brown D, Hooshmand-Rad P, Kirvar E, Uggla A. Infectivity and cross-immunity studies of Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria annulata in sheep and cattle: I. In vivo responses. Vet Parasitol 1999; 82:179-92. [PMID: 10348097 PMCID: PMC7131390 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a series of experiments, sporozoite stabilates of a Theileria lestoquardi (Lahr) and a T. annulata (Ankara) stock prepared from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks, were used to examine the infectivity of both parasite species for sheep and cattle and to study the development of cross-immunity between these parasite species. In the first experiment sheep and cattle were inoculated with T. lestoquardi sporozoites. Surviving animals and naive sheep and cattle were, in the second experiment, inoculated with T. annulata. In the third experiment, naive sheep and sheep previously infected with T. annulata, were inoculated with T. lestoquardi. The following responses to inoculations were monitored: clinical and haematological signs of infection, appearance of parasitic stages of the parasites in lymph node biopsies and in peripheral blood and serological response to T. lestoquardi and T. annulata schizont antigens. While T. lestoquardi readily infected sheep and caused severe disease, it did not infect cattle. On the other hand, T. annulata infected both cattle and sheep. However, whereas cattle became severely affected, infected sheep showed mild clinical symptoms only and piroplasms did not develop. Despite their different behaviour in the host species examined, cross-immunity studies suggested that the parasite species are very closely related. Experiments in sheep indicated that T. lestoquardi infection protected against subsequent T. annulata infection. On the other hand, recovery from T. annulata infection did not prevent infection by sporozoites of T. lestoquardi, resulting in the establishment of schizonts and their subsequent development into piroplasms, although it protected against the major clinical effects of T. lestoquardi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leemans
- Department of Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala.
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Brown CG, Ilhan T, Kirvar E, Thomas M, Wilkie G, Leemans I, Hooshmand-Rad P. Theileria lestoquardi and T. annulata in cattle, sheep, and goats. In vitro and in vivo studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 849:44-51. [PMID: 9668448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata, causing bovine tropical theileriosis, and T. lestoquardi (syn T. hirci), the agent of malignant ovine theileriosis, are both transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Their distribution is thus very similar and, should these parasites infect more than one ruminant species, the difficulty in interpreting epidemiological studies is magnified considerably. A pilot series of experiments was thus conducted in which cattle, sheep and goats were infected with sporozoites of a single stock of each of T. annulata and T. lestoquardi from a laboratory colony of H.a.anatolicum. Reciprocal cross-immunity and serological studies and in vitro culture isolations in mononuclear cells of each ruminant species illustrated both the similarity of these organisms and their differences. The importance of these findings in discriminating parasites in epidemiological studies and the control of these diseases with cell culture vaccines is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Brown
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK.
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