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Bustos-Segura C, Godschalx AL, Malacari L, Deiss F, Rasmann S, Ballhorn DJ, Benrey B. Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27815. [PMID: 38524601 PMCID: PMC10957422 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms associated with plant roots significantly impact the quality and quantity of plant defences. However, the bottom-up effects of soil microbes on the aboveground multitrophic interactions remain largely under studied. To address this gap, we investigated the chemically-mediated effects of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on legume-herbivore-parasitoid multitrophic interactions. To address this, we initially examined the cascading effects of the rhizobia bean association on herbivore caterpillars, their parasitoids, and subsequently investigated how rhizobia influence on plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Our goal was to understand how these plant-mediated effects can affect parasitoids. Lima bean plants (Phaseoulus lunatus) inoculated with rhizobia exhibited better growth, and the number of root nodules positively correlated with defensive cyanogenic compounds. Despite increase of these chemical defences, Spodoptera latifascia caterpillars preferred to feed and grew faster on rhizobia-inoculated plants. Moreover, the emission of plant volatiles after leaf damage showed distinct patterns between inoculation treatments, with inoculated plants producing more sesquiterpenes and benzyl nitrile than non-inoculated plants. Despite these differences, Euplectrus platyhypenae parasitoid wasps were similarly attracted to rhizobia- or no rhizobia-treated plants. Yet, the oviposition and offspring development of E. platyhypenae was better on caterpillars fed with rhizobia-inoculated plants. We additionally show that rhizobia-inoculated common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) produced more extrafloral nectar, with higher hydrocarbon concentration, than non-inoculated plants. Consequently, parasitoids performed better when fed with extrafloral nectar from rhizobia-inoculated plants. While the overall effects of bean-rhizobia symbiosis on caterpillars were positive, rhizobia also indirectly benefited parasitoids through the caterpillar host, and directly through the improved production of high quality extrafloral nectar. This study underscores the importance of exploring diverse facets and chemical mechanisms that influence the dynamics between herbivores and predators. This knowledge is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of rhizobia symbiosis on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation et L'Environnement, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris-Est-Créteil-Val-de-Marne, Université Paris Cité, Institut D’Ecologie et des Sciences de L’Environnement de Paris, Versailles, 78026, France
| | - Adrienne L. Godschalx
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Malacari
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Deiss
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Masier S, Taudière A, Roy LJM, Carrasco D, Barnagaud JY, Planchon C, Soulié AS, Sleeckx N, Roy L. High-throughput behavioral phenotyping of tiny arthropods: Chemosensory traits in a mesostigmatic hematophagous mite. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:46-62. [PMID: 36052497 PMCID: PMC10087610 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pest management using attractive and/or repellent semiochemicals is a key alternative to synthetic insecticides. Its implementation requires a good understanding of the intra- and interspecific chemical interactions of arthropod pests, their interactions with their abiotic environment, as well as their evolutionary dynamics. Although mites include many pest species and biocontrol agents of economic importance in agriculture, their chemical ecology is largely understudied compared to insects. We developed a high-throughput ethomics system to analyze these small arthropods and conducted a study on Dermanyssus gallinae, a problematic poultry parasite in the egg industry. Our purpose was to elucidate the role played by host-derived odorants (synthetic kairomone) and conspecific odorants (mite body odors) in D. gallinae. After validating our nanocomputer controlled olfactometric system with volatile semiochemicals of known biological activity, we characterized response traits to kairomonal and/or pheromonal volatile blends in mites from different populations. We were able to accurately characterize the repulsion or attraction behaviors in >1000 individual specimens in a standardized way. Our results confirm the presence of a volatile aggregation pheromone emitted by D. gallinae and bring new elements to the effect of odor source presentation. Our results also confirm the attractive effect on Dermanyssus gallinae of a blend of volatile compounds contained in hen odor, while highlighting a repellent effect at high concentration. Significant interindividual and interpopulation variation was noted particularly in responses to synthetic kairomone. This information lays a valuable foundation for further exploring the emergence risk of resistance to semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Masier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Taudière
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | | | - David Carrasco
- MiVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Barnagaud
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Planchon
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Soulié
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lise Roy
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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Biddick M. Scale-dependent trends in the investment of leaf domatia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theory predicts that plants invest in defences proportional to the value or amount of tissue at risk. Domatia-bearing plants house predatory arthropods that defend against insect and fungal attack. Though leaf domatia represent a direct investment in the defence of leaf tissues, it remains unknown whether domatia production scales with amount of tissue at risk. I investigated how domatia investment scales with leaf size in 20 species of trees and shrubs from the south-west Pacific. Large-leaved species produced more domatia than smaller leaved species. However, domatia production did not consistently scale with leaf area among individuals of the same species, illustrating that trends in domatia investment are scale-dependent. Overall results suggest the processes modulating the allocation of resources to defence at the interspecific level are distinct from those operating at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Biddick
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
Communication occurs when a sender emits a cue perceived by a receiver that changes the receiver's behavior. Plants perceive information regarding light, water, other nutrients, touch, herbivores, pathogens, mycorrhizae, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants also emit cues perceived by other plants, beneficial microbes, herbivores, enemies of herbivores, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Individuals responding to light cues experienced increased fitness. Evidence for benefits of responding to cues involving herbivores and pathogens is more limited. The benefits of emitting cues are also less clear, particularly for plant–plant communication. Reliance on multiple or dosage-dependent cues can reduce inappropriate responses, and plants often remember past cues. Plants have multiple needs and prioritize conflicting cues such that the risk of abiotic stress is treated as greater than that of shading, which is in turn treated as greater than that of consumption. Plants can distinguish self from nonself and kin from strangers. They can identify the species of competitor or consumer and respond appropriately. Cues involving mutualists often contain highly specific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Matsuki S, Toki R, Watanabe Y, Masaka K. Defoliation by Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) Induces Differential Delayed Induction of Trichomes in Two Birch Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:427-432. [PMID: 33336252 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar japonica Motschulsky) cause serious defoliation in birch. A single year of defoliation has no significant impact on the trees, whereas continuous defoliation events could be fatal. How birch species avoid serious damage caused by gypsy moth outbreak is yet to be revealed. Trichomes on leaf surfaces of birch trees are an effective antiherbivore defense strategy. We examined a 1-yr delayed induction of glandular (GT) and nonglandular trichomes (NGT) on leaf surfaces caused by stress in white birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev var. japonica [Miq.] Hara) and monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana Regel). Saplings were subjected to four treatments in June 2009: herbivory (50% of the leaf area was grazed by gypsy moths), mechanical cutting (50% of the leaf area was cut using scissors), shading (50% light shading with a black sheet), and control (covered with a net to prevent herbivory). Then, the density of GT and NGT on early leaves was determined in April 2010. In both birch species, the density of GT was higher in herbivory than in other treatments. The density of GT due to mechanical cutting was higher than that in the control, but only for white birch. However, the density of NGT was lower after mechanical cutting than in other treatments for white birch. There were no differences in the density of NGT among treatments for monarch birch. These results show that 1-yr delayed induction of GT by herbivory was stronger in white birch than in monarch birch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Matsuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Rika Toki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoko Watanabe
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Wen M, Li E, Chen Q, Kang H, Zhang S, Li K, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Ren B. A herbivore-induced plant volatile of the host plant acts as a collective foraging signal to the larvae of the meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 118:103941. [PMID: 31499032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The meadow moth Loxostege sticticalis is a serious agricultural pest that feeds on the leaves of many economic crops, such as sugar beet, soybean, sunflower, and potato. In addition to the rapid migration of adult moths, the collective foraging behavior of the larvae is also thought to be involved in the search for new food sources and substantially contributes to the expansion of the infested area. However, whether and how the chemical signals take part in this process remains unknown. In this study, two larva-specific expressed odorants, LstiOR5 and LstiOR6, were successfully cloned and deophanized. A heterologous study on Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that several host plant volatiles could evoke LstiOR responses in a dose-dependent manner. One herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) of soybean leaves, methyl salicylate (MeSA), exerted attractive effects on the L. sticticalis larvae at all tested concentrations. Further foraging choice assays showed that the L. sticticalis larvae preferred foraged soybean leaves over unforaged leaves. When MeSA was artificially added to unforaged leaves, the unforaged leaves were preferred over the foraged leaves. In addition, GC-MS analysis demonstrated that MeSA was induced by the foraging behavior of the larvae and acted as a collective food signal in L. sticticalis. Moreover, in situ hybridization showed that LstiOR5 was highly expressed in larval antenna neurons. When LstiOR5 was silenced, both the electrophysiological response of the antenna to MeSA and the preference for foraged leaves were significantly decreased, suggesting that LstiOR5 is involved in the collective foraging behavior of L. sticticalis. Our results clarified the chemical signals that trigger the collective foraging behavior of L. sticticalis and provided more evidence for the molecular mechanism underlying the expansions of their infested areas at a peripheral olfactory sensing level. These findings could facilitate the development of potential control strategies for controlling this pest and provide a potential gene target that correlates with the collective foraging behavior of L. sticticalis, which might lead to better pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ertao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinliang Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bingzhong Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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Sun YX, Liu TX. Harmonia axyridis Does Not Have Obvious Fitness Gain and Preference to the Red Morph of Acyrthosiphon pisum: A Case Study on a Laboratory Strain. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Turlings TCJ, Erb M. Tritrophic Interactions Mediated by Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles: Mechanisms, Ecological Relevance, and Application Potential. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:433-452. [PMID: 29324043 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies are an integral part of all terrestrial ecosystems. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play a key role in these interactions, as they can attract predators and parasitoids to herbivore-attacked plants. Thirty years after this discovery, the ecological importance of the phenomena is widely recognized. However, the primary function of HIPVs is still subject to much debate, as is the possibility of using these plant-produced cues in crop protection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions from an ecological as well as a mechanistic perspective. This overview focuses on the main gaps in our knowledge of tritrophic interactions, and we argue that filling these gaps will greatly facilitate efforts to exploit HIPVs for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
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9
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Turlings TCJ, Benrey B. Effects of plant metabolites on the behavior and development of parasitic wasps. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ponzio C, Cascone P, Cusumano A, Weldegergis BT, Fatouros NE, Guerrieri E, Dicke M, Gols R. Volatile-mediated foraging behaviour of three parasitoid species under conditions of dual insect herbivore attack. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huguier P, Manier N, Owojori OJ, Bauda P, Pandard P, Römbke J. The use of soil mites in ecotoxicology: a review. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1-18. [PMID: 25366466 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mites, and especially soil-inhabiting ones, have been less studied than the other invertebrates used in bio-assays for the assessment of soil quality and the hazards of chemicals, although these organisms are included in the regulatory assessment scheme of pesticides. The recent advances in the development of test methods for soil mites groups have provided more information on their sensitivities towards chemicals, which needs to be presented for a more robust assessment of the current trends in soil mite ecotoxicology. Moreover, interestingly mite is the only taxa for which test methods were developed and standardized on predatory organisms. This review summarizes the different protocols for the assessment of chemicals using soil-inhabiting mites, including laboratory, semi-field and field studies. Among the data found in the literature, most of the chemicals assessed with mites were pesticides, while a few environmental samples were assessed with these organisms. Their sensitivities towards chemicals were then compared and discussed regarding other soil invertebrates. Finally, we conclude on the usefulness of soil mites in ecotoxicology, and provide future research trail in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Huguier
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en-Halatte, France,
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Bonte D, De Roissart A, Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T. Fitness maximization by dispersal: evidence from an invasion experiment. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-2269.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Induction of parasitoid attracting synomone in brussels sprouts plants by feeding ofPieris brassicae larvae: Role of mechanical damage and herbivore elicitor. J Chem Ecol 2013; 20:2229-47. [PMID: 24242803 DOI: 10.1007/bf02033199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1993] [Accepted: 04/20/1994] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of plant defense in response to herbivory includes the emission of synomones that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. We investigated whether mechanical damage to Brussels sprouts leaves (Brassica oleracea var.gemmifera) is sufficient to obtain attraction of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata or whether feeding byPieris brassicae caterpillars elicits the release of synomones not produced by mechanically damaged leaves. The response of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata to different types of simulated herbivory was observed. Flight-chamber dual-choice tests showed that mechanically damaged cabbage leaves were less attractive than herbivore-damaged leaves and mechanically damaged leaves treated with larval regurgitant. Chemical analysis of the headspace of undamaged, artificially damaged, caterpillar-infested, and caterpillar regurgitant-treated leaves showed that the plant responds to damage with an increased release of volatiles. Greenleaf volatiles and several terpenoids are the major components of cabbage leaf headspace. Terpenoids are emitted in analogous amounts in all treatments, including undamaged leaves. On the other hand, if the plant is infested by caterpillars or if caterpillar regurgitant is applied to damaged leaves, the emission of green-leaf volatiles is highly enhanced. Our data are in contrast with the induction of more specific synomones in other plant species, such as Lima bean and corn.
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Guerra AA, Martinez S, Sonia Del Rio H. Natural and synthetic oviposition stimulants forCatolaccus grandis (Burks) females. J Chem Ecol 2013; 20:1583-94. [PMID: 24242653 DOI: 10.1007/bf02059882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1993] [Accepted: 02/09/1994] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oviposition behavior was elicited fromCatolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) females, an ectoparasitoid of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), by smears of freshly cut cotton bolls or smears of extracts prepared with boll weevil damaged or undamaged cotton boll tissues. Oviposition behavior was also elicited fromC. grandis females by smears made withn-pentane,n-hexane,n-heptane, and isooctane. This is the first report of oviposition behavior elicited for any parasitoid by these short-chain saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), introducing a new concept on the chemical mediation of parasitoid behavior during host selection. Oviposition behavior was also elicited fromC. grandis females by volatiles emanating from an artificial diet devoid of insect components that was specifically developed for the in vitro rearing of ectoparasitoids. The possible use of a synergistic combination ofn-hexane and diet to optimize the mechanized production of noncontaminated eggs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Guerra
- USDA, ARS, BCPRU, 2413 E. Highway 83, 78596, Weslaco, Texas
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The Role of Volatiles in Plant–Plant Interactions. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Ngumbi E, Fadamiro H. Species and sexual differences in behavioural responses of a specialist and generalist parasitoid species to host-related volatiles. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:710-718. [PMID: 22647466 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485312000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the degree of specialization of parasitoids and their responses to host-related volatiles is an important and current evolutionary question. Specialist parasitoids which have evolved to attack fewer host species are predicted to be more responsive to host-related volatiles than generalists. We tested the above prediction by comparing behavioural responses of both sexes of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with different degrees of host specificity, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (specialist) and Cotesia marginiventris (generalist), to different suites of synthetic host-related volatile compounds. The compounds tested at two doses (1 and 100 μg) include two green leaf volatiles (GLVs: hexanal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) and four herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate and (E,E)-α-farnesene). Two hypotheses were tested: (i) M. croceipes (specialist) would show relatively greater behavioural responses to the HIPVs, whereas C. marginiventris (generalist) would show greater behavioural responses to the GLVs, and (ii) females of both species would show greater responses than conspecific males to the host-related volatiles. At the low dose (1 μg), females of the specialist showed significantly greater responses than females of the generalist to three of the tested HIPVs, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool and (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate. In contrast, females of the generalist showed relatively greater responses to the GLVs. The same trends were recorded at the high dose but fewer significant differences were detected. In general, similar results were recorded for males, with the exception of linalool (an HIPV) which elicited significantly greater response in the generalist than the specialist. Comparing the sexes, females of both species showed greater responses than conspecific males to most of the tested volatiles. The ecological significance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Response of a Predatory Insect,Chrysopa sinica, toward the Volatiles of Persimmon Trees Infested with the Herbivore, Japanese Wax Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/653869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A predatory insect,Chrysopa sinicaTiedet (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and its taxis behavior were investigated in a tritrophic system that included a herbivore,Ceroplastes japonicusGreen (Hemiptera: Coccidae), and a host plant, persimmon tree,Diospyros kakiL. (Ebenaceae). The results showed that this predator was attracted to the volatile compounds of persimmon trees that were infested withC. japonicus; however, the attraction varied with the growth season of the trees and the development stage of the wax scale. The strongest attraction occurred in the autumn and not in the late spring or summer. For the four time periods considered throughout the day, the most significant attraction rates were found at midnight and the early afternoon. The results indicated that the transformation of the chemical compositions of the volatiles of the persimmon tree might drive the taxis response of the predator in the three studied seasons. We mainly found differences in terpenoid emissions and propose that these compounds play a key part in the observed differences in attractiveness.
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Melo JWS, Lima DB, Pallini A, Oliveira JEM, Gondim MGC. Olfactory response of predatory mites to vegetative and reproductive parts of coconut palm infested by Aceria guerreronis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2011; 55:191-202. [PMID: 21499777 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The phytophagous mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer is an important pest of coconut worldwide. A promising method of control for this pest is the use of predatory mites. Neoseiulus baraki (Athias-Henriot) and Proctolaelaps bickleyi Bram are predatory mites found in association with A. guerreronis in the field. To understand how these predators respond to olfactory cues from A. guerreronis and its host plant, the foraging behavior of the predatory mites was investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer and on T-shaped arenas. The predators were subjected to choose in an olfactometer: (1) isolated parts (leaflet, spikelet or fruit) of infested coconut plant or clean air stream; (2) isolated parts of non-infested or infested coconut plant; and (3) two different plant parts previously shown to be attractive. Using T-shaped arenas the predators were offered all possible binary combinations of discs of coconut fruit epidermis infested with A. guerreronis, non-infested discs or coconut pollen. The results showed that both predators were preferred (the volatile cues from) the infested plant parts over clean air. When subjected to odours from different infested or non-infested plant parts, predators preferred the infested parts. Among the infested plant parts, the spikelets induced the greatest attraction to predators. On the arenas, both predators preferred discs of coconut fruits infested with A. guerreronis over every other alternative. The results show that both predators are able to locate A. guerreronis by olfactory stimuli. Foraging strategies and implications for biological control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Wagner S Melo
- Depto. Agronomia, Área de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil.
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Oluwafemi S, Bruce TJA, Pickett JA, Ton J, Birkett MA. Behavioral responses of the leafhopper, Cicadulina storeyi China, a major vector of maize streak virus, to volatile cues from intact and leafhopper-damaged maize. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:40-8. [PMID: 21191806 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical ecology of the leafhopper, Cicadulina storeyi China (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), an important vector of Maize Streak Virus (MSV), was studied with a view to developing novel leafhopper control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Choice tests using a Y-tube olfactometer revealed that odors from uninfested maize seedlings (Zea mays cv. Delprim) were significantly more attractive to C. storeyi than odors from C. storeyi-infested seedlings. Headspace samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from 10 to 12 day-old uninfested seedlings were more attractive than those collected from infested seedlings. While VOCs collected from uninfested maize seedlings were attractive, VOCs collected from C. storeyi-infested seedlings were significantly repellent. Analysis of the collected VOCs by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of myrcene, linalool, (E)-2-decen-1-ol, and decanal from uninfested seedlings, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate, benzyl acetate, indole, geranyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene, α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT) from infested seedlings. Of these, methyl salicylate, (E)-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, and TMTT were identified previously as volatile semiochemicals involved in plant defense against other sucking insect pests. When tested individually for behavioral activity, all compounds were repellent for C. storeyi. Moreover, when these induced VOCs were added to the blend of VOCs from uninfested maize seedlings, a shift from attraction to repellency was observed. Addition of methyl salicylate, (E)-β-farnesene, or TMTT resulted in a choice for the solvent control (i.e., repulsion), whereas addition of (E)-caryophyllene resulted in no reduction in host VOC attractiveness. These results show that VOCs induced in maize have the potential to be exploited in the control of viruliferous leafhoppers in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Oluwafemi
- Department of Crop Production, Soil and Environmental Management, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
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20
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Lait CG, Lobaido MJ, Wiester AJ, Kossak S, Tumlinson JH. Comparative kinetics of fatty acid-amino acid conjugate elicitor biosynthesis by midgut tissue microsomes of Lepidopterous caterpillar larvae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 75:264-274. [PMID: 21104884 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
N-Linolenoyl-L-glutamine is one of several structurally similar fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) elicitors found in the oral secretions of Lepidopterous caterpillars and its biosynthesis is catalyzed by membrane-associated alimentary tissue enzyme(s). FAC elicitors comprise 17-hydroxylated or non-hydroxylated linolenic acid coupled with L-glutamine or L-glutamate by an amide bond. We demonstrate in vitro biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine by Manduca sexta, Heliothis virescens, and Helicoverpa zea tissue microsomes. Comparison of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine biosynthesis kinetics for these species suggests that concurrent biosynthesis and hydrolysis contribute to proportions of FAC elicitors found in their oral secretions. The apparent K(m) values for coupling of sodium linolenate were 8.75±0.79, 14.3±3.7 and 20.7±3.4 mM and V(max) values were 2.92±0.14, 6.81±1.2 and 4.95±0.55 nmol/min/mg protein for H. zea, H. virescens and M. sexta, respectively. The K(m) values for coupling of L-glutamine were 10.5±0.26, 22.3±2.0 and 18.9±2.4 mM and V(max) values were 1.78±0.21, 3.71±0.50 and 2.49±0.41 nmol/min/mg of protein for H. zea, H. virescens and M. sexta, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Lait
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, Agricultural Sciences & Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Hasan F, Ansari MS. Superparasitism in Cotesia glomerata does not benefit the host plant by reduction of herbivory caused by Pieris brassicae. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 19:65-71. [PMID: 23961163 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparasitism occurs in Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a gregarious endoparasitoid of Pieris spp. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). The responses of Pieris brassicae L. larvae to superparasitism were examined in order to elucidate the ecological significance of this behaviour. Models of tritrophic interactions often imply that attraction of herbivore natural enemies by the plant constitutes a defence. Parasitoid attack on herbivores is assumed to result in a reduction in herbivory and or an increase in plant fitness. Coupled with the active involvement of the plant in producing signals, this can be seen as an indirect mediation of wound induced defence. The results show that superparasitism of P. brassicae by the parasitoid C. glomerata reduced survivorship but increased food consumption and weight growth in P. brassicae larvae. The duration of host larval development was found prolonged as the number of oviposition increased and superparasitized larvae (three to five time parasitized) grew slower than unparasitized larvae or larvae parasitized one or two times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazil Hasan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Paris CI, Llusia J, Peñuelas J. Changes in Monoterpene Emission Rates of Quercus ilex Infested by Aphids Tended by Native or Invasive Lasius Ant Species. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:689-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Paris
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra), 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ngumbi E, Chen L, Fadamiro HY. Comparative GC-EAD responses of a specialist (Microplitis croceipes) and a generalist (Cotesia marginiventris) parasitoid to cotton volatiles induced by two caterpillar species. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:1009-20. [PMID: 19802643 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants emit volatile blends that may be quantitatively and/or qualitatively different in response to attack by different herbivores. These differences may convey herbivore-specific information to parasitoids, and are predicted to play a role in mediating host specificity in specialist parasitoids. Here, we tested the above prediction by using as models two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of cotton caterpillars with different degree of host specificity: Microplitis croceipes, a specialist parasitoid of Heliothis spp., and Cotesia marginiventris, a generalist parasitoid of caterpillars of several genera including Heliothis spp. and Spodoptera spp. We compared GC-EAD (coupled gas chromatography electroantennogram detection) responses of both parasitoid species to headspace volatiles of cotton plants damaged by H. virescens (a host species for both parasitoids) vs. S. exigua (a host species for C. marginiventris). Based on a recent study in which we reported differences in the EAG responses of both parasitoids to different types of host related volatiles, we hypothesized that M. croceipes (specialist) would show relatively greater GC-EAD responses to the herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) components of cotton headspace, whereas C. marginiventris (generalist) would show greater response to the green leaf volatile (GLV) components. Thirty volatile components were emitted by cotton plants in response to feeding by either of the two caterpillars, however, 18 components were significantly elevated in the headspace of H. virescens damaged plants. Sixteen consistently elicited GC-EAD responses in both parasitoids. As predicted, C. marginiventris showed significantly greater GC-EAD responses than M. croceipes to most GLV components, whereas several HIPV components elicited comparatively greater responses in M. croceipes. These results suggest that differences in the ratios of identical volatile compounds between similar volatile blends may be used by specialist parasitoids to discriminate between host-plant and non-host-plant complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Zhang Y, Xie Y, Xue J, Peng G, Wang X. Effect of volatile emissions, especially alpha-pinene, from persimmon trees infested by Japanese wax scales or treated with methyl jasmonate on recruitment of ladybeetle predators. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:1439-45. [PMID: 19825299 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Persimmon, Diospyros kaki L., is an important fruit tree in northern China. Japanese wax scale, Ceroplastes japonicus Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), is the most destructive pest in persimmon orchards and is difficult to control using chemical pesticides. This paper studied the variety of volatile emissions from persimmon trees attacked by wax scale or induced by applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), an exogenous signaling material. We also studied the role of volatiles in recruiting the ladybeetle, Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a primary predator of wax scale. The results showed that the ladybeetles displayed strong taxis responses to the odor sources from trees treated with MeJA and wax scale-damaged trees. Within 24 h after the trees were treated with MeJA, the number of ladybeetles responding to the treated trees fluctuated based on the amount of volatiles released over a diel period. Chemical analysis of the volatiles showed that terpenoid compounds, especially alpha-pinene, increased from both the wax scale-damaged and MeJA-treated trees and that this was the reason for the ladybeetle attraction. Therefore, alpha-pinene was used as a single signal source to examine the taxis response of C. kuwanae. The results suggest that alpha-pinene plays a significant role in attracting the ladybeetles. It is therefore concluded that MeJA application might be used to stimulate the defense function of persimmon trees by inducing the release of terpenoids, especially alpha-pinene, and thereby recruiting more ladybeetles to control the scale insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Abstract
The attack of a plant by herbivorous arthropods can result in considerable changes in the plant's chemical phenotype. The emission of so-called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) results in the attraction of carnivorous enemies of the herbivores that induced these changes. HIPV induction has predominantly been investigated for interactions between one plant and one attacker. However, in nature plants are exposed to a variety of attackers, either simultaneously or sequentially, in shoots and roots, causing much more complex interactions than have usually been investigated in the context of HIPV. To develop an integrated view of how plants respond to their environment, we need to know more about the ways in which multiple attackers can enhance, attenuate, or otherwise alter HIPV responses. A multidisciplinary approach will allow us to investigate the underlying mechanisms of HIPV emission in terms of phytohormones, transcriptional responses and biosynthesis of metabolites in an effort to understand these complex plant-arthropod interactions.
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Williams L, Rodriguez-Saona C, Castle SC, Zhu S. EAG-Active Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Modify Behavioral Responses and Host Attack by An Egg Parasitoid. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1190-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen L, Fadamiro HY. Differential electroantennogram response of females and males of two parasitoid species to host-related green leaf volatiles and inducible compounds. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2007; 97:515-522. [PMID: 17916269 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485307005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids employ different types of host-related volatile signals for foraging and host-location. Host-related volatile signals can be plant-based, originate from the herbivore host or produced from an interaction between herbivores and their plant host. In order to investigate potential sex- and species-related differences in the antennal response of parasitoids to different host-related volatiles, we compared the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both sexes of the specialist parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), and the generalist, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), to varying doses of selected plant-based host-related volatiles: two green leaf volatiles (cis-3-hexenol and hexanal) and three inducible compounds (cis-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene). Mating had no significant effect on EAG response. Females of both species showed significantly greater EAG responses than conspecific males to green leaf volatiles, which are released immediately after initiation of herbivore feeding damage. In contrast, males showed greater responses than conspecific females to inducible compounds released much later after initial damage. Cotesia marginiventris females and males showed greater EAG responses than counterpart M. croceipes to the tested compounds at various doses, suggesting that the generalist parasitoid shows greater antennal sensitivity than the specialist to the tested host-plant volatiles. These results are discussed in relation to the possible roles of green leaf volatiles and inducible compounds in the ecology of female and male parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Heil M, Silva Bueno JC. Within-plant signaling by volatiles leads to induction and priming of an indirect plant defense in nature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5467-72. [PMID: 17360371 PMCID: PMC1838500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610266104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack with the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can attract predatory arthropods and/or repel herbivores and thus serve as a means of defense against herbivores. Such VOCs might also be perceived by neighboring plants to adjust their defensive phenotype according to the present risk of attack. We exposed lima bean plants at their natural growing site to volatiles of beetle-damaged conspecific shoots. This reduced herbivore damage and increased the growth rate of the exposed plants. To investigate whether VOCs also can serve in signaling processes within the same individual plant we focused on undamaged "receiver" leaves that were either exposed or not exposed to VOCs released by induced "emitter" leaves. Extrafloral nectar secretion by receiver leaves increased when they were exposed to VOCs of induced emitters of neighboring plants or of the same shoot, yet not when VOCs were removed from the system. Extrafloral nectar attracts predatory arthropods and represents an induced defense mechanism. The volatiles also primed extrafloral nectar secretion to show an augmented response to subsequent damage. Herbivore-induced VOCs elicit a defensive response in undamaged plants (or parts of plants) under natural conditions, and they function as external signal for within-plant communication, thus serving also a physiological role in the systemic response of a plant to local damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Fachbereich 9, Allgemeine Botanik/Pflanzenökologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
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Deschamps C, Simon JE. Terpenoid Essential Oil Metabolism in Basil (Ocimum basilicumL.) Following Elicitation. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2006.9699183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Effect of Volatiles from Plants on the Selectivity of Tetranychus viennensis for Different Host Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11461-005-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lou YG, Ma B, Cheng JA. Attraction of the parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae to rice volatiles induced by the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:2357-72. [PMID: 16195848 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-7106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anagrus nilaparvatae, an egg parasitoid of the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, was attracted to volatiles released from N. lugens-infested plants, whereas there was no attraction to volatiles from undamaged plants, artificially damaged plants, or volatiles from N. lugens nymphs, female adults, eggs, honeydew, and exuvia. There was no difference in attractiveness between plants infested by N. lugens nymphs or those infested by gravid females. Attraction was correlated with time after infestation and host density; attraction was only evident between 6 and 24 hr after infestation by 10 adult females per plant, but not before or after. Similarly, after 24 hr of infestation, wasps were attracted to plants with 10 to 20 female planthoppers, but not to plants with lower or higher numbers of female planthoppers. The attractive time periods and densities may be correlated with the survival chances of the wasps' offspring, which do not survive if the plants die before the wasps emerge. Wasps were also attracted to undamaged mature leaves of a rice plant when one of the other mature leaves had been infested by 10 N. lugens for 1 d, implying that the volatile cues involved in host location by the parasitoid are systemically released. Collection and analyses of volatiles revealed that 1 d of N. lugens infestation did not result in the emission of new compounds or an increase in the total amount of volatiles, but rather the proportions among the compounds in the blend were altered. The total amounts and proportions of the chemicals were also affected by infestation duration. These changes in volatile profiles might provide the wasps with specific information on host habitat quality and thus could explain the observed behavioral responses of the parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gen Lou
- Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Increased availability of extrafloral nectar reduces herbivory in Lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus, Fabaceae). Basic Appl Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Gouinguené S, Pickett JA, Wadhams LJ, Birkett MA, Turlings TCJ. Antennal Electrophysiological Responses of Three Parasitic Wasps to Caterpillar-Induced Volatiles from Maize (Zea mays mays), Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:1023-38. [PMID: 16124230 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-4245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many parasitic wasps are attracted to volatiles that are released by plants when attacked by potential hosts. The attractiveness of these semiochemicals from damaged plants has been demonstrated in many tritrophic systems, but the physiological mechanisms underlying the insect responses are poorly understood. We recorded the antennal perception by three parasitoids (Cotesia marginiventris, Microplitis rufiventris, and Campoletis sonorensis) to volatiles emitted by maize, cowpea, and cotton plants after attack by the common caterpillar pest Spodoptera littoralis. Gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) recordings showed that wasps responded to many, but not all, of the compounds present at the physiologically relevant levels tested. Interestingly, some minor compounds, still unidentified, elicited strong responses from the wasps. These results indicate that wasps are able to detect many odorant compounds released by the plants. It remains to be determined how this information is processed and leads to the specific behavior of the parasitoids.
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Stuefer JF, Gómez S, Mölken TV. Clonal integration beyond resource sharing: implications for defence signalling and disease transmission in clonal plant networks. Evol Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-004-5148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mithöfer A, Wanner G, Boland W. Effects of feeding Spodoptera littoralis on lima bean leaves. II. Continuous mechanical wounding resembling insect feeding is sufficient to elicit herbivory-related volatile emission. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:1160-8. [PMID: 15728342 PMCID: PMC1065415 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.054460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore feeding elicits defense responses in infested plants, including the emission of volatile organic compounds that can serve as indirect defense signals. Until now, the contribution of plant tissue wounding during the feeding process in the elicitation of defense responses has not been clear. For example, in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), the composition of the volatiles induced by both the insect caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis and the snail Cepaea hortensis is very similar. Thus, a mechanical caterpillar, MecWorm, has been designed and used in this study, which very closely resembles the herbivore-caused tissue damage in terms of similar physical appearance and long-lasting wounding period on defined leaf areas. This mode of treatment was sufficient to induce the emission of a volatile organic compound blend qualitatively similar to that as known from real herbivore feeding, although there were significant quantitative differences for a number of compounds. Moreover, both the duration and the area that has been mechanically damaged contribute to the induction of the whole volatile response. Based on those two parameters, time and area, which can replace each other to some extent, a damage level can be defined. That damage level exhibits a close linear relationship with the accumulation of fatty acid-derived volatiles and monoterpenes, while other terpenoid volatiles and methyl salicylate respond in a nonlinear manner. The results strongly suggest that the impact of mechanical wounding on the induction of defense responses during herbivore feeding was until now underestimated. Controlled and reproducible mechanical damage that strongly resembles the insect's feeding process represents a valuable tool for analyzing the role of the various signals involved in the induction of plant defense reactions against herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Lait CG, Alborn HT, Teal PEA, Tumlinson JH. Rapid biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, an elicitor of plant volatiles, by membrane-associated enzyme(s) in Manduca sexta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7027-32. [PMID: 12773625 PMCID: PMC165824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1232474100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to elicitors in the oral secretions of caterpillars, plants produce and release volatile chemicals that attract predators and parasitoids of the caterpillar while it feeds. The most prevalent elicitors are fatty acid amides consisting of 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids coupled with l-glutamine. We demonstrate rapid CoA- and ATP-independent in vitro biosynthesis of the fatty acid amide elicitor, N-linolenoyl-l-glutamine, by microsomal fractions of several alimentary tissues in Manduca sexta. N-linolenoyl-l-glutamine is a structural analog of several other elicitors including volicitin, the first fatty acid amide elicitor identified in caterpillars. The enzyme(s) that catalyzed biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-l-glutamine was localized within the integral membrane protein fraction extracted from microsomes by Triton X-114 detergent phase partitioning and had maximum activity at alkaline pH. We found no evidence suggesting microbial or tissue-independent biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-l-glutamine in M. sexta. The in vitro biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-l-glutamine by membrane-associated enzyme(s) in M. sexta represents direct evidence of fatty acid amide synthesis by caterpillar tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Lait
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Fordyce JA. Aggregative feeding of pipevine swallowtail larvae enhances hostplant suitability. Oecologia 2003; 135:250-7. [PMID: 12698347 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2002] [Accepted: 12/16/2002] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptive significance of aggregative feeding in the Lepidoptera. One hypothesis that has received little attention is how induced plant responses may be influenced by aggregative feeding, as compared to feeding by solitary larvae. This study investigated the role of aggregative feeding of the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, in California with special emphasis on the induced responses to herbivory of its hostplant. Here, I show that first-instar larvae develop faster when feeding in a large aggregation compared to solitary or small groups of larvae. Furthermore, I show that this effect is mediated by a larval-density-dependent response in the plant and is independent of prior larval experience and direct interaction among larvae. These results indicate that large groups of larvae can effectively enhance hostplant suitability. A separate experiment showed that larvae feeding on previously damaged leaves had a reduced growth rate. Thus, following initial damage a plant first goes through a period of increased suitability, followed by induced resistance against subsequent herbivory. Aggregative feeding in this system may be an adaptive strategy for larvae to manipulate hostplant suitability, adding a new dimension to the role of aggregative feeding for the Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fordyce
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Gouinguené S, Alborn H, Turling TCJ. Induction of volatile emissions in maize by different larval instars of Spodoptera littoralis. J Chem Ecol 2003; 29:145-62. [PMID: 12647859 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021984715420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Maize plants under attack by caterpillars emit a specific blend of volatiles that is highly attractive to parasitic wasps. The release of these signals is induced by elicitors in the caterpillar regurgitant. Studies suggest that plants respond differently to different herbivore species and even to different herbivore stages, thus providing parasitoids and predators with specific signals. We tested if this is the case for different larval instars of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis when they feed on maize plants. Cut maize plants were incubated in diluted regurgitant from second, third, or fifth instar caterpillars. There were no differences in total amount released after these treatments, but there were small differences in the release of the minor compounds phenethyl acetate and alpha-humulene. Regurgitant of all three instars contained the elicitor volicitin. To test the effect of actual feeding by the larvae, potted plants were infested with caterpillars of one of the three instars, and volatiles were collected the following day. The intensity of the emissions was correlated with the number of larvae feeding on a plant, and with the amount of damage inflicted, but was independent of the instar that caused the damage. We also used artificial damage to mimic the manner of feeding of each instar to test the importance of physical aspects of damages for the odor emission. The emission was highly variable, but no differences were found among the different types of damage. In olfactometer tests, Microplitis rufiventris, a parasitoid that can only successfully parasitize second and early third instar S. littoralis, did not differentiate among the odors of maize plants attacked by different instar larvae. The odor analyses as well as the parasitoid's responses indicate that maize odors induced by S. littoralis provide parasitoids with poor information on the larval developmental stage. We discuss the results in the context of variability and lack of specificity in odorous plant signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gouinguené
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Zoology, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Entomology, C. P. 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Henneman ML, Dyreson EG, Takabayashi J, Raguso RA. Response to walnut olfactory and visual cues by the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha juglandis. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:2221-44. [PMID: 12523564 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021097215572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diachasmimorpha juglandis is a specialist parasitoid attacking fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis that feed exclusively on walnut fruit husks. In a free-foraging assay comparing response to uninfested, infested, and mechanically damaged fruits, we first determined that D. juglandis use host feeding damage on the fruit as a cue for host presence. In another free-foraging assay that used artificial walnut models and wind tunnel experiments, D. juglandis distinguished infested from uninfested fruits by using either olfactory or visual cues separately. However, the response rate of wasps in the wind tunnel was raised considerably when visual cues were also available. We analyzed the volatile compounds emitted by cohorts of uninfested, mechanically damaged, and infested fruits 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 days after oviposition by flies into the infested fruits. Total volatile emissions did not differ significantly among treatments, but quantitative changes in volatiles distinguished infested fruits from uninfested and damaged fruits. The fact that parasitoids did not distinguish between infested and damaged fruits in assays where damage was visible indicates that they rely on visual cues when those are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lawrence Henneman
- University of Montana-Western, Department of Environmental Science and Mathematics, 710 S. Atlantic Street, Dillon, Montana 59725, USA.
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41
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Guerrieri E, Poppy GM, Powell W, Rao R, Pennacchio F. Plant-to-plant communication mediating in-flight orientation of Aphidius ervi. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:1703-15. [PMID: 12449500 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020553531658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Broad bean plants (Viciafaba) infested by the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphonpisum, play akey role in the in-flightorientation of the parasitoidAphidius ervi, by producing host-induced synomones (HIS). These volatiles are herbivore-specific and are systemically released from insect-free parts of an infested plant, suggesting the existence of an elicitor circulating throughout the plant. This study was designed to investigate whether the plant metabolic changes, leading to HIS biosynthesis and emission, can in some way trigger similar responses in neighboring plants through aerial and/or root communication. Uninfested broad bean plants maintained in the same pot together with plants infested by A. pisum became more attractive towards A. ervi females when tested in a wind-tunnel bioassay. This change was not observed when root contact was prevented among plants that had their aerial parts in close proximity, suggesting that an exudate from the roots of the infested plant may cause the induction of the attractive volatiles in uninfested plants. Broad bean plants grown hydroponically also produce pea aphid induced signals that attract A. ervi. When an intact (uninfested) plant was placed in a hydroponic solution previously used to grow a pea aphid-infested plant, it became attractive to parasitoids, while an intact plant placed in a solution previously used to grow an intact plant did not undergo such a change. These results indicate that plant-to-plant signaling in this tritrophic system may occur at the rhizosphere level and is most likely mediated by a systemically translocated elicitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guerrieri
- Istituto parla Protezione delle Piante CNR Sez di Portici, NA, Italy
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Neveu N, Grandgirard J, Nenon JP, Cortesero AM. Systemic release of herbivore-induced plant volatiles by turnips infested by concealed root-feeding larvae Delia radicum L. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:1717-32. [PMID: 12449501 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020500915728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
When attacked by herbivorous insects, many plants emit volatile compounds that are used as cues by predators and parasitoids foraging for prey or hosts. While such interactions have been demonstrated in several host-plant complexes, in most studies, the herbivores involved are leaf-feeding arthropods. We studied the long-range plant volatiles involved in host location in a system based on a very different interaction since the herbivore is a fly whose larvae feed on the roots of cole plants in the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The parasitoid studied is Trybliographa rapae Westwood (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), a specialist larval endoparasitoid of D. radicum. Using a four-arm olfactometer, the attraction of naive T. rapae females toward uninfested and infested turnip plants was investigated. T. rapae females were not attracted to volatiles emanating from uninfested plants, whether presented as whole plants. roots, or leaves. In contrast, they were highly attracted to volatiles emitted by roots infested with D. radicum larvae, by undamaged parts of infested roots, and by undamaged leaves of infested plants. The production of parasitoid-attracting volatiles appeared to be systemic in this particular tritrophic system. The possible factors triggering this volatile emission were also investigated. Volatiles from leaves of water-stressed plants and artificially damaged plants were not attractive to T. rapae females, while volatiles emitted by leaves of artificially damaged plants treated with crushed D. radicum larvae were highly attractive. However, T. rapae females were not attracted to volatiles emitted by artificially damaged plants treated only with crushed salivary glands from D. radicum larvae. These results demonstrate the systemic production of herbivore-induced volatiles in this host-plant complex. Although the emission of parasitoid attracting volatiles is induced by factors present in the herbivorous host, their exact origin remains unclear. The probable nature of the volatiles involved and the possible origin of the elicitor of volatiles release are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Neveu
- Laboratoire d 'Ecobiologie des Insectes Parasitoïdes, Université de Rennes I, France
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Dicke M, Dijkman H. Within-plant circulation of systemic elicitor of induced defence and release from roots of elicitor that affects neighbouring plants. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(01)00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Herbivore attack is known to increase the emission of volatiles, which attract predators to herbivore-damaged plants in the laboratory and agricultural systems. We quantified volatile emissions from Nicotiana attenuata plants growing in natural populations during attack by three species of leaf-feeding herbivores and mimicked the release of five commonly emitted volatiles individually. Three compounds (cis-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, and cis-alpha-bergamotene) increased egg predation rates by a generalist predator; linalool and the complete blend decreased lepidopteran oviposition rates. As a consequence, a plant could reduce the number of herbivores by more than 90% by releasing volatiles. These results confirm that indirect defenses can operate in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
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Wegener R, Schulz S, Meiners T, Hadwich K, Hilker M. Analysis of volatiles induced by oviposition of elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola on Ulmus minor. J Chem Ecol 2001; 27:499-515. [PMID: 11441441 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010397107740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Egg deposition of the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola causes the emission of volatiles from its food plant, Ulmus minor. These volatiles are exploited by the egg parasitoid, Oomyzus gallerucae, to locate its host. In contrast to other tritrophic systems, the release of volatiles is not induced by feeding but by egg deposition. Previous investigations showed that the release is systemic and can be triggered by jasmonic acid. Comparison of headspace analysis revealed similarities in the blend of volatiles emitted following egg deposition and feeding. The mixture consists of more than 40 compounds; most of the substances are terpenoids. Leaves next to those carrying eggs emit fewer compounds. When treated with jasmonic acid, leaves emit a blend that consists almost exclusively of terpenoids. Dichloromethane extracts of leaves treated with jasmonic acid were also investigated. After separation of extracts of jasmonate induced elm leaves on silica, we obtained a fraction of terpenoid hydrocarbons that was attractive to the parasitoids. This indicates that jasmonic acid stimulates the production of terpenoid hydrocarbons that convey information of egg deposition to the parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wegener
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Shen B, Zheng Z, Dooner HK. A maize sesquiterpene cyclase gene induced by insect herbivory and volicitin: characterization of wild-type and mutant alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:14807-12. [PMID: 11106370 PMCID: PMC19000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240284097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can defend themselves from herbivorous insects by emitting volatile chemical signals that attract natural enemies of the herbivore. For example, maize seedlings attacked by beet armyworm larvae (Spodoptera exigua) produce a mixture of terpenoid and indole volatiles that serve to attract parasitic wasps. A key step in terpenoid biosynthesis is the conversion of acyclic prenyl diphosphates to terpenoid compounds by specific terpenoid synthases (cyclases). We have cloned a maize sesquiterpene cyclase gene, stc1, by transposon tagging and have identified two deletion mutations of the gene. The stc1 gene is located on chromosome 9S and does not seem to have a closely related ortholog in the maize genome. It is induced 15- to 30-fold in maize leaves by beet armyworm larvae feeding or by application of purified volicitin, the insect-derived elicitor, at a mechanically wounded site. stc1 induction is systemic, because undamaged leaves of the same plant show a similar increase in stc1 transcription. Analysis of volatiles from volicitin-treated seedlings revealed that a major naphthalene-based sesquiterpene was present in wild-type seedlings but absent in the Ac-insertion and x-ray-deletion mutants. Therefore, we have identified a maize gene that responds to caterpillar herbivory by producing a chemical defense signal that most likely serves to attract natural enemies of the herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shen
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Dicke M. Specificity of herbivore-induced plant defences. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1999; 223:43-54; discussion 54-9, 160-5. [PMID: 10549547 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515679.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to induced direct defence, plants can defend themselves indirectly by improving the effectiveness of enemies of herbivores. Plants can respond to arthropod herbivory with the induction of a blend of volatiles that attracts predators and/or parasitoids of herbivores. Carnivorous arthropods can discriminate between infested plants and mechanically wounded plants, and between plants infested by different herbivore species. The volatile blends emitted by different plant species infested by the same herbivore species show large qualitative differences, whereas blends emitted by plants of the same species, but infested by different herbivore species are mostly qualitatively similar with quantitative variation. Carnivores can discriminate between blends that differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively. However, it remains unknown what differences in blends are used by carnivorous arthropods in this discrimination. Signal transduction pathways involved in the induction of direct and indirect defence seem to overlap. Direct and indirect defence may interfere with each other's effectiveness. For application of direct and indirect defence in agriculture, it is important to compare the relative importance of these two defence types in the same plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Schultz K, Kaiser R, Knudsen JT. Cyclanthone and derivatives, new natural products in the flower scent ofCyclanthus bipartitus Poit. FLAVOUR FRAG J 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199905/06)14:3<185::aid-ffj809>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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KUIPER PIETERJC. Adaptation Mechanisms of Green Plants to Environmental Stress: The Role of Plant Sterols and the Phosphatidyl Linolenoyl Cascade in the Functioning of Plants and the Response of Plants to Global Climate Change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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