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Bao G, Wang M, Guo S, Han Y, Xu G. Association between epidermal growth factor +61 G/A polymorphism and glioma risk in a Chinese Han population. J Int Med Res 2011; 38:1645-52. [PMID: 21309478 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between the +61 G/A polymorphism of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene and glioma risk remains controversial and unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the EGF +61 G/A polymorphism and glioma risk in a Chinese Han population. Peripheral blood samples were extracted from 160 glioma patients and 320 control subjects. Genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Glioma patients had a significantly higher frequency of the AA genotype (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08, 3.44) than control subjects and the frequency of the AA genotype was significantly higher in glioblastoma patients than in patients with other gliomas (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.05, 4.57). Patients with grade IV gliomas had a significantly higher frequency of the AA genotype (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.08, 4.71) than patients with lower grade gliomas. This study demonstrated that the EGF +61 AA genotype is associated with an increased risk of glioma in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Bao G, Wang M, Guo S, Han Y, Xu G. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor +936 C/T Gene Polymorphism and Glioma Risk in a Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:103-6. [PMID: 21117958 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuliang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gaofeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Gauthier ML, Torretto C, Ly J, Francescutti V, O'Day DH. Protein kinase Calpha negatively regulates cell spreading and motility in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:839-46. [PMID: 12878187 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that phorbol esters modulate chemotaxis. Here, we demonstrate that PKC activation via phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells inhibits EGF-induced cell spreading, the initial event of motility and chemotaxis. Of five PKC isoforms (alpha,iota,lambda,delta,and epsilon) identified in this cell line, PMA treatment only induced PKCalpha translocation from the cytosol to the membrane, an event that correlated with the development of the rounded morphology. Cell recovery was linked to PKCalpha downregulation in part via the proteasome pathway since treatment with MG101 in the presence of PMA did not lead to PKCalpha degradation and cell recovery. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization demonstrated that EGF co-localized with PKCalpha and EGFR, however, PMA did not abrogate EGFR transactivation. This work suggests that PKCalpha is the primary target of PMA acting as a transient negative regulator of cell spreading and motility in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona L Gauthier
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ont., Canada L5L 1C6
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Sagawa N, Fujita H, Banno Y, Nozawa Y, Katoh H, Kuzumaki N. Gelsolin suppresses tumorigenicity through inhibiting PKC activation in a human lung cancer cell line, PC10. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:606-12. [PMID: 12592377 PMCID: PMC2377162 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2002] [Revised: 10/14/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin expression is frequently downregulated in lung cancer and several types of different human cancers. To examine the effects of gelsolin restoration on tumorigenicity, we here stably expressed various levels of gelsolin via gene transfer in lung cancer cells (squamous cell carcinoma line, PC10). We observed the alterations in tumorigenicity in vivo when implanted in nude mice, and the changes in growth properties in vitro. As compared to parental cells and control clones, gelsolin transfectants highly reduced tumorigenicity and repressed cell proliferation. Moreover, we investigated bradykinin-induced responses in gelsolin-overexpressing clones, because agonist-stimulated activation of the phospholipases C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway is critical for cell growth and tumorigenicity. Bradykinin promotes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis by PLC and translocation of various PKC isoforms from the cytosolic fraction to the particulate fraction. Bradykinin treatment did not increase inositoltriphosphate (IP3) production and induce the membrane fractions of PKC alpha and PKC gamma in gelsolin tranfectants, while it induced PIP2 hydrolysis and increased the fractions in parental and control clones. These results suggest that gelsolin suppressed the activation of PKCs involved in phospholipid signalling pathways, inhibiting cell proliferation and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sagawa
- Division of Cancer Gene Regulation, Research Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Surgical Oncology, Cancer Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - H Fujita
- Division of Cancer Gene Regulation, Research Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Y Banno
- Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500-8706, Japan
| | - Y Nozawa
- Department of Environmental Cell Responses, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology and Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Mitake, Gifu 505-0116, Japan
| | - H Katoh
- Surgical Oncology, Cancer Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - N Kuzumaki
- Division of Cancer Gene Regulation, Research Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Gilhooly EM, Morse-Gaudio M, Bianchi L, Reinhart L, Rose DP, Connolly JM, Reed JA, Albino AP. Loss of expression of protein kinase C beta is a common phenomenon in human malignant melanoma: a result of transformation or differentiation? Melanoma Res 2001; 11:355-69. [PMID: 11479424 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200108000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As with most cancers, the aetiology of human cutaneous melanoma is likely to be multifactorial and to include the accumulation of irreversible alterations in an unknown number of genes. Elucidating this molecular progression necessitates both the identification of genetic perturbations at each clinically relevant stage, and the assessment of their impact on the normal melanocyte. The observation that the epidermal melanocyte, in contrast to metastatic melanoma cells, requires activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway to facilitate growth in vitro indicates that one or more isoforms (or substrates) of this large and complex family of proteins are among those that undergo alteration during the development of malignant melanoma. Consequently, a number of studies have investigated the expression of various PKC family members in both melanocyte and melanoma cell lines, without a consensus of opinion as to which isoforms are of biological significance in melanoma development and progression. The present study involved a comprehensive evaluation of the PKC profile in normal melanocytes and in 16 metastatic melanoma cell lines. The results show that the major difference in isoform expression between epidermal melanocytes and melanoma cells is the loss of PKCbeta protein expression in 90% of melanoma cell lines. Examination of PKCbeta in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions revealed that this protein is either downregulated or absent in both naevi and metastatic melanomas. We conjecture that, although the loss of PKCbeta expression is a common phenomenon in malignant melanocytes, it may be related more to a normal process of melanocytic differentiation than to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Gilhooly
- American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Johnson MD, Torri JA, Lippman ME, Dickson RB. Regulation of motility and protease expression in PKC-mediated induction of MCF-7 breast cancer cell invasiveness. Exp Cell Res 1999; 247:105-13. [PMID: 10047452 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a potentially central role of protein kinase C (PKC) in controlling multiple pathways in breast cancer cell invasiveness. To do this we evaluated the ability of pharmacologic agents that alter PKC activity to regulate the behavior of the poorly invasive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) produced a dramatic induction of the invasiveness of these cells (18-fold), an effect that concurrent treatment with the PKC inhibitor Bryostatin-1 was able to block. To characterize alterations in the cellular properties that might be responsible for these effects we measured the impact of these two agents on a number of processes thought to be important for invasiveness. The motility of the cells was first examined; it was markedly increased by treatment with TPA (20-fold) and again, Bryostatin-1 inhibited this stimulation. We next examined the expression of MMP-1, 3, 9, 10, and 11 (matrix metalloproteinases), all of which have been shown to be PKC responsive in other systems. We found that the expression and secretion of MMP-9 were increased by at least 100-fold, though all of the enzyme secreted was in the latent form. Finally, the expression of both urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA) and its receptor (UPAR) were induced after TPA treatment by 8- and 7-fold, respectively. In conclusion, we have shown that stimulation of PKC activity markedly increases the invasiveness of MCF-7 cells, and that this change in behavior is correlated with a coordinated set of biochemical and cellular changes which are likely to contribute to this process. These data highlight the possible utility of PKC inhibitors such as Bryostatin-1 as anti-invasive and/or antimetastatic agents. Bryostatin-1 is currently in early clinical trials as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Johnson
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
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Szaniawska B, Maternicka K, Kowalczyk D, Miłoszewska J, Janik P. The pleiotropic effect of TPA on in vitro invasion/migration of glioma and melanoma cell lines. Cancer Lett 1996; 107:205-9. [PMID: 8947514 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The invasion/migration of two cell lines, melanoma (MEW) and glioma (BT5C), and their counterparts treated for prolonged time with TPA were studied. On Western blots both cell lines expressed alpha, beta I protein kinase C isoforms, whereas beta II and gamma were not detected. The down-regulation of alpha and beta I PKC was observed in glioma cells after long treatment with TPA, whereas the same treatment of melanoma cells did not lead to PKC downregulation. The down-regulation of PKC was accompanied by stimulation of cell migration/invasion through Transwell chambers coated with collagen IV or fibronectin. In the case of melanoma cells treated with TPA, whose PKC was not down-regulated, the inhibition of migration/invasion was observed. The invasive properties of studied cells did not correlate with any conventional PKC isoform expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Szaniawska
- Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland
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Niggli V, Zimmermann A, Keller H. Inhibition of protein kinase C-dependent protein phosphorylation correlates with increased polarity and locomotion in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:473-8. [PMID: 8621230 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960208)65:4<473::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways controlling tumor cell locomotion are not yet well understood. We have studied the role of protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent protein phosphorylation associated with changes in cell shape and locomotor activity of Walker carcinosarcoma cells in culture. We show that the inhibitory effect of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, on cell polarity and locomotion can be suppressed by the PKC-selective inhibitor Ro 31-8220. PMA induces increased phosphorylation of at least 2 proteins, of 65 and 80 kDa, in intact Walker carcinosarcoma cells. These bands are enriched in cytosolic fractions isolated from cells incubated with 32PO4. Pre-incubation with Ro 31-8220 inhibits the PMA-induced phosphorylation of both bands in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect is very likely not due to inhibition of translocation of PKC to the membrane as Ro 31-8220 enhances, rather than inhibits, PMA-induced transfer of PKC beta(II) to the particulate fraction. We have carried out a quantitative analysis of phosphorylation of the 80-kDa band. Ro 31-8220 reverses both PMA-induced phosphorylation of this band and PMA-induced suppression of cell polarity in parallel. Increased phosphorylation of proteins via PKC may thus be a stop signal for locomoting Walker carcinosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Niggli
- Department of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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