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Toimbayeva D, Saduakhasova S, Kamanova S, Kiykbay A, Tazhina S, Temirova I, Muratkhan M, Shaimenova B, Murat L, Khamitova D, Ospankulova G. Prospects for the Use of Amaranth Grain in the Production of Functional and Specialized Food Products. Foods 2025; 14:1603. [PMID: 40361686 PMCID: PMC12071837 DOI: 10.3390/foods14091603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2025] [Revised: 04/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to exploring recent advancements in the study of amaranth grain and presents research primarily on Amaranthus species such as Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, and Amaranthus caudatus, and to a lesser extent Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus mantegazzianus, Amaranthus muricatus, Amaranthus tuberculatus, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus spinosus, and Amaranthus tenuifoliu. Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is a promising, high-yield pseudocereal crop with significant commercial potential for developing functional food products. It contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including squalene, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, phytates, and vitamins, which possess important physiological properties. Amaranth grain is characterized by high levels of starch, proteins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Moreover, amaranth proteins are distinguished by a balanced amino acid composition and exhibit greater resistance to external factors compared to animal-derived proteins. Grains of amaranth are free of gliadin, making it a valuable nutritional source for individuals with celiac disease, an immune-mediated disorder. Unlike traditional cereals, where prolamins and glutelins dominate the protein composition, the proteins of pseudocereals like amaranth primarily consist of albumins and globulins. The processing methods of amaranth grain influence their quantitative and qualitative composition, often significantly improving their physicochemical, antioxidant, functional, and rheological properties. This work provides a detailed analysis of amaranth's chemical composition and bioactive components, along with its evaluation of therapeutic and preventive properties. Amaranth protein fractions (albumin, globulin, and glutelin) and squalene exhibit increased antioxidant activity, contributing to notable resistance to radiation and X-ray exposure. Bioactive compounds such as phytol, α-tocopherol, and a lunasin-like peptide (AhLun) with potential anticancer properties have also been identified in amaranth. Furthermore, six bioactive peptides were isolated and identified from amaranth, which, according to predictive models, demonstrate a high capacity to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, suggesting potential hypotensive effects. Certain amaranth peptides are considered promising functional food ingredients for the prevention and comprehensive treatment of conditions such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity. Amaranthus spp. and its processed products hold significant interest for the development of innovative food products, contributing to the expansion of their range and enhancement of nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dina Khamitova
- Department of Food Technology and Processing Products, Technical Faculty, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Zhenis Avenue, 62, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.T.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (B.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Gulnazym Ospankulova
- Department of Food Technology and Processing Products, Technical Faculty, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Zhenis Avenue, 62, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.T.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (I.T.); (M.M.); (B.S.); (L.M.)
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The Role of Amaranth, Quinoa, and Millets for the Development of Healthy, Sustainable Food Products-A Concise Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162442. [PMID: 36010444 PMCID: PMC9407507 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of sustainable crops adaptable to the rapidly changing environment, which also cater to the dietary needs of the growing population, is a primary challenge in meeting food security. Grains from ancient crops such as amaranth, quinoa, and millets are positioned to address this challenge and hence have gained dietary predominance among cereals and pseudocereals due to their nutritional value and energy efficiency. From a nutritional perspective, they are recognized for their complete protein, phenolic compounds and flavonoids, prebiotic fibers, and essential micronutrients, including minerals and vitamins. Bioactive peptides from their proteins have shown antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The nutritional diversity of these grains makes them a preferred choice over traditional cereals for developing healthy, sustainable food products such as plant-based dairy, vegan meats, and gluten-free products. With growing consumer awareness about sustainability and health, the categories mentioned above are transitioning from ‘emerging’ to ‘mainstream’; however, there is still a significant need to include such healthy grains to fulfill the nutritional gap. This review article emphasizes the health benefits of amaranth, quinoa, and millet grains and discusses the recent research progress in understanding their application in new sustainable food categories. The challenges associated with their incorporation into novel foods and future research directions are also provided.
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Oteri M, Gresta F, Costale A, Lo Presti V, Meineri G, Chiofalo B. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. as a Sustainable Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Animal Feeding. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:876. [PMID: 34070822 PMCID: PMC8229450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to explore the use of A. hypochondriacus seeds for animal feeding, the agronomic traits, nutrients, and bioactive compounds of four accessions with different origin (India, Nebraska, Iowa, and Pennsylvania) grown in a Mediterranean environment were studied. Proximate composition was determined using the official methods of analyses, fatty acid profile by gas chromatography, total phenolic content (TPC) and the scavenging activity (DPPH• and ABTS•+) by colorimetric method. A one-way ANOVA model was performed to determine the differences between accessions. The four A. hypochondriacus accessions showed interesting seed yield results. No significant differences were observed for crude protein and crude fiber; the oil content showed the significant highest values in the seeds from Nebraska and Pennsylvania, but their nutritional characteristics were significantly different. The accession from Nebraska showed the highest oleic and linoleic acid levels, the highest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the best atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio, and the highest TPC content. The accession from Pennsylvania showed the highest antioxidant activity and lowest peroxidation index. On the whole, A. hypochondriacus seeds can be used as pseudo-cereal to balance the animal diet and the accession should be chosen according to the different metabolic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant and monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Annalisa Costale
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
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Szabóová M, Záhorský M, Gažo J, Geuens J, Vermoesen A, D’Hondt E, Hricová A. Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties ( Amaranthus spp.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1412. [PMID: 33105789 PMCID: PMC7690577 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Grain amaranth is known as an alternative crop with exclusive nutritional value and health benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on quantitative and qualitative amaranth seed traits, including 1000-seed weight, amino acids, fatty acids content, oil, and squalene yield. Two Slovak mutant varieties "Pribina" (A. cruentus) and "Zobor" (A.hypochondriacus x A. hybridus) were evaluated and compared to nonirradiated controls Ficha (A. cruentus L.) and K-433 (A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus) and commercial varieties, Aztec (A. cruentus L.), Plainsman and Koniz (A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus). Mutant varieties, "Pribina" and "Zobor", showed superior 1000-seed weight performance compared to all investigated amaranth samples. The change in quantitative seed trait was accompanied by significantly higher oil and squalene content compared to commercial varieties. Moreover, significantly higher content of essential linoleic acid was detected in mutant variety "Zobor". The present findings suggest that seeds of irradiation-derived varieties have high nutritional potential and can be used as a supplementary crop in the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szabóová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 95007 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Michal Záhorský
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 95007 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ján Gažo
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Jeroen Geuens
- The Centre of Expertise on Sustainable Chemistry, KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.G.); (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Ann Vermoesen
- The Centre of Expertise on Sustainable Chemistry, KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.G.); (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Els D’Hondt
- The Centre of Expertise on Sustainable Chemistry, KdG University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.G.); (A.V.); (E.D.)
| | - Andrea Hricová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 95007 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
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Kwiatkowska M, Kadłuczka D, Wędzony M, Dedicova B, Grzebelus E. Refinement of a clearing protocol to study crassinucellate ovules of the sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L., Amaranthaceae). PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:71. [PMID: 31316582 PMCID: PMC6613245 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clearing methods allow relatively quick processing of plant material and examination of cellular structures by rendering tissues and organs translucent. They have been adapted for plant embryology, primarily to study ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and embryogenesis. Such clearing methods overcome several disadvantages of the conventional embedding-sectioning techniques that are arduous and time-consuming. Although numerous protocols with different clearing solutions have been described, there have been no reports to date proposing a reliable method to clear the crassinucellate ovules of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), an economically important crop. Therefore, this study aims to find a suitable approach to improve the tissue transparency of sugar beet ovules at different developmental stages. RESULTS We established a methyl salicylate-based protocol that significantly improved the transparency of the B. vulgaris ovule structures, which allowed us to observe the megagameto- and embryogenesis of that species. This was achieved by (1) chemical softening of the tissues; (2) vacuum pump-assisted infiltration step; (3) shaking-assisted incubation with clearing mixtures; and (4) manual removal of the chemically softened seed coat. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of our method is due to the strategy combining various approaches at different stages of the procedure aiming at increasing the accessibility of the internal ovule structures to the clearing solution. The results of this study may be applied in sugar beet breeding programs, and it will provide a basis for further investigation of numerous aspects of the species' embryology. Moreover, that unique approach may be easily adapted to other species developing crassinucellate ovules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kwiatkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kadłuczka
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Wędzony
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Dedicova
- MariboHilleshög Research AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, 261 91 Landskrona, Sweden
| | - Ewa Grzebelus
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
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Tobias-Espinoza JL, Amaya-Guerra CA, Quintero-Ramos A, Pérez-Carrillo E, Núñez-González MA, Martínez-Bustos F, Meléndez-Pizarro CO, Báez-González JG, Ortega-Gutiérrez JA. Effects of the Addition of Flaxseed and Amaranth on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Instant-Extruded Products. Foods 2019; 8:E183. [PMID: 31151233 PMCID: PMC6616951 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of flaxseed and amaranth on the physicochemical, functional, and microstructural changes of instant-extruded products was evaluated. Six mixtures with different proportions of amaranth (18.7-33.1%), flaxseed (6.6-9.3%), maize grits (55.6-67.3%) and minor ingredients (4.7%) were extruded in a twin-screw extruder. Insoluble and soluble fiber contents in extrudates increased as the proportions of amaranth and flaxseed increased. However, the highest flaxseed proportion had the highest soluble fiber content (1.9%). Extruded products with the highest proportion of flaxseed and amaranth resulted in the highest dietary fiber content and hardness values (5.2 N), which was correlated with the microstructural analysis where the crystallinity increased, resulting in larger, and more compact laminar structure. The extruded products with the highest maize grits proportion had the highest viscosity, expansion, and water absorption indexes, and the lowest water solubility index values. The mixtures with amaranth (18.7-22.9%), flaxseed (8.6-9.3%), and maize grits (63.8-67.3%) resulted in extruded products with acceptable physicochemical and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin L Tobias-Espinoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Circuito Universitario, C.P. 31125 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico.
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Amaya-Guerra
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Armando Quintero-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Circuito Universitario, C.P. 31125 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico.
| | - Esther Pérez-Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - María A Núñez-González
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Fernando Martínez-Bustos
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad-Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, C.P. 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Carmen O Meléndez-Pizarro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Circuito Universitario, C.P. 31125 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico.
| | - Juan G Báez-González
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Juan A Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico R. Almada Km 1, C.P. 33820 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico.
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Natural diversity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, carotenoids and chlorophylls in leaves of six different amaranth species. Food Chem 2018; 267:376-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gins MS, Gins VK, Motyleva SM, Kulikov IM, Medvedev SM, Kononkov PF, Pivovarov VF. Mineral composition of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) seeds of vegetable and grain usage by ARHIVBSP selection. POTRAVINARSTVO 2018. [DOI: 10.5219/863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The questions of the practical usage of the analytical scanning electron microscope JSM 600 LA by JEOL company (Japan) with EDS system - microanalysis for the studying of the ash elemental composition of seeds 9 breeds (Vegetable and Grain application) 4 species genus Amaranthus L. - A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. caudatus, A. tricolor. Plant seeds by Federal center of vegetable production selection were envisaged. We studied the concentration of 14 basic elements (in weight %) contained in the mineral part of amaranth seeds. In the amaranth seeds of vegetable forms the accumulation order of the elements is the following: Ca >K >P >Mg >Si >Se >Fe >Mo ≈ S ≈ Cl ≈ Zn >Na >Al. In the seeds of the grain forms the order is different: К >P >Ca >Si >Se >Mg >Fe >Na >Mo >Cl ≈ S ≈ Mn ≈ Zn ≈ Al. The amaranth seeds of the grain forms are rich in macro - and microelements. P, K, Cl and S in the seeds of the grain forms are accumulated on 50, 37, 15 and 5% more and Si, Fe and Al in 2.6 and 1.8 times more than in the vegetable forms seeds. The breeds with the high concentration of the elements are recommended for using in the selection process. The elevated level of the essential macro- and microelements such as Ca, K, P, Mg, Mo, S and Cl stipulates the perspective of the functional products creation on the base of the studied amaranth seeds for the enrichment of the food stuffs.
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Escudero NL, Zirulnik F, Gomez NN, Mucciarelli SI, Giménez MS. Influence of a Protein Concentrate from Amaranthus cruentus Seeds on Lipid Metabolism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:50-9. [PMID: 16380644 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that elevated cholesterol and triglycerides levels favor the development of heart disease. In this paper we studied the effect of a protein concentrate from Amaranthus cruentus (Ac) on the lipid content in serum and liver tissue of male Wistar rats. The animals were separated into two groups, each group with 16 rats. The control diet had casein as protein source (CD), and the experimental one had Ac protein concentrate (PCAcD). The diets contained 1% cholesterol. Parameters of oxidative stress in liver with CD and PCAcD were also evaluated. No significant differences were observed in serum total cholesterol, whereas LDL decreased and HDL increased (P < 0.001), and the amount of triglycerides decreased in PCAcD as compared to CD. In liver, a decrease of total cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.001) was observed in the experimental group in relation to control. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity decreased significantly in the experimental group. The mRNA of HMG-CoA reductase did not change, and mRNA of FAS decreased in rat liver fed with PCAcD compared with CD. The excretion of total lipids in feces increased with PCAcD compared to CD (P < 0.001). The activity of reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid in liver showed no significant differences between the control and experimental diets. However, total glutathione and reduced glutathione increased in PCAcD compared to CD (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that PCAcD has a hypotriglyceridemic effect, affects the metabolism of liver lipids, and increases parameters of antioxidant protection in male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Escudero
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of San Luis, Chacabuco and Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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Amare E, Mouquet-Rivier C, Rochette I, Adish A, Haki GD. Effect of popping and fermentation on proximate composition, minerals and absorption inhibitors, and mineral bioavailability of Amaranthus caudatus grain cultivated in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:2987-2994. [PMID: 27765968 PMCID: PMC5052166 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of popping and fermentation on the chemical composition of three types of Amaranthus caudatus grains cultivated in Ethiopia. Proximate composition, minerals and mineral absorption inhibitors were analyzed. Popping caused a decrease in protein content by 4 % and an increase in fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents by 12, 10, 15 and 67 %, respectively. While fermentation increased protein, fat and ash content by 3, 22 and 14 %, respectively but did not significantly change ADF and NDF content. Fe, Ca and phytic acid (IP6) decreased during popping but Mg, Zn, galloyl and catechol did not change significantly. On the other hand, fermentation increased Fe and Mg content but decreased IP6, galloyl and catechol content. The decrease in mineral absorption inhibitors especially IP6 during popping and fermentation could contribute to enhance mineral bioavailability. However, due to the presence of high phytate content in raw amaranth, all IP6-to-mineral molar ratios were above the recommended values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endale Amare
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box: 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Claire Mouquet-Rivier
- IRD UMR 204 «Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations Aux Suds» (Nutripass), IRD/UM2/UM1/SupAgro, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Rochette
- IRD UMR 204 «Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations Aux Suds» (Nutripass), IRD/UM2/UM1/SupAgro, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Abdulaziz Adish
- Micronutrient Initiative, P.O. Box: 1009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gulelat D. Haki
- Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana
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Clouse JW, Adhikary D, Page JT, Ramaraj T, Deyholos MK, Udall JA, Fairbanks DJ, Jellen EN, Maughan PJ. The Amaranth Genome: Genome, Transcriptome, and Physical Map Assembly. THE PLANT GENOME 2016; 9. [PMID: 27898770 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.07.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth ( L.) is an emerging pseudocereal native to the New World that has garnered increased attention in recent years because of its nutritional quality, in particular its seed protein and more specifically its high levels of the essential amino acid lysine. It belongs to the Amaranthaceae family, is an ancient paleopolyploid that shows disomic inheritance (2 = 32), and has an estimated genome size of 466 Mb. Here we present a high-quality draft genome sequence of the grain amaranth. The genome assembly consisted of 377 Mb in 3518 scaffolds with an N of 371 kb. Repetitive element analysis predicted that 48% of the genome is comprised of repeat sequences, of which -like elements were the most commonly classified retrotransposon. A de novo transcriptome consisting of 66,370 contigs was assembled from eight different amaranth tissue and abiotic stress libraries. Annotation of the genome identified 23,059 protein-coding genes. Seven grain amaranths (, , and ) and their putative progenitor () were resequenced. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogeny supported the classification of as the progenitor species of the grain amaranths. Lastly, we generated a de novo physical map for using the BioNano Genomics' Genome Mapping platform. The physical map spanned 340 Mb and a hybrid assembly using the BioNano physical maps nearly doubled the N of the assembly to 697 kb. Moreover, we analyzed synteny between amaranth and sugar beet ( L.) and estimated, using analysis, the age of the most recent polyploidization event in amaranth.
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Amare E, Mouquet-Rivier C, Servent A, Morel G, Adish A, Haki GD. Protein Quality of Amaranth Grains Cultivated in Ethiopia as Affected by Popping and Fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.61005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Murakami T, Yutani A, Yamano T, Iyota H, Konishi Y. Effects of popping on nutrient contents of amaranth seed. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:25-29. [PMID: 24189775 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth seeds can be popped by heating. The traditional method of popping in a skillet is simple, but it is difficult to control the heating time and temperature. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a fluidized bed continuous processing system based on hot air heating for producing popped amaranth seeds in bulk. Using this system, we evaluated the effects of heat treatment at 260 °C for 15 s on the contents of B-group vitamins and essential and trace elements in amaranth seeds. The results showed that the treatment did not affect the content of B-group vitamins, and the recovery for essential and trace elements was 97-196%. This popping system is useful for processing amaranth seeds in terms of the product quality and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Murakami
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan,
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Labajova M, Ziarovska J, Razna K, Lancikova V. Restriction analyze of starch synthesis genes in Amaranth mutant lines. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 17:68-73. [PMID: 24783780 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.68.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The increase interest and study of underutilized and neglected crops is actual for the last years. In the study, the restriction polymorphisms of GBSSI and SSSI gene in gamma-irradiated mutant lines of amaranth was performed. To evaluate polymorphisms of restriction sites endonucleases AciI, BsaJI, FatI EcoRI, BamHI, PstI, HpaII and PciI were used. GBSSI gene responsible to amylose synthesis was digested with HpaII and PciI restriction endonucleases. Two PciI restriction sites and three HpaII restriction sites were evaluated and any changes in restriction sites were recorded. Profile changes of the SSSI gene in mutant lines C 15/1 and C 236/1 were recorded after the restriction digest by BsaJI. Restriction cleavage polymorphism was recorded after the restriction digest of segment 5250-6854 bp with restriction endonuclease FatI, too.
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Macharia-Mutie CW, Omusundi AM, Mwai JM, Mwangi AM, Brouwer ID. Simulation of the effect of maize porridge fortified with grain amaranth or micronutrient powder containing NaFeEDTA on iron intake and status in Kenyan children. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16:1605-13. [PMID: 23218415 PMCID: PMC10271299 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012005174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simulating the probable impact of grain amaranth and highly absorbable, low-Fe micronutrient powder (MNP) on Fe status in a potential target population is an essential step in choosing and developing an appropriate actual intervention. DESIGN We simulated the potential effect of fortifying maize porridge with grain amaranth or MNP on the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake and Fe deficiency using data from two cross-sectional surveys. In the first survey (2008), dietary intake data were collected by two 24 h recalls (n 197). Biochemical data (n 70) were collected in the second survey (2010). A simulation with daily consumption for 80 d of non-fortified maize porridge (60 g of maize flour), amaranth-enriched porridge (80 g of grain amaranth–maize flour, 70:30 ratio) or maize porridge fortified with MNP (2.5mg Fe as NaFeEDTA) was done. SETTING Mwingi District, Kenya. SUBJECTS Pre-school children aged 12–23 months. RESULTS Prevalence of anaemia, Fe deficiency and Fe-deficiency anaemia was 49 %, 46% and 24 %, respectively. Consumption of non-fortified, amaranth-enriched and MNP-fortified maize porridge was estimated to provide a median daily Fe intake of 8.6 mg, 17.5mg and 11.1 mg, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate Fe intake was reduced to 35% in the amaranth-enriched porridge group and 45% in the MNP-fortified porridge group, while ferritin concentration was increased in both (by 1.82 (95% CI 1.42, 2.34) mg/l and 1.80 (95% CI 1.40, 2.31) μg/l, respectively; P,0.005) compared with the non-fortified maize porridge group, resulting in a decreased prevalence of Fe deficiency (27 %) in the two fortification groups. CONCLUSIONS Addition of grain amaranth or low-Fe MNP to maize-based porridge has potential to improve Fe intake and status in pre-school children.
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Galan MG, Drago SR, Armada M, González José R. Iron, zinc and calcium dialyzability from extruded product based on whole grain amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus cruentus) and amaranth/Zea maysblends. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 64:502-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.753038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mario Sanz-Penella J, Laparra JM, Sanz Y, Haros M. Bread supplemented with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus): effect of phytates on in vitro iron absorption. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 67:50-56. [PMID: 22298026 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the bread supplemented with whole amaranth flour (0, 20 and 40%) on iron bioavailability using Caco-2 cells model. The phytate and lower myo-inositol phosphates content in in vitro bread digests were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. The breads made with amaranth showed significant increase of soluble phytates levels (up to 1.20 μmol/g in dry matter for the 40% of substitution) in comparison with controls, which have not detectable values. A negative correlation among phytate and Fe availability was found when increased levels of amaranth.Ferritin concentration was found 2.7- and 2.0-fold higher (P<0.05) in cultures exposed to 20% and 40% of amaranth formulated bread samples, respectively, compared to control bread. The soluble phytate/Fe molar ratio explained the whole amaranth flour-mediated inhibitory effect associated to the limitation of available Fe; however, the use up to 20% of amaranth in bread formulation appears as a promising strategy to improve the nutritional value of bread, as indicated by the ferritin concentrations quantified in cell cultures. Higher proportion of amaranth flour increased Fe concentration although there was not detected any increase in Fe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mario Sanz-Penella
- Cereal Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico,46980 Paterna,Valencia, Spain
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Mustafa AF, Seguin P, Gélinas B. Chemical composition, dietary fibre, tannins and minerals of grain amaranth genotypes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 62:750-4. [PMID: 21599462 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.575770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of 28 white and coloured grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) genotypes. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration was greater while strach concentration was lower for coloured seeds genotypes than white seeds genotypes. Total dietary fibre followed a similar trend to that observed for NDF. Total tannin concentrations ranged between 20.7 and 0 g/kg with total and hydrolysed tannin concentrations being higher for white than for coloured seeds genotypes. Coloured seeds genotypes contained higher Mg and Ca concentrations than white seeds genotypes. However, seed colour had no influence on K, Na and P concentrations. Copper and Fe were the most variable micro-minerals in the evaluated genotypes with no significant effect of seed colour on the concentration of either mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif F Mustafa
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University - Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
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Alvarez-Jubete L, Arendt EK, Gallagher E. Nutritive value and chemical composition of pseudocereals as gluten-free ingredients. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 60 Suppl 4:240-57. [PMID: 19462323 DOI: 10.1080/09637480902950597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The only treatment available for patients with coeliac disease is a lifelong elimination of food products containing gluten. The gluten-free products currently available in the market are considered of low quality and poor nutritional value. In the present study, the pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat were studied as potential healthy ingredients for improving the nutritional quality of gluten-free breads. The pseudocereal seeds and pseudocereal-containing gluten-free breads were evaluated in terms of their protein, fat, total starch, dietary fibre, ash and mineral content as well as their fatty acid composition. The pseudocereal containing gluten-free breads showed significantly higher levels of protein, fat, fibre and minerals than the control bread. The attributes of these breads conform to the expert's nutritional recommendations for the gluten-free diet and gluten-free foods. These results suggest that the pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat can represent a healthy alternative to frequently used ingredients in gluten-free products.
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Alvarez-Jubete L, Arendt E, Gallagher E. Nutritive value of pseudocereals and their increasing use as functional gluten-free ingredients. Trends Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Escudero NL, de Arellano ML, Luco JM, Giménez MS, Mucciarelli SI. Comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of Amaranthus cruentus flour and its protein concentrate. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 59:15-21. [PMID: 15675147 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-004-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants constitute an alternative source of proteins in the human diet, with advantages over animal proteins because of their low content of saturated fats and absence of cholesterol. Within the framework of a wider research project on the role of Amaranthus cruentus (Ac) in lipid metabolism, in this work the chemical composition and biological value of the Ac flour and its protein concentrate were compared. Proximate chemical composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, some antinutrient factors, and biological values were determined for Ac seed flour and its protein concentrate obtained by extraction at pH 11 and precipitation at pH 4.5. The flour protein content was 16.6 g% while that of the concentrate was 52.56 g%. The content of the soluble dietary fiber with a hypolipemic function was notably higher in the protein concentrate (12.90 g%) than in the seed flour (4.29 g%). The protein concentrate also exhibited a higher content of insoluble dietary fiber. The Ac flour and the concentrate contain 75.44 and 56.95% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Squalene, which affects the biosynthesis of cholesterol, was detected both in the flour and the concentrate oils, with a higher content in the concentrate (9.53%) as compared to the flour (6.23%). Comparison of the amino acid composition with the FAO pattern protein indicated that the concentrate does not have limiting amino acids, while the flour has leucine, threonine, and valine. The content of lysine was high in both the flour and the concentrate, making these products particularly useful as a complement for cereal flour, which is deficient in this amino acid. The biological quality analysis demonstrated an improvement in the quality of the concentrate. The presence of saponins, phytic acid, and trypsin inhibitors in the concentrate, which favor the metabolism of lipids, suggests that consumption of the concentrate might reduce the risk of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Escudero
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, (5700) San Luis, Argentina.
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Perez E, Bahnassey YA, Breene WM. A Simple Laboratory Scale Method for Isolation of Amaranth Starch. STARCH-STARKE 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19930450605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pond W, Lehmann J, Elmore R, Husby F, Calvert C, Newman C, Lewis B, Harrold R, Froseth J. Feeding value of raw or heated grain amaranth germplasm. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(91)90062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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PAREDES-LÓPEZ O, BARBA DE LA ROSA A, CÁRABEZ-TREJO A. Enzymatic Production of High-Protein Amaranth Flour and Carbohydrate Rich Fraction. J Food Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Graham GG, Lembcke J, Morales E. Protein value for children of soft-endosperm maize, alone and with toasted amaranth flour1,2. Nutr Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(89)80031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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PAREDES-LÓPEZ O, MORA-ESCOBEDO R. Germination of Amaranth Seeds: Effects on Nutrient Composition and Color. J Food Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb04702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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De La Rosa APB, Paredes-López O, Cárabez-Trejo A, Ordorica-Falomir C. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Amaranth Flour — Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies. STARCH-STARKE 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19890411106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pedersen B, Hallgren L, Hansen I, Eggum BO. The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01892353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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