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Hu K, Sun Q, Chen R, Xu T, Li Y, Chen L, Wang A, Qi H, Shao D, Yue H, Wang Y, Tang Z, Wang Y, Liu C, Lv H, Wang F, Xu H. Expanding the toolset of fluorescent covalent staining of biological samples by labeling carboxylate and phosphate groups. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300027. [PMID: 37644491 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, fluorescent covalent staining methods have been developed for visualization of anatomical structures in cells and tissues. Coupled with expansion microscopy, these stains revealed various ultrastructural details. However, the covalently stainable chemical groups have been limited to amines, carbohydrates, and thiols. Here, we developed procedures for covalently labeling tissues for carboxylate and phosphate groups, utilizing carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry. In porcine kidney tissues, the carboxylate and phosphate stain provides 1.8-4.8-fold higher signal intensity than those from the three existing stains. In cancer cells, such stain allows 2-8-fold more accurate identification of nucleoli than the amine stain. In expansion microscopy samples, such stain reveals a variety of sub-cellular structures in tissues when combined with the amine stain. Such stain also allows imaging of lipid-based structures in cultured cells. With these advantages, this new covalent staining method further expands the toolset for fluorescent visualization of histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qimeng Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruifen Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tinghao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuncheng Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hejing Qi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danni Shao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanning Yue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaning Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqi Tang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijun Lv
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huizhong Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Hoffman GE, Koban M. Hypothalamic L-Histidine Decarboxylase Is Up-Regulated During Chronic REM Sleep Deprivation of Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152252. [PMID: 27997552 PMCID: PMC5172538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A competition of neurobehavioral drives of sleep and wakefulness occurs during sleep deprivation. When enforced chronically, subjects must remain awake. This study examines histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus in response to enforced wakefulness in rats. We tested the hypothesis that the rate-limiting enzyme for histamine biosynthesis, L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC), would be up-regulated during chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) because histamine plays a major role in maintaining wakefulness. Archived brain tissues of male Sprague Dawley rats from a previous study were used. Rats had been subjected to REM-SD by the flowerpot paradigm for 5, 10, or 15 days. For immunocytochemistry, rats were transcardially perfused with acrolein-paraformaldehyde for immunodetection of L-HDC; separate controls used carbodiimide-paraformaldehyde for immunodetection of histamine. Immunolocalization of histamine within the tuberomammillary nucleus was validated using carbodiimide. Because HDC antiserum has cross-reactivity with other decarboxylases at high antibody concentrations, titrations localized L-HDC to only tuberomammillary nucleus at a dilution of ≥ 1:300,000. REM-SD increased immunoreactive HDC by day 5 and it remained elevated in both dorsal and ventral aspects of the tuberomammillary complex. Our results suggest that up-regulation of L-HDC within the tuberomammillary complex during chronic REM-SD may be responsible for maintaining wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria E. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Koban
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eltoum I, Fredenburgh J, Grizzle WE. Advanced Concepts in Fixation: 1. Effects of Fixation on Immunohistochemistry, Reversibility of Fixation and Recovery of Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and other Molecules from Fixed and Processed Tissues. 2. Developmental Methods of Fixation. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2001.24.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Moffett JR, Namboodiri AMA. Expression of N-Acetylaspartate and N-Acetylaspartylglutamate in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 576:7-26; discussion 361-3. [PMID: 16802702 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30172-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R Moffett
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda MD, 20814, USA.
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Mechanisms and effects of intracellular calcium buffering on neuronal survival in organotypic hippocampal cultures exposed to anoxia/aglycemia or to excitotoxins. J Neurosci 1997. [PMID: 9133378 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.17-10-03538.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium loading attributable to hypoxic/ischemic injury is believed to trigger neurotoxicity. We examined in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures whether artificially and reversibly enhancing the Ca2+ buffering capacity of neurons reduces the neurotoxic sequelae of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), whether such manipulation has neurotoxic potential, and whether the mechanism underlying these effects is pre- or postsynaptic. Neurodegeneration caused over 24 hr by 60 min of OGD was triggered largely by NMDA receptor activation and was attenuated temporarily by pretreating the slices with cell-permeant Ca2+ buffers such as 1, 2 bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM). This pretreatment produced a transient, reversible increase in intracellular buffer content as demonstrated autoradiographically using slices loaded with 14C-BAPTA-AM and by confocal imaging of slices loaded with the BAPTA-AM analog calcium green-acetoxymethyl ester (AM). The time courses of 14C-BAPTA retention and of neuronal survival after OGD were identical, indicating that increased buffer content is necessary for the observed protective effect. Protection by Ca2+ buffering originated presynaptically because BAPTA-AM was ineffective when endogenous transmitter release was bypassed by directly applying NMDA to the cultures, and because pretreatment with the low Ca2+ affinity buffer 2-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, which attenuates excitatory transmitter release, attenuated neurodegeneration. Thus, in cultured hippocampal slices, enhancing neuronal Ca2+ buffering unequivocally attenuates or delays the onset of anoxic neurodegeneration, likely by attenuating the synaptic release of endogenous excitatory neurotransmitters (excitotoxicity).
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Tymianski M, Bernstein GM, Abdel-Hamid KM, Sattler R, Velumian A, Carlen PL, Razavi H, Jones OT. A novel use for a carbodiimide compound for the fixation of fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcium indicators in situ following physiological experiments. Cell Calcium 1997; 21:175-83. [PMID: 9105727 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(97)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The inability to determine the precise intracellular location of non-fluorescent organic calcium chelators such as BAPTA is a persistent problem which has precluded much detailed analysis of the chelators' spatial or temporal dynamics in live cells. Similarly, following physiological experiments with fluorescent indicators like Fura-2, it has often been desirable to maintain the dye within the cell for later analysis by additional histological techniques. Based on chemical considerations, and its prior use in tissue fixation, we examined the water soluble reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as a potential fixative for diverse calcium chelators. The utility of EDC, but not other common fixatives, was confirmed through electrophysiological means, through a novel ELISA, which exploits anti-BAPTA antibodies to assess the extent and kinetics of fixation; by autoradiography of neurons loaded with [14C]-BAPTA, and by immunocytochemistry and imaging of intracellular BAPTA or Calcium Green in neurons. At concentrations > 0.1 mg/ml, EDC caused virtually instantaneous, irreversible, fixation of > 95% of BAPTA free acid. Fixation of intracellular BAPTA was confirmed in hippocampal brain slices loaded with BAPTA/AM ester, and showed biphasic kinetics consistent with rapid loading and subsequent extrusion of the chelator. Immunocytochemistry on neurons microinjected with BAPTA free acid and the dye Lucifer Yellow showed BAPTA-specific staining which was distributed in the cell similarly to that of the accompanying marker dye. Application of EDC also efficiently fixed in situ analogs of BAPTA such as Calcium Green (a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator) as shown by confocal imaging of EDC-fixed brain slices loaded with this indicator. Taken together, these data show that EDC is an effective, inexpensive and versatile fixative for calcium chelators in diverse cells. The availability of a suitable fixative now makes it possible to determine the distributions of such chelators at both the light and, possibly, the electron microscope level. Two important features of EDC, arise from its specificity for free carboxyl groups. First, the ability to fix, selectively, the chelators but not their AM esters; and, second, its enormous potential as a fixative for the numerous other carboxyl-containing chelators, dyes and pH indicators currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tymianski
- Playfair Neuroscience Unit, Toronto Hospital Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Wang QP, Nakai Y. A new fixation procedure for study of the histaminergic neurons by immunoelectron microscopy using the direct antiserum against histamine. Biotech Histochem 1996; 71:311-6. [PMID: 8957559 DOI: 10.3109/10520299609117181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new perfusion protocol was developed to detect histamine-like immunoreactive neurons at the electron microscopic level. By stepwise perfusion of 1-ethyl-3(3-diamethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and paraformaldehyde solutions, the brain block could be cut with a vibratome and the immunoreactivity could be detected using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase-complex method. We used this method to study the ultrastructure and synaptic relations of the histaminergic neurons in the postmammillary caudal magnocellular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. This method should also be useful for examination of histaminergic neurons in other tissues and the synaptic relations of histaminergic neurons with other neurotransmitter-containing neurons by double immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q P Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA. Differential distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat forebrain. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1995; 24:409-33. [PMID: 7595659 DOI: 10.1007/bf01181604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Contradictory immunohistochemical data have been reported on the localization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the rat forebrain, using different carbodiimide fixation protocols and antibody purification methods. In one case, N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity was observed in apparent interneurons throughout all allocortical and isocortical regions, suggesting possible colocalization with GABA. In another case, strong immunoreactivity was observed in numerous pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus, suggesting colocalization with glutamate or aspartate. Reconciling these disparate findings is crucial to understanding the role of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in nervous system function. Antibodies to N-acetylaspartylglutamate and a structurally related molecule, N-acetylaspartate, were purified in stages, and their cross-reactivities with protein conjugates of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate were monitored at each stage by solid-phase immunoassay. Reduction of the cross-reactivity of the anti-N-acetylaspartylglutamate antibodies of N-acetylaspartate-protein conjugates to about 1% eliminated significant staining of most pyramidal neurons in the rat forebrain. Utilizing highly purified antibodies, the distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate were examined in several major telencephalic and diencephalic regions of the rat, and were found to be distinct. N-acetylaspartylglutamate-immunoreactivity was observed in specific neuronal populations, including many groups thought to use GABA as a neurotransmitter. Among these were the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeducular nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and scattered non-pyramidal neurons in all layers of isocortex and allocortex. N-acetylaspartate-immunoreactivity was more broadly distributed than N-acetylaspartylglutamate-immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain, appearing strongest in many pyramidal neurons. Although N-acetylaspartate-immunoreactivity was found in most neurons, it exhibited a great range of intensities between different neuronal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Moffett
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1028, USA
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Rickmann M, Wolff JR. Modifications of S100-protein immunoreactivity in rat brain induced by tissue preparation. Histochem Cell Biol 1995; 103:135-45. [PMID: 7634153 DOI: 10.1007/bf01454011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry using antibodies against various molecular forms of the Ca++ and Zn(++)-binding S100 proteins predominantly labelled astrocytes. However, especially in the neocortex the staining pattern is variable. Methods of tissue preparation have been evaluated with the aim to preserve as much S100 immunoreactivity as possible. Optimal results were obtained after perfusion fixation with 4-5% aldehydes, 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, 0.1% CaCl2, pH 7.3. In such preparations, astrocytes were completely labelled including their lamellar compartments in large parts of the central nervous system. Ca(++)-withdrawal had adverse affects on S100 immunoreactivity. Cryostat sections treated with EDTA-containing solutions before fixation showed that Ca(++)-free S100 can apparently not be fixed to the tissue. Perfusion fixatives containing EDTA resulted in inhomogeneous loss of S100 staining, indicating a differential susceptibility of astrocytic subpopulations. A different type of reduction in S100 immunoreactivity occurred around large neocortical blood vessels. Perivascular defects in immunostaining occasionally appeared even after optimal fixation, but could be regularly provoked by mildly acidic fixation (pH 6.6) or prolonged barbiturate anaesthesia. These defects might be based on S100 release into the cerebrospinal fluid. Presumably under none of the conditions studied can the immunoreactivity of all S100-forms and -fractions be completely preserved in the tissue. However, recommendations are presented for optimizing tissue preparation, to the extent that premortal modifications affecting the stainability of astrocytes may be detected by S100 immunohistochemistry in fixed brain tissue.
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Inagaki N, Yamatodani A, Shinoda K, Panula P, Watanabe T, Shiotani Y, Wada H. Histaminergic nerve fibers in the median eminence and hypophysis of rats demonstrated immunocytochemically with antibodies against histidine decarboxylase and histamine. Brain Res 1988; 439:402-5. [PMID: 3282602 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Histaminergic fibers in the median eminence and hypophysis of rats were examined immunocytochemically with antibodies against histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the sole histamine-synthesizing enzyme, and against histamine itself. A similar distribution of immunoreactive fibers was observed with these two antibodies. In the median eminence, immunoreactive fibers were mainly located in the internal layer and could be traced to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. A few fibers were detected in the external layer of the median eminence, but none in the anterior or intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. These observations suggest that neuronal histamine may take part in regulation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neuroendocrine system in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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12
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Blakely RD, Ory-Lavollée L, Grzanna R, Koller KJ, Coyle JT. Selective immunocytochemical staining of mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb with affinity purified antibodies against N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate. Brain Res 1987; 402:373-8. [PMID: 2435366 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with carbodiimide and were purified by affinity chromatography sequentially over BSA-agarose and NAAG-agarose resins. Solid-phase RIA revealed a distinct pattern of specificity of the antibodies for N-acetylated acidic peptides, with highest signal obtained for NAAG, and essentially no immunoreactivity demonstrable for aspartate or glutamate. Coronal sections through carbodiimide-fixed rat olfactory bulb were incubated with the purified antiserum and antigen localization visualized by the avidin-biotin peroxidase techniques. Immunoreactivity was restricted to the mitral cells, the major excitatory projection neurons of the lateral olfactory tract, a putative glutamatergic pathway. Immunoreactivity was selectively blocked by preincubation of the antibody with 1 microgram/ml of NAAG-BSA. These results demonstrate a specific neuronal localization of NAAG-like immunoreactivity and support the candidacy of NAAG as a neurotransmitter of the lateral olfactory tract.
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Löbler M, Klämbt D. Auxin-binding protein from coleoptile membranes of corn (Zea mays L.). II. Localization of a putative auxin receptor. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Takeda A, Matsuyama M, Chihara T, Suchi T, Sato T, Tomoda Y. Ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells in mucinous tumors of the ovary. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1982; 32:1003-5. [PMID: 6186118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1982.tb02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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van Pelt-Verkuil E, Emeis JJ. The use of a carbodiimide-containing fixative for the immunohistochemical demonstration of coagulation factor VIII in rat vascular tissue. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1981; 71:187-94. [PMID: 6787001 DOI: 10.1007/bf00507823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kuhlmann WD. Ultrastructural immunoperoxidase cytochemistry. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1977; 10:1-57. [PMID: 70829 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(77)80002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ostberg Y, Van Noorden S, Pearse AG, Thomas NW. Cytochemical, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural investigations on polypeptide hormone containing cells in the intestinal mucosa of a cyclostome, Myxine glutinosa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1976; 28:213-27. [PMID: 1269903 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(76)90172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Robinson G, Dawson I. Immunochemical studies of the endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract. II An immunoperoxide technique for the localization of secretin containing cells in human duodenum. J Clin Pathol 1975; 28:631-5. [PMID: 1102565 PMCID: PMC475791 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.28.8.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine cells containing secretin have been identified in the epithelium lining human duodenum by direct and indirect immunoperoxidase techniques using immune sera raised against pur natural secretin. The techniques were applied to sections of carbodiimide-fixed tissue embedded in polyethylene glycol. Some sections, stained by a modified indirect technique, were processed for electron microscopy; secretin-containing granules were present by ultrastructural preservation was too poor to be of value. The potential advantages of a peroxidase technique over fluorescein-coniugated antisera are discussed.
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Pearse AG, Polak JM. Bifunctional reagents as vapour- and liquid-phase fixatives for immunohistochemistry. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1975; 7:179-86. [PMID: 1092636 DOI: 10.1007/bf01004561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Out of a total of eleven bifunctional reagents tested as fixatives for light microscopic immunohistochemistry, four were found satisfactory when applied in the vapour phase to freeze-dried blocks. These were diethylpyrocarbonate, as observed in earlier studies, dimethyladipimidate, p-benzoquinone, and diacetyl. Adequate but less satisfactory liquid-phase fixation was provided by three reagents (dimethyladipimidate, dimethylsuberimidate, p-benzoquinone). None of the eleven reagents gave optimal preservation of antigencity and structure when tested at the ultrastructural level. Encouraging results were obtained with p-benzoquinone, however.
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22
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Osterg Y, Noorden SV, Pearse AG. Cytochemical, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural investigations on polypeptide hormone localization in the islet parenchyma and bile duct mucosa of a cyclostome, Myxine glutinosa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1975; 25:274-91. [PMID: 1093925 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(75)90117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pearse AG, Polak JM, Bloom SR, Adams C, Dryburgh JR, Brown JC. Enterochromaffin cells of the mammalian small intestine as the source of motilin. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1974; 16:111-20. [PMID: 4216138 DOI: 10.1007/bf02894069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pearse AG, Polak JM, Heath CM. Polypeptide hormone production by "carcinoid" apudomas and their relevant cytochemistry. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1974; 16:95-109. [PMID: 4140607 DOI: 10.1007/bf02894068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Polak JM, Pearse AG, Garaud JC, Bloom SR. Cellular localization of a vasoactive intestinal peptide in the mammalian and avian gastrointestinal tract. Gut 1974; 15:720-4. [PMID: 4611859 PMCID: PMC1413041 DOI: 10.1136/gut.15.9.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical studies using an antiserum to a pure porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide, possessing no cross reactivity against the related hormones glucagon, secretin, and gastrin-inhibitory peptide, revealed a wide distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide cells throughout the entire length of the mammalian and avian gut. The highest numbers of cells were present in the small intestine and more particularly in the large intestine in all species investigated. Three types of endocrine cell in the mammalian gut are sufficiently widely distributed to be considered as the sites for production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. In the avian gut there are only two identifiable cell types. Sequential immunofluorescence and silver staining showed, in the bird, that the enterochromaffin (EC) cell was not responsible. This procedure could not be used in our mammalian gut samples but here serial section immunofluorescence for enteroglucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide indicated that the two cells were not identical and that each was differently localized in the mucosa. These results leave the D cell of the Wiesbaden classification as the most likely site for the production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. The final identification must come from successful immune electron cytochemistry but this has not yet been achieved.
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Polak JM, Pearse AG, Adams C, Garaud JC. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies on the endocrine polypeptide (APUD) cells of the avian gastrointestinal tract. EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:564-7. [PMID: 4599003 DOI: 10.1007/bf01926354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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Pearse AG, Polak JM, Adams C, Kendall PA. Diethylpyrocarbonate, a vapour-phase fixative for immunofluorescence studies on polypeptide hormones. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1974; 6:347-52. [PMID: 4134133 DOI: 10.1007/bf01312253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Polak JM, Bloom SR, Kuzio M, Brown JC, Pearse AG. Cellular localization of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in the duodenum and jejunum. Gut 1973; 14:284-8. [PMID: 4574902 PMCID: PMC1412599 DOI: 10.1136/gut.14.4.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence studies using an antiserum to purified porcine gastric inhibitory polypeptide indicate, in the gastrointestinal tract of dog and man, that this polypeptide is present in cells situated predominantly in the mid-zone of the glands in the duodenum and, to a lesser extent, in the jejunum. Absolute correlation of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide cell with one or other of the known endocrine-like cells identified by electron microscopy awaits confirmation by electron immunocytochemistry. It is here identified as an endocrine polypeptide cell of the APUD series and, provisionally, as the D(1) cell. While the hormonal status of a given polypeptide depends ultimately on physiological experiments the present results strengthen the view that gastric inhibitory polypeptide is indeed a hormone.
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Elias E, Polak JM, Bloom SR, Pearse AG, Welbourn RB, Booth CC, Kuzio M, Brown JC. Pancreatic cholera due to production of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Lancet 1972; 2:791-3. [PMID: 4116232 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Van Noorden S, Greenberg J, Pearse AG. Cytochemical and immunofluorescence investigations on polypeptide hormone localization in the pancreas and gut of the larval lamprey. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1972; 19:192-9. [PMID: 4558525 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(72)90020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Solcia E, Capella C, Vezzadini CP, Barbara L, Bussolati G. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural detection of the secretin cell in the pig intestinal mucosa. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:549-50. [PMID: 4557301 DOI: 10.1007/bf01931870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Polak JM, Kendall PA, Heath CM, Pearse AG. Carbodiimide fixation for electron microscopy and immunoelectron cytochemistry. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:368-70. [PMID: 4554671 DOI: 10.1007/bf01928746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Polak JM, Coulling I, Bloom S, Pearse AG. Immunofluorescent localization of secretin and enteroglucagon in human intestinal mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 1971; 6:739-44. [PMID: 4945081 DOI: 10.3109/00365527109179946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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