1
|
Cao X, Du ZR, Liu X, Wang X, Li C, Zhou SN, Liu JR, Xu PY, Ye JL, Zhao Q, Zhao F, Wong KH, Dong XL. Low and high doses of oral maslinic acid protect against Parkinson's disease via distinct gut microbiota-related mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115100. [PMID: 37418977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oral agents that can modify the gut microbiota (GM) could be a novel preventative or therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease (PD). Maslinic acid (MA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid with GM-dependent biological activities when it is taken orally, has not yet been reported to be effective against PD. The present study found both low and high dose MA treatment significantly prevented dopaminergic neuronal loss in a classical chronic PD mouse model by ameliorating motor functions and improving tyrosine hydroxylase expressions in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and increasing dopamine and its metabolite homovanillic acid levels in the striatum. However, the effects of MA in PD mice were not dose-responsive, since similar beneficial effects for low and high doses of MA were observed. Further mechanism studies indicated that low dose MA administration favored probiotic bacterial growth in PD mice, which helped to increase striatal serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid levels. High dose MA treatment did not influence GM composition in PD mice but significantly inhibited neuroinflammation as indicated by reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1β in the SNpc; moreover, these effects were mainly mediated by microbially-derived acetic acid in the colon. In conclusion, oral MA at different doses protected against PD via distinct mechanisms related to GM. Nevertheless, our study lacked in-depth investigations of the underlying mechanisms involved; future studies will be designed to further delineate the signaling pathways involved in the interactive actions between different doses of MA and GM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; BioNanotechnology Institute, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia-Rui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Li Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Linzi Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du ZR, Wang X, Cao X, Liu X, Zhou SN, Zhang H, Yang RL, Wong KH, Tang QJ, Dong XL. Alginate and its Two Components Acted Differently Against Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in Parkinson's Disease Mice Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100739. [PMID: 34811884 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study aims to investigate and compare the potentially neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms for brown seaweed polysaccharides (PS) of Alginate (Alg) and its two components, including polymannuronic acid (PM) and polyguluronic acid (PG), against Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Model mice of PD are pretreated with Alg or PM or PG, separately via oral gavage once per day for four weeks. Our results found PM improved motor functions of PD mice, but Alg or PG did not. PM or PG, but not Alg, can prevent dopaminergic neuronal loss by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressions in midbrain of PD mice. The neuroprotective effects of PM rely on its anti-inflammation effects and its ability to improve striatal neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)) levels in PD mice. PM inhibits inflammation, but PG or Alg induces inflammation in systemic circulation of PD mice. The neuroprotection provided by PG might be related to its ability to increase striatal neurotransmitter of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels in PD mice. CONCLUSION PM plays better than PG to provide neuroprotection, but Alg did not show any neuroprotection against PD. Alg and its two components acted differently in preventing dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Du
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sai-Nan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui-Li Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing-Juan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Senel M, Dervisevic E, Alhassen S, Dervisevic M, Alachkar A, Cadarso VJ, Voelcker NH. Microfluidic Electrochemical Sensor for Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Dopamine Detection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12347-12355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Senel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Esma Dervisevic
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sammy Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Muamer Dervisevic
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Victor J. Cadarso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication (MCN), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication (MCN), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polymannuronic acid prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss via brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease model. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:994-1005. [PMID: 32710966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the potentially neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms for brown seaweed polysaccharide of polymannuronic acid (PM) against Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD model mice were pretreated with PM via oral gavage once per day for 4 weeks and the preventative effects of PM against neuronal loss together with its modulation on brain-gut-microbiota axis were systematically explored. The results showed PM administration improved motor functions by preventing dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and enhanced contents of striatal homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in PD mice. PM significantly alleviated inflammation in gut, brain and systemic circulation as shown by reduced levels or expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines concurrently and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway in mice colon. Meanwhile, PM greatly improved integrity of intestinal barrier and blood brain barrier (BBB) as indicated by increased expressions of tight junction associated proteins in both mice colon and SNpc. Further studies indicated PM treatment resulted in changes of gut microbial compositions, together with great alterations of digestion and metabolism of dietary proteins and fats, which led to surge increase of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon of PD mice. In conclusion, pre-administration of PM could provide neuroprotective effects against PD pathogenesis by suppressing inflammation in gut, brain and systemic circulation, and by improving integrity of intestinal barrier and BBB. PM might modulate brain-gut-microbiota axis, at least in part, via gut microbiota derived SCFAs as mediators.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin Z, Chen Y, Li J, Xu Z, Wang H, Lin J, Ye X, Zhao Z, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Zheng S, Rao Y. Pharmacokinetics of N-ethylpentylone and its effect on increasing levels of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of conscious rats. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12755. [PMID: 30985062 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Ethylpentylone (NEP) is one of the most confiscated synthetic cathinones in the world. However, its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics remain largely unknown. In this study, the pharmacokentics of NEP in rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) was assessed via brain microdialysis after the intraperitoneal (ip) administration of NEP (20 or 50 mg/kg). The concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were simultaneously monitored to elucidate the pharmacological effect of NEP. In addition, the plasma levels of NEP were also assessed. The pharmacokinetics of NEP showed a dose-related pattern, with NEP rapidly passing through the blood-brain barrier and reaching a maximum concentration (Cmax ) at approximately 40-minutes postdose. Approximately 4% of plasma NEP was distributed to the NAc, and considering a homogeneous brain distribution, over 90% of plasma NEP was potentially distributed to the brain. High values of area under curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of NEP were observed in both the NAc and plasma, indicating large and long-lasting effects. NEP elicited dose-related increases in microdialysate DA and 5-HT and increased the concentration of 3-MT in a dose-related manner. However, the rate of DA converted into 3-MT was unaffected. NEP had a negative effect on the rates of which DA and 5-HT were transformed into DOPAC and 5-HIAA, respectively. In summary, NEP rapidly entered the NAc and showed a long-lasting effect. In addition, DA increased more significantly than 5-HT, indicating a large potential for NEP abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Yuancheng Chen
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan HospitalFudan University China
| | - Jiaolun Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- State Key Lab of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical IndustryChina State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Junyi Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Xing Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Ziqin Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Yiwen Shen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic ScienceShanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence China
| | - Shuiqing Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic ScienceShanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bjorefeldt A, Illes S, Zetterberg H, Hanse E. Neuromodulation via the Cerebrospinal Fluid: Insights from Recent in Vitro Studies. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:5. [PMID: 29459822 PMCID: PMC5807333 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occupies the brain's ventricles and subarachnoid space and, together with the interstitial fluid (ISF), forms a continuous fluidic network that bathes all cells of the central nervous system (CNS). As such, the CSF is well positioned to actively distribute neuromodulators to neural circuits in vivo via volume transmission. Recent in vitro experimental work in brain slices and neuronal cultures has shown that human CSF indeed contains neuromodulators that strongly influence neuronal activity. Here we briefly summarize these new findings and discuss their potential relevance to neural circuits in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bjorefeldt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Hanse
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kori M, Aydın B, Unal S, Arga KY, Kazan D. Metabolic Biomarkers and Neurodegeneration: A Pathway Enrichment Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 20:645-661. [PMID: 27828769 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lack robust diagnostics and prognostic biomarkers. Metabolomics is a postgenomics field that offers fresh insights for biomarkers of common complex as well as rare diseases. Using data on metabolite-disease associations published in the previous decade (2006-2016) in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, we identified 101 metabolites as putative biomarkers for these three neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, uric acid, choline, creatine, L-glutamine, alanine, creatinine, and N-acetyl-L-aspartate were the shared metabolite signatures among the three diseases. The disease-metabolite-pathway associations pointed out the importance of membrane transport (through ATP binding cassette transporters), particularly of arginine and proline amino acids in all three neurodegenerative diseases. When disease-specific and common metabolic pathways were queried by using the pathway enrichment analyses, we found that alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and purine metabolism might act as alternative pathways to overcome inadequate glucose supply and energy crisis in neurodegeneration. These observations underscore the importance of metabolite-based biomarker research in deciphering the elusive pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Future research investments in metabolomics of complex diseases might provide new insights on AD, PD, and ALS that continue to place a significant burden on global health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Aydın
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Kazan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid ratios of cysteinyl-dopamine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in parkinsonian synucleinopathies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 31:79-86. [PMID: 27474472 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is intense interest in identifying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD), both for early diagnosis and to track effects of putative treatments. Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion characterizes PD. Predictably, CSF levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the main neuronal metabolite of dopamine, are decreased in PD, even in patients with recent onset of the movement disorder. Whether low CSF DOPAC is associated specifically with parkinsonism has been unclear. In the neuronal cytoplasm dopamine undergoes not only enzymatic oxidation to form DOPAC but also spontaneous oxidation to form 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine (Cys-DA). Theoretically, oxidative stress or decreased activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the residual nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons would increase CSF Cys-DA levels with respect to DOPAC levels. PD, parkinsonian multiple system atrophy (MSA-P), and pure autonomic failure (PAF) are synucleinopathies; however, PAF does not entail parkinsonism. We examined whether an elevated Cys-DA/DOPAC ratio provides a specific biomarker of parkinsonism in synucleinopathy patients. METHODS CSF catechols were assayed in PD (n = 24), MSA-P (n = 32), PAF (n = 18), and control subjects (n = 32). RESULTS Compared to controls, CSF DOPAC was decreased in PD and MSA-P (p < 0.0001 each). In both diseases Cys-DA/DOPAC ratios averaged more than twice control (0.14 ± 0.02 and 0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.05 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 each), whereas in PAF the mean Cys-DA/DOPAC ratio was normal (0.05 ± 0.01). CONCLUSIONS CSF Cys-DA/DOPAC ratios are substantially increased in PD and MSA-P and are normal in PAF. Thus, in synucleinopathies an elevated CSF Cys-DA/DOPAC ratio seems to provide a specific biomarker of parkinsonism.
Collapse
|
9
|
Goldstein DS, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y. Catecholamine autotoxicity. Implications for pharmacology and therapeutics of Parkinson disease and related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:268-82. [PMID: 24945828 PMCID: PMC4591072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases involve loss of catecholamine neurons-Parkinson disease is a prototypical example. Catecholamine neurons are rare in the nervous system, and why they are vulnerable in PD and related disorders has been mysterious. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of "autotoxicity"-inherent cytotoxicity of catecholamines and their metabolites in the cells in which they are produced. According to the "catecholaldehyde hypothesis" for the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, long-term increased build-up of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the catecholaldehyde metabolite of dopamine, causes or contributes to the eventual death of dopaminergic neurons. Lewy bodies, a neuropathologic hallmark of PD, contain precipitated alpha-synuclein. Bases for the tendency of alpha-synuclein to precipitate in the cytoplasm of catecholaminergic neurons have also been mysterious. Since DOPAL potently oligomerizes and aggregates alpha-synuclein, the catecholaldehyde hypothesis provides a link between alpha-synucleinopathy and catecholamine neuron loss in Lewy body diseases. The concept developed here is that DOPAL and alpha-synuclein are nodes in a complex nexus of interacting homeostatic systems. Dysfunctions of several processes, including decreased vesicular sequestration of cytoplasmic catecholamines, decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and oligomerization of alpha-synuclein, lead to conversion from the stability afforded by negative feedback regulation to the instability, degeneration, and system failure caused by induction of positive feedback loops. These dysfunctions result from diverse combinations of genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, stress, and time. The notion of catecholamine autotoxicity has several implications for treatment, disease modification, and prevention. Conversely, disease modification clinical trials would provide key tests of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Irwin J Kopin
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goldstein DS. Biomarkers, mechanisms, and potential prevention of catecholamine neuron loss in Parkinson disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:235-72. [PMID: 24054148 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is on biomarkers, mechanisms, and potential treatment of catecholamine neuron loss in Parkinson disease (PD). PD is characterized by a movement disorder from loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. An intense search is going on for biomarkers of the disease process. Theoretically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the deaminated DA metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), should be superior to other neurochemical indices of loss of central dopamine. CSF DOPAC is low in PD-even in patients with recent onset of Parkinsonism. Cardiac norepinephrine depletion is as severe as the loss of putamen dopamine. PD importantly involves nonmotor manifestations, including anosmia, dementia, REM behavior disorder, and orthostatic hypotension, and all of these nonmotor features are associated with neuroimaging evidence for cardiac sympathetic denervation, which seems to occur independently of the movement disorder and striatal dopaminergic lesion. Analogy to a bank robber's getaway car conveys the catecholaldehyde hypothesis, according to which buildup of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the immediate product of the action of monoamine oxidase on cytosolic dopamine, causes or contributes to the death of dopamine neurons. Decreased vesicular uptake of dopamine and decreased DOPAL detoxification by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) determine this buildup. Vesicular uptake is also markedly decreased in the heart in PD. Multiple factors influence vesicular uptake and ALDH activity. Evidence is accruing for aging-related induction of positive feedback loops and an autotoxic final common pathway in the death of catecholamine neurons, mediated by metabolites produced continuously in neuronal life. The catecholaldehyde hypothesis also leads to testable experimental therapeutic ideas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Sharabi Y. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of central catecholamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:1900-13. [PMID: 22451506 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Central catecholamine deficiency characterizes α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuronal metabolites of catecholamines provide neurochemical biomarkers of these disorders. To test this hypothesis we measured cerebrospinal fluid levels of catechols including dopamine, norepinephrine and their main respective neuronal metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dihydroxyphenylglycol in Parkinson's disease and two other synucleinopathies, multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure. Cerebrospinal fluid catechols were assayed in 146 subjects-108 synucleinopathy patients (34 Parkinson's disease, 54 multiple system atrophy, 20 pure autonomic failure) and 38 controls. In 14 patients cerebrospinal fluid was obtained before or within 2 years after the onset of parkinsonism. The Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure groups all had lower cerebrospinal fluid dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [0.86 ± 0.09 (SEM), 1.00 ± 0.09, 1.32 ± 0.12 nmol/l] than controls (2.15 ± 0.18 nmol/l; P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001; P = 0.0002). Dihydroxyphenylglycol was also lower in the three synucleinopathies (8.82 ± 0.44, 7.75 ± 0.42, 5.82 ± 0.65 nmol/l) than controls (11.0 ± 0.62 nmol/l; P = 0.009, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001). Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was lower and dihydroxyphenylglycol higher in Parkinson's disease than in pure autonomic failure. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was 100% sensitive at 89% specificity in separating patients with recent onset of parkinsonism from controls but was of no value in differentiating Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy. Synucleinopathies feature cerebrospinal fluid neurochemical evidence for central dopamine and norepinephrine deficiency. Parkinson's disease and pure autonomic failure involve differential dopaminergic versus noradrenergic lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid dihydroxyphenylacetic acid seems to provide a sensitive means to identify even early Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disordersand Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is the second cause of akinetic rigid syndrome in the Western world and its prevalence is increasing and approaching that of idiopathic Parkinson's disease due to the ageing of the population and to the rising of polypharmacotherapy. DIP was initially reported as a complication of neuroleptics in psychiatric patients, but it has also been described with a great diversity of compounds such as antiemetics, drugs used for the treatment of vertigo, antidepressants, calcium channel antagonists, antiarrythmics, antiepileptics, cholinomimetics and other drugs. Although traditionally considered reversible, DIP may persist after drug withdrawal. At least 10% of patients with DIP develop persistent and progressive parkinsonism in spite of the discontinuation of the causative drug. Irreversible or progressive DIP has been considered as an indication of presymptomatic parkinsonian deficit, unmasked but not caused by the offending drug, but it could be explained by persistent toxicity of the responsible pharmacological agents on the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. The best treatment of DIP is prevention, including the avoidance of prescription of causative drugs whenever it is not strictly necessary. In patients who require potentially risky medication, it is necessary to perform adequate monitoring for early parkinsonian deficits and early discontinuation if these deficits appear. Atypical neuroleptics are associated with lower risk than first generation antipsychotic drugs. Special precautions are needed in elderly subjects, in patients treated with multiple drugs for prolonged periods of time and in those with familial risk factors including familial parkinsonism or tremor, or in those with genetic variants of genes involved in idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Mena
- Head of Neuropharmacology Unit, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Servicio de Neurobiología, Ctra de Colmenar, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Hyland K, Beaman BL, LeWitt PA, DeMaggio AJ. Monoamine changes in the brain of BALB/c mice following sub-lethal infection with Nocardia asteroides (GUH-2). Neurochem Res 2000; 25:443-8. [PMID: 10823576 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007599606914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BALB/c mice injected intravenously with a single, sub-lethal dose of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 develop several levodopa responsive movement disorders. These included headshake, stooped posture, bradykinesia, and hesitation to forward movement. The changes in monoamine levels in the brain of these mice were determined. There was a significant loss of dopamine with greatly increased dopamine turnover in the neostriatum 7 to 29 days after infection. These effects were specific for dopaminergic neurons since minimal changes were found in neostriatal norepinephrine and serotonin even though serotonin turnover was increased. Changes in monoamine metabolism were not limited to the neostriatum. There were reduced levels of serotonin and norepinephrine with increased serotonin turnover in the cerebellum. One year after infection, dopamine metabolism had returned to near normal levels, but many of the movement disorders persisted. Specific changes in neurochemistry did not always appear to correspond with these impairments. Nevertheless, these data are similar to those reported in MPTP treated BALB/c mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hyland
- Kimberly H. Courtwright and Joseph W. Summers Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|