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Carballo-Pedrares N, Ponti F, Lopez-Seijas J, Miranda-Balbuena D, Bono N, Candiani G, Rey-Rico A. Non-viral gene delivery to human mesenchymal stem cells: a practical guide towards cell engineering. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:49. [PMID: 37491322 PMCID: PMC10369726 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have gained momentum in the field of cell therapy for treating cartilage and bone injuries. Despite the tri-lineage multipotency, proliferative properties, and potent immunomodulatory effects of hMSCs, their clinical potential is hindered by donor variations, limiting their use in medical settings. To address this challenge, gene delivery technologies have emerged as a promising approach to modulate the phenotype and commitment of hMSCs towards specific cell lineages, thereby enhancing osteochondral repair strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current non-viral gene delivery approaches used to engineer MSCs, highlighting key factors such as the choice of nucleic acid or delivery vector, transfection strategies, and experimental parameters. Additionally, it outlines various protocols and methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of their therapeutic potential as a delivery system in osteochondral regenerative applications. In summary, this technical review offers a practical guide for optimizing non-viral systems in osteochondral regenerative approaches. hMSCs constitute a key target population for gene therapy techniques. Nevertheless, there is a long way to go for their translation into clinical treatments. In this review, we remind the most relevant transfection conditions to be optimized, such as the type of nucleic acid or delivery vector, the transfection strategy, and the experimental parameters to accurately evaluate a delivery system. This survey provides a practical guide to optimizing non-viral systems for osteochondral regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Carballo-Pedrares
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Federica Ponti
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Junquera Lopez-Seijas
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Diego Miranda-Balbuena
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Nina Bono
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain.
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Hajduk J, Szajna K, Lisowski B, Rajfur Z. The influence of microinjection parameters on cell survival and procedure efficiency. MethodsX 2023; 10:102107. [PMID: 36970027 PMCID: PMC10034491 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microinjection is a method commonly used to deliver various substances into cells. The procedure is performed on a widefield microscope stage using fine glass needle to penetrate the cell membrane. Microinjection can be carried out using a manual or semi-automatic mode. For commercially available equipment currently reported microinjection success rate and cell viability are relatively low (around 50% for both indicators). Here, for the first time, we systematically show how the microinjection effectiveness and cell viability are influenced by needle diameter and chosen microinjection mode. We found that manual mode entailed a higher injection rate, reducing cell viability at the same time. The reduction in needle diameter caused a significant increase in cell survival rate (from 43 to 73% for manual mode and from 58% to 86% for semi-automatic mode) and did not affect significantly the success rate. Our findings will help optimize this method in the context of cell biology research.•This study shows how to improve microinjection parameters, such as procedure efficiency and cell survival rate, for commercially available equipment.•Manual mode, in comparison with semi-automatic mode, results in higher microinjection efficiency, but lower cell survival rate.•The increase in micropipette diameter causes lower cell viability and a higher microinjection success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hajduk
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow 30-348, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Konrad Szajna
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Bartosz Lisowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow 30-348, Poland
- Jagiellonian Center of Biomedical Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-348, Poland
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow 30-348, Poland
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3
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Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Manoj H. Microinjection for Single-Cell Analysis and Therapy. HANDBOOK OF SINGLE-CELL TECHNOLOGIES 2022:81-107. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8953-4_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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4
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Hamann A, Nguyen A, Pannier AK. Nucleic acid delivery to mesenchymal stem cells: a review of nonviral methods and applications. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:7. [PMID: 30675180 PMCID: PMC6339289 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated and expanded from many tissues, and are being investigated for use in cell therapies. Though MSC therapies have demonstrated some success, none have been FDA approved for clinical use. MSCs lose stemness ex vivo, decreasing therapeutic potential, and face additional barriers in vivo, decreasing therapeutic efficacy. Culture optimization and genetic modification of MSCs can overcome these barriers. Viral transduction is efficient, but limited by safety concerns related to mutagenicity of integrating viral vectors and potential immunogenicity of viral antigens. Nonviral delivery methods are safer, though limited by inefficiency and toxicity, and are flexible and scalable, making them attractive for engineering MSC therapies. Main text Transfection method and nucleic acid determine efficiency and expression profile in transfection of MSCs. Transfection methods include microinjection, electroporation, and nanocarrier delivery. Microinjection and electroporation are efficient, but are limited by throughput and toxicity. In contrast, a variety of nanocarriers have been demonstrated to transfer nucleic acids into cells, however nanocarrier delivery to MSCs has traditionally been inefficient. To improve efficiency, plasmid sequences can be optimized by choice of promoter, inclusion of DNA targeting sequences, and removal of bacterial elements. Instead of DNA, RNA can be delivered for rapid protein expression or regulation of endogenous gene expression. Beyond choice of nanocarrier and nucleic acid, transfection can be optimized by priming cells with media additives and cell culture surface modifications to modulate barriers of transfection. Media additives known to enhance MSC transfection include glucocorticoids and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Culture surface properties known to modulate MSC transfection include substrate stiffness and specific protein coating. If nonviral gene delivery to MSCs can be sufficiently improved, MSC therapies could be enhanced by transfection for guided differentiation and reprogramming, transplantation survival and directed homing, and secretion of therapeutics. We discuss utilized delivery methods and nucleic acids, and resulting efficiency and outcomes, in transfection of MSCs reported for such applications. Conclusion Recent developments in transfection methods, including nanocarrier and nucleic acid technologies, combined with chemical and physical priming of MSCs, may sufficiently improve transfection efficiency, enabling scalable genetic engineering of MSCs, potentially bringing effective MSC therapies to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hamann
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726 USA
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726 USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726 USA
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5
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Intracellular delivery of colloids: Past and future contributions from microinjection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 132:3-15. [PMID: 29935217 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of single cells and whole tissues has been possible since the early 70's, when semi-automatic injectors were developed. Since then, microinjection has been used to introduce an ever-expanding range of colloids of up to 1000 nm in size into living cells. Besides injecting nucleic acids to study transfection mechanisms, numerous cellular pathways have been unraveled through the introduction of recombinant proteins and blocking antibodies. The injection of nanoparticles has also become popular in recent years to investigate toxicity mechanisms and intracellular transport, and to conceive semi-synthetic cells containing artificial organelles. This article reviews colloidal systems such as proteins, nucleic acids and nanoparticles that have been injected into cells for different research aims, and discusses the scientific advances achieved through them. The colloids' intracellular processing and ultimate fate are also examined from a drug delivery perspective with an emphasis on the differences observed for endocytosed versus microinjected material.
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Binan L, Mazzaferri J, Choquet K, Lorenzo LE, Wang YC, Affar EB, De Koninck Y, Ragoussis J, Kleinman CL, Costantino S. Live single-cell laser tag. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11636. [PMID: 27198043 PMCID: PMC4876456 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to conduct image-based, non-invasive cell tagging, independent of genetic engineering, is key to cell biology applications. Here we introduce cell labelling via photobleaching (CLaP), a method that enables instant, specific tagging of individual cells based on a wide array of criteria such as shape, behaviour or positional information. CLaP uses laser illumination to crosslink biotin onto the plasma membrane, coupled with streptavidin conjugates to label individual cells for genomic, cell-tracking, flow cytometry or ultra-microscopy applications. We show that the incorporated mark is stable, non-toxic, retained for several days, and transferred by cell division but not to adjacent cells in culture. To demonstrate the potential of CLaP for genomic applications, we combine CLaP with microfluidics-based single-cell capture followed by transcriptome-wide next-generation sequencing. Finally, we show that CLaP can also be exploited for inducing transient cell adhesion to substrates for microengineering cultures with spatially patterned cell types. Cell labelling in a non-invasive and genetic engineering-free manner is crucial to cell biology applications. Here the authors develop cell labelling via photobleaching (CLaP), that uses laser illumination to label individual cells for genomics, cell-tracking, flow cytometry or ultra-microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Binan
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Mazzaferri
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Choquet
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Yu Chang Wang
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves De Koninck
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, Cancer and Mutagen Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Nakajima M, Center For Micro-nano Mechatronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Matsuno Y, Kojima M, Takiguchi Y, Takiguchi K, Nogawa K, Homma M, Fukuda T, Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan. Quantitative Evaluation of Injected Molecules into Phospholipid-Coated Microdroplets for In situ Biological Reactions. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2010. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2010.p0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the amount of biological molecules injected into phospholipid-coated microdroplets. Research on developing an artificial cell model using lipid membrane vesicles has been pursued to determine the function between biomembranes and biological molecules. The method is needed to introduce biological molecules into the biomembrane model and observe their reactions. Conventionally, molecules are introduced into vesicles by hydrating dried lipid films or freeze-dried lipid blocks with a solution already including biological molecules. It is difficult, however, to observe reaction in real time and step-by-step for different types of biological molecules, because the reaction has already started by the time vesicles are formed. Our proposal uses micro/nanopipettes based on micromanipulation. It is demonstrated that the injection of different types of biological molecules into a phospholipid-coated microdroplet. Biological molecules, such as F-actin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were introduced into a phospholipidcoated microdroplet in sequence, and these reactions were observed inside the microdroplet. The amount of molecules introduced into the microdroplet was evaluated quantitatively from the intensity of fluorescent labels through our microchannel calibration method.
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8
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Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Probing and Modulating Molecular Functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Loh O, Lam R, Chen M, Moldovan N, Huang H, Ho D, Espinosa HD. Nanofountain-probe-based high-resolution patterning and single-cell injection of functionalized nanodiamonds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1667-1674. [PMID: 19437464 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are rapidly emerging as promising carriers for next-generation therapeutics and drug delivery. However, developing future nanoscale devices and arrays that harness these nanoparticles will require unrealized spatial control. Furthermore, single-cell in vitro transfection methods lack an instrument that simultaneously offers the advantages of having nanoscale dimensions and control and continuous delivery via microfluidic components. To address this, two modes of controlled delivery of functionalized diamond nanoparticles are demonstrated using a broadly applicable nanofountain probe, a tool for direct-write nanopatterning with sub-100-nm resolution and direct in vitro single-cell injection. This study demonstrates the versatility of the nanofountain probe as a tool for high-fidelity delivery of functionalized nanodiamonds and other agents in nanomanufacturing and single-cell biological studies. These initial demonstrations of controlled delivery open the door to future studies examining the nanofountain probe's potential in delivering specific doses of DNA, viruses, and other therapeutically relevant biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Loh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3111, USA
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10
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Hao Y, Wax D, Zhong Z, Murphy C, Ross JW, Rieke A, Samuel M, Spate L, Dyce P, Li J, Sutovsky P, Prather RS. Porcine skin-derived stem cells can serve as donor cells for nuclear transfer. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:101-10. [PMID: 19226213 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although transgenic animal production through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been successful, the process is still inefficient. One major limitation is the use of somatic donor cells that have a finite life span. Identification and isolation of a cell type capable of rapid proliferation while possessing immortal or prolonged life span in culture and is capable of being genetically modified would be very valuable for utilization in the production of genetically modified pigs. Here we report the birth of live piglets after cloning by using porcine skin-derived stem cells (SSC) as a donor cell type. In the present study, cell cycle analysis indicates that the porcine SSC proliferate rapidly in vitro. The porcine SSC are capable of producing live offspring and can be genetically modified with positive selection. Utilization of porcine SSC may prove to be an excellent cell type for genetic modification followed by nuclear transfer for the production of transgenic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Hao
- University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
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11
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Park S, Kim YS, Kim WB, Jon S. Carbon nanosyringe array as a platform for intracellular delivery. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1325-9. [PMID: 19254005 DOI: 10.1021/nl802962t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel platform for intracellular delivery of genetic material and nanoparticles, based on vertically aligned carbon nanosyringe arrays (CNSAs) of controllable height. Using this technology, we have shown that plasmid and quantum dots can be efficiently delivered to the cytoplasm of cancer cells and human mesenchymal stem cells. The CNSA platform holds great promise for a myriad of applications including cell-based therapy, imaging, and tracking in vivo, and in biological studies aimed at understanding cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Park
- Department of Life Science, Cell Dynamics Research Center, Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Han SW, Nakamura C, Kotobuki N, Obataya I, Ohgushi H, Nagamune T, Miyake J. High-efficiency DNA injection into a single human mesenchymal stem cell using a nanoneedle and atomic force microscopy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:215-25. [PMID: 18501680 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a low-invasive gene delivery method that uses an etched atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip or nanoneedle that can be inserted into a cell nucleus without causing cellular damage. The nanoneedle is 200 nm in diameter and 6 mum in length and is operated using an AFM system. The probabilities of insertion of the nanoneedle into human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were higher than those of typical microinjection capillaries. A plasmid containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was adsorbed on a poly-L-lysine-modified nanoneedle surface, which was then inserted into primary cultured single human MSCs. A highly efficient gene delivery of over 70% was achieved in human MSCs, which compared very favorably with other major nonviral gene delivery methods (lipofection approximately 50%, microinjection approximately 10 %). The single cells expressing GFP were collected and the amount of delivered DNA in each cell was analyzed. The highest rate of expressed GFP per delivered DNA was achieved using the nanoneedle, because the nanoneedle could be inserted into the nucleus directly without causing significant cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woong Han
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Schrlau MG, Falls EM, Ziober BL, Bau HH. Carbon nanopipettes for cell probes and intracellular injection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:015101. [PMID: 21730521 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/01/015101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We developed integrated, carbon-based pipettes with nanoscale dimensions (CNP) that can probe cells with minimal intrusion, inject fluids into the cells, and concurrently carry out electrical measurements. Our manufacturing technique does not require cumbersome nanoassembly and is amenable to mass production. Using CNPs, we demonstrate the injection of reagents into cells with minimal intrusion and without inhibiting cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Schrlau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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AFM as a tool to probe and manipulate cellular processes. Pflugers Arch 2007; 456:61-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Vakarelski IU, Brown SC, Higashitani K, Moudgil BM. Penetration of living cell membranes with fortified carbon nanotube tips. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:10893-6. [PMID: 17894512 DOI: 10.1021/la701878n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated robust nanosurgical needles suitable for single cell operations by modifying multiwalled carbon nanotube (MCNT)-terminated atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips. Extra-long MCNT AFM tips were prepared and fortified with molecular layers of carbon to overcome mechanical instabilities and then coated with an outer shell of gold to promote chemical versatility. The terminal diameters of the final fabricated tips were approximately 30-40 nm, and the MCNT probes were several micrometers in length. We illustrate the capability of these modified MCNT tips to carry nanoparticulate payloads and to penetrate the plasma membrane of living pleural mesothelial cells at the smallest indentation depths (100-200 nm) and lowest penetration forces (100-200 pN) currently reported for these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan U Vakarelski
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Particle Engineering Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6135, USA
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16
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Derouazi M, Flaction R, Girard P, de Jesus M, Jordan M, Wurm FM. Generation of Recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines by Microinjection. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:373-82. [PMID: 16614902 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-6062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique enabling partial control of plasmid delivery into the nucleus or cytoplasm of cultured animal cells. Here this method was used to establish various recombinant mammalian cell lines. The injection volume was estimated by fluorescence quantification of injected fluorescein isothyocynate (FITC)-dextran. The DNA concentration and injection pressure were then optimized for microinjection into the nucleus or cytoplasm using a reporter plasmid encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Nuclear microinjection was more sensitive to changes in these two parameters than was cytoplasmic microinjection. Under optimal conditions, 80-90% of the cells were GFP-positive 1 day after microinjection into the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Recombinant cell lines were recovered following microinjection or calcium phosphate transfection and analyzed for the level and stability of recombinant protein production. In general, the efficiency of recovery of recombinant cell lines and the stability of reporter protein expression over time were higher following microinjection as compared to CaPi transfection. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using microinjection as a method to generate recombinant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Derouazi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Engineering and Biotechnology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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17
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Han SW, Nakamura C, Obataya I, Nakamura N, Miyake J. A molecular delivery system by using AFM and nanoneedle. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:2120-5. [PMID: 15741084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new low invasive cell manipulation and gene or molecule transfer system in a single living cell by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and ultra thin needle, a nanoneedle. DNA was immobilized on the surface of the nanoneedle by covalent bonding and avidin-biotin affinity binding. Immobilization of DNA on the nanoneedle was confirmed by measuring the unbinding force between avidin and biotin. The DNA-immobilized nanoneedle was successfully inserted into HEK293 cells. Though TO-PRO-3 iodide staining experiments using confocal microscopy, we observed the immobilized DNA on the surface of the nanoneedle, which was retained after 10 times insertions to and evacuations from a living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woong Han
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
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18
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Obataya I, Nakamura C, Han S, Nakamura N, Miyake J. Nanoscale operation of a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:27-30. [PMID: 15792407 DOI: 10.1021/nl0485399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a tool for performing surgical operations on living cells at nanoscale resolution using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a modified AFM tip. The AFM tips are sharpened to ultrathin needles of 200-300 nm in diameter using focused ion beam etching. Force-distance curves obtained by AFM using the needles indicated that the needles penetrated the cell membrane following indentation to a depth of 1-2 microm. The force increase during the indentation process was found to be consistent with application of the Hertz model. A three-dimensional image generated by laser scanning confocal microscopy directly revealed that the needle penetrated both the cellular and nuclear membranes to reach the nucleus. This technique enables the extended application of AFM to analyses and surgery of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Obataya
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
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Biomedical vignette. J Biomed Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02256446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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