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da Silva TVN, Torres MF, Sampaio LA, Hamoy M, Monserrat JM, Barbas LAL. Dietary Euterpe oleracea Mart. attenuates seizures and damage to lipids in the brain of Colossoma macropomum. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1851-1864. [PMID: 34562200 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Amazonian açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea) has shown promising anticonvulsant properties, comparable to those of diazepam (BDZ) in in vivo models submitted to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). PTZ is a classic convulsant agent used in studies for the purpose of screening anticonvulsants and investigating the mechanisms of epilepsy. Herein, we aimed to determine, for the first time, the effect of dietary administration of lyophilized E. oleracea (LEO) on PTZ-induced seizures, using juvenile Colossoma macropomum fish (9.1 ± 1.5 g) as a model. A control diet (0.00% LEO) and two levels of LEO inclusion were established: 5.00% and 10.0% LEO (w/w). Fish were divided into five groups (n = 5): control (0.9% physiological solution; i.p.), PTZ (PTZ 150 mg kg-1; i.p.), PTZ LEO 5.00%, PTZ LEO 10.0%, and BDZ-PTZ (BDZ: diazepam 10 mg kg-1; i.p.). In addition to the electroencephalography (EEG), the lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was quantified in the brain, along with the characterization of behavioral responses. Fish receiving PTZ showed intense action potential bursts (APB), which overlapped with a hyperactive behavior. In PTZ LEO 5.00% and 10.0% groups, convulsive behavior was significantly reduced compared to the PTZ group. Fish fed 5.00% or 10.0% LEO and exposed to PTZ showed less excitability and lower mean amplitude in tracings. The inclusion of 10.0% LEO in the diet prevented the increase in mean amplitude of the EEG waves by 80%, without significant differences to the quantified mean amplitude of the BDZ-PTZ group. TBARS concentration was reduced by 60% in the brain of fish fed 10.0% LEO-enriched diets relative to the PTZ-administered group. The results of this study demonstrated the anticonvulsant and protective roles of LEO to the brain, and the dietary inclusion of LEO seems to be promising for the formulation of functional diets. Results of this study may boost the interest on the anti-seizurogenic properties of Euterpe oleracea, including the development of new approaches for the prevention of seizures in humans and animals with low epileptic threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamyres V N da Silva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), Center for Biotechnology and Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (CBD), Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Torres
- Tropical Species Aquaculture Laboratory (LAET), Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA), Castanhal Campus, Castanhal, PA, Brazil
| | - Luís A Sampaio
- Estuarine and Marine Fish Laboratory (LAPEM), Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Moisés Hamoy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products Laboratory (LFTPN), Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - José M Monserrat
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), Center for Biotechnology and Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (CBD), Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis André L Barbas
- Tropical Species Aquaculture Laboratory (LAET), Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA), Castanhal Campus, Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Aquacultura de Espécies Tropicais (LAET), Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará - IFPA Campus Castanhal, Castanhal, Pará, CEP: 68740 - 970, Brazil.
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Demchenko IT, Zhilyaev SY, Platonova TF, Alekseeva OS, Nikitina ER. Inhibition of GABA-Transaminase and GABA-Transporters in the Brain by Vigabatrin and Tiagabine Prevents Seizure Development in Rats Breathing Hyperbaric Oxygen. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oxygen reactivity with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes: biochemical implications and functional relevance. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1089-1105. [PMID: 32844248 PMCID: PMC7497351 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of reactions catalyzed by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzymes is largely due to the chemistry of their extraordinary catalyst. PLP is necessary for many reactions involving amino acids. Reaction specificity is controlled by the orientation of the external aldimine intermediate that is formed upon addition of the amino acidic substrate to the coenzyme. The breakage of a specific bond of the external aldimine gives rise to a carbanionic intermediate. From this point, the different reaction pathways diverge leading to multiple activities: transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, elimination, and synthesis. A significant novelty appeared approximately 30 years ago when it was reported that some PLP-dependent decarboxylases are able to consume molecular oxygen transforming an amino acid into a carbonyl compound. These side paracatalytic reactions could be particularly relevant for human health, also considering that some of these enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin, whose dysregulation under oxidative conditions could have important implications in neurodegenerative states. However, the reactivity of PLP enzymes with dioxygen is not confined to mammals/animals. In fact, some plant PLP decarboxylases have been reported to catalyze oxidative reactions producing carbonyl compounds. Moreover, other recent reports revealed the existence of new oxidase activities catalyzed by new PLP enzymes, MppP, RohP, Ind4, CcbF, PvdN, Cap15, and CuaB. These PLP enzymes belong to the bacterial and fungal kingdoms and are present in organisms synthesizing bioactive compounds. These new PLP activities are not paracatalytic and could only scratch the surface on a wider and unexpected catalytic capability of PLP enzymes.
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Hoffarth ER, Rothchild KW, Ryan KS. Emergence of oxygen- and pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions. FEBS J 2020; 287:1403-1428. [PMID: 32142210 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an organic cofactor employed by ~ 4% of enzymes. The structure of the PLP cofactor allows for the stabilization of carbanions through resonance. A small number of PLP-dependent enzymes employ molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate. Here, we review the biological roles and possible mechanisms of these enzymes, and we observe that these enzymes are found in multiple protein families, suggesting that reaction with oxygen might have emerged de novo in several protein families and thus could be directed to emerge again through laboratory evolution experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elesha R Hoffarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Gasier HG, Demchenko IT, Tatro LG, Piantadosi CA. S-nitrosylation of GAD65 is implicated in decreased GAD activity and oxygen-induced seizures. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:283-287. [PMID: 28579483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breathing oxygen at partial pressures ≥2.5 atmospheres absolute, which can occur in diving and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy, can rapidly become toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). This neurotoxicity culminates in generalized EEG epileptiform discharges, tonic-clonic convulsions and ultimately death. Increased production of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in eliciting hyperoxic seizures by altering the equilibrium between glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. Inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in HBO2 promotes this imbalance; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a series of experiments using mice, a species that is highly susceptible to CNS oxygen toxicity, to explore the possibility that NO modulates GABA metabolism. Mice were exposed to 100% oxygen at 4 ATA for various durations, and brain GAD and GABA transaminase (GABA-T) activity, as well as S-nitrosylation of GAD65 and GAD67 were determined. HBO2 inhibited GAD activity by 50% and this was negatively correlated with S-nitrosylation of GAD65, whereas GABA-T activity and S-nitrosylation of GAD67 were unaltered. These results suggest a new mechanism by which NO alters GABA metabolism, leading to neuroexcitation and seizures in HBO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Ivan T Demchenko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lynn G Tatro
- Durham Veterans Affairs Hospital, Durham, NC, 20814, USA
| | - Claude A Piantadosi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Durham Veterans Affairs Hospital, Durham, NC, 20814, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Bunik VI, Schloss JV, Pinto JT, Dudareva N, Cooper AJL. A survey of oxidative paracatalytic reactions catalyzed by enzymes that generate carbanionic intermediates: implications for ROS production, cancer etiology, and neurodegenerative diseases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:307-60. [PMID: 21692372 DOI: 10.1002/9780470920541.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I Bunik
- School of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Kubiak K, Nowak W. Molecular dynamics simulations of the photoactive protein nitrile hydratase. Biophys J 2008; 94:3824-38. [PMID: 18234830 PMCID: PMC2367182 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.116665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is an enzyme used in the industrial biotechnological production of acrylamide. The active site, which contains nonheme iron or noncorrin cobalt, is buried in the protein core at the interface of two domains, alpha and beta. Hydrogen bonds between betaArg-56 and alphaCys-114 sulfenic acid (alphaCEA114) are important to maintain the enzymatic activity. The enzyme may be inactivated by endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and activated by absorption of photons of wavelength lambda < 630 nm. To explain the photosensitivity and to propose structural determinants of catalytic activity, differences in the dynamics of light-active and dark-inactive forms of NHase were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) modeling. To this end, a new set of force field parameters for nonstandard NHase active sites have been developed. The dynamics of the photodissociated NO ligand in the enzyme channel was analyzed using the locally enhanced sampling method, as implemented in the MOIL MD package. A series of 1 ns trajectories of NHases shows that the protonation state of the active site affects the dynamics of the catalytic water and NO ligand close to the metal center. MD simulations support the catalytic mechanism in which a water molecule bound to the metal ion directly attacks the nitrile carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kubiak
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Li Q, Guo M, Xu X, Xiao X, Xu W, Sun X, Tao H, Li R. Rapid Decrease of GAD 67 Content Before the Convulsion Induced by Hyperbaric Oxygen Exposure. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:185-93. [PMID: 17712632 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) can lead to seizures, the etiology of which is not completely understood. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) plays a very important role in maintaining excitatory-inhibitory balance of the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study we investigated the effects of HBO on the activity and content of GAD in vivo and in primarily cultured neurons to probe in detail its effect on the formation of convulsion induced by HBO exposure. The results obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments were identical. In the latent period before the onset of seizure, the GAD activity followed a rise-and-fall pattern with the prolongation of HBO exposure. At the time of the onset of seizure, GAD activity descended to the normal level. Besides, in the latent period, GAD content also reduced. Such reduction came from a GAD subtype, GAD67, while the content of another GAD subtype, GAD65, remained almost unchanged. Our investigations indicated that GAD is indeed an enzyme highly sensitive to the effect of HBO exposure. The rapid reduction in GAD67 content may be very closely related to seizures induced by HBO exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Malfatti CRM, Perry MLS, Schweigert ID, Muller AP, Paquetti L, Rigo FK, Fighera MR, Garrido-Sanabria ER, Mello CF. Convulsions induced by methylmalonic acid are associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibition in rats: A role for GABA in the seizures presented by methylmalonic acidemic patients? Neuroscience 2007; 146:1879-87. [PMID: 17467181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is an endogenous convulsing compound that accumulates in methylmalonic acidemia, an inborn error of the metabolism characterized by severe neurological dysfunction, including seizures. The mechanisms by which MMA causes seizures involves the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, but whether GABAergic mechanisms are involved in the convulsions induced by MMA is not known. Therefore, in the current study we investigated the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in the convulsions induced by MMA. Adult rats were injected (i.c.v.) with muscimol (46 pmol/1 microl), baclofen (0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 micromol/1 microl), MK-801 (6 nmol/1 microl), pyridoxine (2 micromol/4 microl) or physiological saline (0.15 micromol/1 microl). After 30 min, MMA (0.3, 0.1 and 3 micromol/1 microl) or NaCl (6 micromol/1 microl, i.c.v.) was injected. The animals were immediately transferred to an open field and observed for the appearance of convulsions. After behavioral evaluation, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity was determined in cerebral cortex homogenates by measuring the 14CO2 released from l-[14C]-glutamic acid. Convulsions were confirmed by electroencephalographic recording in a subset of animals. MMA caused the appearance of clonic convulsions in a dose-dependent manner and decreased GAD activity in the cerebral cortex ex vivo. GAD activity negatively correlated with duration of MMA-induced convulsions (r=-0.873, P<0.01), in an individual basis. Muscimol, baclofen, MK-801 and pyridoxine prevented MMA-induced convulsions, but only MK-801 and pyridoxine prevented MMA-induced GAD inhibition. These data suggest GABAergic mechanisms are involved in the convulsive action of MMA, and that GAD inhibition by MMA depends on the activation of NMDA receptors. While in this study we present novel data about the role of the GABAergic system in MMA-induced convulsions, the central role of NMDA receptors in the neurochemical actions of MMA is further reinforced since they seem to trigger GABAergic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R M Malfatti
- Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
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Bunik VI, Schloss JV, Pinto JT, Gibson GE, Cooper AJL. Enzyme-Catalyzed Side Reactions with Molecular Oxygen may Contribute to Cell Signaling and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:871-91. [PMID: 17342415 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A link between neurodegeneration and well-characterized enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) from O(2) is well established. Several enzymes that contain pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) or thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) catalyze side reactions (paracatalytic reactions) in the presence of ambient O(2). These side reactions produce oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide [H(2)O(2)] or extremely reactive peracids [RC(O)OOH]. We hypothesize that although these enzymes normally produce oxidants at low or undetectable levels, changes in substrate levels or disease-induced structural alterations may enhance interactions with O(2), thereby generating higher levels of reactive oxidants. These oxidants may damage the enzymes producing them, alter nearby macromolecules and/or destroy important metabolites/coenzymes. We propose that paracatalytic reactions with O(2) catalyzed by PLP-dependent decarboxylases and by ThDP-dependent enzymes within the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes may contribute to normal cellular signaling and to cellular damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I Bunik
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Kaminaga Y, Schnepp J, Peel G, Kish CM, Ben-Nissan G, Weiss D, Orlova I, Lavie O, Rhodes D, Wood K, Porterfield DM, Cooper AJL, Schloss JV, Pichersky E, Vainstein A, Dudareva N. Plant phenylacetaldehyde synthase is a bifunctional homotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes phenylalanine decarboxylation and oxidation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23357-66. [PMID: 16766535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602708200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized Petunia hybrida cv. Mitchell phenylacetaldehyde synthase (PAAS), which catalyzes the formation of phenylacetaldehyde, a constituent of floral scent. PAAS is a cytosolic homotetrameric enzyme that belongs to group II pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent amino-acid decarboxylases and shares extensive amino acid identity (approximately 65%) with plant L-tyrosine/3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan decarboxylases. It displays a strict specificity for phenylalanine with an apparent Km of 1.2 mM. PAAS is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the unprecedented efficient coupling of phenylalanine decarboxylation to oxidation, generating phenylacetaldehyde, CO2, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide in stoichiometric amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Kaminaga
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2010, USA
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Hagioka S, Takeda Y, Zhang S, Sato T, Morita K. Effects of 7-nitroindazole and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester on changes in cerebral blood flow and nitric oxide production preceding development of hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures in rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 382:206-10. [PMID: 15908121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) exposure induces increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and extracellular concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) that precede the appearance of central nervous system toxicity, which may manifest as convulsions. To elucidate the origins of NO production during HBO(2) exposure, we examined the effects of the selective neuronal NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), and the non-selective NOS inhibitor, N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), on changes in CBF and NO metabolites (NO(x), nitrite and nitrate) using a laser Doppler flow probe and in vivo microdialysis techniques, respectively. Rats were anesthetized, artificially ventilated, and pressurized to 5 atmosphere absolute (ATA) with pure oxygen for 60 min. In rats treated with vehicle, CBF and NO(x) levels in the cortex increased to 201% and 239% of basal levels, respectively, before the onset of electrical discharges, measured by electroencephalogram. The increase in CBF and NO(x) was completely inhibited by 7-NI and l-NAME. Both drugs also inhibited the appearance of electrical discharges for 60 min. Dynamic changes in CBF and NO(x) were not significantly different between 7-NI and l-NAME. These findings suggest that neuronal NOS is the main mediator of NO production associated with increase in CBF leading to the appearance of electrical discharge during HBO(2) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hagioka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Biomedical vignette. J Biomed Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02258369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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