1
|
Nguyen VT, Uchida R, Warling A, Sloan LJ, Saviano MS, Wicinski B, Hård T, Bertelsen MF, Stimpson CD, Bitterman K, Schall M, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Spocter MA, Jacobs B. Comparative neocortical neuromorphology in felids: African lion, African leopard, and cheetah. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1392-1422. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian T. Nguyen
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Riri Uchida
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Allysa Warling
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Lucy J. Sloan
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Mark S. Saviano
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | | | - Mads F. Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal HealthCopenhagen Zoo Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Cheryl D. Stimpson
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington University Washington District of Columbia
| | - Kathleen Bitterman
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Matthew Schall
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington University Washington District of Columbia
| | - Paul R. Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Muhammad A. Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of AnatomyDes Moines University Des Moines Iowa
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Department of PsychologyColorado College Colorado Springs Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raghanti MA, Wicinski B, Meierovich R, Warda T, Dickstein DL, Reidenberg JS, Tang CY, George JC, Hans Thewissen JGM, Butti C, Hof PR. A Comparison of the Cortical Structure of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), a Basal Mysticete, with Other Cetaceans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:745-760. [PMID: 30332717 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position among mysticetes. Therefore, the bowhead whale is an important specimen for understanding the evolutionary specializations of cetacean brains. Here, we present an overview of the structure and cytoarchitecture of the bowhead whale cerebral cortex gleaned from Nissl-stained sections and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with other mysticetes and odontocetes. In general, the cytoarchitecture of cetacean cortex is consistent in displaying a thin cortex, a thick, prominent layer I, and absence of a granular layer IV. Cell density, composition, and width of layers III, V, and VI vary among cortical regions, and cetacean cortex is cell-sparse relative to that of terrestrial mammals. Notably, all regions of the bowhead cortex possess high numbers of von Economo neurons and fork neurons, with the highest numbers observed at the apex of gyri. The bowhead whale is also distinctive in having a significantly reduced hippocampus that occupies a space below the corpus callosum within the lateral ventricle. Consistent with other balaenids, bowhead whales possess what appears to be a blunted temporal lobe, which is in contrast to the expansive temporal lobes that characterize most odontocetes. The present report demonstrates that many morphological and cytoarchitectural characteristics are conserved among cetaceans, while other features, such as a reduced temporal lobe, may characterize balaenids among mysticetes. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:745-760, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Meierovich
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Convent of the Sacred Heart School, New York, New York
| | - Tahia Warda
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy S Reidenberg
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Department of Radiology and Translational Medicine Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John C George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska
| | - J G M Hans Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Camilla Butti
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The study of life and living organisms and the way in which these interact and organize to form social communities have been central to my career. I have been fascinated by biology, neurology, and neuropathology, but also by history, sociology, and art. Certain current historical, political, and social events, some occurring proximally but others affecting people in apparently distant places, have had an impact on me. Epicurus, Seneca, and Camus shared their philosophical positions which I learned from. Many scientists from various disciplines have been exciting sources of knowledge as well. I have created a world of hypothesis and experiments but I have also got carried away by serendipity following unexpected observations. It has not been an easy path; errors and wanderings are not uncommon, and opponents close to home much more abundant than one might imagine. Ambition, imagination, resilience, and endurance have been useful in moving ahead in response to setbacks. In the end, I have enjoyed my dedication to science and I am grateful to have glimpsed beauty in it. These are brief memories of a Spanish neuropathologist born and raised in Barcelona, EU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona; Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital; CIBERNED; Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobs B, Garcia ME, Shea-Shumsky NB, Tennison ME, Schall M, Saviano MS, Tummino TA, Bull AJ, Driscoll LL, Raghanti MA, Lewandowski AH, Wicinski B, Ki Chui H, Bertelsen MF, Walsh T, Bhagwandin A, Spocter MA, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR. Comparative morphology of gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex across mammals. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:496-536. [PMID: 29088505 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gigantopyramidal neurons, referred to as Betz cells in primates, are characterized by large somata and extensive basilar dendrites. Although there have been morphological descriptions and drawings of gigantopyramidal neurons in a limited number of species, quantitative investigations have typically been limited to measures of soma size. The current study thus employed two separate analytical approaches: a morphological investigation using the Golgi technique to provide qualitative and quantitative somatodendritic measures of gigantopyramidal neurons across 19 mammalian species from 7 orders; and unbiased stereology to compare the soma volume of layer V pyramidal and gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex between 11 carnivore and 9 primate species. Of the 617 neurons traced in the morphological analysis, 181 were gigantopyramidal neurons, with deep (primarily layer V) pyramidal (n = 203) and superficial (primarily layer III) pyramidal (n = 233) neurons quantified for comparative purposes. Qualitatively, dendritic morphology varied considerably across species, with some (sub)orders (e.g., artiodactyls, perissodactyls, feliforms) exhibiting bifurcating, V-shaped apical dendrites. Basilar dendrites exhibited idiosyncratic geometry across and within taxonomic groups. Quantitatively, most dendritic measures were significantly greater in gigantopyramidal neurons than in superficial and deep pyramidal neurons. Cluster analyses revealed that most taxonomic groups could be discriminated based on somatodendritic morphology for both superficial and gigantopyramidal neurons. Finally, in agreement with Brodmann, gigantopyramidal neurons in both the morphological and stereological analyses were larger in feliforms (especially in the Panthera species) than in other (sub)orders, possibly due to specializations in muscle fiber composition and musculoskeletal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Madeleine E Garcia
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Noah B Shea-Shumsky
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mackenzie E Tennison
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Matthew Schall
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mark S Saviano
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Tia A Tummino
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Anthony J Bull
- Human Biology and Kinesiology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Lori L Driscoll
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | | | - Bridget Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hong Ki Chui
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Fredericksberg, Denmark
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa.,Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knopf JP, Hof PR, Oelschläger HHA. The Neocortex of Indian River Dolphins (Genus Platanista): Comparative, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. Brain Behav Evol 2016; 88:93-110. [PMID: 27732977 DOI: 10.1159/000448274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the morphology of four primary neocortical projection areas (somatomotor, somatosensory, auditory, visual) qualitatively and quantitatively in the Indian river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica, P. gangetica minor) with histological and stereological methods. For comparison, we included brains of other toothed whale species. Design-based stereology was applied to the primary neocortical areas (M1, S1, A1, V1) of the Indian river dolphins and compared to those of the bottlenose dolphin with respect to layers III and V. These neocortical fields were identified using existing electrophysiological and morphological data from marine dolphins as to their topography and histological structure, including the characteristics of the neuron populations concerned. In contrast to other toothed whales, the visual area (V1) of the 'blind' river dolphins seems to be rather small. M1 is displaced laterally and the auditory area (A1) is larger than in marine species with respect to total brain size. The layering is similar in the cortices of all the toothed whale brains investigated; a layer IV could not be identified. Cell density in layer III is always higher than in layer V. The maximal neuron density in P. gangetica gangetica is found in layer III of A1, followed by layers III in V1, S1, and M1. The cell density in layer V is at a similar level in all primary areas. There are, however, some differences in neuron density between the two subspecies of Indian river dolphins. Taken as a whole, it appears that the neocortex of platanistids exhibits a considerable expansion of the auditory field. Even more than other toothed whales, they seem to depend on their biosonar abilities for navigation, hunting, and communication in their riverine habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Knopf
- Institute of Anatomy III (Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson CB, Schall M, Tennison ME, Garcia ME, Shea-Shumsky NB, Raghanti MA, Lewandowski AH, Bertelsen MF, Waller LC, Walsh T, Roberts JF, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Jacobs B. Neocortical neuronal morphology in the Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3641-3665. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B. Johnson
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Matthew Schall
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Mackenzie E. Tennison
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Madeleine E. Garcia
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Noah B. Shea-Shumsky
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences; Kent State University; Kent Ohio 44242
| | | | - Mads F. Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health; Copenhagen Zoo; 2000 Fredericksberg Denmark
| | - Leona C. Waller
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park; Washington DC 20008
| | - John F. Roberts
- Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York 10029
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
| | - Paul R. Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg 2000 South Africa
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program; Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reyes LD, Harland T, Reep RL, Sherwood CC, Jacobs B. Golgi Analysis of Neuron Morphology in the Presumptive Somatosensory Cortex and Visual Cortex of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Brain Behav Evol 2016; 87:105-16. [PMID: 27166161 DOI: 10.1159/000445495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigates neuron morphology in presumptive primary somatosensory (S1) and primary visual (V1) cortices of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) as revealed by Golgi impregnation. Sirenians, including manatees, have an aquatic lifestyle, a large body size, and a relatively large lissencephalic brain. The present study examines neuron morphology in 3 cortical areas: in S1, dorsolateral cortex area 1 (DL1) and cluster cortex area 2 (CL2) and in V1, dorsolateral cortex area 4 (DL4). Neurons exhibited a variety of morphological types, with pyramidal neurons being the most common. The large variety of neuron types present in the manatee cortex was comparable to that seen in other eutherian mammals, except for rodents and primates, where pyramid-shaped neurons predominate. A comparison between pyramidal neurons in S1 and V1 indicated relatively greater dendritic branching in S1. Across all 3 areas, the dendritic arborization pattern of pyramidal neurons was also similar to that observed previously in the afrotherian rock hyrax, cetartiodactyls, opossums, and echidnas but did not resemble the widely bifurcated dendrites seen in the large-brained African elephant. Despite adaptations for an aquatic environment, manatees did not share specific neuron types such as tritufted and star-like neurons that have been found in cetaceans. Manatees exhibit an evolutionarily primitive pattern of cortical neuron morphology shared with most other mammals and do not appear to have neuronal specializations for an aquatic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Reyes
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jacobs B, Lee L, Schall M, Raghanti MA, Lewandowski AH, Kottwitz JJ, Roberts JF, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. Neocortical neuronal morphology in the newborn giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) and African elephant (Loxodonta africana). J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:257-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology Department of Psychology, Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Laura Lee
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology Department of Psychology, Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | - Matthew Schall
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology Department of Psychology, Colorado College; Colorado Springs Colorado 80903
| | | | | | - Jack J. Kottwitz
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - John F. Roberts
- Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York 10029
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Butti C, Janeway CM, Townshend C, Wicinski BA, Reidenberg JS, Ridgway SH, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Jacobs B. The neocortex of cetartiodactyls: I. A comparative Golgi analysis of neuronal morphology in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3339-68. [PMID: 25100560 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study documents the morphology of neurons in several regions of the neocortex from the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the North Atlantic minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Golgi-stained neurons (n = 210) were analyzed in the frontal and temporal neocortex as well as in the primary visual and primary motor areas. Qualitatively, all three species exhibited a diversity of neuronal morphologies, with spiny neurons including typical pyramidal types, similar to those observed in primates and rodents, as well as other spiny neuron types that had more variable morphology and/or orientation. Five neuron types, with a vertical apical dendrite, approximated the general pyramidal neuron morphology (i.e., typical pyramidal, extraverted, magnopyramidal, multiapical, and bitufted neurons), with a predominance of typical and extraverted pyramidal neurons. In what may represent a cetacean morphological apomorphy, both typical pyramidal and magnopyramidal neurons frequently exhibited a tri-tufted variant. In the humpback whale, there were also large, star-like neurons with no discernable apical dendrite. Aspiny bipolar and multipolar interneurons were morphologically consistent with those reported previously in other mammals. Quantitative analyses showed that neuronal size and dendritic extent increased in association with body size and brain mass (bottlenose dolphin < minke whale < humpback whale). The present data thus suggest that certain spiny neuron morphologies may be apomorphies in the neocortex of cetaceans as compared to other mammals and that neuronal dendritic extent covaries with brain and body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Butti
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Caroline M Janeway
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado College, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO, 80903, USA
| | - Courtney Townshend
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado College, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO, 80903, USA
| | - Bridget A Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joy S Reidenberg
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sam H Ridgway
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1639, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Psychology, Colorado College, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO, 80903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jacobs B, Harland T, Kennedy D, Schall M, Wicinski B, Butti C, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR. The neocortex of cetartiodactyls. II. Neuronal morphology of the visual and motor cortices in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:2851-72. [PMID: 25048683 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present quantitative study extends our investigation of cetartiodactyls by exploring the neuronal morphology in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) neocortex. Here, we investigate giraffe primary visual and motor cortices from perfusion-fixed brains of three subadults stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique. Neurons (n = 244) were quantified on a computer-assisted microscopy system. Qualitatively, the giraffe neocortex contained an array of complex spiny neurons that included both "typical" pyramidal neuron morphology and "atypical" spiny neurons in terms of morphology and/or orientation. In general, the neocortex exhibited a vertical columnar organization of apical dendrites. Although there was no significant quantitative difference in dendritic complexity for pyramidal neurons between primary visual (n = 78) and motor cortices (n = 65), there was a significant difference in dendritic spine density (motor cortex > visual cortex). The morphology of aspiny neurons in giraffes appeared to be similar to that of other eutherian mammals. For cross-species comparison of neuron morphology, giraffe pyramidal neurons were compared to those quantified with the same methodology in African elephants and some cetaceans (e.g., bottlenose dolphin, minke whale, humpback whale). Across species, the giraffe (and cetaceans) exhibited less widely bifurcating apical dendrites compared to elephants. Quantitative dendritic measures revealed that the elephant and humpback whale had more extensive dendrites than giraffes, whereas the minke whale and bottlenose dolphin had less extensive dendritic arbors. Spine measures were highest in the giraffe, perhaps due to the high quality, perfusion fixation. The neuronal morphology in giraffe neocortex is thus generally consistent with what is known about other cetartiodactyls.
Collapse
|
11
|
Butti C, Ewan Fordyce R, Ann Raghanti M, Gu X, Bonar CJ, Wicinski BA, Wong EW, Roman J, Brake A, Eaves E, Spocter MA, Tang CY, Jacobs B, Sherwood CC, Hof PR. The cerebral cortex of the pygmy hippopotamus, Hexaprotodon liberiensis (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae): MRI, cytoarchitecture, and neuronal morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:670-700. [PMID: 24474726 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the hippopotamus brain is virtually unknown because few studies have examined more than its external morphology. In view of their semiaquatic lifestyle and phylogenetic relatedness to cetaceans, the brain of hippopotamuses represents a unique opportunity for better understanding the selective pressures that have shaped the organization of the brain during the evolutionary process of adaptation to an aquatic environment. Here we examined the histology of the cerebral cortex of the pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) by means of Nissl, Golgi, and calretinin (CR) immunostaining, and provide a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural and volumetric dataset of the anatomy of its brain. We calculated the corpus callosum area/brain mass ratio (CCA/BM), the gyrencephalic index (GI), the cerebellar quotient (CQ), and the cerebellar index (CI). Results indicate that the cortex of H. liberiensis shares one feature exclusively with cetaceans (the lack of layer IV across the entire cerebral cortex), other features exclusively with artiodactyls (e.g., the morphologiy of CR-immunoreactive multipolar neurons in deep cortical layers, gyrencephalic index values, hippocampus and cerebellum volumetrics), and others with at least some species of cetartiodactyls (e.g., the presence of a thick layer I, the pattern of distribution of CR-immunoreactive neurons, the presence of von Economo neurons, clustering of layer II in the occipital cortex). The present study thus provides a comprehensive dataset of the neuroanatomy of H. liberiensis that sets the ground for future comparative studies including the larger Hippopotamus amphibius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Butti
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Butti C, Raghanti MA, Sherwood CC, Hof PR. The neocortex of cetaceans: cytoarchitecture and comparison with other aquatic and terrestrial species. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1225:47-58. [PMID: 21534992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary process of readaptation to the aquatic environment was accompanied by extreme anatomical and physiological changes in the brain. This review discusses cortical specializations in the three major lineages of marine mammals in comparison to related terrestrial and semiaquatic species. Different groups of marine mammals adopted a wide range of strategies to cope with the challenges of aquatic living. Cetaceans and hippopotamids possess a completely agranular neocortex in contrast to phocids and sirenians; vertical modules are observed in deep layers V and VI in manatees, cetaceans, phocids, and hippopotamids, but in different cortical areas; and clustering in layer II appears in the insular cortex of hippopotamids, phocids, and cetaceans. Finally, von Economo neurons are present in cetaceans, hippopotamids, sirenians, and some phocids, with specific, yet different, cortical distributions. The interpretation of the evolutionary and functional significance of such specializations, and their relationships with the degrees of adaptation to the aquatic environment and phylogeny, remain difficult to trace, at least until comprehensive data, including representative species from all of the major mammalian families, become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Butti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bianchi S, Bauernfeind AL, Gupta K, Stimpson CD, Spocter MA, Bonar CJ, Manger PR, Hof PR, Jacobs B, Sherwood CC. Neocortical neuron morphology in Afrotheria: comparing the rock hyrax with the African elephant. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1225:37-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
14
|
Jacobs B, Lubs J, Hannan M, Anderson K, Butti C, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Manger PR. Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) neocortex. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 215:273-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Dugatkin LA, Wilson DS. Language and levels of selection. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:701-701. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
Hauser M, Gardner L, Goldberg T, Treves A. The functions of grooming and language: The present need not reflect the past. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:706-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Hyland ME. Size of human groups during the Paleolithic and the evolutionary significance of increased group size. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:709-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
|
31
|
Graber RB. Anthropological criticisms of Dunbar's theory of the origin of language. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:705-705. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Andrew RJ. Behavioural constraints on social communication are not likely to prevent the evolution of large social groups in nonhuman primates. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:694-694. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Abstract
AbstractGroup size covaries with relative neocortical volume in nonhuman primates. This regression equation predicts a group size for modern humans very similar to that for hunter-gatherer and traditional horticulturalist societies. Similar group sizes are found in other contemporary and historical societies. Nonhuman primates maintain group cohesion through social grooming; among the Old World monkeys and apes, social grooming time is linearly related to group size. Maintaining stability of human-sized groups by grooming alone would make intolerable time demands. It is therefore suggested (1) that the evolution of large groups in the human lineage depended on developing a more efficient method for time-sharing the processes of social bonding and (2) that language uniquely fulfills this requirement. Data on the size of conversational and other small interacting groups of humans accord with the predicted relative efficiency of conversation compared to grooming as a bonding process. In human conversations about 60% of time is spent gossiping about relationships and personal experiences. Language may accordingly have evolved to allow individuals to learn about the behavioural characteristics of other group members more rapidly than was feasible by direct observation alone.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
Kincaid H. Group size, language and evolutionary mechanisms. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:713-4. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
40
|
Jerison HJ. Number our days: Quantifying social evolution. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:712-3. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
41
|
Jacobs B, Raleigh MJ. Sizing up social groups. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:710-1. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
42
|
Hof PR, Van der Gucht E. Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1-31. [PMID: 17441195 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals between 50 and 60 million years ago and acquired, during their adaptation to a fully aquatic milieu, many derived features, including echolocation (in odontocetes), remarkable auditory and communicative abilities, as well as a complex social organization. Whereas brain structure has been documented in detail in some odontocetes, few reports exist on its organization in mysticetes. We studied the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in comparison to another balaenopterid, the fin whale, and representative odontocetes. We observed several differences between Megaptera and odontocetes, such as a highly clustered organization of layer II over the occipital and inferotemporal neocortex, whereas such pattern is restricted to the ventral insula in odontocetes. A striking observation in Megaptera was the presence in layer V of the anterior cingulate, anterior insular, and frontopolar cortices of large spindle cells, similar in morphology and distribution to those described in hominids, suggesting a case of parallel evolution. They were also observed in the fin whale and the largest odontocetes, but not in species with smaller brains or body size. The hippocampal formation, unremarkable in odontocetes, is further diminutive in Megaptera, contrasting with terrestrial mammals. As in odontocetes, clear cytoarchitectural patterns exist in the neocortex of Megaptera, making it possible to define many cortical domains. These observations demonstrate that Megaptera differs from Odontoceti in certain aspects of cortical cytoarchitecture and may provide a neuromorphologic basis for functional and behavioral differences between the suborders as well as a reflection of their divergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Hof
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hof PR, Glezer II, Revishchin AV, Bouras C, Charnay Y, Morgane PJ. Distribution of dopaminergic fibers and neurons in visual and auditory cortices of the harbor porpoise and pilot whale. Brain Res Bull 1995; 36:275-84. [PMID: 7697381 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(94)00202-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of putative dopaminergic fibers in two sensory cortical areas in the brain of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) was analyzed at the light and electron microscopic levels using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The quantitative analysis of the distribution of labeled fibers demonstrates that the primary visual cortex located in the lateral gyrus and entolateral sulcus contains a denser dopaminergic innervation than the auditory cortex within the posterior portion of the presylvian gyrus. In both areas, TH-immunoreactive fibers are densest in layer I, while layers IIIab and VI have intermediate densities and layers II and IIIc-V have the lowest fiber counts. Layer I is characterized by the presence of very thick TH-immunoreactive fiber populations, in addition to the thin and varicose fiber plexus observed throughout the cortical layers. Electron microscopic analyses demonstrated that some of these thick fibers represent the dendrites of TH-immunoreactive neurons located in the deep portion of layer I. The patterns observed in the present study suggest that the dopaminergic projections to the neocortex in whales have a different organization than in terrestrial mammals, particularly rodents and primates. These differences may reflect the fact that during evolution, the cetacean neocortex has retained many of the cytoarchitectonic features that are usually observed only in proisocortical regions in progressive terrestrial mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Hof
- Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Harcourt AH. Brains, grouping and language. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:706-706. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
45
|
Whiten A. Social complexity: The roles of primates' grooming and people's talking. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:719-719. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
46
|
Donald M. Do grooming and speech really serve homologous functions? Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:700-701. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
47
|
Mccune L. A developmental look at grooming, grunting and group cohesion. Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:716-717. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
48
|
Corballis MC. A gesture in the right direction? Behav Brain Sci 1993; 16:697-697. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00032374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
49
|
Hof PR, Glezer II, Archin N, Janssen WG, Morgane PJ, Morrison JH. The primary auditory cortex in cetacean and human brain: a comparative analysis of neurofilament protein-containing pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett 1992; 146:91-5. [PMID: 1475055 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90180-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To extend our investigation of the anatomy of sensory systems in highly adapted aquatic and terrestrial mammals, we have analyzed the distribution of a particular population of efferent neurons in the cetacean and human primary auditory cortex using an antibody to non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI32). The neurofilament protein triplet is differentially distributed within neuronal subpopulations in the primate and cetacean neocortex. In primates, it appears that the somatodendritic domain of a subset of pyramidal neurons furnishing specific corticocortical connections contains high concentrations of neurofilament protein. In the human primary auditory cortex these neurons are located in layers III, V and VI, whereas in cetaceans they are concentrated almost exclusively in the cortical efferent layer IIIc/V. Previous analyses have shown that SMI32 immunoreactivity in the cetacean neocortex is uniformly distributed among functionally different areas, while in human neocortex, the distribution of SMI32-positive neurons exhibit a high degree of regional and laminar specialization that is correlated with the functional and anatomical diversity of the cortical areas. In addition, the overall distribution of SMI32-immunoreactive neurons in the cetacean neocortex is comparable to that observed in paralimbic areas of the human, suggesting that the cetacean neocortex has retained many features of phylogenetically older cortical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Hof
- Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Winer JA. The Functional Architecture of the Medial Geniculate Body and the Primary Auditory Cortex. The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4416-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|