Complications of colostomy closure

Early postoperative complications after transverse colostomy closure, a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Ostomy is a common surgery usually performed to protect patients from clinical symptoms caused by distal anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery and perforation or to relieve intestinal obstruction.

AIM

To analyze the complications after transverse colostomy closure.

METHODS

Patients who underwent transverse colostomy closure from Jan 2015 to Jan 2022 were retrospectively enrolled in a single clinical center. The differences between the complication group and the no complication group were compared. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to find independent factors for overall complications or incision infection.

RESULTS

A total of 102 patients who underwent transverse colostomy closure were enrolled in the current study. Seventy (68.6%) patients underwent transverse colostomy because of CRC related causes. Postoperative complications occurred in 30 (29.4%) patients and the most frequent complication occurring after transverse colostomy closure was incision infection (46.7%). The complication group had longer hospital stays (P < 0.01). However, no potential risk factors were identified for overall complications and incision infection.

CONCLUSION

The most frequent complication occurring after transverse colostomy closure surgery in our center was incision infection. The operation time, interval from transverse colostomy to reversal, and method of anastomosis might have no impact on the postoperative complications. Surgeons should pay more attention to aseptic techniques.

Risk Factors for Radical Rectal Cancer Surgery with a Temporary Stoma Becoming a Permanent Stoma: A Pooling Up Analysis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the potential risk factors for the formation of a permanent stoma (PS) for rectal cancer patients with a temporary stoma (TS) after surgery. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies until November 14, 2022. The patients were divided into the PS group and the TS group. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled up for describing dichotomous variables. Stata SE 16 was performed for data analysis. Results: After pooling up the data, a total of 14 studies involving 14,265 patients were included in this study. The outcomes showed that age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.10, I2 = 1.42%, P = .00 < .1), surgery type (P = .00 < .1), tumor stage (P = .00 < .1), preoperative chemoradiotherapy (P = .00 < .1), preoperative radiotherapy (P = .01 < .1), neoadjuvant therapy (P = .00 < .1), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of ≥3 (P = .00 < .1), anastomotic leakage (P = .01 < .1), local recurrence (P = .00 < .1), and distant recurrence (P = .00 < .1) were associated with the patient with PS. However, sex (P = .15 > .1), previous abdominal surgery (P = .84 > .1), adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .87 > .1), and defunctioning stoma (P = .1) had little association with PS. Conclusion: Patients who were elderly, had advanced tumor stages, had a high ASA score, and underwent neoadjuvant therapy should be informed of the high risk of PS before surgery. Meanwhile, those who underwent rectal cancer surgery with a TS should beware of anastomotic leakage, local recurrences, and distant recurrences, which could increase the risk of PS.

Evidence-based adoption of purse-string skin closure for stoma wounds

BACKGROUND

Opinion is divided on the optimal technique of skin closure after stoma reversal as most conventional techniques compromise either on speed/neatness of wound apposition or on the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI). Evidence suggests that purse-string skin closure (PSSC) may achieve both objectives. This study aims to compare conventional primary closure (PC) with PSSC to determine the efficacious technique for stoma wound closure.

METHODS

Patients undergoing stoma reversal between April 2015 and September 2017 were prospectively studied. Patients were divided into two groups based on the technique of skin closure (PC or PSSC). The following parameters were assessed: SSI, hospital stay, additional outpatient visit, wound healing time and patient satisfaction based on a standardised questionnaire.

RESULTS

Forty one patients underwent stoma reversal (20 PSSC vs 21 PC). Wound infection, need for wound care, length of hospital stay, healing time and scar size were significantly less, whereas average patient wound satisfaction scores were significantly more in the PSSC group.

CONCLUSION

Purse-string skin closure (PSSC) proves efficacious and hence merits adoption as the technique of choice for closure of stoma wounds.

Incidence, risk factors and prevention of stoma site incisional hernias: a systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

Stoma reversal might lead to a stoma site incisional hernia. Recently, prophylactic mesh reinforcement of the stoma site has gained increased attention, supporting the need for accurate data on the incidence of and risk factors for stoma site incisional hernia and to identify high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to assess incidence, risk factors and prevention of stoma site incisional hernias.

METHOD

Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases were searched. Studies reporting the incidence of stoma site incisional hernia after stoma reversal were included. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane risk of bias tool. Data on incidence, risk factors and prophylactic mesh reinforcement were extracted.

RESULTS

Of 1440 articles found, 33 studies comprising 4679 reversals were included. The overall incidence of incisional hernia was 6.5% [range 0%-38%, median follow-up 27.5 (17.54-36) months]. Eleven studies assessed stoma site incisional hernia as the primary end-point, showing an incidence of 17.7% [range 1.7%-36.1%, median follow-up 28 (15.25-51.70) months]. Body mass index, diabetes and surgery for malignant disease were found to be independent risk factors, as derived from eight studies. Two retrospective comparative cohort studies showed significantly lower rates of stoma site incisional hernia with prophylactic mesh reinforcement compared with nonmesh controls [6.4% vs 36.1% (P = 0.001); 3% vs 19% (P = 0.04)].

CONCLUSION

Stoma site incisional hernia should not be underestimated as a long-term problem. Body mass index, diabetes and malignancy seem to be potential risk factors. Currently, limited data are available on the outcomes of prophylactic mesh reinforcement to prevent stoma site incisional hernia.

Clinical trial on the incidence of wound infection and patient satisfaction after stoma closure: comparison of two skin closure techniques

PURPOSE

Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common complications that can occur after stoma closure. Reports have described differences in the incidence of wound infection depending on the skin closure technique, but there is no consensus on the ideal closure technique for a stoma wound. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of SSI and the patient satisfaction between a circumferential purse-string approximation (CPA) and a primary linear closure (PC) of a stoma wound.

METHODS

This prospective nonrandomized trial enrolled 48 patients who underwent a stoma closure from February 2010 to October 2013. Patients were divided into two groups according to the stoma closing technique: the CPA group (n = 34) and the PC group (n = 14). The incidences of SSI for the two groups were compared, and the patients' satisfaction with the stoma closure was determined by using a questionnaire.

RESULTS

SSI occurred in 3 of 48 patients (6.3%) and was more frequent in the PC group than in the CPA group (3/14 [21.4%] vs. 0/34 [0%], P = 0.021). Time to complete healing after stoma closure in the CPA group was 32 days (range, 14-61 days). Patients in the CPA group were more satisfied with the resulting wound scar (P = 0.043).

CONCLUSION

After stoma closure, CPA was associated with a significantly lower incidence of wound infection and greater patient satisfaction compared to PC. However, with the CPA technique, the time to heal is longer than it is with PC.

Comparison of surgical techniques for stoma closure: A retrospective study of purse-string skin closure versus conventional skin closure following ileostomy and colostomy reversal

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of postoperative complications, including superficial incisional surgical site infection (SSI) following purse-string skin closure (PS) and conventional skin closure with a drainage tube (CD) following stoma closure. A total of 55 consecutive patients who underwent loop colostomy and loop ileostomy closures in our hospital between October, 2011 and September, 2014 were retrospectively assessed. The patients were divided into two groups, namely the PS group (26 patients) and the CD group (29 patients). There were no significant differences in the characteristics of the patients between the two groups. The baseline and operative characteristics also did not differ significantly between the two groups. However the incidence of superficial incisional SSI was lower in the PS group compared to that in the CD group (0 vs. 13.8%, respectively; P=0.049). The overall incidence of complications did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.313). The duration of postoperative hospital stay in the PS group was shorter compared to that in the CD group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that PS may an effective technique to reduce the incidence of superficial incisional SSI. This technique appears to be superior to the conventional technique, allowing for better cosmesis.

Hand suture versus stapler for closure of loop ileostomy--a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

PURPOSE

The aims of this study are to compare the 30-day rate of bowel obstruction for stapled vs. handsewn closure of loop ileostomy, and to further assess efficacy and safety for each technique by secondary endpoints such as operative time, rates of anastomotic leakage, and other post-operative complications within 30 days.

METHODS

A systematic literature search (MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing stapled and handsewn closure of loop ileostomy after low anterior resection. Random effects meta-analyses were calculated and presented as risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Forty publications were retrieved and 4 RCTs (649 patients) were included. There was methodological and clinical heterogeneity of included trials, but statistical heterogeneity was low for most endpoints. Stapler use significantly reduced the rate of bowel obstruction compared to hand-sewn closure (RR 0.53 [0.32, 0.88]; P = 0.01). The operation time was significantly lower for stapling compared to hand suture (MD -15.5 min [-18.4, 12.6]; P < 0.001). All other secondary outcomes did not show significant differences.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis shows superiority of stapled closure of loop ileostomy compared to handsewn closure in terms of bowel obstruction rate and mean operation time. Other relevant complications such as anastomotic leakage are equivalent. Even so, both techniques are options with opposing advantages and disadvantages.

Circular closure is associated with the lowest rate of surgical site infection following stoma reversal: a systematic review and multiple treatment meta-analysis

AIM

Stoma reversal is frequently complicated by surgical site infection (SSI). To reduce SSI, several techniques for skin closure have been studied, with no agreement on which is best. The aim of this study was to identify the skin closure technique associated with the lowest rate of SSI following stoma reversal.

METHOD

We systematically searched MEDLINE (PubMed and OvidSP), Scopus and clinical registries from 1 January 1980 to 24 March 2012, and included original reports on adult patients following stoma reversal. A network of treatments was created to map the comparisons between skin closure techniques, including primary closure, primary closure with a drain, secondary closure, delayed primary closure, loose primary closure and circular closure. Pairwise meta-analyses were performed for all available direct comparisons of closure types and heterogeneity was assessed. A multiple-treatments meta-analysis was conducted to estimate relative treatment effects between competing closure types (reported as an odds ratio with 95% credible interval, and a probability that each treatment is best). Several sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies were identified with a total of 2921 cases of stoma reversal. Overall, study quality was poor with observed low (one study), moderate (seven studies) and high (seven studies) risk of bias. Circular closure was associated with the lowest SSI risk (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.02-0.40) and was the best of six skin closure techniques (probability of being best = 68.9%). Circular closure remained the best after sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that circular closure is the best skin closure technique after stoma reversal in terms of SSI rate, but the quality of supporting evidence is limited, precluding definite conclusions.

Prevalence of surgical site infection at the stoma site following four skin closure techniques: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication of stoma reversal. Studies have suggested that different skin closures affect SSI rates. Our aim was to determine which skin closure technique following stoma reversal leads to the lowest rate of SSI.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of all adult patients undergoing stoma reversal at a single institution (2005-2011) and compared the rate of SSI following four skin closure techniques: primary closure (PC), secondary closure (SC), loose PC (LPC), and circular closure (CC). Univariate analysis included χ(2) or Fisher's exact test and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test for categorical and continuous data, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression model was created to identify predictors of SSI.

RESULTS

One hundred and forty-six patients were identified: 40 (27%) PC, 68 (47%) SC, 20 (14%) LPC, and 18 (12%) CC. CC was less likely to have SSI (6%) compared to PC (43%), SC (16%), and LPC (15%; p < 0.01). Increasing body mass index was a predictor of SSI (odds ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.12, p < 0.01). CC was associated with the lowest odds of developing SSI [0.07 (0.01-0.63), p = 0.02].

CONCLUSIONS

SSI rate was the lowest for stomas that were closed with CC.

Technical aspects and outcome of a standardized full laparoscopic approach to the reversal of Hartmann's procedure in a teaching centre

AIM

Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann's procedure is technically demanding. We evaluated the technical aspects and outcome of a standardized approach in a single centre and examined the feasibility of including this into training curricula.

METHOD

The procedure entails a laparoscopy for adhesiolysis and identification and mobilization of the rectal stump. Mobilization of the splenic flexure is performed if necessary, and a colorectal anastomosis is fashioned after introduction of the stapler anvil via the colostomy with intra-abdominal positioning and delivery into the proximal colonic segment to be anastomosed. The stoma is excised as the last step in the operation.

RESULTS

Forty-two patients underwent the procedure over an 8-year period with either an expert (n=21) or trainee under expert mentorship (n=21) as first operator. Intra-operative data and postoperative outcomes were evaluated by retrospective review of clinical charts and theatre records. There was a 9.5% conversion rate and 0% mortality. One patient suffered a ureteric injury, while postoperative surgical complications occurred in 7 patients (including one clinical anastomotic leakage). The mean operative time was 117 min. There was no significant difference in intra operative technical parameters or postoperative clinical consequences between procedures performed by a trained surgeon or by a trainee under mentorship.

CONCLUSION

Adherence to a standardized operative protocol and expert mentorship allows this technically demanding operation to be associated with low conversion and complication rates. The absence of any difference between procedures performed by a trainee or trained surgeon suggests that the operation can be included in training programmes for laparoscopic surgery.

Modified triangulating stapling technique for closure of a temporary loop stoma

PURPOSE

To describe a new stapling technique for closure of a temporary loop stoma and report the results of a retrospective investigation of its efficacy.

METHODS

Thirty-nine patients underwent a total of 40 loop stoma closure procedures, performed by the same surgeon using the same method, between 2004 and 2009. Thirty-six procedures were performed after rectal surgery, 1 was done for rectal malignant lymphoma, 2 were performed in the same patient after resection of rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and 1 was performed after colonic surgery. The short-term outcomes were evaluated retrospectively. For this technique, after the minimum necessary dissection of both limbs of the bowel from the abdominal wall, the everted part of the oral limb is returned to its proper anatomy. The stoma is closed in the vertical direction using two lines of staples in an everted fashion.

RESULTS

The stoma was located in the terminal ileum (n = 36), transverse colon (n = 3), or sigmoid colon (n = 1). The mean operating time was 55 min and the estimated blood loss was 32 g. There were two postoperative wound infections and one anastomotic stenosis.

CONCLUSION

Stapling closure of a temporary loop stoma with two lines of staples may be a feasible alternative that decreases morbidity and reduces the operating time.

Revisiting stapled and handsewn loop ileostomy closures: a large retrospective series

OBJECTIVE

To compare the surgical outcomes of stapled and handsewn closures in loop ileostomies.

METHODS

The data of 225 patients requiring loop ileostomies from 2002 to 2007 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients underwent partial small-bowel resections and either handsewn or stapled anastomoses for the ileostomy closures. They were followed up postoperatively with routine surgical examinations.

RESULTS

The study group consisted of 124 men and 101 women with a mean age of 49.12 years. The ileostomy closure was performed with handsewn in 129 patients and with stapled in 96 patients. The mean time to the first postoperative flatus was 2.426 days in the handsewn group and 2.052 days in the stapled group (p <0.05). The mean time to the first postoperative defecation was 3.202 days in the handsewn group and 2.667 days in the stapled group (p <0.05). The mean duration of patient hospital stay was 8.581 days for the handsewn group and 6.063 days for the stapled group (p <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who underwent ileostomy closure with stapled recovered faster in the postoperative period and required shorter hospital stays than those whose closures were performed with handsewn. In our opinion, stapled should be considered the gold standard for loop ileostomy closures.

Wound infection after colostomy closure for imperforate anus in children: utility of preoperative oral antibiotics

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

There is little published data on the efficacy of surgical infection prophylaxis in children. The purpose of this study was to assess wound infection rate in children undergoing colostomy closure for imperforate anus and evaluate the impact of bowel preparation and antibiotics.

METHODS

Children younger than 18 years with imperforate anus who had a colostomy closure between January 1996 and December 2007 were identified. Data collected included demographics, bowel preparation, antibiotics, operative details, and postoperative infections. Comparison of mechanical bowel preparation and intravenous antibiotics with and without oral antibiotics was compared using chi(2) tests. Significance was defined as P < .05.

RESULTS

A total of 118 patients were identified. Primary skin closure was done in 97%. Mechanical bowel preparation was used in 93%, intravenous antibiotics in 97%, and oral preoperative antibiotics in 52%. Wound infections occurred in 14% (n = 17). The addition of oral antibiotics to the standard regimen of mechanical bowel preparation with intravenous antibiotics did not alter infection rate (13% versus 17%, P = .64).

CONCLUSION

Wound infection in children undergoing elective colostomy closure for imperforate anus was 14%. Infection rate was not affected by use of oral antibiotics. Future studies may allow specific guideline development for infection prophylaxis in pediatric patients.

Endoscopy-based early enterostomy closure for superior mesenteric arterial occlusion

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic examination of blood flow and edema in the remnant bowel.

METHODS: We retrospectively studied 15 patients who underwent massive bowel resection with enterostomy for superior mesenteric arterial occlusion (SMAO); the patients were divided into a delayed closure group (D group) and an early closure group (E group).

RESULTS: The mean duration from initial operation to enterostomy closure was significantly shorter in the E group (18.3 ± 2.1 d) than in the D group (34.3 ± 5.9 d) (P < 0.0001). The duration of hospitalization after surgery was significantly shorter in the E group (33 ± 2.2 d) than in the D group (51 ± 8.9 d) (P < 0.0002).

CONCLUSION: Endoscopic examination of blood flow and edema in the remnant bowel is useful to assess the feasibility of early closure of enterostomy in SMAO cases.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of defunctioning stoma in low rectal cancer surgery

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

The role of a defunctioning stoma in patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer is still the subject of controversy. Recent studies suggest reduced morbidity after low anterior rectal resection with a defunctioning stoma.

METHODS

Retrospective and prospective studies published between 1966 and 2007 were systematically reviewed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing anterior resections with or without defunctioning stoma were included in a meta-analysis. The pooled estimates of clinically relevant anastomotic leakages and of reoperations were analyzed using a random effects model (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, CI).

RESULTS

Relevant retrospective single (n = 18) and multicenter (n = 9) studies were identified and included in the systematic review. Analysis of incoherent data of the leakage rates in these nonrandomized studies demonstrated that a defunctioning stoma did not influence the occurrence of anastomotic failure but seemed to ameliorate the consequences of the leak. Four RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The odds ratio for clinically relevant anastomotic leakage was 0.32 (95% CI 0.17-0.59), revealing a statistically significant benefit conferred through a defunctioning stoma (Z = 3.65, P = 0.0003). The odds ratio for reoperation because of leakage-caused complications was 0.27 (95% CI 0.14-0.51), with significantly fewer reoperations in patients with a defunctioning stoma (Z = 3.95, P < 0.0001). Overall mortality rates were comparable regardless of the presence of a defunctioning stoma.

CONCLUSION

A defunctioning stoma reduces the rate of clinically relevant anastomotic leakages and is thus recommended in surgery for low rectal cancers.

Reversal of Hartmann's procedure through the stomal side: a new even more minimal invasive technique

BACKGROUND

Several minimal invasive, mainly laparoscopic-assisted, techniques for reversal of Hartmann's procedure (HP) have been published. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess a minimal invasive procedure through the stomal site that may compare favorably with open or laparoscopic-assisted procedures in terms of operative time, hospital stay and postoperative complications.

METHODS

HP reversal through the stomal side was attempted in 13 consecutive patients. Lysis of intra-abdominal adhesions was done manually through an incision at the formal stoma side, without direct vision between thumb and index finger. The rectal stump was identified intra-abdominally using a transanal rigid club. A manually controlled stapled end-to-end colorectal anastomosis was created.

RESULTS

Mean duration of operation was 81 min (range 58-109 min); mean hospital stay was 4.2 days (range 2-7 days). In two patients the procedure was converted because of strong adhesions in the lower pelvic cavity around the rectal stump that could not be lysed manually safely. No complications occurred in the patients in whom reversal was completely done through the stomal site.

CONCLUSIONS

In our opinion, restoration of intestinal continuity through the stomal side after HP is a feasible operation, without need for additional incisions. In the hands of a specialist gastrointestinal surgeon this technique can be attempted in all patients, as conversion to a laparoscopic-assisted or an open procedure can be performed when necessary.

Laparoscopically assisted reversal of Hartmann's procedure

BACKGROUND

Restoration of bowel continuity after Hartmann's procedure is a major surgical procedure associated with substantial morbidity and occasional mortality. The authors review their experience with laparoscopically assisted reversal of Hartmann's procedure (LARH) to assess difficulties and potential advantages associated with this procedure.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of a prospectively entered database was performed to identify patients who underwent LARH over a period of 7 years. Data regarding demographic and clinical characteristics, surgical details, and postoperative course were reviewed. Specifically, age, gender, diagnosis at initial operation, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, comorbidities, operative time, conversion, surgical team, complications, postoperative bowel movements, and hospital stay were assessed. All surgeries were performed by six experienced laparoscopic surgeons.

RESULTS

A total of 27 patients, 17 men and 10 women, with mean ages of 58.1 and 62.9 years, respectively, underwent LARH. The procedure was laparoscopically completed for 23 patients. Conversion to laparotomy was required for four patients (14.8%) because of dense adhesions after the initial Hartmann's procedure in three patients and rectal perforation in one patient. The median operative time was 226 min, and the median hospital stay was 6 days. The overall morbidity rate was 33% (9 patients), attributable to colostomy site infection in 5 of the 9 patients. One patient required reoperation because of intraabdominal bleeding. No anastomotic leaks or intraabdominal abscesses were recorded. There was no operative mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopically assisted reversal of Hartmann's procedure is technically challenging and time consuming. However, in the hands of experienced laparoscopic surgeons, it is safe and associated with a reasonably low conversion rate. Furthermore, the relatively low morbidity rate, short hospital stay, and earlier return of bowel function may be beneficial to patients.

Use of colonic stents in emergent malignant left colonic obstruction: a Markov chain Monte Carlo decision analysis

PURPOSE

This decision analysis examines the cost-effectiveness of colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery vs. surgery alone in the management of emergent, malignant left colonic obstruction.

METHODS

We used a Markov chain Monte Carlo decision analysis model to determine the effect on health-related quality of life of two strategies: emergency surgery vs. emergency colonic stenting as a bridge to definitive surgery. All relevant health states were modeled during a patient's expected lifespan. Outcome measures were mortality, the proportion of patients requiring a colostomy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, and costs. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS

In our model, colonic stenting was more effective (9.2 quality-adjusted life months benefit) and less costly (CAD dollars 3,763; US dollars 3,135) than emergency surgery. Its benefits were secondary to reductions in acute mortality and in the likelihood of requiring a permanent colostomy. The results were only dependent on the rate of stenting complications (perforation, technical placement failure, and migration) and the patient's risk of surgical mortality, with the benefits being greatest among patients at high risk of operative mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery is more effective and less costly than surgery in the treatment of emergent, malignant left colonic obstruction. The benefits are most pronounced in high-risk patients and are diminished by increases in stent placement failure rates and perforation rates. In low-risk patients, the benefits are more modest and may not outweigh the risks.

Exteriorized colon anastomosis for unprepared bowel: An alternative to routine colostomy

AIM: To see the possibility of avoiding routine colostomy in patients presenting with unprepared bowel.

METHODS: The cohort is composed of 103 patients, of these, 86 patients presented as emergencies (self-inflected and iatrogenic colon injuries, stab wounds and blast injury of the colon, volvulus sigmoid, obstructing left colon cancer, and strangulated ventral hernia). Another 17 patients were managed electively for other colon pathologies. During laparotomy, the involved segment was resected and the two ends of the colon were brought out via a separate colostomy wound. One layer of interrupted 3/0 silk was used for colon anastomosis. The exteriorized segment was immediately covered with a colostomy bag. Between the 5^th and 7^th postoperative day, the colon was easily dropped into the peritoneal cavity. The defect in the abdominal wall was closed with interrupted nonabsorbable suture. The skin was left open for secondary closure.

RESULTS: The mean hospital stay (± SD) was 11.5 ± 2.6 d (8-20 d). The exteriorized colon was successfully dropped back into the peritoneal cavity in all patients except two. One developed a leak from oesophago-jejunostomy and from the exteriorized colon. She subsequently died of sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF). In a second patient the colon proximal to the exteriorized anastomosis prolapsed and developed severe serositis, an elective ileo-colic anastomosis (to the left colon) was successfully performed.

CONCLUSION: Exteriorized colon anastomosis is simple, avoids the inconvenience of colostomy and can be an alternative to routine colostomy. It is suitable where colostomy is socially unacceptable or the facilities and care is not available.

Combined abdominal and perineal approach for delayed restoration of bowel continuity after low anterior resection in females

Restoration of bowel continuity after Hartmann's operation is the surgeon's goal and the patient's hope. This operation is technically demanding with reportedly high morbidity and mortality. A short distal rectal stump often makes the operation more difficult. In this article, we describe a combined abdominal and perineal approach, which can possibly make delayed restoration of bowel continuity after low anterior rectal resection an easier procedure.

Colon and rectal injuries

PURPOSE

This study was designed to develop treatment algorithms for colon, rectal, and anal injuries based on the review of relevant literature.

METHODS

Information was obtained through a MEDLINE ( www.nobi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi ) search, and additional references were obtained through cross-referencing key articles cited in these papers.

RESULTS

A total of 203 articles were considered relevant.

CONCLUSIONS

The management of penetrating and blunt colon, rectal, and anal injuries has evolved during the past 150 years. Since the World War II mandate to divert penetrating colon injuries, primary repair or resection and anastomosis have found an increasing role in patients with nondestructive injuries. A critical review of recent literature better defines the role of primary repair and fecal diversion for these injuries and allows for better algorithms for the management of these injuries.

Predictors for Complications after Loop Stoma Closure in Patients with Rectal Cancer

PURPOSE

This unmatched case control study was undertaken to evaluate factors contributing to surgery-related complications of loop stoma closure in patients with rectal cancer.

METHODS

Cases were consecutive patients with complications identified from a local registry. Complications were defined as surgery-related and included 30 days overall mortality. Controls were all other patients with stoma closure from the same population of the registry without the endpoint.

RESULTS

Of the 243 patients, 47 (19%) patients experienced a surgery-related complication, including 5 patients who died within 30 days after surgery. Significant risk factors in the univariate analysis were supervised operation (odds ratio 0.50; 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.95; P=0.04), stapled anastomosis (odds ratio 0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.91; P=0.04) and using a soft silicone drain (odds ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.85; P=0.04). Using a soft silicone drain (odds ratio 2.17; 95% confidence interval 1.10-4.26; P=0.03) and stapled anastomosis (odds ratio 0.38; 95% confidence interval 0.15-0.98; P=0.04) were the only significant predictors in the multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study in a homogeneous group of patients with rectal cancer as elective indication for temporary loop stoma construction confirms the high complications rate and mortality rate associated with stoma closure. Intraperitoneal drains should be omitted after loop stoma closure.

Dual endoscopic-assisted endoluminal colostomy reversal: a feasibility study

BACKGROUND

Emergent colostomies are associated with increased morbidity related to second closure operations. The purpose of this canine pilot study was to create a minimally invasive procedure that would reduce the time interval and morbidity involved with colostomy reversals after left colon end colostomies.

METHODS

Six mongrel dogs underwent modified laparoscopic Hartmann's procedures in which the stapled end of the rectal stump was approximated to the left colon proximal to the stoma. After 1 week, they underwent an endoluminal colostomy reversal with a computer-mediated, circular stapling device and varying anvil insertion methods. Variables recorded included anvil insertion technique and feasibility, OR time, complications, and number of days to first meal and bowel movement. A contrast enema performed 1 week post colostomy reversal ruled out anastomosis leaks and stenosis. The dogs were euthanized and subjected to necropsy.

RESULTS

Of four anvil insertion techniques tested, the most feasible employed a large-bore needle to perforate through the stapled end of the Hartmann pouch into the lumen of the left colon. Simultaneous endoluminal views of the rectal stump with a sigmoidoscope and the left colon lumen with an endoscope permitted a controlled and safe needle puncture. Through the needle, a guide wire was inserted to withdraw the anvil via the colostomy into place. A transanally inserted stapler was then married to the anvil under fluoroscopic guidance, thus completing the anastomosis. The colostomy was then taken down and transected at the level of the colocolostomy. Average operating time was 126 min (range 90-180), diet was tolerated within 1.5 days, and average number of days to first bowel movement was 2.5. The absence of stenosis, leaks, and inadvertent visceral injuries confirmed feasibility.

CONCLUSIONS

In this canine model, a dual endoscopic-assisted colostomy reversal with a computer-mediated, circular stapling device is feasible. Using this technique, colostomy reversals can possibly be performed 1 week post-colostomy without entering the peritoneal cavity, thus reducing the number of invasive operations and subsequent morbidity required to manage emergent colon perforations.

Intraoperative colonic lavage in a premature infant: a case report

Left-sided colonic obstruction in the neonate traditionally is managed with a multistaged defunctioning colostomy and resection. In adults, one-stage primary anastomosis has become increasingly popular with the use of on-table antegrade colonic lavage. In infants, and especially in premature neonates, enterostomies pose significant morbidity. O'Connor and Sawin reported a 68% complication rate in 50 infants with necrotizing enterocolitis who had survived until the time of enterostomal closure. This case discusses a modified application of on-table colonic lavage in the management of an obstructing sigmoid stricture in a premature infant.

C, Wahl WL. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: A Surgical Disease

Despite advances in antibiotics and infection control practices necrotizing fasciitis is still a potentially lethal disease. We reviewed 37 patients with necrotizing fasciitis to identify prognostic factors indicating outcome. Overall mortality was 24 per cent. Mortality was significantly increased for elderly patients. Solid-organ transplant recipients also represented a subset of patients with increased mortality. Most infections were polymicrobial. There was no Clostridium perfringens cultured. Rapid diagnosis and treatment with surgical debridement remains the cornerstone of therapy.

Fechamento precoce das colostomias em pacientes com trauma do reto: um estudo prospectivo e casualizado

Foi feito um estudo prospectivo e casualizado de 35 pacientes portadores de colostomias devido a lesões traumáticas do reto admitidos no Hospital Jõao XXIIII no período de novembro de 1994 a junho de 1997. O objetivo foi avaliar os resultados do fechamento precoce das colostomias nestes pacientes. Após o atendimento inicial, os pacientes foram sorteados de acordo com o número do registro de admissão em dois grupos: os do grupo 1 (N = 14) foram submetidos ao fechamento precoce da colostomia programado para o 10º dia pós-operatório do tratamento da(s) lesão(ões) e os do grupo 2 (N = 21) submetidos ao fechamento tardio da colostomia, programado para oito semanas após a operação inicial. Nos dois grupos, o restabelecimento do trânsito intestinal somente foi realizado após o fechamento da lesão retal confirmado por um estudo radiológico contrastado. Houve um predomínio de pacientes jovens, do sexo masculino e vítimas de traumatismo penetrante. Todos eram portadores de uma colostomia em alça. A taxa global de complicações após o fechamento das colostomias foi de 25,7%, com a infecção de ferida operatória sendo a complicação mais freqüente (17,1%). No grupo 1, as complicações ocorreram em 35,7% dos casos e, no grupo 2, em 19,1% (p = 0,423). A análise dos resultados permitiu-nos concluir que a taxa de complicações, a duração da operação para o fechamento da colostomia e o tempo total de permanência hospitalar não apresentaram diferenças significantes entre os dois grupos. Os pacientes submetidos ao fechamento precoce (grupo 1) permaneceram apenas 10 dias em média com a colostomia, enquanto nos pacientes do grupo 2 a média de permanência com a colostomia foi de 66,3 dias (p< 0,001 - Teste de Kruskal-Wallis). Baseados nestes resultados, concluímos que os pacientes portadores de colostomias utilizadas para o tratamento de lesões traumáticas do reto e que não apresentem complicações da operação inicial, poderão ser submetidos ao seu fechamento a partir do 10ºDPO da operação inicial.

Colostomy Closure: Impact of Preoperative Risk Factors on Morbidity

The objective of this study was to stratify patients for colostomy closure into risk categories according to preoperative variables. This was a retrospective case series. Median follow-up was 82 months. A tertiary care academic medical center was the setting for this study. A study sample of 155 consecutive patients who underwent colostomy closure at a single institution between 1985 and 1995 were included in this study. The following preoperative variables were analyzed: indication for colostomy fashioning; age; gender; American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class; presence of cardiac, renal, or pulmonary dysfunctions; presence of diabetes mellitus; and immunosuppression. The occurrence of adverse outcome, as evidenced by postoperative morbidity and mortality, was used as the main outcome measure. Complications occurred in 49 patients (31.6%), including a 1.3 per cent mortality. There was a trend of increasing morbidity with increasing ASA class. The single factor that showed a statistically significant increase in morbidity was the presence of diabetes (P = 0.036). Predicted probabilities of complications for patients with ASA HI with renal disease was 31 per cent, increased to 47.9 per cent if cardiac disease was also present and to 77 per cent with the addition of diabetes. The presence of diabetes carries an independent risk factor for adverse outcome in colostomy closure. This study provides information about stratification of postoperative risk based on commonly available preoperative variables. In the majority of cases, colostomy closure seems to carry a very acceptable complication rate. In selected patients with multiple preoperative risk factors, the morbidity becomes significantly higher.

Complications of abdominal stoma surgery

PURPOSE

This study was undertaken to review and summarize the complications of ileostomy and colostomy creation and subsequent closure.

METHODS

The English-language medical literature for at least the past 15 years was reviewed comprehensively.

RESULTS

Complications of surgery for the creation of end, loop, and "end loop" stomas are presented. Technical factors, which might influence complication rates, are discussed. Optimal management of ostomy complications is presented, especially for peristomal hernias. Similarly, techniques and complications for stoma closure are analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS

Stoma creation is not a trivial undertaking; careful surgical technique minimizes complications (which are relatively frequent), and promotes good ostomy function. Peristomal hernias are difficult to cure permanently. The morbidity of ileostomy and colostomy closure is also appreciable.

Same admission colostomy closure (SACC). A new approach to rectal wounds: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE

The purposes of this project were to study the healing of protected rectal wounds (RWs) using contrast enemas (CEs) and to establish the safety of same admission colostomy closure (SACC) in terms of colostomy closure (CC) and rectal wound-related outcomes, for selected patients with radiologically healed RWs.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Traditional treatment of RWs has included a diverting colostomy that is closed 2 or more months later during a readmission.

METHODS

All patients admitted with a rectal injury were entered into this prospective study, treated with a diverting colostomy and presacral drainage, and managed according to a postoperative protocol that included a CE per anus to detect healing of the RW. Patients with no leaking on their first CE, no infection, and anal continence underwent SACC.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 1993, 30 consecutive patients had rectal injuries, 90% of which resulted from gunshot wounds. The first CE was performed in 29 patients 5 to 10 days after injury. In this group, 21 patients did not and 8 did have leakage from their RWs. The proportions of RWs radiologically healed at 7 and 10 days after injury were 55.2% and 75%, respectively. Sixteen patients with a normal CE underwent SACC 9 to 19 days after injury (mean, 12.4 days). There were two fecal fistulas (2 of 7; 28.6%) after simple suture closure, none (0 of 9) after resection of the stoma with end-to-end anastomosis, and no RW-related complications after SACC. The mean hospitalization time was 17.4 days.

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions were drawn: (1) CE confirmed healing of RWs in 75% of patients by 10 days after injury; (2) 60% of patients with RWs were candidates for SACC, and 53% were discharged with their colostomies closed; (3) SACC was performed without complications in 87.5% of patients with radiologically healed RWs; and (4) there were no RW-related complications after SACC.

Morbidity and timing of colostomy closure in trauma patients

The reported morbidity of colostomy closure in trauma patients varies from 5 to 27 per cent. Low morbidity rates are cited as a factor favouring colostomy creation and against expanded indications for primary repair in the treatment of colonic injuries. In order to assess the morbidity of colostomy closure, we reviewed all colonic injuries from 1979 to 1991 at our institutions. In all, 86 trauma patients who underwent colostomy creation and closure were identified. There were 82 men and four women with an age range of 16 to 74 years (mean 28.1 years). Of these, 95 per cent (N = 82) resulted from penetrating trauma. Of the patients, 63 per cent (N = 54) received end colostomies and 81 per cent (N = 70) of the patients had associated injuries. Of the patients, 38 per cent (N = 33) had a complication with their initial operation. There were no deaths after colostomy closure, but a total morbidity of 24.4 per cent (N = 21) was noted. There were 11 anastomotic complications (two of which required repeat laparotomy) and nine wound infections. The average length of stay was 10.4 days. Morbidity was concentrated in the group who had complications at their initial hospitalization. This was especially true if these patients underwent closure earlier than 3 months after injury. Conversely, if the first operation was uncomplicated, waiting longer than 3 months to perform colostomy closure did not improve results further.

Hartmann's Procedure: An Appraisal

Ninety-seven patients underwent Hartmann's procedure between 1981 and 1986 at the University Hospital, Nottingham. Sixty-one (63%) required this operation as an emergency procedure. There was an overall mortality of 22% and the morbidity rate was 56%. Infective and cardiovascular problems accounted for 77% of all complications encountered reflecting the age and underlying condition ofthe patients requiring this procedure.

Thirty patients had successful restoration of intestinal continuity, the majority of these having their original procedure performed as an emergency for benign disease. There were no immediate postoperative deaths from reanastomosis and few short- or long-term anastomotic problems, however there was again considerable postoperative morbidity.

Reversal of Hartmann's procedure: timing and operative technique

A review of closure of Hartmann's colostomy was undertaken to establish guidelines for the timing and technique of reversal. Between 1984 and 1990 there were 69 reversals; 48 patients originally had diverticular disease and 21 had carcinoma. One-third underwent reversal before 4 months and two-thirds after this time. The operative mortality rate was 3 per cent and the anastomotic leak rate 4 per cent. Significant morbidity occurred in 30 per cent. There was no advantage in delayed closure. Complications occurred in 24 per cent of patients undergoing reversal before and 35 per cent undergoing reversal after 4 months. Thirty-five anastomoses were hand-sewn and 34 stapled. There were no differences in operating time for the two techniques, but a greater number were stapled after 4 months than before (P less than 0.05), which may reflect increased rectal stump shrinkage with time. There were no differences in complication rates whether the anastomosis was hand-sewn (34 per cent) or stapled (26 per cent). Closure of Hartmann's colostomy is a safe procedure but has a significant morbidity in nearly one-third of cases. On the basis of these results, there is no indication to delay closure after 4 months have elapsed, and earlier reversal, when the rectal stump is most accessible, is recommended.

Protective colostomy closure: the hazards of a "minor" operation

A retrospective study of 87 patients, subjected to colostomy closure between 1976 and 1987, was conducted in order to evaluate the role of 8 potential risk factors on morbidity and mortality. Possible risk factors were age greater than 65 years, presence of hypoalbuminaemia (less than 3.0 gr%), anaemia (Hb less than 10 gr%), operative technique, duration of colostomy, site of colostomy, underlying disease and presence of subcutaneous drainage. Apart from hypoalbuminaemia, no clear risk factor was identified, although an interval of more than 90 days between construction and closure of colostomy appears to be safer than shorter intervals. A comparison was also made between two different periods from 1976 to 1982 and from 1983 to 1987 which resulted in important changes in patient management in the second period including: type of antibiotic prophylaxis, type of anastomosis and suture material, site of colostomy and mean duration of colostomy. Four post-operative deaths (4.6%) (two for myocardial insufficiency and two for sepsis), 11 major (13%) and 25 (29%) minor complications were recorded. The analysis of the two different periods showed a strong reduction in both mortality and morbidity in the second period, which could be related to a better management of this type of patient. In conclusion, the incidence of mortality and morbidity in colostomy closure cannot be underestimated and therefore the same skill and meticulous approach are required for this operation as for any major surgical procedure on the colon.

Complications of colostomies

One hundred twenty-six patients underwent 130 end colostomies, 44 for benign and 86 for malignant disease, and were followed for an average of 35 months. The left or sigmoid colon was used in 99 and the transverse colon in 31. Stomas were made electively in 98 patients and urgently in 32. Seventy-six stomas were brought out through the incision and 54 from separate sites. There were 69 complications in 55 patients (44 percent) including 11 strictures, 9 wound infections, 14 hernias, 9 small-bowel obstructions, 4 prolapses, 2 abscesses, 1 peristomal fistula, 17 skin erosions, and 2 poor stoma locations. Fifteen complications required reoperation. Five of these procedures included stoma revision. Total numbers of complications were not related to the stoma site, the disease process, the urgency of the procedure, or the segment of colon used. Wound infections, however, were increased in urgently made stomas. The incidence of hernia was equivalent in stomas brought out through the incision or at a separate site. Forty-one patients (30 percent) had 43 colostomies closed an average of 3.5 months after creation. Thirteen patients had 14 complications--5 wound infections, 6 hernias, 2 small-bowel obstructions, and 1 rectovaginal fistula. One patient died. Four patients required reoperation. There were no anastomotic leaks. Complications were equivalent in Hartmann closures and transverse colostomy closures. Complications were similar in stomas created for cancer and those created for diverticular disease.

Colostomy closure

One hundred and forty-seven colostomies were closed in 146 patients at Wellington Hospital between 1 January 1978 and 1 January 1987. The majority of stomata were formed in patients with colorectal cancer. At least one additional significant procedure was undertaken at the time of stoma closure in 10 patients. The overall complication rate was highest in those patients undergoing closure of a sigmoid end-colostomy (50%). Three complications resulted in death (2%). Twenty-four patients (16.3%) developed wound infections. Five patients developed 'leaks' (3.4%). The use of prophylactic antibiotics appeared to reduce the rate of infection significantly. The highest rates of wound infection and leakage occurred in patients in whom drains were used. Wound infections increased hospital stay. Thirty-one non-bowel or wound-related complications occurred in 25 patients.

Stomas

The construction of intestinal stomas is a major part of a surgical procedure. A stoma should be formed by a surgeon who is not only technically skilled but also understands the potential metabolic and mechanical problems associated with an ileostomy or colostomy. Because of many of the complications are preventable, careful preoperative planning by the surgeon in conjunction with an enterostomal therapist is important to minimize the incidence of technical complications and to help prepare the patient psychologically for life with a stoma. When a complication does arise, it should be recognized promptly and dealt with appropriately.

The outcome of loop ileostomy closure in 293 cases

Our experience with closure of loop ileostomies between the years 1975-1986 was reviewed. Ninety-three percent of stoma closures were done by simple transverse suture. The overall complication rate was 17%. Of the early postoperative complications (13%), the major complication was small bowel obstruction especially in patients where the stoma was protecting a pelvic ileal reservoir. Abdominal septic complications (postclosure) were rare (1%). These were generally caused by unrecognized enteric tears during the mobilization of the stoma rather than anastomotic leakage. A careful operative technique is required. The wound infection rate after healing by both secondary intention and primary skin closure was low (3%) and mainly superficial. Only one incisional hernia was observed in the late postoperative period. In three patients a posterior rectus sheath defect at the stoma site was found incidentally at laparotomy, without clinical evidence of an incisional hernia. Closure of a loop ileostomy is a safe operation with a low morbidity. In patients with a previous total colectomy there was a significant risk of small bowel obstruction after ileostomy closure.

One-stage operation for obstructing carcinomas of the left colon and rectum

A consecutive series of 28 patients with acutely obstructing carcinomas of the left colon and rectum were encountered during the last three years. Two patients treated by loop colostomy only were excluded from the study. Fifteen patients received a one-stage operation of immediate resection and primary anastomosis without proximal colostomy. The remaining 11 patients were treated by a conventional staged operation. The operative mortality and complications were similar in both groups. The duration of hospital stay in the former was half of that in the latter. Of nine patients treated by subtotal or total colectomy with primary anastomosis, the average number of bowel movements three months after surgery was 1.8 per day. Intraoperative colonic irrigation was performed in five patients of the one-stage group and permitted a safe primary anastomosis. The immediate results of the one-stage operation were surprisingly good. The authors propose it as the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with obstructing carcinomas of the left colon and rectum.