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Litchfield C. Triglyceride analysis by consecutive liquid-liquid partition and gas-liquid chromatography.Ephedra nevadensis seed fat. Lipids 2012; 3:170-7. [PMID: 17805907 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1967] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The triglyceride composition ofEphedra nevadensis seed fat, which contains 16 different fatty acids, has been analyzed by a combination of liquid-liquid partition and gas-liquid chromatography. Triglycerides were first separated by liquid-liquid partition chromatography. The recovered fractions were then analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography to determine the molecular weights of the triglycerides present. Consecutive separation by these two techniques resolved this complex seed fat into 30 different triglyceride groups.A method for preparative liquid-liquid partition chromatography of triglycerides is described in detail. Highly unsaturated triglyceride mixtures are easily resolved on the basis of "partition number" by using a hexadecane/nitroethane partition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 77843, College Station, Texas
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Zarevúcka M, Wimmer Z. Plant products for pharmacology: application of enzymes in their transformations. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2447-2473. [PMID: 19330086 PMCID: PMC2635649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different plant products have been subjected to detailed investigations due to their increasing importance for improving human health. Plants are sources of many groups of natural products, of which large number of new compounds has already displayed their high impact in human medicine. This review deals with the natural products which may be found dissolved in lipid phase (phytosterols, vitamins etc.). Often subsequent convenient transformation of natural products may further improve the pharmacological properties of new potential medicaments based on natural products. To respect basic principles of sustainable and green procedures, enzymes are often employed as efficient natural catalysts in such plant product transformations. Transformations of lipids and other natural products under the conditions of enzyme catalysis show increasing importance in environmentally safe and sustainable production of pharmacologically important compounds. In this review, attention is focused on lipases, efficient and convenient biocatalysts for the enantio- and regioselective formation / hydrolysis of ester bond in a wide variety of both natural and unnatural substrates, including plant products, eg. plant oils and other natural lipid phase compounds. The application of enzymes for preparation of acylglycerols and transformation of other natural products provides big advantage in comparison with employing of conventional chemical methods: Increased selectivity, higher product purity and quality, energy conservation, elimination of heavy metal catalysts, and sustainability of the employed processes, which are catalyzed by enzymes. Two general procedures are used in the transformation of lipid-like natural products: (a) Hydrolysis/alcoholysis of triacylglycerols and (b) esterification of glycerol. The reactions can be performed under conventional conditions or in supercritical fluids/ionic liquids. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in supercritical fluids combine the advantages of biocatalysts (substrate specificity under mild reaction conditions) and supercritical fluids (high mass-transfer rate, easy separation of reaction products from the solvent, environmental benefits based on excluding organic solvents from the production process).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Zarevúcka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic. E-Mail:
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4 – Krč, Czech Republic
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BERGER KG, AKEHURST EE. Some applications of differential thermal analysis to oils and fats. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mani VVS, Lakshminarayana G. Pancreatic Lipase Hydrolysis of Four Seed Fats and Calculation of the Glyceride Compositions Using a Computer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19700720604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dobson G, Christie WW, Nikolova-Damyanova B. Silver ion chromatography of lipids and fatty acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:197-222. [PMID: 8520692 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00157-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Silver ion chromatography as applied to the analysis of lipids is reviewed. Thin-layer, column, high-performance liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography in the silver ion mode are included. The lipid types covered are fatty acids, triacylglycerols and complex lipids. Separations are divided into those according to number, geometry and position of double bonds, as well as acyl positional isomers for triacylglycerols. The mechanism of silver ion chromatography is discussed in relation to recent studies using silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dobson
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Tarandjiiska R, Marekov I, Nikolova-Damyanova B, Amidzhin B. Determination of Molecular Species of Triacylglycerols from Highly Unsaturated Plant Oils by Successive Application of Silver Ion and Reversed Phase TLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508010397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Griffiths G, Stobart AK, Stymne S. The acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and the metabolism of phosphatidate in microsomal preparations from the developing cotyledons of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Biochem J 1985; 230:379-88. [PMID: 4052051 PMCID: PMC1152628 DOI: 10.1042/bj2300379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal preparations from the developing cotyledons of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) catalysed the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in the presence of acyl-CoA. The resulting phosphatidate was further utilized in the synthesis of diacyl- and tri-acylglycerol by the reactions of the so-called 'Kennedy pathway' [Kennedy (1961) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 20, 934-940]. Diacylglycerol equilibrated with the phosphatidylcholine pool when glycerol backbone, with the associated acyl groups, flowed from phosphatidate to triacylglycerol. The formation of diacylglycerol from phosphatidate through the action of a phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (phosphatidase) was substantially inhibited by EDTA and, under these conditions, phosphatidate accumulated in the microsomal membranes. The inhibition of the phosphatidase by EDTA was alleviated by Mg2+. The presence of Mg2+ in all incubation mixtures stimulated quite considerably the synthesis of triacylglycerol in vitro. Microsomal preparations incubated with acyl-CoA, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and EDTA synthesized sufficient phosphatidate for the reliable analysis of its intramolecular fatty acid distribution. In the presence of mixed acyl-CoA substrates the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was acylated exclusively in position 1 with the saturated fatty acids, palmitate and stearate. The polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate was, however, utilized largely in the acylation of position 2 of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. The affinity of the enzymes involved in the acylation of positions 1 and 2 of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate for specific species of acyl-CoA therefore governs the non-random distribution of the different acyl groups in the seed triacylglycerols. The acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in position 1 with saturated acyl components also accounts for the presence of these groups in position 1 of sn-phosphatidylcholine through the equilibration of diacylglycerol with the phosphatidylcholine pool, which occurs when phosphatidate is utilized in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. These results add further credence to our previous proposals for the regulation of the acyl quality of the triacylglycerols that accumulate in developing oil seeds [Stymne & Stobart (1984) Biochem. J. 220, 481-488; Stobart & Stymne (1985) Planta 163, 119-125].
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9
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Triglyceride composition of olive oil, cottonseed oil and their mixtures by low temperature crystallization and gas liquid chromatography. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02636217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bezard J, Sempore G, Descargues G, Sawadogo A. Further Studies on the Determination of the 2-Isomers of Triglycerides from Natural Fats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19810830105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Morrison IM, Hawke JC. Triglyceride composition of bovine milk fat with elevated levels of linoleic acid. Lipids 1977; 12:994-1004. [PMID: 593073 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of increasing the linoleic acid (18:2) content of milk fat on the composition and structure of the triglycerides (TG) was investigated. Protected sunflower seed supplement was added to the diet of a cow grazing on pasture, and the structure and composition of the milk fat compared with the milk fat from its monozygous twin which had been fed a control diet. The relative proportions of TG fractions of high, medium, and low molecular weight in the milk fat with elevated levels of 18:2 (15.5% 18:2) were 43.0, 19.5, and 37.5 moles %, respectively, compared with 36.1, 19.7, and 44.2 moles %, respectively in the milk fat from the cow fed the control diet. Separation of these three TG fractions of each milk fat into TG classes with different levels of unsaturation showed that the milk fat with elevated levels of 18:2 contained higher proportions of diene, triene, and tetraene TG and correspondingly lower proportions of saturated and, to a lesser extent, monoene TG. The saturated and monoene TG from the two milk fats had similar fatty acid compositions. However, the diene TG of the 18:2-rich milk fat included high proportions of the combination of 18:2 with two saturated fatty acids (FA) which are minor constituents of normal milk fats. Likewise, the triene TG reflected the presence of 18:2 in combination with 18:1 and a saturated FA.
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Chobanov D, Tarandjiska R, Chobanova R. Rapid densitometric determination of triglyceride groups by argentation thin layer chromatography. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1976; 53:48-51. [PMID: 1245718 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hollstein E, Franzke C, Wolf R. [The glyceride structure of fats. 2. Comparative studies on the splitting of natural fats with pancreatic lipase of with methylmagnesium bromide]. DIE NAHRUNG 1973; 17:93-106. [PMID: 4794766 DOI: 10.1002/food.19730170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pohl P, Wagner H. Fettsäuren im Pflanzen- und Tierreich (eine Übersicht) I: Gesättigte und cis-ungesättigte Fettsäuren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19720740716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Skipski VP, Barclay M. [54] Thin-layer chromatography of lipids. Methods Enzymol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(69)14056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bailey AV, Harris JA, Skau EL. Relationship between the calculated glyceride composition and the iodine value of cottonseed and pecan oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02558167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James A. Harris
- Southern Regional Reserach Laboratory; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Evald L. Skau
- Southern Regional Reserach Laboratory; New Orleans Louisiana
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