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Gong S, Fajar P, De Vries-Idema J, Huckriede A. Comparison of media for a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro vaccine evaluation system. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:328-336. [PMID: 38025916 PMCID: PMC10655156 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.4.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based in vitro systems can be of great value in the development and assessment of vaccines but require the right medium for optimal performance of the different cell types present. Here, we compare three commonly used media for their capacity to support innate and adaptive immune responses evoked in PBMCs by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and whole inactivated virus (WIV) influenza vaccine. Materials and Methods Human PBMCs were cultured for different periods of time in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI), Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM), or Iscove's modified DMEM (IMDM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The viability of the cells was monitored and their responses to TLR ligands and WIV were assessed. Results With increasing days of incubation, the viability of PBMCs cultured in RPMI or IMDM was slightly higher than that of cells cultured in DMEM. Upon exposure of the PBMCs to TLR ligands and WIV, RPMI was superior to the other two media in terms of supporting the expression of genes related to innate immunity, such as the TLR adaptor protein gene MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88), the interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes MxA (myxovirus resistance protein 1) and ISG56 (interferon-stimulated gene 56), and the leukocyte recruitment chemokine gene MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). RPMI also performed best with regard to the activation of antigen-presenting cells. As for adaptive immunity, when stimulated with WIV, PBMCs cultured in RPMI or IMDM contained higher numbers of IFNγ-producing T cells and secreted more immunoglobulin G than PBMCs cultured in DMEM. Conclusion Taken together, among the different media assessed, RPMI was identified as the optimal medium for a human PBMC-based in vitro vaccine evaluation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuran Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Putri Fajar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline De Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Thanasak J, Tansatit T, Taowan J, Hirunwiroj N, Chitthichanonte S, Wongmack T. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells preparation and the hematology of Varanus salvator. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269108. [PMID: 35867719 PMCID: PMC9307208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the proper anticoagulants coated in blood-collecting tube for the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolation and to evaluate the proper culture temperature for the Varanus salvator’s PBMCs, in addition, the hematological characteristics also reported. The heparin treated blood (n = 10) and EDTA treated blood (n = 10) from Varanus salvator were obtained for PBMCs evaluation. The PBMCs obtained from the heparin treated blood was significantly higher than that of EDTA treated blood during the culture period (P < 0.05) indicated heparin would be more appropriated anticoagulant for blood collection. The PBMCs cultured under 37°C and 27°C were not significantly difference on first three days but 37°C showed significantly higher effect in the following days (P < 0.05) indicated both temperatures can be used which 37°C should be an optimal for PBMCs preparation. The peripheral blood cells of Varanus salvator (n = 49) were analyzed for hematological profiles and characteristics which the number of erythrocytes 1.19 ± 0.04 x 1012/L (1.17–1.35 x 1012/L) and WBC 2.41 ± 0.13 x 109/L (2.29–2.81 x 109/L) with absolute differential count of heterophils 0.92 ± 0.02 x 109/L (0.87–0.95 x 109/L), lymphocytes 1.17 ± 0.01 x 109/L (1.15–1.23 x 109/L), azurophils 0.40 ± 0.01 x 109/L (0.37–0.42 x 109/L), basophils 0.000 ± 0.001 x 109/L (0.004–0.011 x 109/L) and monocytes 0.027 ± 0.002 x 109/L (0.028–0.039 x 109/L). These results would play an important role on the cell immunological studies of the Varanus salvator in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitkamol Thanasak
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Tawewan Tansatit
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jarupha Taowan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Napawan Hirunwiroj
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sujit Chitthichanonte
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Teetat Wongmack
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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3
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Sykes C, Van Horne B, Jones J, Kashuba ADM, Gatto G, Van Der Straten A, Johnson L, Cottrell ML. Intracellular islatravir pharmacology differs between species in an in vitro model: implications for preclinical study design. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1000-1004. [PMID: 35134162 PMCID: PMC9126067 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islatravir (4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine; EFdA) is a first-in-class nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) being investigated for HIV treatment and prevention. EFdA is intracellularly phosphorylated to EFdA-triphosphate (EFdA-tp), a competitive substrate of deoxyadenosine-triphosphate (dATP). Thus, translating safety and efficacy findings from preclinical studies relies on the assumption that EFdA's intracellular pharmacology can be extrapolated across species. OBJECTIVES We investigated how EFdA is phosphorylated across animal species commonly used for preclinical models in drug development to identify those that most closely matched humans. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from whole blood of six species (human, rhesus macaque non-human primate (rmNHP), rat, minipig, dog, and rabbit) using Ficoll separation and counted on a haemocytometer by Trypan blue staining. One million live cells were cultured in media supplemented with 10 U/mL human IL-2, 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics and treated with 0, 17, 170, and 1700 nM EFdA (n = 3 replicates per concentration). After 24 h, representative cell counts were derived from untreated control wells (as above), cells were washed in PBS, and lysed with 70:30 methanol:water. EFdA-tp and dATP concentrations were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS and normalized to the representative live cell counts for each species. RESULTS When compared to human values, EFdA-tp concentrations for each EFdA treatment concentration were lower in all species (rmNHP 1.5-2.1-fold, rat 4.5-15-fold, minipig 37-71-fold, dog and rabbit >100-fold). Additionally, rmNHP and dog PBMCs exhibited significantly higher (7-10-fold; P < 0.001) dATP when compared with human PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS Given intracellular pharmacology differences, these preclinical models may be a conservative estimate of EFdA's intracellular pharmacokinetics and efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Sykes
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Van Horne
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Jones
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gregory Gatto
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ariane Van Der Straten
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Dept of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- ASTRA Consulting, Kensington, CA, USA
| | - Leah Johnson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Kong BS, Lee C, Cho YM. Protocol for the assessment of human T cell activation by real-time metabolic flux analysis. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101084. [PMID: 35072113 PMCID: PMC8761778 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevation of glycolysis in autoreactive T cells is a key target for the prevention and treatment of T cell-related autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we describe a simple and efficient protocol for isolating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cells, and the subsequent assessment of T cell glycolysis using Seahorse analyzer. This protocol is useful to analyze different subsets of T cells and applicable to different autoimmune disease models (i.e., T1D, multiple sclerosis). For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Kong et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Soo Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,Corresponding author
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,Corresponding author
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5
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Sohlang MN, Majaw S. Altered VDAC-HK association and apoptosis in mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to diabetic condition: an in vitro and in vivo study. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 129:723-733. [PMID: 33434071 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1867187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased apoptotic lymphocytes have been correlated to a high incidence of infection in poorly controlled diabetes. This study aimed to determine whether altered voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-hexokinase (HK) association contributes to the increase in apoptosis. Mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) exposed to high glucose (Glc)/palmitic acid (PA) were used as the in vitro model, which was compared with PBL isolated from alloxan-induced diabetic mice (in vivo model). Our results showed a significant increase in apoptosis as indicated by the apoptotic index, caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and ultrastructural study. HK and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities were markedly reduced with a profound increase in glucose-6-phosphate level. Co-immunoprecipitation confirms HK interaction with VDAC, an outer mitochondrial membrane protein. Inhibited glycolytic enzyme, i.e. HK and reduced HK-VDAC interaction in our study could contribute to increased apoptosis in lymphocytes exposed to high Glc/PA. Targeting HK-VDAC interaction may therefore provide therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes-associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Nongbet Sohlang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Suktilang Majaw
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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6
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Gates KV, Griffiths LG. Chronic graft-specific cell-mediated immune response toward candidate xenogeneic biomaterial. Immunol Res 2018; 66:288-298. [PMID: 29446013 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-8985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite rabbits becoming an increasingly popular animal model, a flow cytometry panel that combines T cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, FOXP3) with a method for monitoring proliferation is lacking in this species. It has been shown that the rabbit model can be used to identify xenoantigens within bovine pericardium (BP), a common biological heart valve replacement material; however, these methods rely on monitoring the humoral immune response. The development of a rabbit T cell proliferation assay has utility in monitoring graft-specific cell-mediated immune responses toward bovine pericardium. Isolation and culture conditions were optimized to avoid cell death, red blood cell contamination, and non-specific proliferation. Effect of cell culture and stimulation on distribution and intensity of T cell markers was analyzed and compared between cells isolated from naïve and BP-immunized rabbits. Submaximal levels (0.25 μg/mL) of concavalin A were used to stimulate proliferation toward BP extract, with resultant proliferation compared between naïve and BP-immunized rabbits. Density stratification followed by ammonium potassium chloride (ACK) lysis yielded the greatest number of viable peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the least amount of erythrocyte contamination. Flat-bottomed plates were necessary to reduce non-specific proliferation in culture. T cells responded appropriately to maximal mitogenic stimulation (5 μg/mL concavalin A). Interestingly, immunization increased the intensity of FOXP3 in T regulatory cells compared to cells from naïve animals. With addition of submaximal levels of concavalin A, T cells from immunized rabbits proliferated in response to BP protein extract, while cells from naïve rabbits did not. In immunized rabbits, not only did more CD4+ T cells proliferate in response to BP re-stimulation, but the intensity of CD25 was increased indicating cell activation. This research provides a functional cell-mediated screening assay for assessment of BP-based biomaterials in rabbits, overcoming the limitations of previous humoral immune system-based assessments of biomaterial antigenicity in this important experimental animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V Gates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Stabile 4-58, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Stabile 4-58, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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7
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Antioxidant and Ex Vivo Immune System Regulatory Properties of Boswellia serrata Extracts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7468064. [PMID: 28386311 PMCID: PMC5366763 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7468064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Boswellia serrata (BS) is an important traditional medicinal plant that currently represents an interesting topic for pharmaceutical research since it possesses several pharmacological properties (e.g., anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumour). The safety and versatility of this dietary supplement should allow for its use in numerous pathological conditions; however the quality of the extracts needs to be standardized to increase the clinical success rate resulting from its use. In the present study, different commercially available B. serrata extracts were employed to compare their AKBA content and in vitro antioxidant power. Furthermore, their ability to modulate the immune system regulatory properties was investigated. Our results showed that the AKBA content varied from 3.83 ± 0.10 to 0.03 ± 0.004%, with one sample in which it was not detectable. The highest antioxidant power and phenolic content were shown by the same extract, which also exhibited the highest AKBA concentration. Finally, the BS extracts showed the ability to influence the regulatory and effector T-cell compartments. Our results suggest that frankincense should be further investigated for its promising potentiality to modulate not only inflammation/oxidative stress but also immune dysregulation, but attention should be paid to the composition of the commercial extracts.
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8
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Vitali LA, Beghelli D, Biapa Nya PC, Bistoni O, Cappellacci L, Damiano S, Lupidi G, Maggi F, Orsomando G, Papa F, Petrelli D, Petrelli R, Quassinti L, Sorci L, Zadeh MM, Bramucci M. Diverse biological effects of the essential oil from Iranian Trachyspermum ammi. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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9
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Caprioli G, Alunno A, Beghelli D, Bianco A, Bramucci M, Frezza C, Iannarelli R, Papa F, Quassinti L, Sagratini G, Tirillini B, Venditti A, Vittori S, Maggi F. Polar Constituents and Biological Activity of the Berry-Like Fruits from Hypericum androsaemum L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:232. [PMID: 26973675 PMCID: PMC4771922 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum androsaemum, also known as Tutsan, is a small evergreen shrub common in the Mediterranean basin where it is traditionally used as diuretic and hepatoprotective herbal drug. This plant possesses the peculiarity to produce fleshy and berry-like fruits that ripen from red to shiny black. In the present work, the chemical constituents of methanolic extracts and infusions of red and black fruits were analyzed by HPLC, and correlated with their antioxidant properties which were evaluated by the DPPH, β-Carotene/linoleic acid, and hypochlorous acid tests. In addition, the red pigment of the fruit was isolated by column chromatography and structurally elucidated by NMR. Results showed that H. androsaemum fruits contain high amounts of shikimic and chlorogenic acids, while their color was given by a tetraoxygenated-type xanthone, reported for the first time in Hypericum species. The red berries infusion gave the highest content of total phenolic compounds, DPPH, and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity, and β-carotene bleaching. Cytotoxicity of the berries extracts on three human tumor cell lines (malignant melanoma, breast adenocarcinoma, and colon carcinoma) was evaluated by MTT assay, and relevant inhibition on colon carcinoma cells (IC50 value of 8.4 μg/mL) was found. Finally, the effects of red berries extract on the immune system were evaluated by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation assay that revealed a strong stimulation on lymphocytes at low doses (0.4-6 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Alunno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Beghelli
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of CamerinoCamerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Frezza
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Papa
- School of Science and Technology, University of CamerinoCamerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Bruno Tirillini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of UrbinoUrbino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of CamerinoCamerino, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of CamerinoCamerino, Italy
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10
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Caprioli G, Iannarelli R, Innocenti M, Bellumori M, Fiorini D, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Buccioni M, Santinelli C, Bramucci M, Quassinti L, Lupidi G, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Beghelli D, Cavallucci C, Bistoni O, Trivisonno A, Maggi F. Blue honeysuckle fruit (Lonicera caerulea L.) from eastern Russia: phenolic composition, nutritional value and biological activities of its polar extracts. Food Funct 2016; 7:1892-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00203j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a chemical and biological investigation of blue honeysuckle growing in eastern Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marzia Innocenti
- Department of NEUROFARBA
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and Technology
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
| | | | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
| | | | - Dezemona Petrelli
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Daniela Beghelli
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Clarita Cavallucci
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Onelia Bistoni
- Department of Medicine
- Rheumatology Unit
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | | | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Camerino
- Camerino
- Italy
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11
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Click RE. Review: 2-mercaptoethanol alteration of in vitro immune functions of species other than murine. J Immunol Methods 2013; 402:1-8. [PMID: 24270017 PMCID: PMC3946847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Descriptions that organosulfurs could alter biologically relevant cellular functions began some 40 years ago when cell mediated and humoral murine in vitro immune responses were reported to be dramatically enhanced by any of four xenobiotic, sulfhydryl compounds—2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), dithiothreitol, glutathione, and l-cysteine; the most effective of the four was 2-ME. These findings triggered a plethora of reports defining 2-ME benefits for a multitude of immunological processes, primarily with murine models. This led to investigations on 2-ME alterations of (a) immune functions in other species, (b) activities of other cell-types, and (c) in situ diseases. In addition, the early findings may have been instrumental in the identification of the previously undefined anticarcinogenic chemicals in specific foods as organosulfurs. Outside the plant organosulfurs, there are no comprehensive reviews of these areas to help define mechanisms by which organosulfurs function as well as identify potential alternative uses. Therefore, the present review will focus on 2-ME alterations of in vitro immune functions in species other than murine; namely, fish, amphibian, reptile, avian, whales, dolphins, rat, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, feline, canine, porcine, ovine, bovine, and human. Processes, some unique to a given species, were in general, enhanced and in some cases dependent upon the presence of 2-ME. The largest benefits occurred in media that were serum free, followed by those in autologous serum and then fetal bovine serum supplemented medium. Concentrations of 2-ME were generally in the low μM range, with exceptions of those for salamander (20 mM), turtles (70 mM) and dolphins (7 mM). The few studies designed to assess mechanisms found that changes induced by 2-ME were generally accompanied by alterations of reduced/oxidized glutathione cellular concentrations. The major benefit for most studies, however, was to increase the sensitivity of the culture environment, which permitted a specific process to be more easily dissected. 2-ME altered in vitro immune functions of species other than murine. Benefits were found for species from fish to humans. Enhancement occurred in serum-free and in autologous or fetal bovine serum. Generally, optimal concentrations of 2-ME were in the low uM range. Concentration exceptions were salamander (20 mM), turtles (70 mM), and dolphins (7 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Click
- N8693 1250 Street, River Falls, WI 54022, United States.
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Battaglia L, Serpe L, Muntoni E, Zara G, Trotta M, Gallarate M. Methotrexate-loaded SLNs prepared by coacervation technique: in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1561-73. [PMID: 22011315 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Recently, 'coacervation' has been proposed as a new method to prepare fatty acid solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The aim of this work was to encapsulate methotrexate, a hydrophilic anticancer drug, within SLNs obtained by coacervation, through hydrophobic ion pairing and to evaluate the potential efficacy in in vitro and in vivo breast tumor models of drug-loaded nanoparticles. MATERIALS & METHODS Methotrexate-loaded SLN efficacy was evaluated in vitro towards MCF-7 and Mat B-III cell lines (human and murine breast tumor cell lines). Pharmacokinetics of drug-loaded nanoparticles was evaluated in male Wistar rats and biodistribution in a breast tumor model (Mat B-III) in female Fisher rats. RESULTS Drug-loaded SLNs showed an increased cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 and Mat B-III cell lines compared with free drug. After intravenous administration, drug plasmatic concentration was increased and a major drug accumulation within neoplastic tissue was shown when the drug was loaded in SLNs, compared with drug solution alone. Encapsulation of the drug within nanoparticles also increased its oral uptake after duodenal administration. CONCLUSION SLNs are promising vehicles for the delivery of methotrexate, since an increase of efficacy in vitro and a preferential accumulation in breast cancer in vivo were shown. Original submitted 29 October 2010; Revision submitted 19 March 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- Università degli Studi di Torino - Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - via Pietro Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
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Wu H, Weng B, Chen K, Chiou P, Yu B. Effect of dietary supplementation of β-1,3–1,6-glucan on reproductive performance and immunity of New Zealand White does and their pups. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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