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Sitarek P, Skała E, Toma M, Wielanek M, Szemraj J, Skorski T, Białas AJ, Sakowicz T, Kowalczyk T, Radek M, Wysokińska H, Śliwiński T. Transformed Root Extract of Leonurus sibiricus Induces Apoptosis through Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways in Various Grades of Human Glioma Cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:679-687. [PMID: 28032310 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study determines the influence of transformed root (TR) extract of Leonurus sibiricus L. on various grades (I-III) of human glioma cells derived from patients. This plant occurs in southern Asia and Siberia and is widely used as a medicinal plant with various biological activities. Chromatographic profile of TR extract have revealed the presence of various polyphenolic compounds (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, vanilic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, α-resorcylic acid). We found TR root extract to have antiproliferative activity on glioma cells after 24 h of treatment. TR root extract induces apoptosis on various grades (I-III) of human glioma cells by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with concurrent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, and altered mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, p53, Cas-3, Cas-8 and Cas-9 factors involved in apoptosis. This work for the first time demonstrate that TR extract from L. sibiricus root has the potential to activate apoptosis in grade I-III human glioma cells through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego Street 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Ewa Skała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego Street 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marzena Wielanek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Fels Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam J Białas
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sakowicz
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Radek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery of Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Medical University of Łódź, University Hospital WAM-CSW, Łódź, Poland
| | - Halina Wysokińska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego Street 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Tsang SY, Mei L, Wan W, Li J, Li Y, Zhao C, Ding X, Pun FW, Hu X, Wang J, Zhang J, Luo R, Cheung ST, Leung GKK, Poon WS, Ng HK, Zhang L, Xue H. Glioma Association and Balancing Selection of ZFPM2. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207917 PMCID: PMC4514883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ZFPM2, encoding a zinc finger protein and abundantly expressed in the brain, uterus and smooth muscles, plays important roles in cardiac and gonadal development. Abnormal expression of ZFPM2 in ovarian tumors and neuroblastoma has been reported but hitherto its genetic association with cancer and effects on gliomas have not been studied. In the present study, the hexamer insertion-deletion polymorphism rs71305152, located within a large haplotype block spanning intron 1 to intron 3 of ZFPM2, was genotyped in Chinese cohorts of glioma (n = 350), non-glioma cancer (n = 354) and healthy control (n = 463) by direct sequencing and length polymorphism in gel electrophoresis, and ZFPM2 expression in glioma tissues (n = 69) of different grades was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, potential natural selection pressure acting on the gene was investigated. Disease-association analysis showed that the overall genotype of rs71305152 was significantly associated with gliomas (P = 0.016), and the heterozygous genotype compared to the combined homozygous genotypes was less frequent in gliomas than in controls (P = 0.005) or non-glioma cancers (P = 0.020). ZFPM2 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with the grades of gliomas (P = 0.002), with higher expression levels in the low-grade gliomas. In the astrocytoma subtype, higher ZFPM2 expression was also correlated with the rs71305152 heterozygous genotype (P = 0.028). In addition, summary statistics tests gave highly positive values, demonstrating that the gene is under the influence of balancing selection. These findings suggest that ZFPM2 is a glioma susceptibility gene, its genotype and expression showing associations with incidence and severity, respectively. Moreover, the balancing selection acting on ZFPM2 may be related to the important roles it has to play in multiple organ development or associated disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Ying Tsang
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cunyou Zhao
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofan Ding
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frank W. Pun
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Cancer Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Cancer Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siu-Tim Cheung
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilberto K. K. Leung
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HX); (LZ)
| | - Hong Xue
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (HX); (LZ)
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Vaquero J, Zurita M, Aguayo C, Coca S. Relationship between apoptosis and proliferation in secondary tumors of the brain. Neuropathology 2005; 24:302-5. [PMID: 15641589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2004.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A correlation between apoptosis and proliferation in astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, but not in glioblastomas, has been previously reported. An index for apoptosis and proliferation was established for each tumor in a series of 20 brain metastases, and its correlation was studied using the Spearman rank correlation test. Apoptosis index (AI) ranged between 1 and 78% (mean SD: 11.48+/-16.4). Proliferation index (PI) ranged between 2.4 and 21% (mean+/-SD: 8.23+/-4.8). When the relationship between AI and PI was studied, a clear correlation was found (r: 0.8965, 95% CI: 0.74-0.95; P < 0.0001). Therefore, it is concluded that a clear correlation exists between proliferation and apoptosis in secondary tumors of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vaquero
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Mapfre-Medicine Foundation, Spain.
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Ribeiro MDC, Coutinho LMB, Hilbig A. The role of apoptosis, cell proliferation index, bcl-2, and p53 in glioblastoma prognosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2004; 62:262-70. [PMID: 15235729 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2004000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common neuroectodermic tumor. It is also the most malignant one. Many genetic changes are found in glioblastomas, among them, the presence of oncoproteins p53 and blc-2, as well as a high mitotic level and the presence of apoptosis. The utility of such findings through immunohistochemistry for the prognosis of patients remains uncertain. Our objectives in this study were to verify the presence of apoptosis, blc-2, p53, and the proliferative index (MIB-1), through immunohistochemistry, in 30 glioblastomas obtained by surgical resection between August 2000 and August 2001, as well as correlations between those immunohistochemical variables and the patient's age and survival time. Correlations between immunohistochemical variables themselves were also examined. For correlation calculations, Pearson's and Spermann's correlations were used and the time of survival was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: No correlation was found between immunohistochemical variables and survival time. There was also no correlation between those variables and the patients' age. A moderate inverse correlation was found between the apoptotic index (AI) and the mitotic index (MI) (p = 0.058), besides an inverse correlation between blc-2 and MI. CONCLUSION: Our study has not demonstrated any of the examined immunohistochemical findings as having a predictive value in the prognosis of glioblastomas. A reverse correlation was found between AI and MI, which has already been demonstrated by a few studies, as well as an inverse correlation between blc-2 and MI. This finding can demonstrate blc-2 as having a pro-apoptotic role in this group of tumors.
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Gottfried Y, Voldavsky E, Yodko L, Sabo E, Ben-Itzhak O, Larisch S. Expression of the pro-apoptotic protein ARTS in astrocytic tumors. Cancer 2004; 101:2614-21. [PMID: 15517578 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) plays a major role in the development of astrocytic tumors, which are the most common tumors of the central nervous system. ARTS, a proapoptotic protein that is localized in the mitochondria, promotes apoptosis by functioning as an XIAP antagonist and a caspase activator. METHODS To investigate the role of ARTS in astrocytoma, the authors examined protein expression and apoptotic activity in 72 astrocytic tumors, which included low-grade astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas. RESULTS Whereas normal astrocytes did not express the ARTS protein, astrocytoma cells strongly expressed ARTS, and the expression of this protein increased with increasing tumor grade. Furthermore, increased levels of ARTS were significantly associated with higher rates of apoptosis (as measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling [TUNEL] assay as well as an immunohistochemical staining assay for active caspase-3) in these tumors. Levels of two other apoptosis-related proteins, p53 and Bcl-2, also were examined using immunohistochemical methods; ARTS expression was found to be positively correlated with expression of the former and negatively correlated with expression of the latter, which is known to possess antiapoptotic activity. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that ARTS levels reliably reflect the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis, which serves as a defense mechanism against the development and progression of astrocytoma. Furthermore, ARTS expression, when taken into consideration in combination with tumor grade, was the only independent predictor of survival identified in the current analysis. Thus, the authors conclude that ARTS may possess utility as a prognostic marker, as well as a therapeutic tool, for patients with astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Gottfried
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Tsugu A, Sakai K, Dirks PB, Jung S, Weksberg R, Fei YL, Mondal S, Ivanchuk S, Ackerley C, Hamel PA, Rutka JT. Expression of p57(KIP2) potently blocks the growth of human astrocytomas and induces cell senescence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:919-32. [PMID: 10980131 PMCID: PMC1885689 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytic tumors frequently exhibit defects in the expression or activity of proteins that control cell-cycle progression. Inhibition of kinase activity associated with cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase co-complexes by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is an important mechanism by which the effects of growth signals are down-regulated. We undertook the present study to determine the role of p57(KIP2) (p57) in human astrocytomas. We demonstrate here that whereas p57 is expressed in fetal brain tissue, specimens of astrocytomas of varying grade and permanent astrocytoma cell lines do not express p57, and do not contain mutations of the p57 gene by multiplex-heteroduplex analysis. However, the inducible expression of p57 in three well-characterized human astrocytoma cell lines (U343 MG-A, U87 MG, and U373 MG) using the tetracycline repressor system leads to a potent proliferative block in G(1) as determined by growth curve and flow cytometric analyses. After the induction of p57, retinoblastoma protein, p107, and E2F-1 levels diminish, and retinoblastoma protein is shifted to a hypophosphorylated form. Morphologically, p57-induced astrocytoma cells became large and flat with an expanded cytoplasm. The inducible expression of p57 leads to the accumulation of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase marker within all astrocytoma cell lines such that approximately 75% of cells were positive at 1 week after induction. Induction of p57 in U373 astrocytoma cells generated a small population of cells ( approximately 15%) that were nonviable, contained discrete nuclear fragments on Hoechst 33258 staining, and demonstrated ultrastructural features characteristic of apoptosis. Examination of bax and poly-(ADP ribose) polymerase levels showed no change in bax, but decreased expression of poly-(ADP ribose) polymerase after p57 induction in all astrocytoma cell lines. These data demonstrate that the proliferative block imposed by p57 on human astrocytoma cells results in changes in the expression of a number of cell cycle regulatory factors, cell morphology, and a strong stimulus to cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsugu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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