1
|
He Z, Peng B, Wang Q, Tian J, Liu P, Feng J, Liao Y, Chen L, Jia P, Tang J. Transcriptomic analysis identifies the neuropeptide cortistatin (CORT) as an inhibitor of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance by suppressing the NF-κB-MGMT signaling axis in human glioma. Genes Dis 2024; 11:100977. [PMID: 38292193 PMCID: PMC10825237 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a common tumor originating in the brain that has a high mortality rate. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line treatment for high-grade gliomas. However, a large proportion of gliomas are resistant to TMZ, posing a great challenge to their treatment. In the study, the specific functions and mechanism(s) by which cortistatin (CORT) regulates TMZ resistance and glioma progression were evaluated. The decreased expression of CORT was detected in glioma tissues, and highly expressed CORT was associated with a better survival rate in patients with glioma. CORT overexpression notably decreased the capacity of glioma cells to proliferate and migrate in vitro and to form tumors in vivo. CORT overexpression also markedly suppressed the viability and enhanced the apoptosis of TMZ-resistant U251 cells by regulating MGMT, p21, and Puma expression. Importantly, CORT overexpression reduced the resistance of gliomas to TMZ in vivo. CORT expression was negatively correlated with MGMT expression in both glioma tissues and cells, and it was found that CORT inhibited NF-κB pathway activation in glioma cells, thereby inhibiting MGMT expression. In conclusion, CORT regulates glioma cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and TMZ resistance by weakening the activity of NF-κB/p65 and thereby regulating MGMT expression. The CORT/NF-κB/MGMT axis might be regarded as a molecular mechanism contributing to the resistance of glioma to TMZ. Our data also suggest that CORT regulates the viability and metastatic potential of glioma cells, independent of its effects on TMZ resistance, providing evidence of novel therapeutic targets for glioma that should be evaluated in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongze He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Yiwei Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Longyi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan L, Li R, Li D, Zhu Y, Lv Z, Wang B. Development of a novel vasculogenic mimicry-associated gene signature for the prognostic assessment of osteosarcoma patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:3501-3518. [PMID: 37219824 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a form of primary bone malignancy associated with poor prognostic outcomes. Recent work has highlighted vasculogenic mimicry (VM) as a key mechanism that supports aggressive tumor growth. The patterns of VM-associated gene expression in OS and the relationship between these genes and patient outcomes, however, have yet to be defined. METHODS Here, 48 VM-related genes were systematically assessed to examine correlations between the expression of these genes and OS patient prognosis in the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) cohort. Patients were classified into three OS subtypes. Differentially expressed genes for these three OS subtypes were then compared with hub genes detected in a weighted gene co-expression network analysis, leading to the identification of 163 overlapping genes that were subject to further biological activity analyses. A three-gene signature (CGREF1, CORT, and GALNT14) was ultimately constructed through a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis, and this signature was used to separate patients into low- and high-risk groups. The K-M survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and decision curve analysis were adopted to evaluate the prognostic prediction performance of the signature. Furthermore, the expression patterns of three genes derived from the prognostic model were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS VM-associated gene expression patterns were successfully established, and three VM subtypes of OS that were associated with patient prognosis and copy number variants were defined. The developed three-gene signature was constructed, which served as independent prognostic markers and prediction factors for the clinicopathological features of OS. Finally, lastly, the signature may also have a guiding effect on the sensitivity of different chemotherapeutic drugs. CONCLUSION Overall, these analyses facilitated the development of a prognostic VM-associated gene signature capable of predicting OS patient outcomes. This signature may be of value for both studies of the mechanistic basis for VM and clinical decision-making in the context of OS patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruoqi Li
- General Surgery Department, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Dijun Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhi Lv
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Southekal S, Shakyawar SK, Bajpai P, Elkholy A, Manne U, Mishra NK, Guda C. Molecular Subtyping and Survival Analysis of Osteosarcoma Reveals Prognostic Biomarkers and Key Canonical Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2134. [PMID: 37046795 PMCID: PMC10093233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Although histological subtyping followed by improved OS treatment regimens have helped achieve favorable outcomes, a lack of understanding of the molecular subtypes remains a challenge to characterize its genetic heterogeneity and subsequently to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for developing effective treatments. In the present study, global analysis of DNA methylation, and mRNA and miRNA gene expression in OS patient samples were correlated with their clinical characteristics. The mucin family of genes, MUC6, MUC12, and MUC4, were found to be highly mutated in the OS patients. Results revealed the enrichment of molecular pathways including Wnt signaling, Calcium signaling, and PI3K-Akt signaling in the OS tumors. Survival analyses showed that the expression levels of several genes such as RAMP1, CRIP1, CORT, CHST13, and DDX60L, miRNAs and lncRNAs were associated with survival of OS patients. Molecular subtyping using Cluster-Of-Clusters Analysis (COCA) for mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA expression; DNA methylation; and mutation data from the TARGET dataset revealed two distinct molecular subtypes, each with a distinctive gene expression profile. Between the two subtypes, three upregulated genes, POP4, HEY1, CERKL, and seven downregulated genes, CEACAM1, ABLIM1, LTBP2, ISLR, LRRC32, PTPRF, and GPX3, associated with OS metastasis were found to be differentially regulated. Thus, the molecular subtyping results provide a strong basis for classification of OS patients that could be used to develop better prognostic treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh Southekal
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Shakyawar
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Prachi Bajpai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Amr Elkholy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research and Innovation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tegshee B, Kondo K, Soejima S, Muguruma K, Tsuboi M, Kajiura K, Kawakami Y, Kawakita N, Toba H, Yoshida M, Takizawa H, Tangoku A. GHSR methylation-dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:793. [PMID: 34630704 PMCID: PMC8477069 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that the DNA methylation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) was significantly higher in thymoma or thymic carcinoma (TC) than in normal thymic tissue samples. Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) with higher GHSR DNA methylation were associated with significantly worse prognosis than those with lower levels of DNA methylation. Diversified components of the ghrelin-GHSR axis may exert opposing effects in cancer progression, depending on the cancer type in question. However, the precise function of the axis remains unclear. In the present study, the mRNA expression of five key components of the ghrelin system [native ligand ghrelin, variant ligand In-1 ghrelin, native receptor GHSR1a, variant receptor GHSR1b and acylation enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT)] were examined in 58 TET samples by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and protein expression of GHSR1a and GHSR1b was assessed in 20 TETs using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that In-1 ghrelin, GHSR1b (variant forms) and GOAT were more strongly expressed in thymoma compared with thymic-adjacent tissue. By contrast, no significant differences were observed in the expression of ghrelin and GHSR1a (native forms) between thymoma and thymic tissue. The mRNA expression of In-1 ghrelin and GHSR1b (variant forms) was positively associated with GHSR methylation in thymoma tissue samples. However, a relationship was not found between ghrelin, GHSR1a or GOAT expression (native forms) and GHSR methylation in thymoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mRNA expression of GHSR1a and GHSR1b generally correlated with expression of the corresponding protein, and that the expression of GHSR1b was increased in advanced-stage TETs. These results indicate that the DNA methylation of GHSR is associated with a shift from native expression (ghrelin and GHSR1a) to variant expression (In-1 ghrelin and GHSR1b), which induces the tumorigenesis of thymoma, but not TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilguun Tegshee
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Shiho Soejima
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Kyoka Muguruma
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kajiura
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yukikiyo Kawakami
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoya Kawakita
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Toba
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takizawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu M, Whitfield EA, Fothergill LJ, Furness JB, Wade JD, Furness SGB, Hossain MA. Design, synthesis and characterization of a fluorescently labeled functional analog of full-length human ghrelin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:559-564. [PMID: 32980116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human ghrelin receptor (GHSR) is a recognized prospective target in the diagnosis and therapy of multiple cancer types. To gain a better understanding of this receptor signaling system, we have synthesized a novel full-length ghrelin analog that is fluorescently labeled at the side-chain of a C-terminal cysteine extension. This analog exhibited nanomolar affinity and potency for the ghrelin receptor. It shows comparable efficacy with that of endogenous ghrelin. The fluorescently-labeled ghrelin analog is a valuable tool for in vitro imaging of cell lines that express ghrelin receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu ZL, Deng YJ, Zhang GZ, Ren EH, Yuan WH, Xie QQ. Development of a novel immune-related genes prognostic signature for osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18402. [PMID: 33110201 PMCID: PMC7591524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-related genes (IRGs) are responsible for osteosarcoma (OS) initiation and development. We aimed to develop an optimal IRGs-based signature to assess of OS prognosis. Sample gene expression profiles and clinical information were downloaded from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. IRGs were obtained from the ImmPort database. R software was used to screen differentially expressed IRGs (DEIRGs) and functional correlation analysis. DEIRGs were analyzed by univariate Cox regression and iterative LASSO Cox regression analysis to develop an optimal prognostic signature, and the signature was further verified by independent cohort (GSE39055) and clinical correlation analysis. The analyses yielded 604 DEIRGs and 10 hub IRGs. A prognostic signature consisting of 13 IRGs was constructed, which strikingly correlated with OS overall survival and distant metastasis (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), and clinical subgroup showed that the signature’s prognostic ability was independent of clinicopathological factors. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses also supported its prognostic value. In conclusion, we developed an IRGs signature that is a prognostic indicator in OS patients, and the signature might serve as potential prognostic indicator to identify outcome of OS and facilitate personalized management of the high-risk patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Long Wu
- Guanghe Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Ya-Jun Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - En-Hui Ren
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, No.29 Tongren Road, Xining, 810000, Qinghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Hua Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Qi-Qi Xie
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, No.29 Tongren Road, Xining, 810000, Qinghai, China. .,Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soleyman-Jahi S, Sadeghi F, Pastaki Khoshbin A, Khani L, Roosta V, Zendehdel K. Attribution of Ghrelin to Cancer; Attempts to Unravel an Apparent Controversy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1014. [PMID: 31681567 PMCID: PMC6805778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide hormone mainly produced in the stomach. It has been known to regulate energy homeostasis, stimulate secretion of growth hormone, and mediate many other physiologic effects. Various effects attributed to ghrelin contribute to many aspects of cancer development and progression. Accordingly, a large body of evidence has emerged about the association of ghrelin with several types of cancer in scales of cell-line, animal, and human studies. However, existing data are controversial. This controversy occurs in two main domains: one is the controversial results in local effects of ghrelin on different types of human cancer cell-lines; the second is the apparent disagreement in the results of in-vitro and clinical studies that investigated ghrelin association to one type of cancer. These inconsistencies have hampered the indications to consider ghrelin as a potential tumor biomarker or therapeutic agent in cancer patients. Previous studies have reviewed different parts of current literature about the ghrelin-cancer relationship. Although they have highlighted these controversial results in various ways, no specific recommendations have been given to address it. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies and attempted to use the following approaches to unravel the inconsistencies detected: (a) to distinguish local and systemic effects of ghrelin in interpreting its summary clinical role in each cancer; (b) scrutinizing factors that regulate local effects of ghrelin and could justify different effects of ghrelin on different cancer cell-lines. These approaches could have notable implications for future in-vitro and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Soleyman-Jahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Pastaki Khoshbin
- Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Khani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Venus Roosta
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mele C, Samà MT, Bisoffi AA, Caputo M, Bullara V, Mai S, Walker GE, Prodam F, Marzullo P, Aimaretti G, Pagano L. Circulating adipokines and metabolic setting in differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:997-1006. [PMID: 31252407 PMCID: PMC6652238 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The associative link relating insulin resistance (IR) and adipokines to the occurrence and phenotype of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between IR and adipokines in DTC patients, as compared with carriers of benign thyroid diseases (BTD) and healthy controls. This observational study enrolled 77 subjects phenotyped as DTC (N = 30), BTD (N = 27) and healthy subjects (N = 20). Each subject underwent preoperative analysis of anthropometric parameters, thyroid function and autoimmunity, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and levels of unacylated (UAG) and acylated ghrelin (AG), obestatin, leptin and adiponectin. Multivariate regression models were used to test the predictive role of metabolic correlates on thyroid phenotypes and DTC extension. The three groups showed similar age, gender distribution, smoking habit, BMI and thyroid parameters. Obestatin was significantly higher in DTC group compared to BTD (P < 0.05) and control subjects (P < 0.0001). DTC and BTD groups showed higher levels of UAG (P < 0.01) and AG (P < 0.05). Leptin levels were comparable between groups, whereas adiponectin levels were lower in DTC compared to BTD group (P < 0.0001) and controls (P < 0.01). In parallel, HOMA-IR was higher in DTC than BTD (P < 0.05) and control group (P < 0.01). Stepwise multivariable regression analysis showed that obestatin and UAG were independent predictors of DTC (P = 0.01 for both). In an analysis restricted to the DTC group, obestatin levels were associated with the absence of lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). Our results highlight a potential association between metabolic setting, circulating adipokines and thyroid cancer phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mele
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to C Mele:
| | - Maria Teresa Samà
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelo Bisoffi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marina Caputo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bullara
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Mai
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
| | | | - Flavia Prodam
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Loredana Pagano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Alors-Perez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Serrano-Blanch R, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) Enzyme as a Novel Potential Biomarker in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 30297816 PMCID: PMC6175927 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between the presence and alterations of the components of the ghrelin system and the development and progression of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is still controversial and remains unclear. METHODS Here, we systematically evaluated the expression levels (by quantitative-PCR) of key ghrelin system components of in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs, as compared to non-tumor adjacent (NTA; n = 42) and normal tissues (NT; n = 14). Then, we analyzed their putative associations with clinical-histological characteristics. RESULTS The results indicate that ghrelin and its receptor GHSR1a are present in a high proportion of normal tissues, while the enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) and the splicing variants In1-ghrelin and GHSR1b were present in a lower proportion of normal tissues. In contrast, all ghrelin system components were present in a high proportion of tumor and NTA tissues. GOAT was significantly overexpressed (by quantitative-PCR (qPCR)) in tumor samples compared to NTA, while a trend was found for ghrelin, In1-ghrelin and GHSR1a. In addition, expression of these components displayed significant correlations with key clinical parameters. The marked overexpression of GOAT in tumor samples compared to NTA regions was confirmed by IHC, revealing that this enzyme is particularly overexpressed in gastrointestinal NETs, where it is directly correlated with tumor diameter. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel information on the presence and potential pathophysiological implications of the ghrelin system components in GEP-NETs, wherein GOAT might represent a novel diagnostic biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Perez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Charron CL, McFarland MS, Dhanvantari S, Luyt LG. Development of a [ 68Ga]-ghrelin analogue for PET imaging of the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1761-1767. [PMID: 30429981 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ghrelin receptor is a member of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) family and is present at low concentrations in tissues such as the brain, kidney, cardiovascular system, and prostate. The ghrelin receptor plays an important role in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration associated with the progression of many cancers, including prostate, breast, ovarian, testicular, and intestinal carcinomas. Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand, is a 28 amino acid peptide (IC50 = 3.1 nM) known to have poor in vivo stability. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of [Dpr3(octanoyl),Lys19(Ga-DOTA)]ghrelin(1-19). This new ghrelin analogue has a binding affinity (IC50 = 5.9 nM) comparable to that of natural ghrelin. Preliminary in vivo evaluation shows higher uptake of [Dpr3(octanoyl),Lys19(68Ga-DOTA)]ghrelin(1-19) in HT1080/GHSR-1a xenografts than the non-transfected HT1080 xenografts in NOD-SCID mice, although considerable uptake is observed in the kidneys. This is the first example of ghrelin receptor PET imaging in a xenograft model using a peptide derived directly from the endogenous ligand and serves as motivation for developing more effective ghrelin-based radiopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Charron
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada .
| | - M S McFarland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada .
| | - S Dhanvantari
- Lawson Health Research Institute , 268 Grosvenor Street , London , Ontario N6A 4V2 , Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - L G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada . .,Department of Oncology , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program , Lawson Health Research Institute , 800 Commissioners Road East , London , Ontario N6A 5W9 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu J, Yao J, Huang R, Wang Y, Jia M, Huang Y. Ghrelin promotes human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K and ERK signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric acyl-peptide that plays an important role in cell proliferation. In the present study, we explored the role of ghrelin in A549 cell proliferation and the possible molecular mechanisms. We found that ghrelin promotes A549 cell proliferation, knockdown of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) attenuated A549 cell proliferation caused by ghrelin. Ghrelin induced the rapid phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, ERK, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and P70S6K. PI3K inhibitor (LY 294002), ERK inhibitor (PD98059) and mTOR inhibitor (Rapamycin) inhibited ghrelin-induced A549 cell proliferation. Moreover, GHSR siRNA inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, ERK, mTOR and P70S6K induced by ghrelin. Akt and mTOR/P70S6K phosphorylation was inhibited by LY 294002 but not by PD98059. These results indicate that ghrelin promotes A549 cell proliferation via GHSR-dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K and ERK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Quanzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Jia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rozza-de-Menezes RE, Gaglionone NC, Andrade-Losso RM, Siqueira OHK, Almeida LM, Peruzini KDS, Guimarães-Filho MAC, Brum CI, Geller M, Cunha KS. Receptor of ghrelin is expressed in cutaneous neurofibromas of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:186. [PMID: 29262839 PMCID: PMC5738781 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple cutaneous neurofibromas are a hallmark of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). They begin to appear during puberty and increase in number and volume during pregnancy, suggesting a hormonal influence. Ghrelin is a hormone that acts via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), which is overexpressed in many neoplasms and is involved in tumorigenesis. We aimed to investigate GHS-R expression in NF1 cutaneous neurofibromas and its relationship with tumors volume, and patient's age and gender. RESULTS Sample comprised 108 cutaneous neurofibromas (55 large and 53 small tumors) from 55 NF1 individuals. GHS-R expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in tissue micro and macroarrays and quantified using a digital computer-assisted method. All neurofibromas expressed GHS-R, with a percentage of positive cells ranging from 4.9% to 76.1%. Large neurofibromas expressed more GHS-R than the small ones. The percentage of GHS-R-positive cells and intensity of GHS-R expression were positively correlated with neurofibromas volume. GHS-R expression was more common in female gender. CONCLUSIONS GHS-R is expressed in cutaneous neurofibromas. Larger neurofibromas have a higher percentage of positive cells and higher GHS-R intensity. Based on our results we speculate that ghrelin may have an action on the tumorigenesis of cutaneous neurofibromas. Future studies are required to understand the role of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of NF1-associated cutaneous neurofibroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela E. Rozza-de-Menezes
- Graduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303, 4o andar, sala 01 – Centro, Niterói, RJ 24033-900 Brazil
- Neurofibromatosis National Center (Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nova Friburgo, RJ Brazil
| | - Nicolle C. Gaglionone
- Graduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303, 4o andar, sala 01 – Centro, Niterói, RJ 24033-900 Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Andrade-Losso
- Graduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303, 4o andar, sala 01 – Centro, Niterói, RJ 24033-900 Brazil
- Neurofibromatosis National Center (Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Orlando H. K. Siqueira
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brazil
| | - Lilian M. Almeida
- Graduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303, 4o andar, sala 01 – Centro, Niterói, RJ 24033-900 Brazil
- Neurofibromatosis National Center (Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | | | - Marco A. C. Guimarães-Filho
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brazil
| | - Carolina I. Brum
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brazil
| | - Mauro Geller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, RJ Brazil
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Karin S. Cunha
- Graduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303, 4o andar, sala 01 – Centro, Niterói, RJ 24033-900 Brazil
- Neurofibromatosis National Center (Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The components of somatostatin and ghrelin systems are altered in neuroendocrine lung carcinoids and associated to clinical-histological features. Lung Cancer 2017; 109:128-136. [PMID: 28577942 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung carcinoids (LCs) are rare tumors that comprise 1-5% of lung malignancies but represent 20-30% of neuroendocrine tumors. Their incidence is progressively increasing and a better characterization of these tumors is required. Alterations in somatostatin (SST)/cortistatin (CORT) and ghrelin systems have been associated to development/progression of various endocrine-related cancers, wherein they may become useful diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the expression levels of ghrelin and SST/CORT system components in LCs, as well as to explore their putative relationship with histological/clinical characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS An observational retrospective study was performed; 75 LC patients with clinical/histological characteristics were included. Samples from 46 patients were processed to isolate mRNA from tumor and adjacent non-tumor region, and the expression levels of SST/CORT and ghrelin systems components, determined by quantitative-PCR, were compared to those of 7 normal lung tissues. RESULTS Patient cohort was characterized by mean age 53±15 years, 48% males, 34% with tobacco exposure; 71.4/28.6% typical/atypical carcinoids, 21.7% incidental tumors, 4.3% functioning tumors, 17.7% with metastasis. SST/CORT and ghrelin system components were expressed at variable levels in a high proportion of tumors, as well as in adjacent non-tumor tissues, while a lower proportion of normal lung samples also expressed these molecules. A gradation was observed from normal non-neoplastic lung tissues, non-tumor adjacent tissue and LCs, being SST, sst4, sst5, GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b overexpressed in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue. Importantly, several SST/CORT and ghrelin system components displayed significant correlations with relevant clinical parameters, such as necrosis, peritumoral and vascular invasion, or metastasis. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data reveal a prominent, widespread expression of key SST/CORT/ghrelin system components in LCs, where they display clinical-histological correlations, which could provide novel, valuable markers for NET patient management.
Collapse
|
14
|
Intrahippocampal injection of Cortistatin-14 impairs recognition memory consolidation in mice through activation of sst 2 , ghrelin and GABA A/B receptors. Brain Res 2017; 1666:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
15
|
Colldén G, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the Ghrelin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040798. [PMID: 28398233 PMCID: PMC5412382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). Since then, ghrelin has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects that go far beyond its initial characterization as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue. Among the numerous well-established effects of ghrelin are the stimulation of appetite and lipid accumulation, the modulation of immunity and inflammation, the stimulation of gastric motility, the improvement of cardiac performance, the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation and reward-seeking behavior, as well as the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Due to a variety of beneficial effects on systems’ metabolism, pharmacological targeting of the endogenous ghrelin system is widely considered a valuable approach to treat metabolic complications, such as chronic inflammation, gastroparesis or cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. The aim of this review is to discuss and highlight the broad pharmacological potential of ghrelin pathway modulation for the treatment of anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Colldén
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Business Campus Garching-Hochbrück, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ghrelin and cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:51-57. [PMID: 28238732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a small peptide with 28 amino acids, and has been characterized as the ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). In addition to its original function in stimulating pituitary growth hormone release, ghrelin is multifunctional and plays a role in the regulation of energy balance, gastric acid release, appetite, insulin secretion, gastric motility and the turnover of gastric and intestinal mucosa. The discovery of ghrelin and GHSR expression beyond normal tissues suggests its role other than physiological function. Emerging evidences have revealed ghrelin's function in regulating several processes related to cancer progression, especially in metastasis and proliferation. We further show the relative GHRL and GHSR expression in pan-cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), suggesting the potential pathological role of the axis in cancers. This review focuses on ghrelin's biological function in cancer progression, and reveals its clinical significance especially the impact on cancer patient outcome.
Collapse
|
17
|
Au CC, Furness JB, Brown KA. Ghrelin and Breast Cancer: Emerging Roles in Obesity, Estrogen Regulation, and Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 6:265. [PMID: 28119851 PMCID: PMC5220482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic factors have been shown to drive the growth of breast cancer cells in postmenopausal obese women, who have increased risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Estrogens, produced locally in the breast fat by the enzyme aromatase, have an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone, may also influence cancer growth. This peptide is produced in the stomach and acts centrally to regulate appetite and growth hormone release. Circulating levels of ghrelin, and its unacylated form, des-acyl ghrelin, are almost always inversely correlated with obesity, and these peptide hormones have recently been shown to inhibit adipose tissue aromatase expression. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin have also been shown to be produced by some tumor cells and influence tumor growth. The ghrelin/des-acyl ghrelin–cancer axis is complex, one reason being that tumor cells have been shown to express splice variants of ghrelin, and ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin might act at receptors other than the cognate ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, in tumors. Effects of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin on energy homeostasis may also affect tumor development and growth. This review will summarize our current understanding of the role of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in hormone-dependent cancers, breast cancer in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CheukMan Cherie Au
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prognostic Significance of Preoperative and Postoperative Plasma Levels of Ghrelin in Gastric Cancer: 3-Year Survival Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e209. [PMID: 28055030 PMCID: PMC5288598 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate prognostic effects of plasma levels of ghrelin before and after gastrectomy in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: We followed 81 GC patients up to 3 years in this study. They were candidates for curative gastrectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Plasma levels of total and active ghrelins before and after the operation were assessed. Association of plasma levels of ghrelin with survival were assessed and adjusted for other potential prognostic factors using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Both total and active ghrelins dropped after gastrectomy (P<0.001 for both). Multiple Cox models revealed worse survival for patients with postoperative total ghrelins below median (hazards ratio (HR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–5.41) or 25th percentile (HR=4.29, 95% CI: 1.48–12.44) compared with patients with higher ghrelin levels. In case of preoperative total ghrelin, patients with either second or third quartiles of plasma ghrelin showed worse survival compared with patients with the lowest quartile (HR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.11–6.38 for second quartile, and HR=2.32, 95% CI: 1.01–5.35 for third quartile vs. the lowest quartile). However, there was no difference between patients with the highest and lowest quartiles (HR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.22–2.73). Similar pattern was observed for preoperative active ghrelin (HR=4.92, 95% CI: 1.80–13.54 for second quartile, and HR=2.87, 95% CI: 1.11–7.38 for third quartile vs. the lowest quartile). Advanced TNM stage (HR=4.88, 95% CI: 1.10–21.77), cachexia (HR=2.99, 95% CI: 1.35–6.63), and receiving no neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.04–3.92) were other poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative and postoperative plasma levels of ghrelin could predict survival of GC patients with different patterns. This prognostic effect was independent of stage and cachexia. Measurement of plasma ghrelin in GC patients could complement conventional staging for more precise risk-stratification of the patients. Extrinsic admirations of ghrelin after total gastrectomy has potentials to improve survival of GC patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Luque RM, Sampedro-Nuñez M, Gahete MD, Ramos-Levi A, Ibáñez-Costa A, Rivero-Cortés E, Serrano-Somavilla A, Adrados M, Culler MD, Castaño JP, Marazuela M. In1-ghrelin, a splice variant of ghrelin gene, is associated with the evolution and aggressiveness of human neuroendocrine tumors: Evidence from clinical, cellular and molecular parameters. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19619-33. [PMID: 26124083 PMCID: PMC4637309 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin system comprises a complex family of peptides, receptors (GHSRs), and modifying enzymes [e.g. ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT)] that control multiple pathophysiological processes. Aberrant alternative splicing is an emerging cancer hallmark that generates altered proteins with tumorigenic capacity. Indeed, In1-ghrelin and truncated-GHSR1b splicing variants can promote development/progression of certain endocrine-related cancers. Here, we determined the expression levels of key ghrelin system components in neuroendocrine tumor (NETs) and explored their potential functional role. Twenty-six patients with NETs were prospectively/retrospectively studied [72 samples from primary and metastatic tissues (30 normal/42 tumors)] and clinical data were obtained. The role of In1-ghrelin in aggressiveness was studied in vitro using NET cell lines (BON-1/QGP-1). In1-ghrelin, GOAT and GHSR1a/1b expression levels were elevated in tumoral compared to normal/adjacent tissues. Moreover, In1-ghrelin, GOAT, and GHSR1b expression levels were positively correlated within tumoral, but not within normal/adjacent samples, and were higher in patients with progressive vs. with stable/cured disease. Finally, In1-ghrelin increased aggressiveness (e.g. proliferation/migration) of NET cells. Altogether, our data strongly suggests a potential implication of ghrelin system in the pathogenesis and/or clinical outcome of NETs, and warrant further studies on their possible value for the future development of molecular biomarkers with diagnostic/prognostic/therapeutic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul M Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomèdica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutricón (CIBERObn), Córdoba, España
| | - Miguel Sampedro-Nuñez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomèdica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutricón (CIBERObn), Córdoba, España
| | - Ana Ramos-Levi
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomèdica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutricón (CIBERObn), Córdoba, España
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomèdica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutricón (CIBERObn), Córdoba, España
| | - Ana Serrano-Somavilla
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - Magdalena Adrados
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España
| | | | - Justo P Castaño
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomèdica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutricón (CIBERObn), Córdoba, España
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Whirledge SD, Garcia JM, Smith RG, Lamb DJ. Ghrelin partially protects against cisplatin-induced male murine gonadal toxicity in a GHSR-1a-dependent manner. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:76. [PMID: 25631345 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin causes a number of dose-dependent side effects, including cachexia and testicular damage. Patients receiving a high cumulative dose of cisplatin may develop permanent azoospermia and subsequent infertility. Thus, the development of chemotherapeutic regimens with the optimal postsurvival quality of life (fertility) is of high importance. This study tested the hypothesis that ghrelin administration can prevent or minimize cisplatin-induced testicular damage and cachexia. Ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a), are expressed and function in the testis. Targeted deletion of ghrelin, or its receptor, significantly increases the rate of cell death in the testis, suggesting a protective role. Intraperitoneal administration of vehicle, ghrelin, or cisplatin alone or in combination with ghrelin, in cycles of 9 or 18 days, to adult male C57Bl/6 mice was performed. Body weight was measured daily and testicular and epididymal weight, sperm density and motility, testicular histology, and testicular cell death were analyzed at the time of euthanization. Ghrelin coadministration decreased the severity of cisplatin-induced cachexia and gonadal toxicity. Body, testicular, and epididymal weights significantly increased as testicular cell death decreased with ghrelin coadministration. The widespread damage to the seminiferous epithelium induced by cisplatin administration was less severe in mice simultaneously treated with ghrelin. Furthermore, ghrelin diminished the deleterious effects of cisplatin on testis and body weight homeostasis in wild-type but not Ghsr(-/-) mice, showing that ghrelin's actions are mediated via GHSR. Ghrelin or more stable GHSR agonists potentially offer a novel therapeutic approach to minimize the testicular damage that occurs after gonadotoxin exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Whirledge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose M Garcia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roy G Smith
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Takiguchi S, Takata A, Murakami K, Miyazaki Y, Yanagimoto Y, Kurokawa Y, Takahashi T, Mori M, Doki Y. Clinical application of ghrelin administration for gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:200-5. [PMID: 24253567 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of body weight is a common (and the most serious) sequela after gastrectomy. It impairs quality of life, increases various diseases including infection, and may affect long-term survival. Ghrelin, an intrinsic ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, was discovered in the stomach in 1999. In addition to growth hormone secretion, ghrelin has pleiotropic functions including appetite stimulation, increasing bowel movement and absorption, and anti-inflammatory reactions. In consequence, ghrelin comprehensively leads positive energy balance and weight gain. The fundic gland of the stomach produces the majority of ghrelin, and plasma ghrelin declines to 10-30 % of the preoperative level after total gastrectomy and 50-70 % after distal gastrectomy. Although plasma ghrelin is never restored after total gastrectomy, it gradually recovers to the preoperative level within a few years after distal gastrectomy. Chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection and vagotomy are additional factors that perturb the ghrelin secretion of gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy. A randomized clinical trial that revealed that recombinant ghrelin administration successfully increased both food intake and appetite, and ameliorated weight loss after total gastrectomy. Ghrelin administration could thus be a promising strategy to transiently improve the nutritional status of patients who who have undergone gastrectomy, but its effect in the long term remains unclear. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism of ghrelin and to create and evaluate the analogs that could be administered orally or subcutaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takiguchi
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 E2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kerenidi T, Lada M, Tsaroucha A, Georgoulias P, Mystridou P, Gourgoulianis KI. Clinical significance of serum adipokines levels in lung cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:507. [PMID: 23430445 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines have a significant effect on metabolism, immunoinflammatory responses as well as on carcinogenesis; therefore, we aimed at evaluating their potential predictive and prognostic significance in lung cancer. Eighty patients--mean age 62.9 ± 9.2 years--with previously untreated lung cancer (61 NSCLC and 19 SCLC) of all stages and 40 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin were measured using human Radioimmunoassay kits. Serum leptin levels in lung cancer patients were lower compared to control (p < 0.0001), while adiponectin and ghrelin levels were significantly increased in patients (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0043, respectively). Additionally, the leptin/adiponectin ratio was significantly lower in the patients group compared to controls (p < 0.0001]. There was no association between serum levels of adipokines and any of the patient clinicopathological characteristics or response to therapy. Nevertheless, patients with lower values of serum leptin had shorter overall survival (p = 0.014), whereas multivariate analysis revealed leptin levels as an independent prognostic factor for survival (p = 0.024, HR 0.452, CI 95 % 0.232-0.899). These results suggest that adipokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, while leptin serum levels might provide useful prognostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Kerenidi
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chopin LK, Seim I, Walpole CM, Herington AC. The ghrelin axis--does it have an appetite for cancer progression? Endocr Rev 2012; 33:849-91. [PMID: 22826465 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is a peptide hormone with diverse physiological roles. Ghrelin regulates GH release, appetite and feeding, gut motility, and energy balance and also has roles in the cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Ghrelin and the GHSR are expressed in a wide range of normal and tumor tissues, and a fluorescein-labeled, truncated form of ghrelin is showing promise as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Plasma ghrelin levels are generally inversely related to body mass index and are unlikely to be useful as a biomarker for cancer, but may be useful as a marker for cancer cachexia. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ghrelin and GHSR genes have shown associations with cancer risk; however, larger studies are required. Ghrelin regulates processes associated with cancer, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell invasion, inflammation, and angiogenesis; however, the role of ghrelin in cancer is currently unclear. Ghrelin has predominantly antiinflammatory effects and may play a role in protecting against cancer-related inflammation. Ghrelin and its analogs show promise as treatments for cancer-related cachexia. Further studies using in vivo models are required to determine whether ghrelin has a role in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Annunziata M, Luque RM, Durán-Prado M, Baragli A, Grande C, Volante M, Gahete MD, Deltetto F, Camanni M, Ghigo E, Castaño JP, Granata R. Somatostatin and somatostatin analogues reduce PDGF-induced endometrial cell proliferation and motility. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2117-29. [PMID: 22588000 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial cells, which show increased proliferation and migration. Somatostatin (SST) and its analogues inhibit normal and cancer cell growth and motility through the SST receptors, sst1-5. Cortistatin (CST), which displays high structural and functional homology with SST, binds all ssts, as well as MrgX2. Our objective was to investigate the gene expression of the SST/CST system and to determine the effect of SST and its analogues on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation and motility in telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cell (T HESC) line and in primary endometrial stromal cell (ESCs) isolated from human endometriotic tissues. METHODS Ectopic endometrial tissues were collected from women (n= 23) undergoing laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis (Stage III/IV). Gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR, cell motility by wound healing assay, protein expression and β-actin rearrangement by immunofluorescence, cell proliferation by the Alamar blue assay and ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation by western blot. RESULTS Human endometriotic tissues, primary ESCs and T HESCs expressed SST, CST and ssts. SST, its analogues SOM230 and octreotide, as well as CST, counteracted PDGF-induced proliferation and migration in both ESCs and T HESCs. SST also inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor and metalloprotease-2 mRNA expression, and reduced basal and PDGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the SST/CST system is expressed in endometriotic tissues and cells. The inhibitory effects of SST and its analogues on PDGF-induced proliferation and motility suggest that these peptides may represent promising tools in the treatment of endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Annunziata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghrelin treatment of cachectic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35708. [PMID: 22563468 PMCID: PMC3341383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary cachexia is common in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), culminating in exercise intolerance and a poor prognosis. Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide with GH-independent effects. The efficacy and safety of adding ghrelin to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in cachectic COPD patients were investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 33 cachectic COPD patients were randomly assigned PR with intravenous ghrelin (2 µg/kg) or placebo twice daily for 3 weeks in hospital. The primary outcomes were changes in 6-min walk distance (6-MWD) and the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score. Secondary outcomes included changes in the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, and respiratory muscle strength. At pre-treatment, serum GH levels were increased from baseline levels by a single dose of ghrelin (mean change, +46.5 ng/ml; between-group p<0.0001), the effect of which continued during the 3-week treatment. In the ghrelin group, the mean change from pre-treatment in 6-MWD was improved at Week 3 (+40 m, within-group p = 0.033) and was maintained at Week 7 (+47 m, within-group p = 0.017), although the difference between ghrelin and placebo was not significant. At Week 7, the mean changes in SGRQ symptoms (between-group p = 0.026), in MRC (between-group p = 0.030), and in maximal expiratory pressure (MEP; between-group p = 0.015) were better in the ghrelin group than in the placebo group. Additionally, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant time course effects of ghrelin versus placebo in SGRQ symptoms (p = 0.049) and MEP (p = 0.021). Ghrelin treatment was well tolerated. Conclusions/Significance In cachectic COPD patients, with the safety profile, ghrelin administration provided improvements in symptoms and respiratory strength, despite the lack of a significant between-group difference in 6-MWD. Trial Registration UMIN Clinical Trial Registry C000000061
Collapse
|
26
|
Nass R, Gaylinn BD, Thorner MO. The ghrelin axis in disease: potential therapeutic indications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:106-10. [PMID: 21356273 PMCID: PMC3114265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the natural ligand for the growth hormone (GH)-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is produced predominantly in the stomach. It is present in the circulation in two major forms, an acylated and an unacylated form, both of which have reported activities. Some of the best understood actions of acylated ghrelin administration are its orexigenic effects, and the stimulation of GH secretion. Ghrelin also seems to play a role in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and immune function. Based on its orexigenic and metabolic effects, ghrelin and ghrelin mimetics have potential benefit in antagonizing protein breakdown and weight loss in catabolic conditions such as cancer cachexia, renal, cardiac and pulmonary disease, and age-related frailty. Ghrelin also has potentially useful positive effects on cardiac function and gastric motility. Ghrelin antagonists may be of benefit to increase insulin sensitivity and potentiate weight loss. The following chapter presents some background on ghrelin and ghrelin assays and discusses some of the potential therapeutic approaches for the use of ghrelin, ghrelin mimetic compounds and ghrelin antagonists in clinical disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Nass
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chopin L, Walpole C, Seim I, Cunningham P, Murray R, Whiteside E, Josh P, Herington A. Ghrelin and cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:65-9. [PMID: 21616120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that was originally isolated from the stomach as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin has many functions, including the regulation of appetite and gut motility, growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary and roles in the cardiovascular and immune systems. Ghrelin and its receptor are expressed in a number of cancers and cancer cell lines and may play a role in processes associated with cancer progression, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell invasion and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chopin
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Angelidis G, Valotassiou V, Georgoulias P. Current and potential roles of ghrelin in clinical practice. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:823-38. [PMID: 21293171 DOI: 10.1007/bf03350350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a novel GH-releasing peptide, which has been identified as an endogenous ligand for GH-secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is mainly secreted by the stomach and plays a critical role in a variety of physiological processes including endocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular, immunological, and other actions. Ghrelin stimulates food intake via hypothalamic neurons and causes a positive energy balance and body weight gain by decreasing fat utilization and promoting adiposity. Given the multiple effects of ghrelin, its potential clinical applications have been evaluated in various conditions. Preliminary trials have shown that it may prove valuable in the management of disease-induced cachexia. Ghrelin may improve the wasting syndrome through GH-dependent or GH-independent effects. Moreover, ghrelin may play a role in the management of disorders of gut motility and obesity. Finally, other potential clinical applications of ghrelin include the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus, infections, rheumatological diseases or GH deficiency and the diagnosis of this hormonal disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Angelidis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, Larissa, Hellas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nikolopoulos D, Theocharis S, Kouraklis G. Ghrelin: a potential therapeutic target for cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 163:7-17. [PMID: 20382189 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a recently identified 28-amino-acid peptide, capable of stimulating pituitary growth hormone release in humans and other mammals. It is mainly secreted from the gastric mucosa, but it is also widely expressed in a variety of tissues, in both normal and malignant conditions. Ghrelin has a multiplicity of physiological functions in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune system, and also exerts a variety of roles, from increasing food intake (orexigenic effect) to affecting cell proliferation. The actions of ghrelin are mediated by the ghrelin receptor, also known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the expression and putative role of ghrelin and its receptor in cancer. Ghrelin and its receptor are detected in tumor tissues, and evidence is emerging that ghrelin plays an autocrine/paracrine role in cancer and could serve as a diagnostic or prognostic tool or as therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Nikolopoulos
- 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, University of Athens, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Adachi S, Takiguchi S, Okada K, Yamamoto K, Yamasaki M, Miyata H, Nakajima K, Fujiwara Y, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Mori M, Doki Y. Effects of ghrelin administration after total gastrectomy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1312-20. [PMID: 20060830 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Body weight (BW) loss and reduction of blood ghrelin level are commonly observed after total gastrectomy (TG). A prospective study was designed to elucidate whether exogenous ghrelin administration prevents postoperative BW loss by improving appetite and oral food intake in patients with gastric cancer after undergoing TG. METHODS In this randomized phase II study, 21 patients undergoing TG were assigned to a ghrelin (11 patients) or placebo group (10 patients). They received intravenous infusion of synthetic human ghrelin (3 microg/kg) or saline twice daily for 10 days after starting oral food intake following surgery. Changes in BW, appetite visual analog scale score, food intake calories, body composition, basal metabolic rate, and various blood test results were evaluated. RESULTS Excluding one patient who developed profound diaphoresis during ghrelin infusion, 20 patients completed the study. Food intake and appetite were significantly higher with ghrelin compared with placebo (average, 13.8 vs 10.4 kcal/kg/day [P = .030] and 5.7 vs 3.9 cm [P = .032], respectively). BW loss was significantly lower in the ghrelin than in the placebo group (-1.4% vs -3.7%; P = .044). Fat mass, lean body mass, and basal metabolic rate decreased significantly in the placebo group; however, the reductions in lean body mass and basal metabolic rate were not significant in the ghrelin group, although that of fat mass was significant. CONCLUSIONS Short-term administration of synthetic ghrelin was safe and successfully lessened postoperative BW loss and improved appetite and food intake after TG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Integrating GHS into the Ghrelin System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:879503. [PMID: 20798846 PMCID: PMC2925380 DOI: 10.1155/2010/879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cyril Y. Bowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:430-81. [PMID: 20038570 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough using "reverse pharmacology" identified and characterized acyl ghrelin from the stomach as the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a. The unique post-translational modification of O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is the first in peptide discovery history and is essential for GH-releasing ability. Des-acyl ghrelin, lacking O-n-octanoylation at serine 3, is also produced in the stomach and remains the major molecular form secreted into the circulation. The third ghrelin gene product, obestatin, a novel 23-amino acid peptide identified from rat stomach, was found by comparative genomic analysis. Three ghrelin gene products actively participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, gut motility, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. Knockdown or knockout of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a, and overexpression of des-acyl ghrelin show benefits in the therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, agonism of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a could combat human anorexia-cachexia, including anorexia nervosa, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, burn, and postsurgery recovery, as well as restore gut dysmotility, such as diabetic or neurogenic gastroparesis, and postoperative ileus. The ghrelin acyl-modifying enzyme, ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT), which attaches octanoate to serine-3 of ghrelin, has been identified and characterized also from the stomach. To date, ghrelin is the only protein to be octanylated, and inhibition of GOAT may have effects only on the stomach and is unlikely to affect the synthesis of other proteins. GOAT may provide a critical molecular target in developing novel therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Seim I, Herington AC, Chopin LK. New insights into the molecular complexity of the ghrelin gene locus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
Soares JB, Leite-Moreira AF. Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin: three pieces of the same puzzle. Peptides 2008; 29:1255-70. [PMID: 18396350 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major active product of ghrelin gene is a 28-amino acid peptide acylated at the serine 3 position with an octanoyl group, called simply ghrelin. Ghrelin has a multiplicity of physiological functions, affecting GH release, food intake, energy and glucose homeostasis, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune function, cell proliferation and differentiation and bone physiology. Nevertheless, recent developments have shown that ghrelin gene can generate various bioactive molecules besides ghrelin, mainly des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin, obtained from alternative splicing or from extensive post-translational modification. Although their receptors have not yet been identified, they have already proven to be active, having intriguingly subtle but opposite physiological actions to ghrelin. This suggests the existence of a novel endocrine system with multiple effector elements which not only may have opposite actions but may regulate the action of each other. In this review, we summarize the steps which lead to the production of the different ghrelin gene products and examine the most significant differences between them in terms of structure and actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João-Bruno Soares
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies that investigated the role of ghrelin and ghrelin analogs in wasting conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have demonstrated potential beneficial effects exerted by ghrelin in a number of diseases associated with wasting. Besides ghrelin's orexigenic effect, anabolic as well as anti-inflammatory activity mediated by ghrelin have been investigated in wasting conditions such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, malabsorptive diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anorexia nervosa, renal failure, liver failure, and chronic heart failure. Encouraging results have been obtained from experimental studies and a few clinical trials using subcutaneous administration of ghrelin and ghrelin agonists in cachexia. In-vitro studies have shown ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin biological activities on proliferation of tumor cells and abnormal tissues. SUMMARY The recent studies support the possible positive effects of ghrelin in therapeutic approaches and adjunct treatment of a number of diseases associated with wasting. Utilization of agonists of the ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue-1a is a promising approach for clinical use. Randomized and placebo-controlled studies, including large number of patients are further required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra M Kamiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Volante M, Rosas R, Allìa E, Granata R, Baragli A, Muccioli G, Papotti M. Somatostatin, cortistatin and their receptors in tumours. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:219-29. [PMID: 18248880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SS) and its synthetic analogs have a role in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours both in terms of symptoms control and antiproliferative activities. These effects are mediated by five SS receptors, widely expressed in both human neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine tumours, which were demonstrated to be diagnostically and therapeutically valuable targets. Cortistatin (CST), a brain cortex peptide, partially homologous to SS and having similar functions is also expressed in peripheral tissues and tumours. CST binds all SS receptors, and, differently from SS, also the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a and the CST specific receptor MrgX2. The expression profile of CST is mostly restricted to neuroendocrine tumours (gastrointestinal, pancreas, lung, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal). In these tumours, CST probably acts via the SS or ghrelin receptor, the MrgX2 receptor being absent. Thus, in comparison to SS analogs, CST synthetic analogs may represent additional diagnostic/therapeutic tools in those tumours expressing the receptors for SS, for ghrelin or for both peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Volante
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Broglio F, Grottoli S, Arvat E, Ghigo E. Endocrine actions of cortistatin: in vivo studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:123-7. [PMID: 18281148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST) shares high structural homology with somatostatin (SST) and binds all SST-receptors (SST-R) subtypes with similar affinity. However, CST actions, tissue expression patterns and regulation do not fully overlap with those of SST, and, moreover, CST, but not SST, also binds and activates proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide receptor (MrgX2) and shows binding affinity to ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Several studies performed to clarify the endocrine actions of CST, compared with SST, showed that, in humans, CST and SST share the same endocrine actions, i.e. inhibition of GH and insulin secretion in physiological conditions and in acromegaly. A similar inhibitory effect on PRL and ACTH secretion was shown in acromegaly, prolactinoma or in Cushing's disease. This identity of endocrine actions by CST and SST suggests that SST-R activation by CST overrides any other independent action of this peptide mediated by other receptors. Thus, in terms of endocrine actions, CST can well be considered a natural alternative to SST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:79-101. [PMID: 18185067 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
39
|
Strasser F, Lutz TA, Maeder MT, Thuerlimann B, Bueche D, Tschöp M, Kaufmann K, Holst B, Brändle M, von Moos R, Demmer R, Cerny T. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ghrelin for cancer-related anorexia/cachexia: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-crossover study. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:300-8. [PMID: 18182992 PMCID: PMC2361459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-one adult patients were randomised to receive ghrelin on days 1 and 8 and placebo on days 4 and 11 or vice versa, given intravenously over a 60-min period before lunch: 10 received 2 μg kg−1 (lower-dose) ghrelin; 11 received 8 μg kg−1 (upper-dose) ghrelin. Active and total ghrelin, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels were monitored at baseline (4–5 days before day 1), during treatment days, and at end of study (day 17/18). Drug-related adverse events (assessed by NCI-CTC-toxicity criteria and cardiac examination) did not differ between ghrelin and placebo. No grade 3/4 toxicity or stimulation of tumour growth was observed. The peak increase of GH, a biological marker of ghrelin action, was 25 ng ml−1 with lower-dose and 42 ng ml−1 with upper-dose ghrelin. Morning fasting total ghrelin levels were higher (P<0.05) for upper-dose patients at end of study (3580 pg ml−1) than at baseline (990 pg ml−1). Insulin-like growth factor 1 levels did not change. At day 8, 81% of patients preferred ghrelin to placebo as against 63% at the end of study. Nutritional intake and eating-related symptoms, measured to explore preliminary efficacy, did not differ between ghrelin and placebo. Ghrelin is well tolerated and safe in patients with advanced cancer. For safety, tolerance, and patients' preference for treatment, no difference was observed between the lower- and upper-dose group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Strasser
- Oncological Palliative Medicine, Division Oncology/Haematology, Department Internal Medicine and Palliative Care Center, Cantonal Hospital, Rorschacherstrasse, St Gallen 9007, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Broglio F, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Ghigo E. Brain-gut communication: cortistatin, somatostatin and ghrelin. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:246-51. [PMID: 17632010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cortistatin (CST) shares great structural homology with somatostatin (SST) and binds to all SST receptor subtypes with similar affinity, these neurohormones have divergent biological roles, as evidenced by their different patterns of tissue expression and biological actions. Moreover, CST, but not SST, can bind to the proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide (PAMP) receptor MrgX2 and type 1a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor (GHSR-1a), also known as the 'ghrelin' receptor. These findings suggest that CST-specific actions could be mediated by the GHSR-1a and CST might represent a link between the ghrelin and the SST systems. Here, we review the data leading to this working hypothesis and discuss the in vitro, in vivo and clinical implications of potential SST-receptor-independent, GHSR-1a-mediated neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of CST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|