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Luijerink L, Rodriguez M, Machaalani R. Quantifying GFAP immunohistochemistry in the brain - Introduction of the Reactivity score (R-score) and how it compares to other methodologies. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 402:110025. [PMID: 38036185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemical upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is commonly used to detect astrogliosis in tissue sections and includes measurement of intensity and/or distribution of staining. There remains a lack of standard objective measures when diagnosing astrogliosis and its severity. NEW METHOD Aim was to test a novel semi-quantitative assessment of GFAP which we term reactivity (R)-score, on its reproducibility and sensitivity to measure astrogliosis. The R-score, which is based on the proportion of astrocytes seen at each level of reactivity, was compared to 3 other commonly employed quantification methods in research: (1) thresholding, (2) point-counting, and (3) qualitative grading. Sub-regions of the hippocampus, medulla, and cerebellum were studied in piglet, and 4 human cases with clinically reported astrogliosis. Intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) and percentage agreement cut-offs of ≤ 20% and ≥ 75% were used respectively to compare amongst the methods, with outcome measures being reproducibility across serial and non-serial sections, resilience to changes in experimental conditions, and inter- and intra-rater concordance. RESULTS Averaged across 3 brain regions, the intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 5% for R-score, with inter and intra-rater kappa scores being 0.99 and 0.95 respectively. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS Based on CV values, the R-score was superior to thresholding (CV of 51%) and point-counting (CV of 16%), with the qualitative grade being found to be on par (percentage agreement 95%). Given the ease, reproducibility and selectivity of the R-score, we propose its validity in future research purposes and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Luijerink
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rita Machaalani
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zhu QH, Wu JK, Hou GL. Changes and significance of serum ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in patients with glioma. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3158-3166. [PMID: 37274029 PMCID: PMC10237134 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i14.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain gliomas are malignant tumors with high postoperative recurrence rates. Early prediction of prognosis using specific indicators is of great significance.
AIM To assess changes in ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in patients with glioma pre-and postoperatively.
METHODS Between June 2018 and June 2021, 91 patients with gliomas who underwent surgery at our hospital were enrolled in the glioma group. Sixty healthy volunteers were included in the control group. Serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels were measured in peripheral blood collected from patients with glioma before and 3 d after surgery. UCH-L1 and GFAP levels in patients with glioma with different clinicopathological characteristics were compared before and after surgery. The patients were followed-up until February 2022. Postoperative glioma recurrence was recorded to determine the serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels, which could assist in predicting postoperative glioma recurrence.
RESULTS UCH-L1 and GFAP levels in patients with glioma decreased significantly 3 d after surgery compared to those before therapy (P < 0.05). However, UCH-L1 and GFAP levels in the glioma group were significantly higher than those in the control group before and after surgery (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels among patients with glioma according to sex, age, pathological type, tumor location, or number of lesions (P > 0.05). Serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels were significantly lower in the patients with WHO grade I-II tumors than in those with grade III-IV tumors (P < 0.05). Serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels were lower in the patients with tumor diameter ≤ 5 cm than in those with diameter > 5 cm, in which the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Glioma recurred in 22 patients. The preoperative and 3-d postoperative serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels were significantly higher in the recurrence group than these in the non-recurrence group (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted. The areas under the curves of preoperative serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels for predicting postoperative glioma recurrence were 0.785 and 0.775, respectively. However, the efficacy of serum UCH-L1 and GFAP levels 3 d after surgery in predicting postoperative glioma recurrence was slightly lower compared with their preoperative levels.
CONCLUSION UCH-L1 and GFAP efficiently reflected the development and recurrence of gliomas and could be used as potential indicators for the recurrence and prognosis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan 056002, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing-Kun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan 056002, Hebei Province, China
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan 056002, Hebei Province, China
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3
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Chen Q, Chen X, Xu L, Zhang R, Li Z, Yue X, Qiao D. Traumatic axonal injury: neuropathological features, postmortem diagnostic methods, and strategies. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:530-544. [PMID: 36117238 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has high morbidity and poor prognosis and imposes a serious socioeconomic burden. Traumatic axonal injury (TAI), which is one of the common pathological changes in the primary injury of TBI, is often caused by the external force to the head that causes the white matter bundles to generate shear stress and tension; resulting in tissue damage and leading to the cytoskeletal disorder. At present, the forensic pathological diagnosis of TAI-caused death is still a difficult problem. Most of the TAI biomarkers studied are used for the prediction, evaluation, and prognosis of TAI in the living state. The research subjects are mainly humans in the living state or model animals, which are not suitable for the postmortem diagnosis of TAI. In addition, there is still a lack of recognized indicators for the autopsy pathological diagnosis of TAI. Different diagnostic methods and markers have their limitations, and there is a lack of systematic research and summary of autopsy diagnostic markers of TAI. Therefore, this study mainly summarizes the pathological mechanism, common methods, techniques of postmortem diagnosis, and corresponding biomarkers of TAI, and puts forward the strategies for postmortem diagnosis of TAI for forensic cases with different survival times, which is of great significance to forensic pathological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuebing Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute & Key Laboratory of Forensic Pathology, Ministry of Public Security, Guangzhou, 510442, China.
| | - Xia Yue
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dongfang Qiao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Shang Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Ren L, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang C, Cai J. Analysis of the risk of traumatic brain injury and evaluation neurogranin and myelin basic protein as potential biomarkers of traumatic brain injury in postmortem examination. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:288-298. [PMID: 35201602 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In forensic pathology, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequently encountered cause of death. Unfortunately, the statistic autopsy data, risk investigation about injury patterns, and circumstances of TBI are still sparse. Estimates of survival time post-TBI and postmortem diagnosis of TBI are especially important implications in forensic medicine. Neurogranin (Ng) and myelin basic protein (MBP) represent potential biomarkers of TBI. The present study analyzed retrospectively the forensic autopsy records of TBI cases at a university center of medico-legal investigation from 2008 to 2020. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to investigate the expression changes of Ng and MBP in the cortical brain injury adjacent tissues and serum, respectively, from cases of TBI at autopsy with different survival times post-TBI. The results show that the major mechanism of death of TBI is assault, and accident was the major manner of death. Ng and MBP are mainly expressed in the cortical nerve cells and the myelin sheath, respectively. The serum levels of Ng and MBP in each TBI group were higher compared with those in the controls. The brain cortical levels of Ng and MBP decreased at first and then steadily increased with extended survival time post-TBI. The immunopositive ratios and serum concentration of Ng and MBP have shown significant differences among control group and all TBI group (p < 0.001). Collectively, the immunohistochemical analyses of Ng and MBP in human brain tissues may be useful to determine the survival time after TBI, and Ng and MBP level in the human blood specimens could be considered as a postmortem diagnostic tools of TBI in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Jifeng Cai
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Neurochemical Monitoring of Traumatic Brain Injury by the Combined Analysis of Plasma Beta-Synuclein, NfL, and GFAP in Polytraumatized Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179639. [PMID: 36077033 PMCID: PMC9456193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major determining factor of outcome in severely injured patients. However, reliable brain-damage-monitoring markers are still missing. We therefore assessed brain-specific beta-synuclein as a novel blood biomarker of synaptic damage and measured the benchmarks neurofilament light chain (NfL), as a neuroaxonal injury marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as an astroglial injury marker, in patients after polytrauma with and without TBI. Compared to healthy volunteers, plasma NfL, beta-synuclein, and GFAP were significantly increased after polytrauma. The markers demonstrated highly distinct time courses, with beta-synuclein and GFAP peaking early and NfL concentrations gradually elevating during the 10-day observation period. Correlation analyses revealed a distinct influence of the extent of extracranial hemorrhage and the severity of head injury on biomarker concentrations. A combined analysis of beta-synuclein and GFAP effectively discriminated between polytrauma patients with and without TBI, despite the comparable severity of injury. Furthermore, we found a good predictive performance for fatal outcome by employing the initial plasma concentrations of NfL, beta-synuclein, and GFAP. Our findings suggest a high diagnostic value of neuronal injury markers reflecting distinct aspects of neuronal injury for the diagnosis of TBI in the complex setting of polytrauma, especially in clinical surroundings with limited imaging opportunities.
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Du D, Gao Y, Zheng T, Yang L, Wang Z, Shi Q, Wu S, Liang X, Yao X, Lu J, Liu L. The Value of First-Order Features Based on the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Map in Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for Acute Traumatic Brain Injury With a Rat Model. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:923247. [PMID: 35814344 PMCID: PMC9259978 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.923247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In order to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) for acute traumatic brain injury (TBI), we studied the potential of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and ADC-derived first-order features regarding this problem. Methods Forty-five male Sprague Dawley rats (sham group: 15, TBI group: 15, LIPUS treated: 15) were enrolled and underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Scanning layers were acquired using a multi-shot readout segmentation of long variable echo trains (RESOLVE) to decrease distortion. The ultrasound transducer was applied to the designated region in the injured cortical areas using a conical collimator and was filled with an ultrasound coupling gel. Regions of interest were manually delineated in the center of the damaged cortex on the diffusion weighted images (b = 800 s/mm2) layer by layer for the TBI and LIPUS treated groups using the open-source software ITK-SNAP. Before analysis and modeling, the features were normalized using a z-score method, and a logistic regression model with a backward filtering method was employed to perform the modeling. The entire process was completed using the R language. Results During the observation time, the ADC values ipsilateral to the trauma in the TBI and LIPUS groups increased rapidly up to 24 h. After statistical analysis, the 10th percentile, 90th percentile, mean, skewness, and uniformity demonstrated a significant difference among three groups. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis shows that the combined LR model exhibited the highest area under the curve value (AUC: 0.96). Conclusion The combined LR model of first-order features based on the ADC map can acquire a higher diagnostic performance than each feature only in evaluating the neuroprotective effect of LIPUS for TBI. Models based on first-order features may have potential value in predicting the therapeutic effect of LIPUS in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yajuan Gao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Evaluation of Medical Imaging Equipment and Technique, Beijing, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Linsha Yang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qinglei Shi
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xinyu Yao
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
- *Correspondence: Lanxiang Liu,
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Thymoquinone Improved Nonylphenol-Induced Memory Deficit and Neurotoxicity Through Its Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3600-3616. [PMID: 35355194 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), a well-known endocrine-disrupter chemical, has several harmful effects on the central nervous system including neuroendocrine disruption, cognitive impairment, and neurotoxicity. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a main bioactive compound in the black seeds of Nigella sativa that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of TQ against NP-induced memory deficit and neurotoxicity in rats. To induce memory impairment, NP (25 mg/kg) was used as gavage in male Wistar rats for 21 days. TQ (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered in NP-treated animals. The morris water maze test was performed to assess spatial learning and memory. The hippocampal tissues were isolated from the brain for histopathological evaluation. Biochemical, molecular, and cellular tests were performed to quantify oxidant (malondialdehyde; MDA)/antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and reduced glutathione (GSH) parameters) as well as markers for astrocytic activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) and neuronal death (alpha-synuclein; α-syn). Results showed TQ (5 mg/kg) significantly improved NP-induced memory impairment. Histological data revealed a significant increase in the number of necrotic cells in hippocampus, and TQ treatment markedly decreased this effect. The GSH and TAC levels were significantly increased in TQ-treated groups compared to NP group. The molecular analysis indicated that NP increased GFAP and decreased α-syn expression and TQ treatment did the reverse. In vitro study in astrocytes isolated from mice brain showed that TQ significantly increased cell viability in NP-induced cytotoxicity. This study strongly indicates that TQ has neuroprotective effects on NP-induced neurotoxicity through reducing oxidative damages and neuroinflammation. This study investigates the behavioral neurotoxicity induced by Nonylphenol (NP) and the protective effects of Thymoquinone (TQ) as a potent antioxidant compound using molecular, cell culture, histopathological and biochemical techniques.
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KURTULUŞ DERELİ A, SEÇME M, ACAR K. Analysis of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 in Postmortem Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Traumatic Cerebral Deaths. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.943779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dunn C, Sturdivant N, Venier S, Ali S, Wolchok J, Balachandran K. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown and Astrocyte Reactivity Evident in the Absence of Behavioral Changes after Repeated Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:399-410. [PMID: 34901939 PMCID: PMC8655814 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) cause debilitating effects. Without understanding the acute effects of repeated TBIs, treatment options to halt further degeneration and damage cannot be developed. This study sought to examine the acute effects of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, edema, inflammation and behavioral changes after either a single or double TBI using a C57BL/6 mouse model. We examined the effects of one or two TBIs, of either a mild or moderate severity. Double injuries were spaced 7 days apart, and all analysis was performed 24 h post-injury. To examine edema and inflammation, protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were analyzed. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were analyzed to observe BBB dysfunction. Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) was analyzed to observe microglial activation. Rotarod, beam walking, and grip strength tests were used to measure changes in physical behavior post-injury. A sample size of ≥5 was used for all analysis. Double injuries led to an increase in BBB breakdown, as indicated by altered MMP-9, AQP4, and ZO-1 protein expression. Single injuries showed an increase in microglial activation, astrocyte activation, and BBB breakdown. Behavioral tasks showed no significant differences between injured and control groups. Based on our findings, we suggest that behavioral studies should not be used as the sole clinical indicator on brain tissue recovery. Analysis of markers such as IBA1, GFAP, MMP-9, AQP4, and ZO-1 provide valuable insight on pathophysiological response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Dunn
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nasya Sturdivant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sara Venier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jeffery Wolchok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Zwirner J, Lier J, Franke H, Hammer N, Matschke J, Trautz F, Tse R, Ondruschka B. GFAP positivity in neurons following traumatic brain injuries. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2323-2333. [PMID: 34114049 PMCID: PMC8523453 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a well-established astrocytic biomarker for the diagnosis, monitoring and outcome prediction of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Few studies stated an accumulation of neuronal GFAP that was observed in various brain pathologies, including traumatic brain injuries. As the neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP in Alzheimer patients was shown to cross-react with non-GFAP epitopes, the neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP in TBI patients should be challenged. In this study, cerebral and cerebellar tissues of 52 TBI fatalities and 17 controls were screened for immunopositivity for GFAP in neurons by means of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The results revealed that neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP is most likely a staining artefact as negative controls also revealed neuronal GFAP staining. However, the phenomenon was twice as frequent for TBI fatalities compared to non-TBI control cases (12 vs. 6%). Neuronal GFAP staining was observed in the pericontusional zone and the ipsilateral hippocampus, but was absent in the contralateral cortex of TBI cases. Immunopositivity for GFAP was significantly correlated with the survival time (r = 0.306, P = 0.015), but no correlations were found with age at death, sex nor the post-mortem interval in TBI fatalities. This study provides evidence that the TBI-associated neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP is indeed a staining artefact. However, an absence post-traumatic neuronal GFAP cannot readily be assumed. Regardless of the particular mechanism, this study revealed that the artefact/potential neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP is a global, rather than a regional brain phenomenon and might be useful for minimum TBI survival time determinations, if certain exclusion criteria are strictly respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Zwirner
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. .,Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Julia Lier
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niels Hammer
- Institute of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Trauma, Orthopedic and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Trautz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rexon Tse
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Hegazy R, Mansour D, Salama A, Hassan A, Saleh D. Exposure to intranasal chromium triggers dose and time-dependent behavioral and neurotoxicological defects in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112220. [PMID: 33845363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extensive recorded environmental and occupational dispersal of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) dust contributes to an increased interest in its toxicological consequences. A previous study of our team described a brain injury induced by acute intranasal instillation of Cr(VI) in rats, which was characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. This proposed a high risk of brain damage among Cr(VI) exposed individuals either environmentally or occupationally especially through the nasal cavity. Accordingly, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subacute/subsubacute/subchronic exposure to intranasal potassium dichromate (inPDC) solution in three dose levels (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg/day for five successive days/week) for 3 different intervals/dose: two weeks, one month, and two months, on the brain of rats. The rats were sacrificed 24 h following the last inPDC dose. The locomotor activity, motor coordination, and object recognition behavior of the rats have been measured. Evaluation of oxidative stress; evidenced by lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione, and inflammatory markers; evidenced by interleukin 1-beta in the brain tissues, as well as the brain PI3K and PKB contents were performed. Furthermore, the brain anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); marker of neurotoxicity was assessed immunohistochemically. Brain histopathological alterations were also studied. The findings of the current study revealed a dose- and time-dependent inPDC-induced brain toxicity in rats, as displayed by the biochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological evaluation. Behaviorally, the major toxic effects of inPDC were observed on the locomotor and cognition functions, however, minor effects were observed on the motor coordination. The results suggest that short-term exposure to intranasal Cr(VI), in theses doses, does not trigger a major brain injury in rats; however, observation of more toxic alterations in a time-dependent manner is a threat of more sever toxicity upon longer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer Salama
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
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12
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Delen K, Sırav B, Oruç S, Seymen CM, Kuzay D, Yeğin K, Take Kaplanoğlu G. Effects of 2600 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation in Brain Tissue of Male Wistar Rats and Neuroprotective Effects of Melatonin. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:159-172. [PMID: 33440456 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The debate on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) still continues due to differences in the design of studies (frequency, power density, specific absorption rate [SAR], exposure duration, cell, tissue, or animal type). The current study aimed to investigate the effects of 2,600 MHz RFR and melatonin on brain tissue biochemistry and histology of male rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups randomly: cage-control, sham, RFR, melatonin, sham melatonin, and RFR melatonin. In RFR groups, animals were exposed to 2,600 MHz RFR for 30 days (30 min/day, 5 days/week) and the melatonin group animals were subcutaneously injected with melatonin (7 days/week, 10 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. SAR in brain gray matter was calculated as 0.44 and 0.295 W/kg for 1 and 10 g averaging, respectively. RFR exposure decreased the GSH, GSH-Px, and SOD levels and increased the MPO, MDA, and NOx levels (P < 0.005) significantly. RFR exposure also led to an increase in structural deformation and apoptosis in the brain tissue. This study revealed that exogenous high-dose melatonin could reduce these adverse effects of RFR. Limiting RFR exposure as much as possible is recommended, and taking daily melatonin supplements may be beneficial. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Delen
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahriye Sırav
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Oruç
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemile M Seymen
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Kuzay
- Department of Physiology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Korkut Yeğin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Take Kaplanoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Chmielewska N, Maciejak P, Osuch B, Kursa MB, Szyndler J. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not brain- and extracellular matrix-derived proteins, are increased in the plasma following electrically induced kindling of seizures. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:506-515. [PMID: 33377994 PMCID: PMC7994222 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the brain-derived proteins, extracellular matrix-derived protein and cytokines as potential peripheral biomarkers of different susceptibility to seizure development in an animal model of epilepsy evoked by chronic focal electrical stimulation of the brain. Methods The plasma levels of IL-1β (interleukin 1β), IL-6 (interleukin 6), UCH-L1 (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9), and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were assessed. The peripheral concentrations of the selected proteins were analyzed according to the status of kindling and seizure severity parameters. In our study, increased concentrations of plasma IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in rats subjected to hippocampal kindling compared to sham-operated rats. Results Animals that developed tonic–clonic seizures after the last stimulation had higher plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 than sham-operated rats and rats that did not develop seizure. Elevated levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in rats that presented more severe seizures after the last five stimulations compared to sham-operated animals. A correlation between plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations was also found. On the other hand, the plasma levels of the brain-derived proteins UCH-L1, MMP-9, and GFAP were unaffected by kindling status and seizure severity parameters. Conclusions The plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 may have potential utility as peripheral biomarkers of immune system activation in the course of epilepsy and translational potential for future clinical use. Surprisingly, markers of cell and nerve ending damage (GFAP, UCH-L1 and MMP-9) may have limited utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chmielewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Osuch
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miron B Kursa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego Street 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szyndler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Street 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Özevren H, Deveci E, Tuncer MC. The effect of rosmarinic acid on deformities occurring in brain tissue by craniectomy method. Histopathological evaluation of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 35:e202000406. [PMID: 32578724 PMCID: PMC7307720 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020200040000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of Rosmarinic acid (RA) in the prevention of traumatic brain injury and the immunohistochemical analysis of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions. METHODS Healthy male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats. Groups were as follows; control group, traumatic brain injury (TBI) group, and TBI+RA group. After traumatic brain injury, blood samples were taken from the animals and analyzed with various biochemical markers. And then IBA-1 and GFAP expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically. RESULTS Significant results were obtained in all biochemical parameters between groups. Immunohistochemical sections showed IBA-1 not only in microglia and macrophage activity but also in degenerative neurons in blood vessel endothelial cells. However, GFAP reaction and post-traumatic rosmarinic acid administration showed positive expression in astrocytes with regular structure around the blood vessel. CONCLUSION Rosmarinic acid in blood vessel endothelial cells showed that preserving the integrity of astrocytic structure in the blood brain barrier may be an important antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özevren
- Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery , Faculty of
Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey . Technical procedures, manuscript
preparation and writing, final approval
| | - Engin Deveci
- PhD, Professor, Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty
of Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey . Technical procedures,
histopathological examinations, manuscript preparation and writing, final
approval
| | - Mehmet Cudi Tuncer
- PhD, Professor, Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine ,
Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey . Technical procedures, histopathological
examinations, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
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15
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Bertozzi G, Maglietta F, Sessa F, Scoto E, Cipolloni L, Di Mizio G, Salerno M, Pomara C. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Forensic Approach: A Literature Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:538-550. [PMID: 31686630 PMCID: PMC7457403 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191101123145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of invalidity and death in the population under 45 years of age worldwide. This mini-review aims to systematize the forensic approach in neuropathological studies, highlighting the proper elements to be noted during external, radiological, autoptical, and histological examinations with particular attention paid to immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. In the light of the results of this mini-review, an accurate forensic approach can be considered mandatory in the examination of suspected TBI with medico-legal importance, in order to gather all the possible evidence to corroborate the diagnosis of a lesion that may have caused, or contributed to, death. From this point of view, only the use of an evidence-based protocol can reach a suitable diagnosis, especially in those cases in which there are other neuropathological conditions (ischemia, neurodegeneration, neuro-inflammation, dementia) that may have played a role in death. This is even more relevant when corpses, in an advanced state of decomposition, are studied, where the radiological, macroscopic and histological analyses fail to give meaningful answers. In these cases, immune-histochemical and molecular biology diagnostics are of fundamental importance and a forensic neuropathologist has to know them. Particularly, MiRNAs are promising biomarkers for TBI both for brain damage identification and for medico-legal aspects, even if further investigations are required to validate the first experimental studies. In the same way, the genetic substrate should be examined during any forensic examination, considering its importance in the outcome of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; Tel: (39) 095.3782153; E-mail:
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16
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Trautz F, Franke H, Bohnert S, Hammer N, Müller W, Stassart R, Tse R, Zwirner J, Dreßler J, Ondruschka B. Survival-time dependent increase in neuronal IL-6 and astroglial GFAP expression in fatally injured human brain tissue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11771. [PMID: 31417126 PMCID: PMC6695416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on trauma survival time prior to death following a lethal traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be essential for legal purposes. Immunohistochemistry studies might allow to narrow down this survival interval. The biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are well known in the clinical setting for their usability in TBI prediction. Here, both proteins were chosen in forensics to determine whether neuronal or glial expression in various brain regions may be associated with the cause of death and the survival time prior to death following TBI. IL-6 positive neurons, glial cells and GFAP positive astrocytes all concordantly increase with longer trauma survival time, with statistically significant changes being evident from three days post-TBI (p < 0.05) in the pericontusional zone, irrespective of its definite cortical localization. IL-6 staining in neurons increases significantly in the cerebellum after trauma, whereas increasing GFAP positivity is also detected in the cortex contralateral to the focal lesion. These systematic chronological changes in biomarkers of pericontusional neurons and glial cells allow for an estimation of trauma survival time. Higher numbers of IL-6 and GFAP-stained cells above threshold values in the pericontusional zone substantiate the existence of fatal traumatic changes in the brain with reasonable certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Trautz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Bohnert
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niels Hammer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer IWU, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolf Müller
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruth Stassart
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rexson Tse
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johann Zwirner
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jan Dreßler
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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Jacob S, Sumathi T. Extenuation of in utero toxic effects of MeHg in the developing neurons by Fisetin via modulating the expression of synaptic transmission and plasticity regulators in hippocampus of the rat offspring. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:3-10. [PMID: 30890323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic environmental contaminant, methylmercury (MeHg), has shown to have detrimental effects on the developing brain when exposed during gestation. We have shown in our earlier studies that gestational administration of 3,3',4',7-Tetrahydroxyflavone or Fisetin reduces the toxic effects of MeHg in the developing rat brain. The current study has pivoted to study the mechanism behind the mitigating action of Fisetin against prenatal MeHg exposure induced neurotoxicity. Negligible data is available about the toxicity targets of MeHg in the developing brain. Studies have exhibited that MeHg exposure cause toxic effects on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the offspring brain. Hence, we aimed to study the effect of Fisetin on MeHg induced alterations in the expressions of regulatory genes and proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and transmission. Pregnant rats were grouped according to the type of oral administration as, (i) Control, (ii) MeHg (1.5 mg/kg b. w.), (iii) MeHg + Fisetin (30 mg/kg b. w.) and (iv) Fisetin (30 mg/kg b. w). Maternal administration of Fisetin prevented MeHg exposure induced downregulation of neurogranin (Nrgn), dendrin (Ddn), Syntaxin 1 A (Stx1a), Lin-7 homolog A (Lin7a), Complexin-2 (Cplx2) and Exocyst complex component 8 (Exoc8) genes in the offspring rat. Fisetin also prevented MeHg exposure induced downregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein expressions and hampered reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus of F1 generation rats. Hence, through this study, we conclude that Fisetin modulates the expression of regulatory genes and proteins involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity and extenuates MeHg neurotoxicity in the developing rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Jacob
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Mohammad AS, Adkins CE, Shah N, Aljammal R, Griffith JIG, Tallman RM, Jarrell KL, Lockman PR. Permeability changes and effect of chemotherapy in brain adjacent to tumor in an experimental model of metastatic brain tumor from breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1225. [PMID: 30526520 PMCID: PMC6286543 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain tumor vasculature can be significantly compromised and leakier than that of normal brain blood vessels. Little is known if there are vascular permeability alterations in the brain adjacent to tumor (BAT). Changes in BAT permeability may also lead to increased drug permeation in the BAT, which may exert toxicity on cells of the central nervous system. Herein, we studied permeation changes in BAT using quantitative fluorescent microscopy and autoradiography, while the effect of chemotherapy within the BAT region was determined by staining for activated astrocytes. Methods Human metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231Br) were injected into left ventricle of female NuNu mice. Metastases were allowed to grow for 28 days, after which animals were injected fluorescent tracers Texas Red (625 Da) or Texas Red dextran (3 kDa) or a chemotherapeutic agent 14C-paclitaxel. The accumulation of tracers and 14C-paclitaxel in BAT were determined by using quantitative fluorescent microscopy and autoradiography respectively. The effect of chemotherapy in BAT was determined by staining for activated astrocytes. Results The mean permeability of texas Red (625 Da) within BAT region increased 1.0 to 2.5-fold when compared to normal brain, whereas, Texas Red dextran (3 kDa) demonstrated mean permeability increase ranging from 1.0 to 1.8-fold compared to normal brain. The Kin values in the BAT for both Texas Red (625 Da) and Texas Red dextran (3 kDa) were found to be 4.32 ± 0.2 × 105 mL/s/g and 1.6 ± 1.4 × 105 mL/s/g respectively and found to be significantly higher than the normal brain. We also found that there is significant increase in accumulation of 14C-Paclitaxel in BAT compared to the normal brain. We also observed animals treated with chemotherapy (paclitaxel (10 mg/kg), erubilin (1.5 mg/kg) and docetaxel (10 mg/kg)) showed activated astrocytes in BAT. Conclusions Our data showed increased permeation of fluorescent tracers and 14C-paclitaxel in the BAT. This increased permeation lead to elevated levels of activated astrocytes in BAT region in the animals treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroz S Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Neal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Rawaa Aljammal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Jessica I G Griffith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Rachel M Tallman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Katherine L Jarrell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA.
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19
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Ganapathy K, Datta I, Bhonde R. Astrocyte-Like Cells Differentiated from Dental Pulp Stem Cells Protect Dopaminergic Neurons Against 6-Hydroxydopamine Toxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4395-4413. [PMID: 30327976 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are promising for use in neurodegenerative-diseases because of their neural crest origin. While neuronal differentiation of DPSCs has been shown, their plasticity towards astrocyte-like cells remains to be studied. We aimed to examine differentiation potential of DPSCs to astrocytes and their consequent neuroprotective role towards dopaminergic (DA) neurons under 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity. Induction of DPSCs to astrocytes with differentiation factors showed definitive increase in astrocyte-specific markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 along with glial calcium-binding protein S100β through FACS and immunofluorescence assays. RT-PCR and ELISA showed significant increase in BDNF and GDNF expression and secretion in astrocyte-differentiated DPSCs over naïve DPSCs. Neuroprotective role of these cells on DA neurons under 6-OHDA stress was evaluated by both contact and non-contact methods. FACS analysis of PKH26-stained SH-SY5Y homogenous cells in contact method and of TH immunopositive cells in primary midbrain culture in non-contact method both indicated higher survival of DA neurons in astrocyte-differentiated DPSCs over naïve DPSCs. Recovery of β-tubulin III and TH immunopositive cells was reduced in the presence of TrkB inhibitor, suggesting a key neuroprotective role of BDNF secretion by DPSCs. When nitric oxide (NO) release was inhibited by L-NAME in primary midbrain culture, BDNF release in co-culture under 6-OHDA stress reduced further in naïve DPSCs than in astrocyte-differentiated DPSCs, suggesting that BDNF release in naïve DPSCs is primarily regulated by paracrine signaling while for differentiated DPSCs, it is equally through autocrine and paracrine signaling with NO being the mediator. In conclusion, we suggest that DPSCs exposed to glial commitment cues exhibit substantial differentiation towards astrocyte-like cells with better neuroprotective activity against 6-OHDA toxicity than naïve DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavina Ganapathy
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, P.B. No - 2900, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India.,School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, P.B. No - 2900, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India.
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India.,Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India
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20
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Post-mortem serum concentrations of GFAP correlate with agony time but do not indicate a primary cerebral cause of death. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205323. [PMID: 30304049 PMCID: PMC6179268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The astroglial protein GFAP is a blood biomarker indicative of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with acute stroke. Due to its brain specificity and the necessity of brain damage for its detectability in blood, we hypothesized that GFAP could be an interesting marker in cases with primary cerebral cause of death, e.g., traumatic brain injury. Methods All corpses scheduled for an autopsy in the Frankfurt Department of Forensic medicine within a 15-month period were included in the study. Cases with a known history of brain disease in the 3 months before death were excluded. During autopsy, blood was collected and GFAP serum levels were determined using a commercially available ELISA. The autopsy protocols were reviewed for the presence of a primary cerebral or a primary non-cerebral cause of death. Agony time was also determined. Results A total of 129 autopsy cases were included. GFAP concentrations did not differ between cerebral (median 0.96 μg/l, IQR 5.03) and non-cerebral causes of death (1.21 μg/l, 3.58). GFAP levels were found to be unaffected by hemolysis or post-mortem interval. GFAP levels were found to be increased in cases with prolonged agony times (median 1.76 μg/l [IQR 4.70]) compared to short (0.58 μg/l [0.58]; p<0.001) and ultra-short agony times (0.21 μg/l [0.12]; p = 0.002). Conclusion Post-mortem GFAP serum concentrations correlate with agony time and might therefore be useful for the evaluation of the severity of brain damage in prolonged death. Elevated GFAP serum levels do not indicate a primary cerebral cause of death.
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21
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Chmielewska N, Szyndler J, Makowska K, Wojtyna D, Maciejak P, Płaźnik A. Looking for novel, brain-derived, peripheral biomarkers of neurological disorders. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2018; 52:318-325. [PMID: 29478670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of blood brain barrier (BBB) is to preserve a precisely regulated environment for proper neuronal signaling. In many of the central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, the function of BBB is altered. Thus, there is a necessity to evaluate a fast, noninvasive and reliable method for monitoring of BBB condition. It seems that revealing the peripheral diagnostic biomarker whose release pattern (concentration, dynamics) will be correlated with clinical symptoms of neurological disorders offers significant hope. It could help with faster diagnosis and efficient treatment monitoring. In this review we summarize the recent data concerning exploration of potential new serum biomarkers appearing in the peripheral circulation following BBB disintegration, with an emphasis on epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. We consider the application of well-known proteins (S100β and GFAP) as serum indicators in the light of recently obtained results. Furthermore, the utility of molecules like MMP-9, UCHL-1, neurofilaments, BDNF, and miRNA, which are newly recognized as a potential serum biomarkers, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chmielewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, Warsaw 02-957, Poland
| | - Janusz Szyndler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Makowska
- Student of Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Wojtyna
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, Warsaw 02-957, Poland
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, Warsaw 02-957, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Płaźnik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, Warsaw 02-957, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Schwerin SC, Chatterjee M, Imam-Fulani AO, Radomski KL, Hutchinson EB, Pierpaoli CM, Juliano SL. Progression of histopathological and behavioral abnormalities following mild traumatic brain injury in the male ferret. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:556-572. [PMID: 29360208 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is an important consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans. Unlike rodents, ferrets have a substantial amount of white matter and a gyrencephalic brain; therefore, they may represent an ideal small mammal model to study human-pertinent consequences of TBI. Here we report immunohistochemical and behavioral results after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to the sensorimotor cortex of adult male ferrets. We assessed inflammation in the neocortex and white matter, and behavior at 1 day post injury and 1, 4, and 16 weeks post injury (WPI). CCI in the ferret produced inflammation that originated in the neocortex near the site of the injury and progressed deep into the white matter with time. The density of microglia and astrocytes increased in the neocortex near the injury, peaking at 4WPI and remaining elevated at 16WPI. Microglial morphology in the neocortex was significantly altered in the first 4 weeks, but showed a return toward normal at 16 weeks. Clusters of microglial cells in the white matter persisted until 16WPI. We assessed motor and cognitive behavior using the open field, novel object recognition, T-maze, and gait tests. A transient deficit in memory occurred at 4WPI, with a reduction of rearing and motor ability at 12 and 16WPI. Behavioral impairments coincide with features of the inflammatory changes in the neocortex revealed by immunohistochemistry. The ferret represents an important animal model to explore ongoing damage in the white matter and cerebral cortex after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Schwerin
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aminat O Imam-Fulani
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kryslaine L Radomski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth B Hutchinson
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlo M Pierpaoli
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sharon L Juliano
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Stokum JA, Keledjian K, Hayman E, Karimy JK, Pampori A, Imran Z, Woo SK, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Glibenclamide pretreatment protects against chronic memory dysfunction and glial activation in rat cranial blast traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:43-53. [PMID: 28662892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) affects both military and civilian populations, and often results in chronic deficits in cognition and memory. Chronic glial activation after bTBI has been linked with cognitive decline. Pharmacological inhibition of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) with glibenclamide was shown previously to reduce glial activation and improve cognition in contusive models of CNS trauma, but has not been examined in bTBI. We postulated that glibenclamide would reduce chronic glial activation and improve long-term memory function after bTBI. Using a rat direct cranial model of bTBI (dc-bTBI), we evaluated the efficacy of two glibenclamide treatment paradigms: glibenclamide prophylaxis (pre-treatment), and treatment with glibenclamide starting after dc-bTBI (post-treatment). Our results show that dc-bTBI caused hippocampal astrocyte and microglial/macrophage activation that was associated with hippocampal memory dysfunction (rapid place learning paradigm) at 28days, and that glibenclamide pre-treatment, but not post-treatment, effectively protected against glial activation and memory dysfunction. We also report that a brief transient time-window of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption occurs after dc-bTBI, and we speculate that glibenclamide, which is mostly protein bound and does not normally traverse the intact BBB, can undergo CNS delivery only during this brief transient opening of the BBB. Together, our findings indicate that prophylactic glibenclamide treatment may help to protect against chronic cognitive sequelae of bTBI in warfighters and other at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stokum
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Kaspar Keledjian
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Erik Hayman
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adam Pampori
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ziyan Imran
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Seung Kyoon Woo
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Departments of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Departments of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S Pine St, MSTF, Room 634B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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24
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Nie J, Yang X. Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Exercise Training as a Basis for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:5-16. [PMID: 26910247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, rehabilitation of ischemic stroke draws more and more attention in the world, and has been linked to changes of synaptic plasticity. Exercise training improves motor function of ischemia as well as cognition which is associated with formation of learning and memory. The molecular basis of learning and memory might be synaptic plasticity. Research has therefore been conducted in an attempt to relate effects of exercise training to neuroprotection and neurogenesis adjacent to the ischemic injury brain. The present paper reviews the current literature addressing this question and discusses the possible mechanisms involved in modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise training. This review shows the pathological process of synaptic dysfunction in ischemic roughly and then discusses the effects of exercise training on scaffold proteins and regulatory protein expression. The expression of scaffold proteins generally increased after training, but the effects on regulatory proteins were mixed. Moreover, the compositions of postsynaptic receptors were changed and the strength of synaptic transmission was enhanced after training. Finally, the recovery of cognition is critically associated with synaptic remodeling in an injured brain, and the remodeling occurs through a number of local regulations including mRNA translation, remodeling of cytoskeleton, and receptor trafficking into and out of the synapse. We do provide a comprehensive knowledge of synaptic plasticity enhancement obtained by exercise training in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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25
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Hausmann R. Age determination of brain contusions. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 2:85-93. [PMID: 25868586 DOI: 10.1385/fsmp:2:2:85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 104 individuals who had sustained traumatic brain injury, the course of traumatically induced morphological changes was investigated immunohistochemically during the first 30 weeks after the trauma. Regarding the inflammatory cell reaction in human cortical contusions, CD15-labeled granulocytes were detectable within 10 minutes following brain injury, whereas significantly increased numbers of nuclear leukocytes occurred after a postinfliction interval of at least 1.1 days (leukocyte common antigen), 2 days (CD3), or 3.7 days (UCHL-1), respectively. A positive nuclear staining for the proliferation marker MIB-1 by cerebral macrophages could be observed as early as 3 days after the injury and regularly in cases with a survival between 7 and 11 days. Injury-induced glial staining reactions could be demonstrated, at the earliest, after a postinfliction interval of 3 hours for α1-antichymotrypsin, 22 hours for vimentin, 1 day for glial fibrillary acidic protein, and 7 days for tenascin. Regarding the vascular response to brain injury, a significantly increased immunoreactivity could be detected in cortical contusions with a wound age of at least 3 hours for factor VIII, 1.6 days for tenascin, and 6.8 days for thrombomodulin, whereas the immunostaining for laminin and type IV collagen was regularly whereas the immunostaining for laminin and type IV collagen was regularly positive even in the vascular endothelium of ininjured brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hausmann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 22, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany,
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26
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Du X, Ewert DL, Cheng W, West MB, Lu J, Li W, Floyd RA, Kopke RD. Effects of antioxidant treatment on blast-induced brain injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80138. [PMID: 24224042 PMCID: PMC3818243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury has dramatically increased in combat troops in today’s military operations. We previously reported that antioxidant treatment can provide protection to the peripheral auditory end organ, the cochlea. In the present study, we examined biomarker expression in the brains of rats at different time points (3 hours to 21 days) after three successive 14 psi blast overpressure exposures to evaluate antioxidant treatment effects on blast-induced brain injury. Rats in the treatment groups received a combination of antioxidants (2,4-disulfonyl α-phenyl tertiary butyl nitrone and N-acetylcysteine) one hour after blast exposure and then twice a day for the following two days. The biomarkers examined included an oxidative stress marker (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 4-HNE), an immediate early gene (c-fos), a neural injury marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) and two axonal injury markers [amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein, APP, and 68 kDa neurofilament, NF-68]. The results demonstrate that blast exposure induced or up-regulated the following: 4-HNE production in the dorsal hippocampus commissure and the forceps major corpus callosum near the lateral ventricle; c-fos and GFAP expression in most regions of the brain, including the retrosplenial cortex, the hippocampus, the cochlear nucleus, and the inferior colliculus; and NF-68 and APP expression in the hippocampus, the auditory cortex, and the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). Antioxidant treatment reduced the following: 4-HNE in the hippocampus and the forceps major corpus callosum, c-fos expression in the retrosplenial cortex, GFAP expression in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and APP and NF-68 expression in the hippocampus, auditory cortex, and MGN. This preliminary study indicates that antioxidant treatment may provide therapeutic protection to the central auditory pathway (the DCN and MGN) and the non-auditory central nervous system (hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex), suggesting that these compounds have the potential to simultaneously treat blast-induced injuries in the brain and auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Du
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Ewert
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Weihua Cheng
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. West
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Floyd
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Kopke
- Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Departments of Physiology and Otolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Attenuation of MPTP/MPP(+) toxicity in vivo and in vitro by an 18-mer peptide derived from prosaposin. Neuroscience 2013; 236:373-93. [PMID: 23321539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurological disorder with an increasing incidence in the aging population. Neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative strategies remain critical in the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease. Prosaposin is a neurotrophic factor whose neurotrophic activity is attributed to a stretch of 12 amino acids located at the N-terminal region of saposin C. The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of action of a prosaposin-derived 18-mer peptide (PS18: LSELIINNATEELLIKGL) in Parkinson's disease models. We used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in C57BL/6J mice or SH-SY5Y cells and explored the protective effect and mechanisms of action of PS18 on dopaminergic neurons. Treatment with 2.0mg/kg PS18 significantly improved behavioral deficits, enhanced the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, and decreased the activity of astrocytes in the substantia nigra and striatum in MPTP-induced PD model mice. In vitro, a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that co-treatment with 300ng/mL PS18 and 5mM MPP(+) protected against MPP(+)-induced nuclear morphological changes and attenuated cell death induced by MPP(+). We also found that PS18-FAM entered the cells, and the retention time of PS18-FAM in the cytoplasm of MPP(+)-treated cells was shorter than that of untreated cells. In addition, PS18 showed protection from MPP(+)/MPTP-induced apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons in the PD model mice via suppression of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun pathway; upregulation of Bcl-2; downregulation of BAX, attenuating mitochondrial damage; and inhibition of caspase-3. These findings suggest that PS18 may provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
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28
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Staffa K, Ondruschka B, Franke H, Dreßler J. Cerebellar Gene Expression following Human Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2716-21. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Staffa
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Dreßler
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of human brain basic fibroblast growth factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein and single-stranded DNA expressions following traumatic brain injury. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 221:142-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Lewis DK, Thomas KT, Selvamani A, Sohrabji F. Age-related severity of focal ischemia in female rats is associated with impaired astrocyte function. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1123.e1-16. [PMID: 22154819 PMCID: PMC5636220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In middle-aged female rats, focal ischemia leads to a larger cortical infarction as compared with younger females. To determine if stroke-induced cytotoxicity in middle-aged females was associated with impaired astrocyte function, astrocytes were harvested and cultured from the ischemic cortex of young and middle-aged female rats. Middle-aged astrocytes cleared significantly less glutamate from media as compared with young female astrocytes. Furthermore, astrocyte-conditioned media from middle-aged female astrocytes induced greater migration of peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) and expressed higher levels of the chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1). Middle-aged astrocytes also induced greater migration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), however, their ability to promote neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells was similar to young astrocytes. In males, where cortical infarct volume is similar in young and middle-aged animals, no age-related impairment was observed in astrocyte function. These studies show that the aging astrocyte may directly contribute to infarct severity by inefficient glutamate clearance and enhanced cytokine production and suggest a cellular target for improved stroke therapy among older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K. Lewis
- Women’s Health in Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kristen T. Thomas
- Women’s Health in Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amutha Selvamani
- Women’s Health in Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women’s Health in Neuroscience Program, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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31
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Rongchao S, Shudong Y, Zhiyi Z. Pathological and immunohistochemical study of lethal primary brain stem injuries. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:54. [PMID: 22613041 PMCID: PMC3407715 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the deaths that occur shortly after injury or in hospitals are caused by mild trauma. Slight morphological changes are often found in the brain stems of these patients during autopsy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the histopathological changes involved in primary brain stem injuries (PBSI) and their diagnostic significance. METHODS A total of 65 patients who had died of PBSI and other conditions were randomly selected. They were divided into 2 groups, an injury group (25 cases) and a control group (20 cases). Slides of each patient's midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata were prepared and stained with HE, argentaffin, and immunohistochemical agents (GFAP, NF, amyloid-β, MBP). Under low power (×100) and NF staining, the diameter of the thickest longitudinal axon was measured at its widest point. Ten such diameters were collected for each part of the brain (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata). Data were recorded and analyzed statistically. RESULTS Brain stem contusions, astrocyte activity, edema, and pathological changes in the neurons were visibly different in the injury and control groups (P < 0.05). Characteristic changes occurred in the neural axons, axon diameter varied from axon to axon and even over different segments of one axon, and several pathological phenomena were observed. These included segmental thickening and curving, wave-like processing, disarrangement, and irregular swelling. A few axons ruptured and intumesced into retraction balls. Immunohistochemical MBP staining showed enlargement and curving of spaces between the myelin sheaths and axons in certain areas. The myelin sheaths lining the surfaces of the axons were in some cases incomplete and even exfoliated, and segmentation disappeared. These pathological changes increased in severity over time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These histopathological changes may prove beneficial to the pathological diagnosis of PBSI during autopsy. The measurement of axon diameters provides a referent quantitative index for the diagnosis of the specific causes of death involved in PBSI. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1345298818712204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Rongchao
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 qingyang road, Wuxi, 214023 China.
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Li DR, Zhang F, Wang Y, Tan XH, Qiao DF, Wang HJ, Michiue T, Maeda H. Quantitative analysis of GFAP- and S100 protein-immunopositive astrocytes to investigate the severity of traumatic brain injury. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012; 14:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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33
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Immunohistochemical detection of uPA, tPA, and PAI-1 in a stasis-induced deep vein thrombosis model and its application to thrombus age estimation. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126:421-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Nørregaard A, Jensen SS, Kolenda J, Aaberg-Jessen C, Christensen KG, Jensen PH, Schrøder HD, Kristensen BW. Effects of Chemotherapeutics on Organotypic Corticostriatal Slice Cultures Identified by A Panel of Fluorescent and Immunohistochemical Markers. Neurotox Res 2011; 22:43-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Immunohistochemical detection of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a stasis-induced deep vein thrombosis model and its application to thrombus age estimation. Int J Legal Med 2010; 124:439-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Sjödin MO, Bergquist J, Wetterhall M. Mining ventricular cerebrospinal fluid from patients with traumatic brain injury using hexapeptide ligand libraries to search for trauma biomarkers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2003-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Time-dependent organic changes of intravenous thrombi in stasis-induced deep vein thrombosis model and its application to thrombus age determination. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 195:143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Constantinescu R, Zetterberg H, Holmberg B, Rosengren L. Levels of brain related proteins in cerebrospinal fluid: An aid in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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39
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Time-dependent appearance of intrathrombus neutrophils and macrophages in a stasis-induced deep vein thrombosis model and its application to thrombus age determination. Int J Legal Med 2009; 123:235-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Mueller CA, Kaaden S, Scorzin J, Urbach H, Fimmers R, Helmstaedter C, Zentner J, Lehmann TN, Schramm J. Shrinkage of the hippocampal remnant after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: impact on seizure and neuropsychological outcomes. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 14:379-86. [PMID: 19126435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the postoperative hippocampal remnant on postoperative seizure and neuropsychological outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Postoperative volumetric MRI measurements of 53 patients surgically treated for TLE revealed a postoperative volume loss of the hippocampal remnant compared with the respective preoperative segment in all patients. Extent of preoperative hippocampal pathology, remnant shrinkage, resection volume, and postoperative volume of the hippocampal remnant did not correlate with seizure outcome 1 year after surgery. With respect to neuropsychological outcome, performance on tasks assessing verbal memory and language-related functions was impaired in patients with left-sided pathology after surgery. Performance of patients with right-sided pathology (n=26) demonstrated no significant correlation with hippocampal measures or with neuropsychological data. Degree of hippocampal remnant shrinkage seems to be associated with decreased verbal memory performance in patients with left-sided TLE.
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Idazoxan attenuates spinal cord injury by enhanced astrocytic activation and reduced microglial activation in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2009; 1253:198-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Ishida Y, Kimura A, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, Kondo T. Expression of oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) in skin wound healing and its application for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med 2008; 122:409-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-008-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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43
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Takamiya M, Fujita S, Saigusa K, Aoki Y. Simultaneous detections of 27 cytokines during cerebral wound healing by multiplexed bead-based immunoassay for wound age estimation. J Neurotrauma 2008; 24:1833-44. [PMID: 18159995 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of 27 cytokines following cerebral wounding was performed for wound age estimation. The cytokines evaluated included interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), keratinocyte derived cytokine (KC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), monokine inducible by interferon gamma (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP 2, platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF BB), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (Rantes), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The proliferation of glial cells as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells were also evaluated. Although astroglia proliferated from 72 hours post-injury, inflammatory cell dynamics were generally steady. Among cytokines analyzed in the present study, IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 p40, G-CSF, IFN-gamma, KC, LIF, MIP2, and PDGF BB increased during the early phase of cerebral wound healing, and M-CSF increased during the middle phase, while IL-15, IL-18, and MIG increased during the late phase. In contrast, IL-1alpha, IL-10, IL-12 p70, and TNF-alpha were suppressed throughout the cerebral wound healing process. Based on our findings, quantitative cytokine analyses at the cerebral wound site may be a useful tool for wound age estimation. Further, this study suggests that multiplex data gained from the same sample using a single methodology demonstrates highly accurate cytokine interactions during the process of cerebral wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Takamiya
- Department of Legal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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44
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Diffusion tensor imaging reliably detects experimental traumatic axonal injury and indicates approximate time of injury. J Neurosci 2007; 27:11869-76. [PMID: 17978027 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3647-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) may contribute greatly to neurological impairments after traumatic brain injury, but it is difficult to assess with conventional imaging. We quantitatively compared diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) signal abnormalities with histological and electron microscopic characteristics of pericontusional TAI in a mouse model. Two DTI parameters, relative anisotropy and axial diffusivity, were significantly reduced 6 h to 4 d after trauma, corresponding to relatively isolated axonal injury. One to 4 weeks after trauma, relative anisotropy remained decreased, whereas axial diffusivity "pseudo-normalized" and radial diffusivity increased. These changes corresponded to demyelination, edema, and persistent axonal injury. At every time point, DTI was more sensitive to injury than conventional magnetic resonance imaging, and relative anisotropy distinguished injured from control mice with no overlap between groups. Remarkably, DTI changes strongly predicted the approximate time since trauma. These results provide an important validation of DTI for pericontusional TAI and suggest novel clinical and forensic applications.
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Bloomfield SM, McKinney J, Smith L, Brisman J. Reliability of S100B in predicting severity of central nervous system injury. Neurocrit Care 2007; 6:121-38. [PMID: 17522796 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-007-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a protein biomarker that reflects CNS injury. It can be measured in the CSF or serum with readily available immunoassay kits. The excellent sensitivity of S100B has enabled it to confirm the existence of subtle brain injury in patients with mild head trauma, strokes, and after successful resuscitation from cardiopulmonary arrest. The extent of S100B elevation has been found to be useful in predicting clinical outcome after brain injury. Elevations of S100B above certain threshold levels might be able to reliably predict brain death or mortality. A normal S100B level reliably predicts the absence of significant CNS injury. The specificity of S100B levels as a reflection of CNS injury is compromised by the findings that extra-cranial injuries can lead to elevations in the absence of brain injury. This potential problem can most likely be avoided by measuring serial S100B levels along with other biomarkers and carefully noting peripheral injuries. Serum markers GFAP and NSE are both more specific for CNS injury and have little to no extra-cranial sources. Sustained elevations of S100B over 24 h along with elevations of GFAP and NSE can more reliably predict the extent of brain injury and clinical outcomes. In the future, S100B measurements might reliably predict secondary brain injury and enable physicians to initiate therapeutic interventions in a timelier manner. S100B levels have been shown to rise hours to days before changes in ICP, neurological examinations, and neuroimaging tests. S100B levels may also be used to monitor the efficacy of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bloomfield
- New Jersey Neuroscience, Institute JFK Hospital and Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08818, USA.
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46
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Dressler J, Hanisch U, Kuhlisch E, Geiger KD. Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury. Int J Legal Med 2006; 121:365-75. [PMID: 17106737 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-006-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To establish reliable methods to aid the timing of brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain tissue from 56 autopsy cases with TBI and known survival times, ranging from a few minutes to 126 days, were tested for apoptotic changes to the neuronal and glial cells. Apoptosis was established using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method of in-situ labelling and immunohistochemical reaction of caspase 3. In addition, cellular reaction and astroglial cell differentiation were investigated using histological and immunohistochemical markers. From a survival time of 120 min up to 12 days, TUNEL-positive apoptotic neuronal cells were frequently detected in the contusion zone. The earliest positive caspase 3 reaction in cortical neurons was evident after a posttraumatic interval of 80 min. Detection of apoptotic glial cells using the TUNEL technique showed that as in the case of neuronal cells, the earliest positive TUNEL reaction was obtained after 110 min. In cases of survival times of 120 min up to 4 days, apoptotic glial cells could frequently be detected. However, the first caspase 3-positive glial cells appeared 5 h after injury. Cerebral apoptosis was significantly associated with TBI cases as compared to control cases (P<0.001). The reference histological findings of neutrophilic granulocytes, CD3-positive T-lymphocytes, CD68-positive activated microglial cells/macrophages and TUNEL-positive neuronal cells increases the degree of certainty in determining the probable age of traumatic brain injury to 87.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dressler
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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47
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Hausmann R, Seidl S, Betz P. Hypoxic changes in Purkinje cells of the human cerebellum. Int J Legal Med 2006; 121:175-83. [PMID: 17031692 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-006-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The significance of both Purkinje cell numbers and various neuronal changes for the diagnosis and timing of hypoxic-induced brain lesions was investigated in tissue samples from the cerebellar cortex of 52 individuals with a history of acute or prolonged cerebral hypoxia/ischemia before death. Furthermore, the area of the Purkinje cell somata (PC size) was measured using an automatic image processing and analysis system (LEICA QWin). Significantly reduced numbers of Purkinje cells (<6 cells/unit length of 1 mm) and a decreased portion (<50%) of intact Purkinje cells could be detected in individuals with a period of resuscitation of at least 2 h after acute circulatory arrest. Average cell numbers of less than 4 cells/unit were found in individuals who suffered from diffuse brain swelling and were ventilated for at least 3 days, as well as in individuals who died of brain death. Moreover, the Purkinje cells in these cases exhibited shrunken somata compared to the controls. Specimens that were stored at room temperature up to 30 h after removal at autopsy showed no significant autolytic changes of the Purkinje cells. After 46 h, however, reduced Purkinje cell numbers and shrunken cell bodies were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hausmann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Korzhevskii DE, Nikoleishvili MG, Otellin VA. Suppression of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in astrocytes of the superficial glial delimiting membrane in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 36:285-6. [PMID: 16465495 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-006-0014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactions to brain damage are usually accompanied by increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, though it remains unclear whether this reaction is universal. The aim of the present work was to study the reactions of astrocytes in the superficial glial delimiting membrane of the human brain to traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Light microscopy and immunocytochemical studies showed that GFAP expression is suppressed in astrocytes in the superficial glial delimiting membrane for periods of up to three days from the moment of craniocerebral trauma accompanied by subarachnoid hemorrhage. These data provide evidence for the existence of regional characteristics in the reactions of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Korzhevskii
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
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49
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Ceresér KM, Frey BN, Bernardes FB, Costa SC, Andreazza AC, Feier G, Souza D, Tramontina F, Gonçalves CA, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression after electroconvulsive shocks in rat brain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:663-7. [PMID: 16451815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in rat brain. METHODS Rats were given either a single (acute) or a series of eight (chronic) ECS. Brain regions were isolated and levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brain tissue (cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum) were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We showed that GFAP expression is reduced in the hippocampus within 48 h and 7 days after acute ECS. GFAP levels are increased in the cerebellum immediately after acute and chronic ECS. No changes were observed in the cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed a differential effect of acute and chronic ECS in the astroglial response in the brain of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila M Ceresér
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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50
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Li DR, Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Zhao D, Michiue T, Maeda H. Immunohistochemical distribution of S-100 protein in the cerebral cortex with regard to the cause of death in forensic autopsy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2006; 8:78-85. [PMID: 16338157 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S-100 protein (S100) is an acidic calcium-binding protein, which is abundantly found in the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution of S100 in the cerebral cortex in forensic autopsy cases with regard to the cause of death and relationship to its serum levels. The cases (n = 286, 3-48 h postmortem) included fatal head injuries (n = 89), acute death from other blunt injuries (n = 29), sharp instrument injuries (n = 20), asphyxiation (n = 29: strangulation/hanging, n = 22; aspiration, n = 7), drownings (n = 22), fire fatalities (n = 68), cerebrovascular diseases (n = 9) and acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (AMI, n = 20). S100-immunopositivity was mainly observed in the gliacytes, in part, in the neurons and myelins. For S100B-immunostaining, the gliacytes and myelins were positive, whereas the neurons were negative. Positivity in astrocytes was dependent on the cause of death, and was significantly lower in acute deaths due to strangulation/hanging and drowning, and mildly low in those due to injuries. Positivity in neurons and myelins was frequently observed in delayed head injury deaths and fire fatalities, showing an inverse relationship with the positivity in astrocytes in head injury cases. For cases of acute death, there was an inverse relationship between S100-positivity in the astrocytes and the serum S100B level. These observations suggest that astrocytes are more rapidly and severely injured than neurons during fatal brain damage, thereby causing an elevation in the serum S100B level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ri Li
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno, 545-8585 Osaka, Japan.
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