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Parchem K, Letsiou S, Petan T, Oskolkova O, Medina I, Kuda O, O'Donnell VB, Nicolaou A, Fedorova M, Bochkov V, Gladine C. Oxylipin profiling for clinical research: Current status and future perspectives. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101276. [PMID: 38697517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Ag. Spiridonos St. Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece.
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Li S, Jing M, Mohamed N, Rey-Dubois C, Zhao S, Aukema HM, House JD. The Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from either Flaxseed Oil or Preformed Docosahexaenoic Acid on Fatty Acid Composition, Plasma Oxylipin, and Immune Response of Laying Hens. J Nutr 2023; 153:2105-2116. [PMID: 37187351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of nutrition guidelines for the feeding of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to laying hens. Knowledge as to whether the type and concentrations of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet can make a difference to the birds' immune responses when subjected to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge is limited. OBJECTIVES The study was designed to determine the potential nutritional and health benefits to laying hens when receiving dietary omega-3 PUFA from either ALA or DHA. METHODS A total of 80 Lohmann LSL-Classic (white egg layer, 20 wk old) were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatment diets (10 hens/treatment), provided 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% of total dietary omega-3 PUFA, provided as either ALA-rich flaxseed oil or DHA-enriched algal biomass. After an 8-wk feeding period, the birds were challenged with Escherichia coli-derived LPS (8 mg/kg; i.v. injection), with terminal sample collection 4 h after challenge. Egg yolk, plasma, liver, and spleen samples were collected for subsequent analyses. RESULTS Increasing dietary omega-3 supplementation yielded predictable responses in egg yolk, plasma, and liver fatty acid concentrations. Dietary intake of ALA contributed mainly to ALA-derived oxylipins. Meanwhile, eicosapentaenoic acid- and DHA-derived oxylipins were primarily influenced by DHA dietary intake. LPS increased the concentrations of almost all the omega-6 PUFA-, ALA-, and DHA-derived oxylipins in plasma and decreased hepatic mRNA expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX (P < 0.001) involved in the biosynthesis of oxylipins. LPS also increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and receptor TLR-4 (P < 0.001) in the spleen. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that dietary intake of ALA and DHA had unique impacts on fatty acid deposition and their derived oxylipins and inflammatory responses under the administration of LPS in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mingyan Jing
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Neijat Mohamed
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cameron Rey-Dubois
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shusheng Zhao
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James D House
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Ebrahim HY, Mady MS, Atya HB, Ali SA, Elsayed HE, Moharram FA. Melaleuca rugulosa (Link) Craven Tannins: Appraisal of anti-inflammatory, radical scavenging activities, and molecular modeling studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115596. [PMID: 35987414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Genus Melaleuca or tea tree species are well known to be an important source of biological active oils and extracts. The biological significance appears in their usage for treatment of several clinical disorder owing to their traditional uses as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to investigate the metabolic profile of the M. rugulosa polyphenol-rich fraction along with determination of its anti-inflammatory potential, free radical scavenging and antiaging activities supported with virtual understanding of the mode of action using molecular modeling strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activity of the phenolic rich fraction was investigated through measuring its inhibitory activity against inflammatory mediators viz tumor necrosing factor receptor-2 (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenases 1/2 (COX-1/2) in a cell free and cell-based assays. Moreover, the radical scavenging activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and β-carotene assays, while the antiaging activity in anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase inhibitory assays. Finally, the biological findings were supported with molecular docking study using MOE software. RESULTS The chromatographic purification of the polyphenol-rich fraction of Melaleuca rugulosa (Link) Craven afforded fourteen phytoconstituents (1-14). The anti-inflammatory gauging experiments demonstrated inhibition of inflammatory-linked enzymes COX-1/2 and the TNF-α at low μg/mL levels in the enzyme-based assays. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism was inferred from the quantification of protein levels and gene expression in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages (RAW264.7) in vitro model. The results revealed the reduction of protein synthesis of COX-1/2 and TNF-α with the down regulation of gene expression. The cell free in vitro radical scavenging assessment of the polyphenol-rich fraction revealed a significant DPPH reduction, peroxyl radicals scavenging, and β-carotene peroxidation inhibition. Besides, the polyphenol-rich fraction showed a considerable inhibition of the skin aging-related enzymes as elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase. Ultimately, the computational molecular modelling studies uncovered the potential binding poses and relevant molecular interactions of the identified polyphenols with their targeted enzymes. Particularly, terflavin C (8) which showed a favorable binding pose at the elastase binding pocket, while rosmarinic acid (14) demonstrated the best binding pose at the COX-2 catalytic domain. In short, natural polyphenols are potential candidates for the management of free radicals, inflammation, and skin aging related conditions. CONCLUSION Natural polyphenols are potential candidates for the management of free radicals, inflammation, and skin aging related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y Ebrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University. Ein Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Mady
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University. Ein Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Hanaa B Atya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Sahar A Ali
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Heba E Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University. Ein Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Fatma A Moharram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University. Ein Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
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Alsenani F, Ashour AM, Alzubaidi MA, Azmy AF, Hetta MH, Abu-Baih DH, Elrehany MA, Zayed A, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR, Elmaidomy AH. Wound Healing Metabolites from Peters' Elephant-Nose Fish Oil: An In Vivo Investigation Supported by In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110605. [PMID: 34822477 PMCID: PMC8625051 DOI: 10.3390/md19110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnathonemuspetersii (F. Mormyridae) commonly known as Peters' elephant-nose fish is a freshwater elephant fish native to West and Central African rivers. The present research aimed at metabolic profiling of its derived crude oil via GC-MS analysis. In addition, wound healing aptitude in adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits along with isolated bioactive compounds in comparison with a commercial product (Mebo®). The molecular mechanism was studied through a number of in vitro investigations, i.e., radical scavenging and inhibition of COX enzymes, in addition to in silico molecular docking study. The results revealed a total of 35 identified (71.11%) compounds in the fish oil, belonging to fatty acids (59.57%), sterols (6.11%), and alkanes (5.43%). Phytochemical investigation of the crude oil afforded isolation of six compounds 1-6. Moreover, the crude oil showed significant in vitro hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the crude oil along with one of its major components (compound 4) exhibited selective inhibitory activity towards COX-2 with IC50 values of 15.27 and 2.41 µM, respectively. Topical application of the crude oil on excision wounds showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the wound healing rate in comparison to the untreated and Mebo®-treated groups, where fish oil increased the TGF-β1 expression, down-regulated TNF-α, and IL-1β. Accordingly, Peters' elephant-nose fish oil may be a potential alternative medication helping wound healing owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mubarak A. Alzubaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed F. Azmy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62514, Egypt;
| | - Mona H. Hetta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Dalia H. Abu-Baih
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt; (D.H.A.-B.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Mahmoud A. Elrehany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt; (D.H.A.-B.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Medical Campus, Tanta University, Elguish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.Z.); (U.R.A.)
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni Suef 62513, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Maaqal University, Basra 61014, Iraq
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.Z.); (U.R.A.)
| | - Abeer H. Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62514, Egypt;
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Majkić T, Bekvalac K, Beara I. Plantain (Plantago L.) species as modulators of prostaglandin E 2 and thromboxane A 2 production in inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113140. [PMID: 32736048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Worldwide distributed plantains (genus Plantago L.) are extensively used in the traditional, but some of them are also accepted in the modern medicine. Wide range of usages is mainly connected to the inflammation processes. AIM OF THE STUDY To support usage of renowned P. lanceolata L. and P. major L., underinvestigated P. altissima L., P. argentea Chaix, P. holosteum Scop. and P. media L. methanol extracts, and their typical constituents (aucubin, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, chlorogenic and ursolic acid) in treatment of inflammation disorders, we conducted study on plantain potential to inhibit production of inflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). MATERIALS AND METHODS LPS-stimulated monocytes (U937 cell line) were used as a model-system to examine anti-inflammatory potential of plantains and their constituents. Produced PGE2 and TXA2 were quantified by LC-MS/MS; qPCR was applied to examine related gene (PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2, cPGES, TXAS) expression; LC-MS/MS and LC-UV/VIS techniques to analyze extracts composition. RESULTS In general, examined plantain extracts showed comparable inhibition activity of PGE2 and TXA2 production as aspirin at low-dose concentration. Underinvestigated P. altissima can be pointed out, since it exerted the strongest effect on both PGE2 production and related gene expression. Notable suppression of TXA2 production by P. lanceolata and P. major was observed. But, PCA analysis showed no obvious grouping, implicating that different mechanisms of action are responsible for each sample activity. In most cases, positive correlation was found between content of apigenin and ursolic acid and extracts suppression of PGE2 and TXA2 production and related genes expression. CONCLUSIONS P. altissima can be regarded as promising anti-inflammatory agent, while novel aspect of P. lanceolata and P. major application (anti-aggregation) can be suggested. P. argentea and P. media could be considered as a good source of ursolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Majkić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kristina Bekvalac
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Beara
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Mattiello T, Guerriero R, Lotti LV, Trifirò E, Felli MP, Barbarulo A, Pucci B, Gazzaniga P, Gaudio C, Frati L, Pulcinelli FM. Aspirin extrusion from human platelets through multidrug resistance protein-4-mediated transport: evidence of a reduced drug action in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:752-61. [PMID: 21816313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study we investigate: 1) the role of multidrug resistance protein-4 (MRP4), an organic anion unidirectional transporter, in modulating aspirin action on human platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1; and 2) whether the impairment of aspirin-COX-1 interaction, found in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients, could be dependent on MRP4-mediated transport. BACKGROUND Platelets of CABG patients present a reduced sensitivity to aspirin despite in vivo and in vitro drug treatment. Aspirin is an organic anion and could be a substrate for MRP4. METHODS Intracellular aspirin concentration and drug COX-1 activity, measured by thrombin-induced thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production, were evaluated in platelets obtained from healthy volunteers (HV) and hematopoietic-progenitor cell cultures reducing or not reducing MRP4-mediated transport. Platelet MRP4 expression was evaluated, in platelets from HV and CABG patients, by dot-blot or by immunogold-electromicrographs or immunofluorescence-microscopy analysis. RESULTS Inhibition of MRP4-mediated transport by dipyridamole or Mk-571 increases aspirin entrapment and its in vitro effect on COX-1 activity (142.7 ± 34.6 pg/10(8) cells vs. 343.7 ± 169.3 pg/10⁸ cells TxB2-production). Platelets derived from megakaryocytes transfected with MRP4 small interfering ribonucleic acid have a higher aspirin entrapment and drug COX-1 activity. Platelets from CABG patients showed a high expression of MRP4 whose in vitro inhibition enhanced aspirin effect on COX-1 (349 ± 141 pg/10⁸ cells vs. 1,670 ± 646 pg/10⁸ cells TxB2-production). CONCLUSIONS Aspirin is a substrate for MRP4 and can be extruded from platelet through its transportation. Aspirin effect on COX-1 is little-related to MRP4-mediated aspirin transport in HV, but in CABG patients with MRP4 over-expression, its pharmacological inhibition enhances aspirin action in an efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mattiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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1-Phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isochroman suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediator production in human monocytes. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:33-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extra-virgin olive oil is an integral ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, and it has been suggested that its high consumption has beneficial effects on human health. Its protective effect, in particular against the development of CVD, has been related not only to the high content of oleic acid, but also to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols. In order to verify the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties of hydroxy-isochromans, a class of ortho-diphenols present in extra-virgin olive oil, we investigated the potential ability of 1-phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isochroman (L137) to modulate the production of key inflammatory mediators by human monocytes, by evaluating its in vitro effects on prostanoid (thromboxane A2 and PGE2) and cytokine (TNF-α) production. Its effect on the protein expression of the inducible form of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), a pro-inflammatory enzyme responsible for elevated prostanoid levels, was also explored. The results showed that L137 significantly inhibited both prostanoid and TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide-primed human monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, by inhibiting the COX activity of COX-2. We also demonstrated that the effects of the isochroman are mediated, at least partly, through the suppression of NF-κB activation leading to the down-regulation of the synthesis of COX-2.
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Cena C, Tosco P, Marini E, Lazzarato L, Piccinini M, Ramondetti C, Lupino E, Fruttero R, Gasco A. Nitrooxyacyl Derivatives of Salicylic Acid: Aspirin‐Like Molecules that Covalently Inactivate Cyclooxygenase‐1. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:523-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Cena
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐6707286
| | - Paolo Tosco
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐6707286
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐6707286
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐6707286
| | - Marco Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Michelangelo 27/B, 10126 Torino (Italy)
| | - Cristina Ramondetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Michelangelo 27/B, 10126 Torino (Italy)
| | - Elisa Lupino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Michelangelo 27/B, 10126 Torino (Italy)
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐6707286
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011‐6707286
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Beara IN, Orcić DZ, Lesjak MM, Mimica-Dukić NM, Peković BA, Popović MR. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry study of anti-inflammatory activity of plantain (Plantago L.) species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:701-6. [PMID: 20219312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of selected Plantago species (P. lanceolata L. and P. major L.) an optimized in vitro test for determination of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) inhibition potency was undertaken. By using intact cell system (platelets) as a source of COX-1 and 12-LOX enzymes and highly sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS technique for detection of main arachidonic acid metabolites formed by COX-1 and 12-LOX, this test provides efficient method for evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of plant extracts and isolated compounds. Our results validated the well-known COX-1 inhibitory activity of P. lanceolata and P. major methanol extracts (concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC(50)) was 2.00 and 0.65 mg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, 12-LOX inhibitory activity of examined extracts was reported for the first time (IC(50)=0.75 and 1.73 mg/ml for P. lanceolata and P. major, respectively). Although renowned inhibitors, such as acetylsalicylic acid and quercetin showed higher activity, this study verifies P. lanceolata and P. major as considerable anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana N Beara
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Giraudel JM, Toutain PL, King JN, Lees P. Differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes in the cat by the NSAID robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:31-40. [PMID: 19161453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for use in companion animal medicine. The objectives of this study were: to quantify the inhibitory actions of robenacoxib on cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes in feline whole blood assays; to establish blood concentration-time profiles of robenacoxib after intravenous and subcutaneous dosing in the cat and; to predict the time courses of inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib. COX-1 and COX-2 activities in heparinized feline whole blood samples were induced with calcium ionophore and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Inhibition of thromboxane B2 provided a marker of both COX-1 and COX-2 activities and a nonlinear parametric mixed effects modelling approach was used to establish the pharmacodynamic parameters describing this inhibition. Mean values (and prediction intervals) of IC50 were 28.9 (16.4-51.1) microM (COX-1) and 0.058 (0.010-0.340) microM (COX-2). These parameters were used to compute several selectivity indices. Selectivity IC ratios (COX-1:COX-2) were 502.3 (IC50/IC50), 451.6 (IC95/IC95) and 17.05 (IC20/IC80). Based on a clinically recommended dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg, it was predicted that the corresponding mean robenacoxib blood concentration over the first 12 h after drug administration corresponded to 5% inhibition of COX-1 and 90% inhibition of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Giraudel
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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11
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Pulcinelli FM, Biasucci LM, Riondino S, Giubilato S, Leo A, Di Renzo L, Trifiro E, Mattiello T, Pitocco D, Liuzzo G, Ghirlanda G, Crea F. COX-1 sensitivity and thromboxane A2 production in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients under chronic aspirin treatment. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:1279-1286. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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12
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Solakivi T, Kunnas T, Kärkkäinen S, Jaakkola O, Nikkari ST. Arachidonic acid increases matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion and expression in human monocytic MonoMac 6 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:11. [PMID: 19331685 PMCID: PMC2667508 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fatty acids may modulate inflammation in macrophages of the atherosclerotic plaque, affecting its stability. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) generally promotes inflammation, while the PUFAs of the n-3 series eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are considered anti-inflammatory. We determined how these PUFAs influence MMP-9 expression and secretion by the human monocytic cell line (MonoMac 6) at baseline and after 24-hour exposure. MMP-9 protein was measured by zymography and relative levels of MMP-9 mRNA were determined using quantitative real time PCR. Results Supplementation with AA (but not the n-3 fatty acids) increased, in a dose-dependent manner, expression of MMP-9 protein. This stimulation was regulated at the mRNA level. MMP-9 secretion started after 1 h of incubation and could not be prevented by simultaneous presence of n-3 series fatty acids. Finally, the secretion could be attenuated by LY 294002, a specific phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor and by SH-5, a selective Akt inhibitor, suggesting that activation of PI3K by AA leads to augmented and sustained MMP-9 production. Conclusion This study shows that of the PUFA studied, AA alone influences the expression of MMP-9, which might have implications in MMP-9 induced plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Solakivi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tampere Medical School, Finland.
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13
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Inada T, Kubo K, Kambara T, Shingu K. Propofol inhibits cyclo-oxygenase activity in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:222-9. [PMID: 19247743 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-008-9035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Monocytes/macrophages are key players in innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, they secrete prostanoids, which are produced by cyclooxygenase from arachidonic acid. Prostanoids influence inflammation and immune responses. We investigated the effect of propofol on prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane B(2) production by the human monocytic cell line THP-1. METHODS The THP-1 cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (1 microg ml(-1)) in the presence of clinically relevant sedative/anesthetic concentrations of propofol (0-30 microM) for 18 h, and the concentration of prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane B(2) in culture supernatants was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Intracellular cyclooxygenase protein expression was measured by flow cytometry. Cyclooxygenase activity was assessed by measuring production of prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane B(2) by THP-1 cells after arachidonic acid (10 microM) substrate provision. RESULTS Propofol decreased the production of prostaglandin E(2) (75.4 +/- 6.4 pg ml(-1) at 0 microM vs. 28.5 +/- 11.2 pg ml(-1) at 30 microM; P < 0.001) and thromboxane B(2) (282.4 +/- 79.2 pg ml(-1) at 0 microM vs. 40.4 +/- 21.7 pg ml(-1) at 30 microM; P < 0.001). The inhibition was not due to the decreased cyclooxygenase protein expression because intracellular staining of this enzyme was not affected by propofol. After arachidonic acid provision, prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane B(2) production from activated THP-1 cells was significantly (P < 0.001) decreased with propofol, indicating direct suppression of cyclooxygenase activity with propofol. CONCLUSIONS Propofol may modulate inflammation via the suppression of cyclooxygenase activity. Through the inhibition of prostanoid production, propofol may enhance immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Inada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15, Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan.
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Prostaglandin E(2)-loaded microspheres as strategy to inhibit phagocytosis and modulate inflammatory mediators release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:784-90. [PMID: 18640269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PGE(2), an arachidonic acid metabolite produced by various type of cells regulates a broad range of physiological activities in the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, and is involved in maintaining the local homeostasis. In the immune system, PGE(2) is mainly produced by APCs and it can suppress the Th1-mediated immune responses. The aim of this study was to develop PGE(2)-loaded biodegradable MS that prolong and sustain the in vivo release of this mediator. An o/w emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation method was chosen to prepare the MS. We determined their diameters, evaluated the in vitro release of PGE(2), using enzyme immunoassay and MS uptake by peritoneal macrophages. To assess the preservation of biological activities of this mediator, we determined the effect of PGE(2) released from MS on LPS-induced TNF-alpha release by murine peritoneal macrophages. We also analyzed the effect of encapsulated PGE(2) on inflammatory mediators release from HUVECs. Finally, we studied the effect of PGE(2) released from biodegradable MS in sepsis animal model. The use of this formulation can provide an alternative strategy for treating infections, by modulating or inhibiting inflammatory responses, especially when they constitute an exacerbated profile.
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Riondino S, Trifirò E, Principessa L, Mascioletti S, Di Renzo L, Gaudio C, Biasucci LM, Crea F, Pulcinelli FM. Lack of biological relevance of platelet cyclooxygenase-2 dependent thromboxane A2 production. Thromb Res 2008; 122:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
NV-52, a synthetic flavonoid derivative, is a selective thromboxane synthase (TXS) inhibitor that is being developed as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. NV-52 selectively inhibits TXS in vitro in physiological relevant concentrations, causing a reduction in thromboxane B(2) of </= 40% in association with an increase in prostaglandin E(2). NV-52 is effective in suppressing colonic inflammation in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. NV-52 has not demonstrated any toxicity in in vitro and animal toxicological studies, and has been administered to normal volunteers in a Phase I clinical trial without detectable adverse effects. NV-52 is well absorbed and a single dose of 400 mg p.o. produced a plasma concentration that is comparable with the concentrations that have been shown to produce significant TXS inhibition in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Guy Howes
- Griffith and Bond University Medical Schools, Gold Coast Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
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Brenneis C, Maier TJ, Schmidt R, Hofacker A, Zulauf L, Jakobsson PJ, Scholich K, Geisslinger G. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis by SC-560 is independent of cyclooxygenase 1 inhibition. FASEB J 2006; 20:1352-60. [PMID: 16816110 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5346com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, pain, and fever. We investigated the actions of TNFalpha toward stimulation of PGE2 synthesis in primary spinal cord neurons. TNFalpha induced COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in neurons, followed by formation of PGE2, which was blocked by a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Surprisingly, the "selective COX-1" inhibitor SC-560 completely inhibited TNFalpha-induced PGE2 synthesis in neurons at nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, SC-560 inhibited PGE2 and thromboxane A2 synthesis in human monocytes and platelets with IC50 of 1.8 nM and 2.5 nM, respectively. SC-560 treatment neither altered TNFalpha-induced COX-2 or mPGES-1 expression nor did the addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 or arachidonic acid reverse the inhibition by SC-560. Moreover, no influence of SC-560 on PGE2 synthase activities or PGE2 transport was seen. Most importantly, SC-560 blocked TNFalpha-induced PGE2 synthesis in COX-1-deficient spinal cord neurons, demonstrating a COX-1-independent inhibition of PGE2 synthesis. Although SC-560 inhibited LPS-induced PGE2 synthesis in neurons and RAW264.7 macrophages in whole cell assays, no inhibition was observed in lysates of the same cells. Taken together our data demonstrate that SC-560 acts at least in some cell types as an unselective COX inhibitor despite its selectivity toward COX-1 under cell-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brenneis
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
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18
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Candelario-Jalil E, Akundi RS, Bhatia HS, Lieb K, Appel K, Muñoz E, Hüll M, Fiebich BL. Ascorbic acid enhances the inhibitory effect of aspirin on neuronal cyclooxygenase-2-mediated prostaglandin E2 production. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 174:39-51. [PMID: 16529823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and hence prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been suggested to protect neuronal cells in a variety of pathophysiological situations including Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) has also been shown to protect cerebral tissue in a variety of experimental conditions, which has been attributed to its antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we show that ascorbic acid dose-dependently inhibited interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-mediated PGE2 synthesis in the human neuronal cell line, SK-N-SH. Furthermore, in combination with aspirin, ascorbic acid augmented the inhibitory effect of aspirin on PGE2 synthesis. However, ascorbic acid had no synergistic effect along with other COX inhibitors (SC-58125 and indomethacin). The inhibition of IL-1beta-mediated PGE2 synthesis by ascorbic acid was not due to the inhibition of the expression of COX-2 or microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1). Rather, ascorbic acid dose-dependently (0.1-100 microM) produced a significant reduction in IL-1beta-mediated production of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha), a reliable indicator of free radical formation, suggesting that the effects of ascorbic acid on COX-2-mediated PGE2 biosynthesis may be the result of the maintenance of the neuronal redox status since COX activity is known to be enhanced by oxidative stress. Our results provide in vitro evidence that the neuroprotective effects of ascorbic acid may depend, at least in part, on its ability to reduce neuronal COX-2 activity and PGE2 synthesis, owing to its antioxidant properties. Further, these experiments suggest that a combination of aspirin with ascorbic acid constitutes a novel approach to render COX-2 more sensitive to inhibition by aspirin, allowing an anti-inflammatory therapy with lower doses of aspirin, thereby avoiding the side effects of the usually high dose aspirin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis is a common inflammatory condition. A large number of patients seek alternative or complementary therapies of which diet is an important component. This article reviews the evidence for diet in rheumatoid arthritis along with the associated concept of oral tolerization. METHODS References were taken from Medline from 1966 to September 2004. The keywords, rheumatoid arthritis, diet, n-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and oral tolerization, were used. RESULTS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids provides modest symptomatic benefit in groups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiological studies and RCTs show cardiovascular benefits in the broader population and patients with ischemic heart disease. A number of mechanisms through which n-3 fats may reduce inflammation have been identified. In a small number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, other dietary manipulation such as fasting, vegan, and elimination diets may have some benefit. However, many of these diets are impractical or difficult to sustain long term. CONCLUSIONS Dietary manipulation provides a means by which patients can a regain a sense of control over their disease. Dietary n-3 supplementation is practical and can be easily achieved with encapsulated or, less expensively, bottled fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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21
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Takahashi HK, Iwagaki H, Tamura R, Katsuno G, Xue D, Sugita S, Mori S, Yoshino T, Tanaka N, Nishibori M. Differential effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on lipopolysaccharide-induced adhesion molecule expression on human monocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 512:223-30. [PMID: 15840408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the 1 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, B7.1, B7.2, CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) on monocytes was examined. Prostaglandin E1 suppressed B7.1 and CD40 expression, but prostaglandin E2 did not effect on any type of adhesion molecule expression. Both prostaglandins inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and T-cell proliferation of lipopolysaccharide-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Among prostaglandin E1 receptors (IP/EP1/EP2/EP3/EP4) agonists, ONO-1301, a prostanoid IP-receptor agonist, prevented B7.1 and CD40 expression. ONO-AE1-259-01 a prostanoid EP2-receptor agonist, ONO-AE1-329, a prostanoid EP4-receptor agonist, and ONO-1301 inhibited TNF-alpha production and T-cell proliferation. Moreover, anti-B7.1 and anti-CD40 Abs prevented lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production and T-cell proliferation. Therefore, the effect of prostaglandin E1 on TNF-alpha production and T-cell proliferation might depend on the inhibition of B7.1 and CD40 expression, but that of prostaglandin E2 might be independent of adhesion molecules expression. In conclusion, the mechanism responsible for the effect of prostaglandin E1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced responses is distinct from that of prostaglandin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo K Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Giraudel JM, Toutain PL, Lees P. Development of in vitro assays for the evaluation of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and predicting selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:700-9. [PMID: 15900953 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate in cats suitable in vitro assays for screening and ranking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the basis of their inhibitory potencies for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2. ANIMALS 10 cats. PROCEDURE COX-1 and COX-2 activities in heparinized whole blood samples were induced with calcium ionophore and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. For the COX-2 assay, blood was pretreated with aspirin. The COX-1 and COX-2 assays were standardized, such that time courses of incubation with the test compounds and conditions of COX expression were as similar as possible in the 2 assays. Inhibition of thromboxane B2 production, measured by use of a radioimmunoassay, was taken as a marker of COX-1 and COX-2 activities. These assays were used to test 10 to 12 concentrations of a COX-1 selective drug (SC-560) and of 2 NSAIDs currently used in feline practice, meloxicam and carprofen. Selectivities of these drugs were compared by use of classic 50% and 80% inhibitory concentration (ie, IC50 and IC80) ratios but also with alternative indices that are more clinically relevant. RESULTS These assay conditions provide a convenient and robust method for the determination of NSAID selectivity. The S(+) enantiomeric form of carprofen was found to be COX-2 selective in cats, but meloxicam was only slightly preferential for this isoenzyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In vitro pharmacodynamic and in vivo pharmacokinetic data predict that the COX-2 selectivity of both drugs for cats will be limited when used at the recommended doses. This study provides new approaches to the selection of COX inhibitors for subsequent clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme M Giraudel
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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Gonzalez RJ, Tarloff JB. Expression and activities of several drug-metabolizing enzymes in LLC-PK1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 18:887-94. [PMID: 15465656 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LLC-PK1 cells are frequently used in toxicology research, but little information is available concerning the capacity of these cells to metabolize xenobiotics. We examined the expression and activities of cytochromes P450 (P450) 1A1/1A2 (CYP 1A1/1A2), 2E1 (CYP 2E1), flavin monooxygenase (FMO), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and prostaglandin H synthase (PHS)-associated cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). We prepared S9 fractions from LLC-PK1 cells, rat liver, and rat kidney, and measured enzyme activities using ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) for CYP 1A1/1A2 and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation (ECOD) for CYP 2E1, benzydamine N-oxidation (BNO) for FMO, leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) formation for 5-LO, and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) formation for COX-1 activities. To assure that product formation was due to enzymatic activity, we used the following inhibitors: 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) for P450, methimazole for FMO, caffeic acid for 5-LO and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for COX-1. We also performed Western blot analysis to confirm our observations. All five enzyme activities were demonstrable in rat liver at much greater levels than in rat kidney S9 fractions. Activities in LLC-PK1 cells were significantly lower than activities in rat liver S9 fraction and generally less than activities in rat kidney S9 fraction. Enzyme inhibitors decreased product formation in all three tissues and Western blot analysis supported our observations of low enzyme activity in LLC-PK1 cells. These results indicate that LLC-PK1 cells have very low content of relevant drug-metabolizing enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Gonzalez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Lam ANC, Demasi M, James MJ, Husband AJ, Walker C. Effect of Red Clover Isoflavones on Cox-2 Activity in Murine and Human Monocyte/Macrophage Cells. Nutr Cancer 2004; 49:89-93. [PMID: 15456640 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4901_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with a reduction in the incidence of a range of cancers, the mechanism of which is thought to be cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. Because long-term ingestion of foods rich in isoflavones, such as legumes (beans, peas, lentils) has been associated with reduced cancer incidence, it was considered useful to examine the COX-inhibitory activities of individual isoflavones. Red clover dietary supplements also contain varying ratios of the 4 isoflavones commonly found in legume-based diets, namely, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin. Using 2 separate cell assays, this study examined the ability of the isoflavones found in red clover to inhibit COX enzyme activity in both the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and human monocytes. Within the range of 1-40 microM in RAW 264.7 cells and 10-100 microM in human monocytes, isoflavones were able to reduce significantly the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and/or thromboxane B2 (P < 0.001 to P < 0.05), indicating COX inhibition. Thus, it is possible that the lower rates of some cancers in populations with a high intake of dietary isoflavones is linked to their inhibition of COX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N C Lam
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lund T, Østerud B. The promoting effect of epinephrine on lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 production in whole blood may be mediated by thromboxane A2. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1042-7. [PMID: 12871375 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epinephrine is known to enhance lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)-8 secretion in a platelet dependent manner. To determine whether thromboxane A2 (TxA2; a product from activated platelets) is involved in this process, blood samples drawn either before or 2 h after oral administration of 440 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) were stimulated with LPS (5 ng mL(-1)) and different concentrations of epinephrine were added (0.1-100.0 micromol L(-1)). ASA ingestion significantly (global P < 0.05) reduced the enhancing effect of epinephrine on LPS-induced IL-8 release by 15-28%. To further explore whether TxA2 may be involved in this process, a TxA2 agonist (U46619) was added to whole blood together with LPS instead of epinephrine. U46619 mimicked the epinephrine effect: 20 ng mL(-1) U46619 enhanced LPS-induced IL-8 release by 39% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, preincubation of whole blood with 75 micro mol L-1 or 150 micromol L(-1) SQ29548, a TxA2 receptor antagonist, completely blocked epinephrine's promoting effect on LPS-induced IL-8 release. Since thrombin-activated platelets have been reported to be important in the production of IL-8 in monocytes through the activation of monocytes by exposed RANTES in a P-selectin-dependent reaction, we suggest that the epinephrine effect is mediated by enhanced TxA2 production and subsequent rise in the exposure of RANTES and P-selectin on the platelets of whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lund
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Secchiero P, Gonelli A, Ciabattoni G, Melloni E, Grill V, Rocca B, Delbello G, Zauli G. TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) up‐regulates cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 activity and PGE
2
production in cells of the myeloid lineage. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.5.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vittorio Grill
- Department of Human Normal Morphology, University of Trieste, Italy; and
| | - Bianca Rocca
- Hemostasis Research Center on Physiopathology of Hemostasis, Department of Histology, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Delbello
- Department of Human Normal Morphology, University of Trieste, Italy; and
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Human Normal Morphology, University of Trieste, Italy; and
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Caughey GE, Cleland LG, Gamble JR, James MJ. Up-regulation of endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 and prostanoid synthesis by platelets. Role of thromboxane A2. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37839-45. [PMID: 11483590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010606200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-vascular endothelial cell interactions are central to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (prostaglandin (PG)I2) are the major products of cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolism by platelets and the vascular endothelium, respectively. Here we report the effects of platelet-endothelial interactions on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) COX-2 expression and prostanoid synthesis. Co-incubation of platelets with HUVECs resulted in a dose-dependent induction in COX-2 expression. This was accompanied by a relatively small increase in thromboxane B2 synthesis (2 ng) by comparison to the production of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and PGE2, which increased by approximately 14 and 12 ng, respectively. Abrogation of platelet-HUVEC interactions excluded direct cell-cell contact as a required event. Preincubation of HUVECs with SQ29548, a TXA2 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently inhibited platelet-induced COX-2 expression and prostanoid synthesis. Similarly, if platelet TXA2 synthesis was inhibited no induction of COX-2 was observed. Furthermore, a TXA2 analog, carbocyclic TXA2, induced HUVEC COX-2 expression and the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and PGE2. This was also associated with an increase in the expression and activity of PGI synthase and PGE synthase but not TX synthase. Platelet co-incubation (or TXA2) also selectively activated the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate HUVEC COX-2 expression. Thus it seems that platelet-derived TXA2 can act in a paracrine manner to up-regulate endothelial COX-2 expression and PGI2 synthesis. These observations are of particular importance given the recent observations regarding selective COX-2 inhibitors and the suppression of PGI2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Caughey
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Caughey GE, Cleland LG, Penglis PS, Gamble JR, James MJ. Roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in prostanoid production by human endothelial cells: selective up-regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by COX-2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2831-8. [PMID: 11509629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, both metabolize arachidonic acid to PGH(2), the common substrate for thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), and PGE(2) synthesis. We characterized the synthesis of these prostanoids in HUVECs in relation to COX-1 and COX-2 activity. Untreated HUVEC expressed only COX-1, whereas addition of IL-1beta caused induction of COX-2. TXA(2) was the predominant COX-1-derived product, and TXA(2) synthesis changed little with up-regulation of COX-2 by IL-1beta (2-fold increase). By contrast, COX-2 up-regulation was associated with large increases in the synthesis of PGI(2) and PGE(2) (54- and 84-fold increases, respectively). Addition of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, almost completely abolished PGI(2) and PGE(2) synthesis, but had little effect on TXA(2) synthesis. The up-regulation of COX-2 by IL-1beta was accompanied by specific up-regulation of PGI synthase and PGE synthase, but not TX synthase. An examination of the substrate concentration dependencies showed that the pathway of TXA(2) synthesis was saturated at a 20-fold lower arachidonic acid concentration than that for PGI(2) and PGE(2) synthesis. In conclusion, endothelial prostanoid synthesis appears to be differentially regulated by the induction of COX-2. The apparent PGI(2) and PGE(2) linkage with COX-2 activity may be explained by a temporal increase in total COX activity, together with selective up-regulation of PGI synthase and PGE synthase, and different kinetic characteristics of the terminal synthases. These findings have particular importance with regard to the potential for cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Caughey
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and Division of Human Immunology, Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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