SIRT1 modulates MAPK pathways in ischemic-reperfused cardiomyocytes

Ameliorative effect of resveratrol on acute ocular hypertension induced retinal injury through the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway

Glaucoma is a kind of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and permanent visual impairment. It is reported that resveratrol (RES) is a promising drug for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying its protective potential have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study sought to investigate whether resveratrol could protect RGCs and retinal function triggered by acute ocular hypertension injury through the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. An experimental glaucoma model was generated in C57BL/6J mice. Resveratrol was intraperitoneally injected for 5 days. Sirtinol was injected intravitreally on the day of retinal AOH injury. RGC survival was determined using immunostaining. TUNEL staining was conducted to evaluate retinal cell apoptosis. ERG was used to evaluate visual function. The proteins Brn3a, SIRT1, NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, Bcl2, and Cleaved Caspase3 were determined using western blot. The expression and localisation of SIRT1 and NF-κB in the retina were detected by immunofluorescence. Our data indicated that resveratrol treatment significantly increased Brn3a-labelled RGCs and reduced RGC apoptosis caused by AOH injury. Resveratrol administration also remarkably decreased NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, and Cleaved Caspase3 proteins and increased SIRT1 and Bcl2 proteins. Furthermore, resveratrol treatment obviously inhibited the reduction in ERG caused by AOH injury. Importantly, simultaneous administration of resveratrol and sirtinol abrogated the protective effect of resveratrol, decreased NF-κB protein expression, and increased SIRT1 protein levels. These results suggest that resveratrol administration significantly mitigates retinal AOH-induced RGCs loss and retinal dysfunction, and that this neuroprotective effect is partially regulated through the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway.

The potential of herbal drugs to treat heart failure: The roles of Sirt1/AMPK

Heart failure (HF) is a highly morbid syndrome that seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients and generates an enormous socio-economic burden. In addition to cardiac myocyte oxidative stress and apoptosis, which are considered mechanisms for the development of HF, alterations in cardiac energy metabolism and pathological autophagy also contribute to cardiac abnormalities and ultimately HF. Silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases and phosphorylated kinases, respectively. They play similar roles in regulating some pathological processes of the heart through regulating targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), protein 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We summarized the synergistic effects of Sirt1 and AMPK in the heart, and listed the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that exhibit cardioprotective properties by modulating the Sirt1/AMPK pathway, to provide a basis for the development of Sirt1/AMPK activators or inhibitors for the treatment of HF and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

SIRT1 and thrombosis

Thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family of NAD + -dependent deacetylases, plays a crucial role in regulating thrombosis, modulating key pathways including endothelial activation, platelet aggregation, and coagulation. Furthermore, SIRT1 displays anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro, in vivo and in clinical studies, particularly via the reduction of oxidative stress. On these bases, several studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting SIRT1 for the prevention of thrombosis. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the main preclinical and clinical studies and of the current understanding of the role of SIRT1 in thrombosis.

Sanpian decoction ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating SIRT1/ERK/HIF-1α pathway through in silico analysis and experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a complex pathophysiological process involving multiple factors, and becomes the footstone of rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. Sanpian decoction (SPD) has exhibited protective effects against CIRI, migraine, and other cerebral vascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study sought to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of SPD against CIRI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) were carried out to determine the chemical constituents of SPD. A network pharmacology approach combined with experimental verification was conducted to elucidate SPD's multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway mechanisms in CIRI occurrence. The pharmacodynamics of the decoction was evaluated by establishing the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). In vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out, and the therapeutic effects of SPD were performed using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining. We used terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and flow cytometry to evaluate cortex apoptosis. The quantification of mRNA and corresponding proteins were performed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot respectively.

RESULTS

Our research showed that pretreatment with SPD improved neurological function and inhibited CIRI. Network pharmacology revealed that the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis may be associated with CIRI. In vivo and in vitro experiments, we confirmed that SPD increased cerebral blood flow, improved neural function, and reduced neural apoptosis via up-regulating the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and down-regulating phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK)/ERK and HIF-1α levels in CIRI rats.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the present study systematically revealed the potential targets and signaling pathways of SPD in the treatment of CIRI using in silico prediction and verified the therapeutic effects of SPD against CIRI via ameliorating apoptosis by regulating SIRT1/ERK/HIF-1α.

Mechanism of Resveratrol Improving Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Microglial Function Through microRNA-450b-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 Pathway

Alterations in the M1/M2 polarization phenotype significantly affect disease progression. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of resveratrol (Res) have been demonstrated. This paper tested the hypothesis that Res could protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) by modulating microglial polarization via the miR-450b-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway. Rats were first treated with Res and adenovirus that interfered with miR-450b-5p or KEAP1, and then established a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion model using modified nylon sutures. Rats were then evaluated for neurological and behavioral functions, and markers of M2 microglia were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, the signature patterns of miR-450b-5p, KEAP1, and Nrf2 were determined. The collected data demonstrated that Res exerted neuroprotective effects in CI/RI by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Additionally, Res could regulate the Nrf2 pathway by targeting KEAP1 by up-regulating miR-450b-5p. Up-regulating miR-450b-5p or down-regulating KEAP1 could further promote the protective effect of Res, while down-regulating miR-450b-5p or up-regulating KEAP1 worked oppositely. Our study demonstrates that Res exerts neuroprotective effects on microglial M2 polarization through the miR-450b-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway during CI/RI.

Nrf2: a dark horse in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

Being a broad-spectrum anticancer drug, doxorubicin is indispensable for clinical treatment. Unexpectedly, its cardiotoxic side effects have proven to be a formidable obstacle. Numerous studies are currently devoted to elucidating the pathological mechanisms underlying doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Nrf2 has always played a crucial role in oxidative stress, but numerous studies have demonstrated that it also plays a vital part in pathological mechanisms like cell death and inflammation. Numerous studies on the pathological mechanisms associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity demonstrate this. Several clinical drugs, natural and synthetic compounds, as well as small molecule RNAs have been demonstrated to prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by activating Nrf2. Consequently, this study emphasizes the introduction of Nrf2, discusses the role of Nrf2 in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, and concludes with a summary of the therapeutic modalities targeting Nrf2 to ameliorate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, highlighting the potential value of Nrf2 in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

The Multi-Faceted Nature of Renalase for Mitochondrial Dysfunction Improvement in Cardiac Disease

The cellular mechanisms and signaling network that guide the cardiac disease pathophysiology are inextricably intertwined, which explains the current scarcity of effective therapy and to date remains the greatest challenge in state-of-the-art cardiovascular medicine. Accordingly, a novel concept has emerged in which cardiomyocytes are the centerpiece of therapeutic targeting, with dysregulated mitochondria as a critical point of intervention. Mitochondrial dysfunction pluralism seeks a multi-faceted molecule, such as renalase, to simultaneously combat the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of mitochondria-induced cardiomyocyte injury. This review provides some original perspectives and, for the first time, discusses the functionality spectrum of renalase for mitochondrial dysfunction improvement within cardiac disease, including its ability to preserve mitochondrial integrity and dynamics by suppressing mitochondrial ΔΨm collapse; overall ATP content amelioration; a rise of mtDNA copy numbers; upregulation of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and cellular vitality promotion; mitochondrial fission inhibition; NAD⁺ supplementation; sirtuin upregulation; and anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory traits. If verified that renalase, due to its multi-faceted nature, behaves like the "guardian of mitochondria" by thwarting pernicious mitochondrial dysfunction effects and exerting therapeutic potential to target mitochondrial abnormalities in failing hearts, it may provide large-scale benefits for cardiac disease patients, regardless of the underlying causes.

The role of lncRNAs/miRNAs/Sirt1 axis in myocardial and cerebral injury

In recent years, researchers have begun to realize the importance of the role of non-coding RNAs in the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. LncRNAs and miRNAs are important non-coding RNAs, which regulate gene expression and activate mRNA translation through binding to diverse target sites. Their involvement in the regulation of protein function and the modulation of physiological and pathological conditions continues to be investigated. Sirtuins, especially Sirt1, have a critical function in regulating a variety of physiological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The lncRNAs/miRNAs/Sirt1 axis may be a novel regulatory mechanism, which is involved in the progression and/or prevention of numerous diseases. This review focuses on recent findings on the crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and Sirt1 in myocardial and cerebral injuries and may provide some insight into the development of novel approaches in the treatment of these disorders.Abbreviation: BMECs, brain microvascular endothelial cells; C2dat1, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta (CAMK2D)-associated transcript 1; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; FOXOs, forkhead transcription factors; GAS5, growth arrest-specific 5; HAECs, human aortic endothelial cells; HAND2-AS1, HAND2 Antisense RNA 1; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; ILF3-AS1, interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3-antisense RNA 1; KLF3-AS1, KLF3 antisense RNA 1; LncRNA, long noncoding RNA; LUADT1, Lung Adenocarcinoma Associated Transcript 1; MALAT1, Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; miRNA, microRNA; NEAT1, nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; OIP5-AS1, Opa-interacting protein 5-antisense transcript 1; Sirt1-AS, Sirt1 Antisense RNA; SNHG7, small nucleolar RNA host gene 7; SNHG8, small nucleolar RNA host gene 8; SNHG12, small nucleolar RNA host gene 12; SNHG15, small nucleolar RNA host gene 15; STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; TUG1, taurine up-regulated gene 1; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; XIST, X inactive specific transcript; ZFAS1, ZNFX1 Antisense RNA 1.

Caloric restriction increases the resistance of aged heart to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via modulating AMPK-SIRT1-PGC1a energy metabolism pathway

A large number of data suggest that caloric restriction (CR) has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) in the elderly. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we created the I/R model in vivo by ligating the mice left coronary artery for 45 min followed by reperfusion. C57BL/6J wild-type mice were randomly divided into a young group fed ad libitum (y-AL), aged fed ad libitum (a-AL) and aged calorie restriction group (a-CR, 70% diet restriction), and fed for 6 weeks. The area of myocardial infarction was measured by Evan's blue-TTC staining, plasma cholesterol content quantified by ELISA, fatty acids and glucose measured by Langendorff working system, as well as protein expression of AMPK/SIRT₁/PGC_1a signaling pathway related factors in myocardial tissue detected by immunoblotting. Our results showed that CR significantly reduced infarct size in elderly mice after I/R injury, promoted glycolysis regardless of I/R injury, and restored myocardial glucose uptake in elderly mice. Compared with a-AL group, CR significantly promoted the expression of p-AMPK, SIRT₁, p-PGC_1a, and SOD₂, but decreased PPARγ expression in aged mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that CR protects elderly mice from I/R injury by altering myocardial substrate energy metabolism via the AMPK/SIRT₁/PGC_1a pathway.

DNA damage response signaling: A common link between cancer and cardiovascular diseases

DNA damage response (DDR) signaling ensures genomic and proteomic homeostasis to maintain a healthy genome. Dysregulation either in the form of down- or upregulation in the DDR pathways correlates with various pathophysiological states, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Impaired DDR is studied as a signature mechanism for cancer; however, it also plays a role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), inflammation, cardiovascular function, and aging, demonstrating a complex and intriguing relationship between cancer and pathophysiology of CVDs. Accordingly, there are increasing number of reports indicating higher incidences of CVDs in cancer patients. In the present review, we thoroughly discuss (1) different DDR pathways, (2) the functional cross talk among different DDR mechanisms, (3) the role of DDR in cancer, (4) the commonalities and differences of DDR between cancer and CVDs, (5) the role of DDR in pathophysiology of CVDs, (6) interventional strategies for targeting genomic instability in CVDs, and (7) future perspective.

Regulation of radiation-induced liver damage by modulation of SIRT-1 activity: In vivo rat model

Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT-1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase, was found to regulate cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress response in living organisms. Therefore, the role of SIRT-1 in regulating forkhead box O/poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (FOXO-1/PARP-1) signaling could provide the necessary validation for developing new pharmacological targets for the promotion or inhibition of SIRT-1 activity toward radiation sensitivity. In the present study, the SIRT-1 signaling pathway is being investigated to study the possible modulatory effect of resveratrol (RSV, SIRT-1 activator) versus nicotinamide (NAM, SIRT-1 inhibitor) in case of liver damage induced by whole-body gamma irradiation. Rats were exposed to 6 Gy gamma radiation after being pretreated with either RSV (10 mg/kg/day) or NAM (100 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, and subsequent examining hepatic morphological changes and apoptotic markers were assessed. The expression of SIRT-1, FOXO-1, and cleaved PARP-1 in the liver was analyzed. RSV improved radiation-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation signified by low expression of caspase-3, lactate dehydrogenase, complex-I activity, myeloperoxidase, and total nitric oxide content. RSV increased the expression of SIRT-1, whereas cleaved PARP-1 and FOXO-1 were suppressed. These protective effects were suppressed by inhibition of SIRT-1 activity using NAM. These findings suggest that RSV can attenuate radiation-induced hepatic injury by reducing apoptosis and inflammation via SIRT-1 activity modulation.

Small molecule-mediated rapid maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

BACKGROUND

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) do not display all hallmarks of mature primary cardiomyocytes, especially the ability to use fatty acids (FA) as an energy source, containing high mitochondrial mass, presenting binucleation and increased DNA content per nuclei (polyploidism), and synchronized electrical conduction. This immaturity represents a bottleneck to their application in (1) disease modelling-as most cardiac (genetic) diseases have a middle-age onset-and (2) clinically relevant models, where integration and functional coupling are key. So far, several methods have been reported to enhance iPSC-CM maturation; however, these protocols are laborious, costly, and not easily scalable. Therefore, we developed a simple, low-cost, and rapid protocol to promote cardiomyocyte maturation using two small molecule activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ and gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPAR/PGC-1α) pathway: asiatic acid (AA) and GW501516 (GW). METHODS AND RESULTS: Monolayers of iPSC-CMs were incubated with AA or GW every other day for ten days resulting in increased expression of FA metabolism-related genes and markers for mitochondrial activity. AA-treated iPSC-CMs responsiveness to the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors increased and exhibited higher flexibility in substrate utilization. Additionally, structural maturity improved after treatment as demonstrated by an increase in mRNA expression of sarcomeric-related genes and higher nuclear polyploidy in AA-treated samples. Furthermore, treatment led to increased ion channel gene expression and protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, we developed a fast, easy, and economical method to induce iPSC-CMs maturation via PPAR/PGC-1α activation. Treatment with AA or GW led to increased metabolic, structural, functional, and electrophysiological maturation, evaluated using a multiparametric quality assessment.

SIRT1 activation and its effect on intercalated disc proteins as a way to reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxicity

According to the World Health Organization, the neoplasm is one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality worldwide. At the same time, application of cytostatic drugs like an independent type of cancer treatment and in combination with surgical methods, is often associated with the development of cardiovascular complications both in the early and in the delayed period of treatment. Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most commonly used cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic. DOX can cause both acute and delayed side effects. The problem is still not solved, as evidenced by the continued activity of researchers in terms of developing approaches for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications. It is known, the heart muscle consists of cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs (ID), which ensure the structural, electrical, metabolic unity of the heart. Various defects in the ID proteins can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases of various etiologies, including DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. The search for ways to influence the functioning of ID proteins of the cardiac muscle can become the basis for the creation of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment and prevention of cardiac pathologies. SIRT1 may be an interesting cardioprotective variant due to its wide functional significance. SIRT1 activation triggers nuclear transcription programs that increase the efficiency of cellular, mitochondrial metabolism, increases resistance to oxidative stress, and promotes cell survival. It can be assumed that SIRT1 can not only provide a protective effect at the cardiomyocytes level, leading to an improvement in mitochondrial and metabolic functions, reducing the effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, but also have a protective effect on the functioning of IDs structures of the cardiac muscle.

Cardiac-specific overexpression of Claudin-5 exerts protection against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury

Claudin-5 has recently attracted increasing attention by its potential as a novel treatment target in the early stage of heart failure. However, whether Claudin-5 produces beneficial effects on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we identified reduced levels of Claudin-5 in the hearts of mice subjected to acute myocardial IR injury and murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR). We then constructed cardiac-specific Cldn5-overexpressing mice using an adeno-associated virus (AAV9) vector and demonstrated that Cldn5 overexpression ameliorated cardiac dysfunction and myocardial damage in mice subjected to myocardial IR injury. Moreover, Cldn5 overexpression attenuated myocardial oxidative stress (DHE and protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1), inflammatory response (levels of MPO, F4/80, Ly6C, and circulating inflammatory cells), mitochondrial dysfunction (protein levels of PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM), endoplasmic reticulum stress (protein levels of GRP78, ATF6, and CHOP and p-PERK), energy metabolism disorder (p-AMPK and ACC), and apoptosis (TUNEL assay and protein levels of Bax and Bcl2) in mice subjected to myocardial IR. Next, we generated Cldn5 knockdown cells by lentiviral shRNA and observed that Cldn5 knockdown inhibited cell viability and affected the expression or activation of these IR-related signalings in HL-1 cardiomyocytes subjected to HR. Mechanistically, SIRT1 was proved to be involved in regulating the expression of Claudin-5 by co-immunoprecipitation analysis and Sirt1 knockdown experiments. Our data demonstrated that targeting Claudin-5 may represent a promising approach for preventing and treating acute myocardial IR injury.

Crystallographic mining of ASK1 regulators to unravel the intricate PPI interfaces for the discovery of small molecule

Protein seldom performs biological activities in isolation. Understanding the protein–protein interactions’ physical rewiring in response to pathological conditions or pathogen infection can help advance our comprehension of disease etiology, progression, and pathogenesis, which allow us to explore the alternate route to control the regulation of key target interactions, timely and effectively. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is now a global public health problem exacerbated due to the lack of appropriate treatments. The most advanced anti-NASH lead compound (selonsertib) is withdrawn, though it is able to inhibit its target Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) completely, indicating the necessity to explore alternate routes rather than complete inhibition. Understanding the interaction fingerprints of endogenous regulators at the molecular level that underpin disease formation and progression may spur the rationale of designing therapeutic strategies. Based on our analysis and thorough literature survey of the various key regulators and PTMs, the current review emphasizes PPI-based drug discovery’s relevance for NASH conditions. The lack of structural detail (interface sites) of ASK1 and its regulators makes it challenging to characterize the PPI interfaces. This review summarizes key regulators interaction fingerprinting of ASK1, which can be explored further to restore the homeostasis from its hyperactive states for therapeutics intervention against NASH.

Epigenetic regulation in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials

Epigenetics is closely related to cardiovascular diseases. Genome-wide linkage and association analyses and candidate gene approaches illustrate the multigenic complexity of cardiovascular disease. Several epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA, which are of importance for cardiovascular disease development and regression. Targeting epigenetic key enzymes, especially the DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, histone acetylases, histone deacetylases and their regulated target genes, could represent an attractive new route for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on epigenetic history and essential regulatory mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the preclinical studies and drugs that are targeted these epigenetic key enzymes for cardiovascular diseases therapy. Finally, we conclude the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes.

The Scientific Rationale for the Introduction of Renalase in the Concept of Cardiac Fibrosis

Cardiac fibrosis represents a redundant accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting from a cascade of pathophysiological events involved in an ineffective healing response, that eventually leads to heart failure. The pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis involves various cellular effectors (neutrophils, macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts), up-regulation of profibrotic mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors), and processes where epithelial and endothelial cells undergo mesenchymal transition. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. The most effective anti-fibrotic strategy will have to incorporate the specific targeting of the diverse cells, pathways, and their cross-talk in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibroproliferation. Additionally, renalase, a novel protein secreted by the kidneys, is identified. Evidence demonstrates its cytoprotective properties, establishing it as a survival element in various organ injuries (heart, kidney, liver, intestines), and as a significant anti-fibrotic factor, owing to its, in vitro and in vivo demonstrated pleiotropy to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrotic responses. Effective anti-fibrotic therapy may seek to exploit renalase’s compound effects such as: lessening of the inflammatory cell infiltrate (neutrophils and macrophages), and macrophage polarization (M1 to M2), a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines/reactive species/growth factor release (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-2, ROS, TGF-β1), an increase in anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl2), and prevention of caspase activation, inflammasome silencing, sirtuins (1 and 3) activation, and mitochondrial protection, suppression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a decrease in the pro-fibrotic markers expression (’α-SMA, collagen I, and III, TIMP-1, and fibronectin), and interference with MAPKs signaling network, most likely as a coordinator of pro-fibrotic signals. This review provides the scientific rationale for renalase’s scrutiny regarding cardiac fibrosis, and there is great anticipation that these newly identified pathways are set to progress one step further. Although substantial progress has been made, indicating renalase’s therapeutic promise, more profound experimental work is required to resolve the accurate underlying mechanisms of renalase, concerning cardiac fibrosis, before any potential translation to clinical investigation.

Versatile role of sirtuins in metabolic disorders: From modulation of mitochondrial function to therapeutic interventions

Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are distinct histone deacetylases (HDACs) whose activity is determined by cellular metabolic status andnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺ ) levels. HDACs of class III are the members of the SIRT's protein family. SIRTs are the enzymes that modulate mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism. SIRTs have been linked to a number of clinical and physiological operations, such as energy responses to low-calorie availability, aging, stress resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis. Mammalian SIRT2 orthologs have been identified as SIRT1-7 that are found in several subcellular sections, including the cytoplasm (SIRT1, 2), mitochondrial matrix (SIRT3, 4, 5), and the core (SIRT1, 2, 6, 7). For their deacetylase or ADP-ribosyl transferase action, all SIRTs require NAD⁺ and are linked to cellular energy levels. Evolutionarily, SIRT1 is related to yeast's SIRT2 as well as received primary attention in the circulatory system. An endogenous protein, SIRT1 is involved in the development of heart failure and plays a key role in cell death and survival. SIRT2 downregulation protects against ischemic-reperfusion damage. Increase in human longevity is caused by an increase in SIRT3 expression. Cardiomyocytes are also protected by SIRT3 from oxidative damage and aging, as well as suppressing cardiac hypertrophy. SIRT4 and SIRT5 perform their roles in the heart. SIRT6 has also been linked to a reduction in heart hypertrophy. SIRT7 is known to be involved in the regulation of stress responses and apoptosis in the heart.

Verapamil Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress via Activation of SIRT1

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a potential complication of ischemic heart disease after recanalization. One of the primary reasons for I/R injury is the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes. Verapamil, a classic calcium channel blocker, has the potential to mitigate I/R-evoked oxidative stress. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. SIRT1 is an essential regulator of I/R and offers resistance to oxidative stress arising from I/R. It is still inconclusive if verapamil can reduce myocardial I/R-triggered oxidative damage through modulating SIRT1 antioxidant signaling. To verify our hypothesis, the H9c2 cardiomyocytes and the mice were treated with verapamil and then exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) or I/R in the presence or absence of the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. As expected, verapamil stimulated SIRT1 antioxidant signaling evidenced by upregulation of SIRT1, FoxO1, SOD2 expressions and downregulation of Ac-FoxO1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, verapamil remarkably suppressed H/R and I/R-induced oxidative stress proven by declined ROS level and MDA content. The cardioprotective actions of verapamil via SIRT1 were further confirmed in the experiments with the presence of the specific SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. We demonstrated that verapamil alleviated myocardial I/R-evoked oxidative stress partially via activation of SIRT1 antioxidant signaling. Subsequently, verapamil protected against cardiac dysfunction and myocardial infarction accompanied by oxidative stress.

Exosomes Regulate NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diseases

Emerging evidence has suggested the unique and critical role of exosomes as signal molecules vector in various diseases. Numerous researchers have been trying to identify how these exosomes function in immune progression, as this could promote their use as biomarkers for the disease process and potential promising diagnostic tools. NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), a tripartite protein, contains three functional domains a central nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NACHT), an N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD), and a leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR). Of note, existing studies have identified exosome as a novel mediator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is critical in diseases progression. However, the actual mechanisms and clinical treatment related to exosomes and NLRP3 are still not fully understood. Herein, we presented an up-to-date review of exosomes and NLRP3 in diseases, outlining what is known about the role of exosomes in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and also highlighting areas of this topic that warrant further study.

Sirtuins at the Service of Healthy Longevity

Sirtuins may counteract at least six hallmarks of organismal aging: neurodegeneration, chronic but ineffective inflammatory response, metabolic syndrome, DNA damage, genome instability, and cancer incidence. Moreover, caloric restriction is believed to slow down aging by boosting the activity of some sirtuins through activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thus raising the level of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) by stimulating NAD⁺ biosynthesis. Sirtuins and their downstream effectors induce intracellular signaling pathways related to a moderate caloric restriction within cells, mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell senescence phenotype (CSP) induction, and apoptosis as forms of the cellular stress response. Instead, it can promote DNA damage repair and survival of cells with normal, completely functional phenotypes. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of sirtuins action toward cell-conserving phenotype associated with intracellular signaling pathways related to moderate caloric restriction, as well as some tissue-specific functions of sirtuins, especially in the central nervous system, heart muscle, skeletal muscles, liver, kidneys, white adipose tissue, hematopoietic system, and immune system. In this context, we discuss the possibility of new therapeutic approaches.

Polydatin Ameliorates Osteoporosis via Suppression of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

Purpose: Polydatin (POL) is a natural active compound found in Polygonum multiflorum with reported anti-oxidant and antiviral effects. With the aging population there has been a stark increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis (OP), rendering it an imposing public health issue. The potential effect of POL as a therapy for OP remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate the therapeutic effect of POL in OP and to elucidate the underlying signaling mechanisms in its regulatory process.

Methods: The POL-targeted genes interaction network was constructed using the Search Tool for Interacting Chemicals (STITCH) database, and the shared Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Pathways involved in OP and POL-targeted genes were identified. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to evaluate the osteogenic genes and the phosphorylation level in pre-osteoblastic cells. In addition, ALP and alizarin red staining was used to test the effect of POL on extracellular matrix mineralization.

Results: Twenty-seven KEGG pathways shared between POL-related genes and OP were identified. MAPK signaling was identified as a potential key mechanism. In vitro results highlighted a definitive anti-OP effect of POL. The phosphorylation levels of MAPK signaling, including p38α, ERK1/2, and JNK, were significantly decreased in this regulatory process.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that POL has a promising therapeutic effect in OP. MAPK signaling may be the underlying mechanism in this effect, providing a novel sight in discovering new drugs for OP.

SUMOylation as a Therapeutic Target for Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction is a prevalent and life-threatening cardiovascular disease. The main goal of existing interventional therapies is to restore coronary reperfusion while few are designed to ameliorate the pathology of heart diseases via targeting the post-translational modifications of those critical proteins. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are recently discovered to form a new type of protein post-translational modifications (PTM), known as SUMOylation. SUMOylation and deSUMOylation are dynamically balanced in the maintenance of various biological processes including cell division, DNA repair, epigenetic transcriptional regulation, and cellular metabolism. Importantly, SUMOylation plays a critical role in the regulation of cardiac functions and the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, especially in heart failure and myocardial infarction. This review summarizes the current understanding on the effects of SUMOylation and SUMOylated proteins in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and identifies the potential treatments against myocardial injury via targeting SUMO. Ultimately, this review recommends SUMOylation as a key therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Critical role of SIRT1 upregulation on the protective effect of lncRNA ANRIL against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes

Dysregulation of long non-coding RNA (IncRNA) antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) is associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying this association, which is currently poorly understood, to the best of our knowledge. The current study used an in vitro myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R) model, in which H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), which demonstrated that ANRIL expression was downregulated and that ANRIL positively regulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression following H/R injury. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that ANRIL upregulated SIRT1 expression by sponging microRNA-181a (miR-181a). In addition, ANRIL overexpression reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and apoptosis of H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to H/R, indicating that ANRIL prevented H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Moreover, both miR-181a overexpression and SIRT1 knockdown significantly decreased the protective effects of ANRIL on H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury, thus demonstrating that SIRT1 upregulation via sponging miR-181a is a critical mechanism that mediates the function of ANRIL. These results provided a novel mechanistic insight into the role of ANRIL in H/R-injured cardiomyocytes and suggested that the ANRIL/miR-181a/SIRT1 axis may be a therapeutic target for reducing MI/R injury.

Sirt3 Protects Against Thoracic Aortic Dissection Formation by Reducing Reactive Oxygen Species, Vascular Inflammation, and Apoptosis of Smooth Muscle Cells

Sirtuin3 (Sirt3) is a histone deacetylase involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. Sirt3 deficiency is known to increase oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote degradation of the extracellular matrix and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis. Reducing oxidative stress by Sirt3 overexpression could have therapeutic potential for limiting thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) development. We hypothesized that Sirt3 deficiency could increase the risk for TAD by decreasing ROS elimination and that Sirt3 overexpression (Sirt3^OE) could provide an alternative option for TAD treatment. Mice with TAD had significantly lower Sirt3 expression than normal subjects. Sirt3 KO mice exhibit significantly increased TAD incidence rate and increased aortic diameters. Moreover, Sirt3 overexpression reduced Ang II-induced ROS production, NF-kB activation, and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Sirt3 overexpression attenuated aneurysm formation and decreased aortic expansion. In conclusion, our data showed that Sirt3 deficiency increases susceptibility to TAD formation by attenuating anti-ROS effects and increasing VSMC apoptosis and vascular inflammation.

Role of Oxidative DNA Damage and Repair in Atrial Fibrillation and Ischemic Heart Disease

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) represent the two most common clinical cardiac diseases, characterized by angina, arrhythmia, myocardial damage, and cardiac dysfunction, significantly contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and posing a heavy socio-economic burden on society worldwide. Current treatments of these two diseases are mainly symptomatic and lack efficacy. There is thus an urgent need to develop novel therapies based on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that oxidative DNA damage might be a major underlying mechanism that promotes a variety of cardiac diseases, including AF and IHD. Antioxidants, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) boosters, and enzymes involved in oxidative DNA repair processes have been shown to attenuate oxidative damage to DNA, making them potential therapeutic targets for AF and IHD. In this review, we first summarize the main molecular mechanisms responsible for oxidative DNA damage and repair both in nuclei and mitochondria, then describe the effects of oxidative DNA damage on the development of AF and IHD, and finally discuss potential targets for oxidative DNA repair-based therapeutic approaches for these two cardiac diseases.

MiR-7-5p Enhances Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Degrading sirt1 mRNA

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a kind of neurovascular disease that causes serious cerebral damage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely reported to participate in multiple diseases, including cerebral I/R injury. However, the exact mechanisms of miR-7-5p in cerebral I/R injury was not fully elucidated. In this study, we explored the biological role and regulatory mechanism of miR-7-5p in cerebral I/R injury. We established an in vivo model of cerebral I/R by middle cerebral artery occlusion and an in vitro cellular model of cerebral I/R injury through treating neurons (SH-SY5Y cells) with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In addition, miR-7-5p expression was confirmed to be upregulated in the cerebral I/R rat model and OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, miR-7-5p inhibition overtly suppressed cerebral injury, cerebral inflammation, and SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis. Sirtuin 1 (sirt1) is previously reported to alleviate I/R, and in this study, it was identified to be a target of miR-7-5p based on luciferase reporter assay. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed sirt1 expression was downregulated in the cerebral I/R rat model and OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Besides, miR-7-5p negatively regulated sirt1. Finally, rescue assays delineated sirt1 overexpression recovered the miR-7-5p upregulation-induced promotion on cerebral I/R injury. In conclusion, miR-7-5p enhanced cerebral I/R injury by degrading sirt1, providing a new paradigm to investigate cerebral I/R injury.

Molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: novel roles of sirtuin 1-mediated signaling pathways

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various types of cancer. However, short-term and long-term cardiotoxicity limits the clinical application of DOX. Currently, dexrazoxane is the only approved treatment by the United States Food and Drug Administration to prevent DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. However, a recent study found that pre-treatment with dexrazoxane could not fully improve myocardial toxicity of DOX. Therefore, further targeted cardioprotective prophylaxis and treatment strategies are an urgent requirement for cancer patients receiving DOX treatment to reduce the occurrence of cardiotoxicity. Accumulating evidence manifested that Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) could play a crucially protective role in heart diseases. Recently, numerous studies have concentrated on the role of SIRT1 in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, which might be related to the activity and deacetylation of SIRT1 downstream targets. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the recent advances related to the protective effects, mechanisms, and deficiencies in clinical application of SIRT1 in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Also, the pharmaceutical preparations that activate SIRT1 and affect DOX-induced cardiotoxicity have been listed in this review.

Differential role of SIRT1/MAPK pathway during cerebral ischemia in rats and humans

Cerebral ischemia (CI) is a severe cause of neurological dysfunction and mortality. Sirtuin-1 (Silent information regulator family protein 1, SIRT1), an oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent protein deacetylase, plays an important role in protection against several neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to investigate the protective role of SIRT1 after CI in experimental young and aged rats and humans. Also, the study examines the possible regulatory mechanisms of neuronal death in CI settings. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the expression of SIRT1, JNK/ERK/MAPK/AKT signaling, and pro-apoptotic caspase-3 in experimental rats and CI patients. The study findings demonstrated that, in aged experimental rats, SIRT1 activation positively influenced JNK and ERK phosphorylation and modulated neuronal survival in AKT-dependent manner. Further, the protection conferred by SIRT1 was effectively reversed by JNK inhibition and increased pro-apoptotic caspase-3 expression. In young experimental rats, SIRT1 activation decreased the phosphorylation of stress-induced JNK, ERK, caspase-3, and increased the phosphorylation of AKT after CI. Inhibition of SIRT1 reversed the protective effect of resveratrol. More importantly, in human patients, SIRT1 expression, phosphorylation of JNK/ERK/MAPK/AKT signaling and caspase-3 were up-regulated. In conclusion, SIRT1 could possibly be involved in the modulation of JNK/ERK/MAPK/AKT signaling pathway in experimental rats and humans after CI.

Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates Lipotoxicity in the Failing Myocardium

Heart failure remains the most common cause of death in the industrialized world. In spite of new therapeutic interventions that are constantly being developed, it is still not possible to completely protect against heart failure development and progression. This shows how much more research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of this process. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the contribution of impaired mitochondrial dynamics and energy homeostasis during heart failure progression. In particular, we focus on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and the effects of fatty acid accumulation on mitochondrial structural and functional homeostasis.

SIRT3 as a potential therapeutic target for heart failure

Heart failure causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying mechanisms and pathological changes associated with heart failure are exceptionally complex. Despite recent advances in heart failure research, treatment outcomes remain poor. The sirtuin family member sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) is involved in several key biological processes, including ATP production, catabolism, and reactive oxygen species detoxification. In addition to its role in metabolism, SIRT3 regulates cell death and survival and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence also shows that SIRT3 can protect cardiomyocytes from hypertrophy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiac fibrosis, and impaired angiogenesis. In this review article, we summarize the recent advances in SIRT3 research and discuss the role of SIRT3 in heart failure. We also discuss the potential use of SIRT3 as a therapeutic target in heart failure.

Myeloid differentiation 2 deficiency attenuates AngII-induced arterial vascular oxidative stress, inflammation, and remodeling

Vascular remodeling is a pertinent target for cardiovascular therapy. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction plays a key role in vascular remodeling. Myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2), a cofactor of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is involved in atherosclerotic progress and cardiac remodeling via activation of chronic inflammation. In this study, we explored the role of MD2 in vascular remodeling using an Ang II-induced mouse model and cultured human aortic VSMCs. MD2 deficiency suppressed Ang II-induced vascular fibrosis and phenotypic switching of VSMCs without affecting blood pressure in mice. Mechanistically, MD2 deficiency prevented Ang II-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in mice and cultured VSMCs. Furthermore, MD2 deficiency reversed Ang II-activated MAPK signaling and Ang II-downregulated SIRT1 expression. Taken together, MD2 plays a significant role in Ang II-induced vascular oxidative stress, inflammation, and remodeling, indicating that MD2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular remodeling-related cardiovascular diseases.

Cilostazol preconditioning alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in male rats: Mechanistic insights into SIRT1 signaling pathway

AIMS

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a potent anticancer agent with well-known cardiotoxicity that limits its clinical applications. Cilostazol is a vosodilating drug, showing a cardioprotective effect in some cardiac disorders; however its effect in CYP-induced cardiotoxicity is still uncertain. We investigated the effect of cilostazol against CYP-induced cardiotoxicity and the contribution of SIRT1 signaling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

7 week-old male Wistar albino rats were treated with cilostazol (30 mg/kg/day, orally) in the absence or presence of SIRT1 inhibitor, EX-527 (5 mg/kg/day, IP) for 10 days and injected with CYP (200 mg/kg, IP) on the 7th day of the study. Age-matched rats were used as control group. On the 11th day, hearts were harvested for biochemical, immunoblotting and histological analyses. Markers of cardiac injury were assessed in plasma samples.

KEY FINDINGS

CYP injection contributed to cardiac injury manifested as significant increases in plasma activities of heart enzymes and cardiac troponin I levels. Cilostazol attenuated cardiac injury and minimized the histological lesions in hearts of CYP-treated rats. Cilostazol induced 3 fold up-regulation of SIRT1 and promoted the antioxidant defense response through FoxO1-related mechanism in hearts of CYP-treated rats. Cilostazol suppressed the CYP-induced up-regulation of PARP1 and p53, and blocked the NF-kB p65-mediated inflammatory response in hearts of CYP-treated rats. All the beneficial effects of cilostazol were almost abolished by EX-527.

SIGNIFICANCE

These data provided insights into the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effect of cilostazol in CYP-treated rats through upregulation of SIRT1 signaling, suggesting that cilostazol might be a candidate modality for CYP-induced cardiotoxicity.

Effect and mechanism of asiatic acid on autophagy in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a major cause of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. The excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during MIRI induces the overactivation of an autophagic response, which aggravates myocardial cell damage. Asiatic acid (AA) is a triterpenoid compound, which is extracted from Centella asiatica and exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects such as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and antioxidant. However, the association of AA with autophagy in MIRI is not fully understood. In the present study, the positive effects of AA in MIRI injury were determined via establishing a MIRI mouse model. Pre-treatment with AA was indicated to improve cardiac function and decrease cardiomyocyte autophagy in mice subjected to MIRI. To examine the protective effects of AA and the underlying mechanisms in MIRI, a cardiomyocyte glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD) model was established. The administration of AA decreased the levels of ROS and malondialdehyde and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase activity in OGD-treated cells. Using western blotting, it was demonstrated that treatment with AA decreased the phosphorylation of p38 and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in OGD-treated cells. Additionally, the expression of autophagy markers, including beclin-1 and the microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B II/I ratio, were also decreased in AA treated cells compared with OGD-treated cells. These results demonstrated that AA pretreatment protected cardiomyocytes from ROS-mediated autophagy via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Bcl-2/beclin-1 signaling pathway in MIRI.

Effect of Pioglitazone on Perihematomal Edema in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Mouse Model by Regulating NLRP3 Expression and Energy Metabolism

Objective

Cerebral edema is the predominant mechanism of secondary inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist has been shown to play a role in regulation of central nervous system inflammation. Here, we examined the pharmacological effects of pioglitazone in an ICH mouse model and investigated its regulation on NLRP3 inflammasome and glucose metabolism.

Methods

The ICH model was established in C57 BL/6 mice by the stereotactical inoculation of blood (30 µL) into the right frontal lobe. The treatment group was administered i.p. pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) for 1, 3, and 6 days. The control group was administered i.p. phosphate-buffered saline for 1, 3, and 6 days. We investigated brain water contents, NLRP3 expression, and changes in the metabolites in the ICH model using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

On day 3, brain edema in the mice treated with pioglitazone was decreased more than that in the control group. Expression levels of NLRP3 in the ICH model treated with pioglitazone were decreased more than those of the control mice on days 3 and 7. The pioglitazone group showed higher levels of glycolytic metabolites than those in the ICH mice. Lactate production was increased in the ICH mice treated with pioglitazone.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated less brain swelling following ICH in mice treated with pioglitazone. Pioglitazone decreased NLRP3-related brain edema and increased anaerobic glycolysis, resulting in the production of lactate in the ICH mice model. NLRP3 might be a therapeutic target for ICH recovery.

Impact of circadian disruption on health; SIRT1 and Telomeres

Circadian clock is a biochemical oscillator in organisms that regulates the circadian rhythm of numerous genes over 24 h. The circadian clock is involved in telomere homeostasis by regulating the diurnal rhythms of telomerase activity, TERT mRNA level, TERRA expression, and telomeric heterochromatin formation. Particularly, CLOCK and BMAL1 deficiency contribute to telomere shortening by preventing rhythmic telomerase activity and TERRA expression, respectively. Telomere shortening increases the number of senescent cells with impaired circadian rhythms. In return, telomerase reconstitution improves impaired circadian rhythms of senescent cells. SIRT1 that is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase positively regulates circadian clock and telomere homeostasis. SIRT1 contributes to the circadian clock by mediating CLOCK/BMAL1 complex formation, BMAL1 transcription and PER2 disruption. On the other hand, SIRT1 ensures telomere homeostasis by inducing telomerase and shelterin protein expression and regulating telomere heterochromatin formation. SIRT1 inhibition leads to both circadian clock and telomeres dysfunction that inhibit its activity. In light of this current evidence, we could suggest that the BMAL1/CLOCK complex regulates the telomere homeostasis in SIRT1 dependent manner, and also telomere dysfunction inhibits circadian clock function by suppressing SIRT1 activity to induce age-related diseases. We consider that increasing SIRT1 activity can prevent age-related diseases and help healthy aging by protecting telomere integrity and circadian clock function for individuals subjected to circadian rhythm disruption such as shift works, individuals with sleep disorders, and in the elderly population.

Resveratrol protects retinal ganglion cell axons through regulation of the SIRT1-JNK pathway

It is reported that Ischemia and reperfusion damage (I/R damage) can lead to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and neurodegeneration, which in turn can lead to irreversible vision loss. In this study, we sought to understand the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol, the important activator of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), on RGC survival in I/R damage model and the molecular mechanism that mediate this effect. Our results show that resveratrol could reverse axonal swelling, holes, and the chaos of the nucleus in axons of RGCs caused by I/R. At the same time, resveratrol could also reverse the activation of retinal astrocytes and the loss of RGCs caused by I/R. Resveratrol increased the expression of SIRT1 while decreasing the phosphorylation of N-terminal kinase (JNK). SP600125(JNK inhibitor) decreased the phosphorylation of JNK while increasing the expression of SIRT1, indicating that SIRT1 and JNK can interact with each other. Simultaneous administration of resveratrol and sirtinol (SIRT1 inhibitor) neither increased the expression of SIRT1 nor decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, indicating that resveratrol affects the phosphorylation of JNK by SIRT1. In total, our research shows that resveratrol treatment significantly reduces apoptosis and axonal degeneration of RGCs, and this protection is partly mediated through the SIRT1-JNK pathway.

Human Relaxin-2 (Serelaxin) Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Muscle Cells Exposed In Vitro to Hypoxia-Reoxygenation. Evidence for the Involvement of Reduced Glutathione Up-Regulation

Serelaxin (RLX) designates the pharmaceutical form of the human natural hormone relaxin-2 that has been shown to markedly reduce tissue and cell damage induced by hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR). The evidence that RLX exerts similar protective effects on different organs and cells at relatively low, nanomolar concentrations suggests that it specifically targets a common pathogenic mechanism of HR-induced damage, namely oxidative stress. In this study we offer experimental evidence that RLX (17 nmol L-1), added to the medium of HR-exposed H9c2 rat cardiac muscle cells, significantly reduces cell oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. These effects appear to rely on the up-regulation of the cellular availability of reduced glutathione (GSH), a ubiquitous endogenous antioxidant metabolite. Conversely, superoxide dismutase activity was not influenced by RLX, which, however, was not endowed with chemical antioxidant properties. Taken together, these findings verify the major pharmacological role of RLX in the protection against HR-induced oxidative stress, and shed first light on its mechanisms of action.

Pum2 mediates Sirt1 mRNA decay and exacerbates hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis

Pum2 is a ribonucleic acid binding protein that controls target mRNA turnover. It has been reported to be potentially associated with cardiac fibrosis. However, little is known about the role of Pum2 in cardiac disease. In this study, we found that Pum2 was upregulated in the rat heart tissue subjected to ischemia/reperfusion procedure and cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment. Further, knockdown of Pum2 showed a beneficial effect on H/R treated NRVMs through decreasing caspase 3-associated apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Pum2 increased H/R-induced NRVMs apoptosis. Moreover, our results demonstrated that Sirt1 was identified as the target of Pum2-mediated mRNA decay in cardiomyocytes, and two Pum2 binding elements were found in the 3'-untranslated region of Sirt1 mRNA. Additionally, overexpression of Pum2 prompted the acetylation of LKB1 by decreasing Sirt1's mRNA level, which in turn repressed the activity of AMPK pathway in both normoxic and H/R-treated NRVMs. Finally, our data indicated that the pro-apoptotic effect of Pum2 was dependent on Sirt1 and AMPK. Collectively, our results provide the evidence that Pum2-mediated Sirt1 mRNA decay plays a detrimental role in H/R-induced cardiomyocytes injury.

Histone deacetylases in modulating cardiac disease and their clinical translational and therapeutic implications

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the epigenetic regulation of genetic transcription in response to stress or pathological conditions. HDACs interact with a complex co-regulatory network of transcriptional regulators, deacetylate histones or non-histone proteins, and modulate gene expression in the heart. The selective HDAC inhibitors have been considered to be a critical target for the treatment of cardiac disease, especially for ameliorating cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of HDACs in mediating cardiac development and hypertrophy and related pharmacologic interventions in heart disease.

β-mercaptoethanol promotes osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells via sirt1-ERK pathway

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) hold strong self-renewal capacity and low immunogenicity, which have attracted attention as potential candidates for bone repair and regeneration. However, insufficient osteogenic differentiation markedly hinders the clinical applications of hUMSCs. In the present study, the effect of β-mercaptoethanol (BME), a small molecule antioxidant which has been identified to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, on osteogenic differentiation of hUMSCs and underlying signaling mechanism were investigated. The results indicated that under osteogenic induction conditions, BME treatment increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and promoted calcium mineralization in hUMSCs. The gene and protein expression of osteogenesis-related markers such as ALP, osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen type I (COLI) were also significantly up-regulated. Besides, BME promoted the protein expression of silent information regulator type 1 (sirt1) and stimulated the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), contributing to increased Runx2 expression. Furthermore, blocking the expression of sirt1 attenuated BME-enhanced ERK phosphorylation and osteogenic differentiation of hUMSCs. These results indicated that BME accelerated osteogenic differentiation of hUMSCs by activating the sirt1-ERK signaling pathway, thereby providing insights into the development of MSCs-based bone regeneration strategies.

Treatment of Brain Edema by Wogonoside Is Associated with Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis and SIRT1 Activation in Rats

Background

Brain edema and neuronal apoptosis are closely associated with loss of neurological function and death in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The present study investigated the effect of wogonoside on brain edema induced by SAH in rats and studied the mechanism involved.

Material/Methods

The rats were intra-gastrically administered 10, 20, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg doses of wogonoside 24 h prior to SAH induction. Western blotting was used to assess levels of pro-apoptotic protein, SIRT1, ZO-1, and p53 protein expression. Apoptotic nuclei were detected using immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining.

Results

Wogonoside treatment significantly suppressed edema formation in SAH-induced rats. Pre-treatment with wogonoside exhibited an inhibitory effect on SAH-induced extravascular Evans blue staining in rats. The expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 proteins was increased by wogonoside in the SAH-induced rats. The inhibitory effect of SAH was completely reversed in the rats treated with the 200 mg/kg dose of wogonoside. The expression of SIRT1 protein was upregulated, and p53 and AC-p53 were downregulated by wogonoside in SAH rats. Wogonoside treatment significantly reduced SAH-mediated promotion of Bax, Puma, Noxa, Bid, and cleaved Caspase-3 expression. In the SAH-induced rats, pre-treatment with wogonoside reduced the TUNEL-positive cell count.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that wogonoside prevents brain edema development and apoptosis of neurons in rats by promoting SIRT1 expression and suppression of p53 activation. Therefore, wogonoside has therapeutic potential for the treatment of edema and needs to be investigated further to completely define the mechanism involved.

Taurine protects against cardiac dysfunction induced by pressure overload through SIRT1-p53 activation

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is an epidemic disease with increased incidence annually. It has been reported that taurine can improve cardiac function. This study investigated the cardioprotective effects of taurine in pressure-loaded HF mice and elucidated the possible mechanism.

METHODS

HF models were established by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Animals were treated with either taurine for 9 weeks and/or the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 (5 mg/kg/day, every 2days) after TAC operation. Cardiac function and geometry were revealed by echocardiography. Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis were assessed using Fluorescent wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Western blot and RT-PCR were performed to elucidate the expression of target proteins and genes respectively. Apoptosis in cardiomyocytes was detected by TUNEL staining. Myocardial oxidative stress was assessed by detecting the concentration of myocardial super oxidative dismutase (SOD) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taurine concentrations and NAD⁺/NADH ratio were determined by taurine and NAD⁺/NADH assay kit.

RESULTS

Taurine notably relieved cardiac dysfunction after TAC. The mechanisms were attributed to reduced myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, and alleviated apoptosis and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, taurine increased NAD+/NADH ratio，promoted the expression of SIRT1 and suppressed p53 acetylation. However, EX-527(inhibitor of SIRT1) decreased NAD⁺/NADH ratio and increased acetyl-p53 levels, and abolished the cardioprotective effects of taurine on mice subjected to TAC and increased apoptosis and oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

The mechanism responsible for cardiac-protective effects of taurine in HF induced by pressure overload is associated with the activation of the SIRT1-p53 pathway.

Xuefu Zhuyu Oral Liquid () Prevents Apoptosis of Ischemic Myocardium Cells in Rats by Regulating SIRT1 and Its Pathway-Related Genes

OBJECTIVE

To observe the changes of ischemic myocardial cells apoptosis in rats following intervention with Xuefu Zhuyu Oral Liquid (, XFZY), as well as changes of protein expression of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and SIRT1 pathway-related genes.

METHODS

H9c2 rat myocardial cells were divided into 6 groups: control group, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) group, SIRT1 siRNA group, OGD+SIRT1 siRNA group, OGD+XFZY group, and OGD+SIRT1 siRNA+XFZY group. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the concentration variations of SIRT1 and its pathway-related genes and corresponding protein expression after XFZY intervention and SIRT1 transfection.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1 were decreased obviously, while the mRNA and protein levels of P53, FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ΚB) were increased in the OGD group, SIRT1 siRNA group, and OGD+SIRT1 siRNA group (P<0.01). Compared with the OGD group and OGD+SIRT1 siRNA group, the treatment of XFZY inhibited the decline in SIRT1 mRNA and protein expressions (P<0.01), and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of P53, FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4 and NF-ΚB, respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

XFZY could prevent myocardial cells apoptosis probably by increasing the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1 and inhibiting the mRNA and protein expressions of P53, NF- K B, FoxO1, FoxO3 and FoxO4.

Quercetin supports cell viability and inhibits apoptosis in cardiocytes by down-regulating miR-199a

Hypoxia-caused cardiocytes insults are closely correlated with ectopic expression of genes, which might be modulated by microRNAs (miRs). Quercetin exhibits a profound protective function against hypoxic damages in cardiomyocytes. Here, we aimed to investigate a possible underpinning. H9c2 cells were pre-administrated using quercetin before hypoxia treatment. The damages were assessed using viability, apoptosis and alteration of proteins associated with apoptosis and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein (AMPK) pathway. Transfection was conducted to enforce overexpression of miR-199a or silence of sirtuin 1 (sirt1) which were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Sirt1 protein was quantified by immunoblotting. A luciferase reporter was exploited to confirm the target relationship between miR-199a and sirt1 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). We found quercetin mitigated hypoxia-caused viability reduction and apoptosis with restoring apoptosis-associated protein and rescuing phosphorylation of AMPK. Quercetin flattened hypoxia-evoked overexpression of miR-199a. miR-199a abrogated the protective effects of quercetin against hypoxia-elicited damages. Quercetin elevated sirt1 which was repressed by hypoxia, while this effect was slight in miR-199a-overexpressed cells. miR-199a negatively mediated sirt1 expression through directly binding its 3'-UTR. Further, quercetin facilitated the phosphorylation of AMPK by up-regulating sirt1. Collectively, quercetin participated in repressing miR-199a which negatively modulated sirt1. Mechanically, through activating AMPK, quercetin protected cardiomyocytes cells against hypoxia-caused insults. Highlights Quercetin ameliorates hypoxia-evoked apoptosis and blockage of AMPK phosphorylation; The elevated miR-199a level is eased by quercetin, which might be a protective mechanism; Quercetin restores sirt1 level by repressing miR-199a expression; By mediating miR-199a and sirt1, AMPK phosphorylation is fortified by quercetin.

Exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide administration alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative injury in isolated rat hearts via Sirt5-SDH-succinate pathway

The metabolic disorder of succinate in myocardial tissue during ischemia-reperfusion can lead to the myocardial oxidative injury. The activation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) plays a vital role in the process. Silent information regulator 5 (Sirt5), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent desuccinylase, desuccinylates and inactivates SDH thus exerting a protective effect on the myocardium. This research was designed to investigate whether exogenous NAD protects the myocardium from the ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative injury through regulating Sirt5-SDH pathway and succinate metabolism. We first found that myocardial total NAD level was remarkably increased with NAD treatment (10 mg/kg) for 14 days. NAD administration significantly decreased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in coronary leakage, decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increased the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG) in myocardial tissue. In addition, NAD treatment effectively attenuated the depression of cardiac function in the isolated rat hearts after ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, we found that exogenous NAD attenuated the succinate accumulation during ischemia and decreased its depleting rate during reperfusion. We also found that NAD administration had no obvious effects on myocardial Sirt5 and SDH-a expressions. However, the results of immunofluorescence showed that Sirt5 and SDH-a interacted in ischemia-reperfused myocardium. Utilizing co-immunoprecipitation method, we found that NAD administration promoted the Sirt5 and SDH-a interaction and decreased the succinylation level of SDH-a. These results implied that exogenous NAD administration promoted Sirt5-mediated SDH-a desuccinylation and decreased the activity of SDH-a, which attenuated the succinate accumulation during ischemia and its depleting rate during reperfusion and finally alleviated reactive oxygen species generation.

Blockage of ROS and MAPKs-mediated inflammation via restoring SIRT1 by a new compound LF10 prevents type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common and severe complication of diabetes. A multitude of factors are involved in the pathogenesis of DCM including chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. We have recently shown that compound LF10 prevents inflammatory responses in an animal model of lung injury. In the present study, we explored the protective effects and mechanism of LF10 against DCM using a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and high glucose (HG)-challenged cultured cardiomyocytes. We show that LF10 suppressed diabetes-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, which was accompanied by preservation of cardiac function in mice. Mechanistically, LF10 prevented increases in the levels of pro-inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress under in vitro and in vivo diabetic conditions. Moreover, LF10 restored HG-downregulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in cardiomyocytes and prevented HG-induced activation of MAPKs. Using specific small-molecule regulators, we found that SIRT1 was an upstream signal of MAPKs. In conclusion, LF10 inhibited ROS and MAPKs-mediated inflammation by restoring SIRT1, and prevented development of DCM. LF10 targeted both oxidative stress and inflammation, two tightly interconnected pathogenic pathways, which makes LF10 a highly advantageous therapeutic drug potential.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide emerges as a therapeutic target in aging and ischemic conditions

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) has been described as central coenzyme of redox reactions and is a key regulator of stress resistance and longevity. Aging is a multifactorial and irreversible process that is characterized by a gradual diminution in physiological functions in an organism over time, leading to development of age-associated pathologies and eventually increasing the probability of death. Ischemia is the lack of nutritive blood flow that causes damage and mortality that mostly occurs in various organs during aging. During the process of aging and related ischemic conditions, NAD⁺ levels decline and lead to nuclear and mitochondrial dysfunctions, resulting in age-related pathologies. The majority of studies have shown that restoring of NAD⁺ using supplementation with intermediates such as nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside can be a valuable strategy for recovery of ischemic injury and age-associated defects. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduction in NAD⁺ levels during ischemic disorders and aging, as well as a particular focus is given to the recent progress in the understanding of NAD⁺ precursor's effects on aging and ischemia.

Emerging role of SIRT3 in mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases

As a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)⁺-dependent protein deacetylase, SIRT3 is highly expressed in tissues with high metabolic turnover and mitochondrial content. It has been demonstrated that SIRT3 plays a critical role in maintaining normal mitochondrial biological function through reversible protein lysine deacetylation. SIRT3 has a variety of substrates that are involved in mitochondrial biological processes such as energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species production and clearance, electron transport chain flux, mitochondrial membrane potential maintenance, and mitochondrial dynamics. In the suppression of SIRT3, functional deficiencies of mitochondria contribute to the development of various cardiovascular disorders. Activation of SIRT3 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the improvement of mitochondrial function and the treatment of relevant cardiovascular disorders. In the current review, we discuss the emerging roles of SIRT3 in mitochondrial derangements and subsequent cardiovascular malfunctions, including cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Icariin protects cardiomyocytes against ischaemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating sirtuin 1-dependent mitochondrial oxidative damage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Icariin, a major active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicines, is attracting increasing attention because of its unique pharmacological effects against ischaemic heart disease. The histone deacetylase, sirtuin-1, plays a protective role in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and this study was designed to investigate the protective role of icariin in models of cardiac I/R injury and to elucidate the potential involvement of sirtuin-1.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

I/R injury was simulated in vivo (mouse hearts), ex vivo (isolated rat hearts) and in vitro (neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and H9c2 cells). Prior to I/R injury, animals or cells were exposed to icariin, with or without inhibitors of sirtuin-1 (sirtinol and SIRT1 siRNA).

KEY RESULTS

In vivo and in vitro, icariin given before I/R significantly improved post-I/R heart contraction and limited the infarct size and leakage of creatine kinase-MB and LDH from the damaged myocardium. Icariin also attenuated I/R-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage, decreasing malondialdehyde content and increasing superoxide dismutase activity and expression of Mn-superoxide dismutase. Icariin significantly improved mitochondrial membrane homeostasis by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome C stabilization, which further inhibited cell apoptosis. Sirtuin-1 was significantly up-regulated in hearts treated with icariin, whereas Ac-FOXO1 was simultaneously down-regulated. Importantly, sirtinol and SIRT1 siRNA either blocked icariin-induced cardioprotection or disrupted icariin-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Pretreatment with icariin protected cardiomyocytes from I/R-induced oxidative stress through activation of sirtuin-1 /FOXO1 signalling.