1
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Gallan DZ, Penteriche AB, Henrique MO, Silva-Filho MC. Sugarcane multitrophic interactions: Integrating belowground and aboveground organisms. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 46:e20220163. [PMID: 36512714 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane is a crop of major importance used mainly for sugar and biofuel production, and many additional applications of its byproducts are being developed. Sugarcane cultivation is plagued by many insect pests and pathogens that reduce sugarcane yields overall. Recently emerging studies have shown complex multitrophic interactions in cultivated areas, such as the induction of sugarcane defense-related proteins by insect herbivory that function against fungal pathogens that commonly appear after mechanical damage. Fungi and viruses infecting sugarcane also modulate insect behavior, for example, by causing changes in volatile compounds responsible for insect attraction or repelling natural vector enemies via a mechanism that increases pathogen dissemination from infected plants to healthy ones. Interestingly, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides is capable of being vertically transmitted to insect offspring, ensuring its persistence in the field. Understanding multitrophic complexes is important to develop better strategies for controlling pathosystems affecting sugarcane and other important crops and highlights the importance of not only studying binary interactions but also adding as many variables as possible to effectively translate laboratory research to real-life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Z Gallan
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Genética, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto B Penteriche
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Genética, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maressa O Henrique
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Genética, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Silva-Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Genética, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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2
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Cassidy ST, Markalanda S, McFadden CJ, Wood CW. Herbivory modifies plant symbiont number and impact on host plant performance in the field. Evolution 2022; 76:2945-2958. [PMID: 36221227 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions are a unifying theme in ecology and evolution. Both fields are currently moving beyond their historical focus on isolated pairwise relationships to understand how ecological communities affect focal interactions. Additional species can modify both the number of interactions and the fitness consequences of each interaction (i.e., selection). Although only selection affects the evolution of the focal interaction, the two are often conflated, limiting our understanding of the evolution of multispecies interactions. We manipulated aboveground herbivory on the legume Medicago lupulina in the field and quantified its effect on number of symbionts and the per-symbiont impact on plant performance in two belowground symbioses: mutualistic rhizobia bacteria (Ensifer meliloti) and parasitic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla). We found that herbivores modified the number of rhizobia nodules, as well as the benefit per nodule. However, each effect was specific to a distinct herbivory regime: natural herbivory affected nodule number, whereas leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) weakened the per nodule benefit. We did not detect any effect of herbivory on nematode gall number or the cost of infection. Our data demonstrate that distinguishing between symbiont number from the fitness consequences of symbiosis is crucial to accurately infer how pairwise interactions will evolve in a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cassidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Shaniya Markalanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Connor J McFadden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Corlett W Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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3
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Gaffke AM, Shapiro-Ilan D, Alborn HT. Deadly scents: Exposure to plant volatiles increases mortality of entomopathogenic nematodes during infection. Front Physiol 2022; 13:978359. [PMID: 36187772 PMCID: PMC9518750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.978359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants attacked by insects commonly mobilize various defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis and release of so-called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can be attracted to these belowground HIPVs, which can enhance biocontrol services from EPNs. However, recent research has also demonstrated that HIPVs can induce and initiate insect immune responses, decreasing the insect’s susceptibility to pathogens and parasites. Therefore, experiments were conducted to test the impact of HIPVs on insects and EPNs during the initial stage of EPN infection. Compounds that can impact EPN attraction and infectivity such as pregeijerene, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene, and compounds that have been determined to increase or decrease susceptibility of insects to pathogens, such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, and β-ocimene, were selected. Exposure of Galleria mellonella larvae to pregeijerene, linalool, β-ocimene and α-pinene during invasion significantly increased mortality of Steinernema diaprepesi and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora after 48 h. Larval treatment with β-caryophyllene only increased mortality for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate did not cause differential mortality from the controls for either nematode species. In additional experiments, we found that EPNs exposed to α-pinene and linalool were more readily recognized by the insects’ immune cells compared to the control treatment, thus the observed increased mortality was likely due to HIPVs-EPN interactions with the insect’s immune system. These results show that the presence of HIPVs can impact EPN survival in the model host, G. mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Gaffke
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexander M. Gaffke,
| | - David Shapiro-Ilan
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Byron, GA, United States
| | - Hans T. Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, United States
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4
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Grunseich JM, Thompson MN, Hay AA, Gorman Z, Kolomiets MV, Eubanks MD, Helms AM. Risky roots and careful herbivores: Sustained herbivory by a root‐feeding herbivore attenuates indirect plant defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | | | - Allison A. Hay
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Anjel M. Helms
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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5
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Ehlers BK, Berg MP, Staudt M, Holmstrup M, Glasius M, Ellers J, Tomiolo S, Madsen RB, Slotsbo S, Penuelas J. Plant Secondary Compounds in Soil and Their Role in Belowground Species Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:716-730. [PMID: 32414604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the effect of plant secondary compounds (PSCs) on belowground interactions in the more diffuse community of species living outside the rhizosphere is sparse compared with what we know about how PSCs affect aboveground interactions. We illustrate here that PSCs from foliar tissue, root exudates, and leaf litter effectively influence such belowground plant-plant, plant-microorganism, and plant-soil invertebrate interactions. Climatic factors can induce PSC production and select for different plant chemical types. Therefore, climate change can alter both quantitative and qualitative PSC production, and how these compounds move in the soil. This can change the soil chemical environment, with cascading effects on both the ecology and evolution of belowground species interactions and, ultimately, soil functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil K Ehlers
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Matty P Berg
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Staudt
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Århus, Denmark
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Tomiolo
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Plant Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - René B Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Århus, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
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6
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Shan S, Wang W, Song C, Wang M, Sun B, Li Y, Fu Y, Gu X, Ruan W, Rasmann S. The symbiotic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis of the entomopathogenic nematodes Oscheius spp. exhibit potential biocontrol of plant- and entomopathogenic fungi. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:459-471. [PMID: 30618110 PMCID: PMC6465237 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-dwelling entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) kill arthropod hosts by injecting their symbiotic bacteria into the host hemolymph and feed on the bacteria and the tissue of the dying host for several generations cycles until the arthropod cadaver is completely depleted. The EPN-bacteria-arthropod cadaver complex represents a rich energy source for the surrounding opportunistic soil fungal biota and other competitors. We hypothesized that EPNs need to protect their food source until depletion and that the EPN symbiotic bacteria produce volatile and non-volatile exudations that deter different soil fungal groups in the soil. We isolated the symbiotic bacteria species (Alcaligenes faecalis) from the EPN Oscheius spp. and ran infectivity bioassays against entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as well as against plant pathogenic fungi (PPF). We found that both volatile and non-volatile symbiotic bacterial exudations had negative effects on both EPF and PPF. Such deterrent function on functionally different fungal strains suggests a common mode of action of A. faecalis bacterial exudates, which has the potential to influence the structure of soil microbial communities, and could be integrated into pest management programs for increasing crop protection against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Shan
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Wenwu Wang
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Chunxu Song
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Minggang Wang
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 102SE‐23053AlnarpSweden
| | - Bingjiao Sun
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Yaqi Fu
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xinghui Gu
- Disease and Insect Bio‐control Engineering Research Center of National Tobacco IndustryYuxi653100YunnanChina
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and EntomologyInstitute of ZoologyUniversity of NeuchâtelCP 2CH‐2007NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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7
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Li C, Zhou X, Lewis EE, Yu Y, Wang C. Study on host-seeking behavior and chemotaxis of entomopathogenic nematodes using Pluronic F-127 gel. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 161:54-60. [PMID: 30707919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pluronic F-127 gel (PF127) has proven to be a powerful medium in which to study host-finding behavior and chemotaxis for plant-parasitic nematodes. Pluronic gel can also be used to study host-habitat seeking behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), which are natural enemies of root-feeding insect pests. In this study, PF127 was used to study tritrophic interactions among EPNs, host-habitat roots and insects. We also tested whether EPN aggregated to acetic acid (pH gradient) which mimicked the conditions near the roots. The chive root gnat Bradysia odoriphaga alone significantly attracted more nematodes than chive roots alone or the combination of roots plus insects. The attractiveness of B. odoriphaga differed (3.7-15.4%) among all tested species/strains of EPNs. In addition, we found that Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. infective juveniles responded to pH gradients formed by acetic acid in Pluronic gel. The preferred pH ranges for strains of H. bacteriophora and H. megidis were from 4.32-5.04, and from 5.37-6.92 for Steinernema species, indicating that Heterorhabditis spp. prefer low pH conditions than Steinernema species. A narrow pH gradient between 6.84 and 7.05 was detected around chive root tips in which EPN was attracted. These results suggest that Pluronic gel can be broadly used for the study of host or host-habitat seeking behaviors and chemotaxis of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xianhong Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Edwin E Lewis
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Yi Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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8
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Kirwa HK, Murungi LK, Beck JJ, Torto B. Elicitation of Differential Responses in the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita to Tomato Root Exudate Cytokinin, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11291-11300. [PMID: 30346752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates of plants mediate interactions with a variety of organisms in the rhizosphere, including root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) We investigated the responses of the motile stage second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita to non-volatile components identified in the root exudate of tomato. Using stylet thrusting, chemotaxis assays, and chemical analysis, we identified specific metabolites in the root exudate that attract and repel J2s. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive fractions obtained from the root exudate revealed a high diversity of compounds, of which five were identified as the phytohormone zeatin (cytokinin), the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin, and alkaloids solasodine and tomatidine. In stylet thrusting and chemotaxis assays, the five compounds elicited concentration-dependent responses in J2s relative to 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) and methyl salicylate (positive control). These results indicate that J2 herbivory is influenced by root exudate chemistry and concentrations of specific compounds, which may have potential applications in RKN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary K Kirwa
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1700 Southwest 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
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9
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Labaude S, Griffin CT. Transmission Success of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Used in Pest Control. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020072. [PMID: 29925806 PMCID: PMC6023359 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes from the two genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are widely used as biological agents against various insect pests and represent a promising alternative to replace pesticides. Efficacy and biocontrol success can be enhanced through improved understanding of their biology and ecology. Many endogenous and environmental factors influence the survival of nematodes following application, as well as their transmission success to the target species. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the major topics currently considered to affect transmission success of these biological control agents, including interactions with insects, plants and other members of the soil biota including conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 A023 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Christine T Griffin
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 A023 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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10
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Chiriboga M X, Guo H, Campos-Herrera R, Röder G, Imperiali N, Keel C, Maurhofer M, Turlings TCJ. Root-colonizing bacteria enhance the levels of (E)-β-caryophyllene produced by maize roots in response to rootworm feeding. Oecologia 2018; 187:459-468. [PMID: 29423754 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When larvae of rootworms feed on maize roots they induce the emission of the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene (EβC). EβC is attractive to entomopathogenic nematodes, which parasitize and rapidly kill the larvae, thereby protecting the roots from further damage. Certain root-colonizing bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas also benefit plants by promoting growth, suppressing pathogens or inducing systemic resistance (ISR), and some strains also have insecticidal activity. It remains unknown how these bacteria influence the emissions of root volatiles. In this study, we evaluated how colonization by the growth-promoting and insecticidal bacteria Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 affects the production of EβC upon feeding by larvae of the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata Le Conte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Using chemical analysis and gene expression measurements, we found that EβC production and the expression of the EβC synthase gene (tps23) were enhanced in Pseudomonas protegens CHA0-colonized roots after 72 h of D. balteata feeding. Undamaged roots colonized by Pseudomonas spp. showed no measurable increase in EβC production, but a slight increase in tps23 expression. Pseudomonas colonization did not affect root biomass, but larvae that fed on roots colonized by P. protegens CHA0 tended to gain more weight than larvae that fed on roots colonized by P. chlororaphis PCL1391. Larvae mortality on Pseudomonas spp. colonized roots was slightly, but not significantly higher than on non-colonized control roots. The observed enhanced production of EβC upon Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 colonization may enhance the roots' attractiveness to entomopathogenic nematodes, but this remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Chiriboga M
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Insect Pests and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijin, 100101, China
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Centro para os Recursos Biológicos e Alimentos Mediterrânicos (MeditBio), FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Edf. 8, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Gregory Röder
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Imperiali
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Maurhofer
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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11
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Massalha H, Korenblum E, Tholl D, Aharoni A. Small molecules below-ground: the role of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:788-807. [PMID: 28333395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil communities are diverse taxonomically and functionally. This ecosystem experiences highly complex networks of interactions, but may also present functionally independent entities. Plant roots, a metabolically active hotspot in the soil, take an essential part in below-ground interactions. While plants are known to release an extremely high portion of the fixated carbon to the soil, less information is known about the composition and role of C-containing compounds in the rhizosphere, in particular those involved in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites (or secondary metabolites) produced by plants and their associated microbes have a critical role in various biological activities that modulate the behavior of neighboring organisms. Thus, elucidating the chemical composition and function of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere is a key element in understanding interactions in this below-ground environment. Here, we review key classes of specialized metabolites that occur as mostly non-volatile compounds in root exudates or are emitted as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of these metabolites in below-ground interactions and response to nutrient deficiency, as well as their tissue and cell type-specific biosynthesis and release are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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12
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Rasmann S, Turlings TC. Root signals that mediate mutualistic interactions in the rhizosphere. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:62-68. [PMID: 27393937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent boom in research on belowground ecology is rapidly revealing a multitude of fascinating interactions, in particular in the rhizosphere. Many of these interactions are mediated by photo-assimilates that are excreted by plant roots. Root exudates are not mere waste products, but serve numerous functions to control abiotic and biotic processes. These functions range from changing the chemical and physical properties of the soil, inhibiting the growth of competing plants, combatting herbivores, and regulating the microbial community. Particularly intriguing are root-released compounds that have evolved to serve mutualistic interactions with soil-dwelling organisms. These mutually beneficial plant-mediated signals are not only of fundamental ecological interest, but also exceedingly important from an agronomical perspective. Here, we attempt to provide an overview of the plant-produced compounds that have so far been implicated in mutualistic interactions. We propose that these mutualistic signals may have evolved from chemical defenses and we point out that they can be (mis)used by specialized pathogens and herbivores. We speculate that many more signals and interactions remain to be uncovered and that a good understanding of the mechanisms and ecological implications can be the basis for exploitation and manipulation of the signals for crop improvement and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ted Cj Turlings
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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