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Metcalfe RS, Gurd BJ, Vollaard NBJ. Exploring interindividual differences in fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity adaptations in response to sprint interval exercise training. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1950-1960. [PMID: 36093904 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have concluded that wide variance in changes in insulin sensitivity markers following exercise training demonstrates heterogeneity in individual trainability. However, these studies frequently don't account for technical, biological, and random within-subject measurement error. We used the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to determine whether interindividual variability in trainability exists for fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity outcomes following low-volume sprint interval training (SIT). We pooled data from 63 untrained participants who completed 6 weeks of SIT (n = 49; VO2max: 35 (7) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) or acted as no-intervention controls (n = 14; VO2max: 34 (6) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1). Fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived measures of insulin sensitivity were measured pre- and post-intervention. SDIR values were positive and exceeded a small effect size threshold for changes in fasting glucose (SDIR = 0.27 [95%CI 0.07,0.38] mmol⋅L-1), 2-h OGTT glucose (SDIR = 0.89 [0.22,1.23] mmol⋅L-1), glucose area-under-the-curve (SDIR = 66.4 [-81.5,124.3] mmol⋅L-1⋅120min-1) and The Cederholm Index (SDIR = 7.2 [-16.0,19.0] mg⋅l2⋅mmol-1⋅mU-1⋅min-1), suggesting meaningful individual responses to SIT, whilst SDIR values were negative for fasting insulin, fasting insulin resistance and insulin AUC. For all variables, the 95% CIs were wide and/or crossed zero, highlighting uncertainty about the existence of true interindividual differences in exercise trainability. Only 2-22% of participants could be classified as responders or non-responders with more than 95% certainty. Our findings demonstrate it cannot be assumed that variation in changes in insulin sensitivity following SIT is attributable to inherent differences in trainability, and reiterate the importance of accounting for technical, biological, and random error when examining heterogeneity in health-related training adaptations.Highlights This study tested whether true interindividual variability exists for changes in insulin sensitivity and glyceamic control following 6-weeks of low volume sprint interval training (SIT).The high level of technical, biological, and random error associated with repeated measurements of insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control, means we can neither confidently conclude that there is evidence of true interindividual differences in the trainability of these outcomes following SIT, nor confidently identify responders or non-responders for such parameters.Researchers contrasting responders vs. non-responders for a given parameter, either to understand mechanisms of adaptation and/or develop physiological/genetic/epigenetic predictors of response, need to be aware that identification of responders and non-responders with sufficient certainty may not be achievable for parameters with a high level of technical, biological, and random error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Niels B J Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Ekkekakis P, Vallance J, Wilson PM, Ewing Garber C. Extraordinary claims in the literature on high-intensity interval training (HIIT): III. Critical analysis of four foundational arguments from an interdisciplinary lens. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102399. [PMID: 37665861 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinesiology aspires to be an integrated, interdisciplinary field that studies human movement from multiple perspectives. However, the main societal deliverables of the field, namely exercise prescriptions and physical activity recommendations, still reflect fragmentation, placing more emphasis on physiological outcomes than on behavioral and other considerations. Recently, researchers have called for the introduction of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) to the domain of public health, based on the argument that HIIT can maximize fitness and health benefits for a fraction of the time recommended by the prevailing model of physical activity in public-health guidelines. Here, we show that an unintended side-effect of arguments underpinning the implementation of HIIT in the domain of public health might have been the exacerbation of segmentation. To highlight the value of interdisciplinarity, four foundational claims in support of HIIT are critiqued by tapping into cognate literatures: (1) the primary reason people do not exercise is lack of time, (2) HIIT is relevant to public health, (3) HIIT is being proposed as merely another option, so there is no basis for controversy, and (4) HIIT is safe and well tolerated. These claims are contradicted by credible lines of evidence. To improve the accuracy and effectiveness of its public claims, kinesiology should remain committed to the ideals of integration and interdisciplinarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Vallance
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Canada
| | | | - Carol Ewing Garber
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, USA
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3
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Ekkekakis P, Biddle SJH. Extraordinary claims in the literature on high-intensity interval training (HIIT): IV. Is HIIT associated with higher long-term exercise adherence? PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102295. [PMID: 37665824 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonadherence to and dropout from regular exercise and physical activity are important reasons why the field of exercise science has yet to fulfill its promise of improving public health on a global scale. Researchers have claimed that High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a feasible and sustainable exercise modality that may result in higher long-term adherence than moderate-intensity continuous exercise. If true, this would be a breakthrough discovery that could unlock the potential of exercise as a health-promoting intervention. We performed a systematic search of the literature and identified eight trials comparing HIIT to moderate-intensity continuous exercise, all of which involved follow-up periods of at least 12 months (i.e., SWIFT, Small Steps for Big Changes, SAINTEX-CAD, SMARTEX-HF, Generation 100, FITR, OptimEx-Clin, HITTS). Findings from these trials demonstrate that, while unsupervised, individuals initially assigned to HIIT tend to exercise at lower-than-prescribed intensities and HIIT groups demonstrate no advantage in long-term adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
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4
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Pellegrino JK, Anthony TG, Gillies P, Arent SM. The exercise metabolome: acute aerobic and anaerobic signatures. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:603-622. [PMID: 36250148 PMCID: PMC9559054 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2115858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise modality differentially alters body composition and physical performance. Metabolic changes underlying these outcomes can be tracked through assessment of circulating metabolites. Here, global responses to an acute bout of aerobic or anaerobic exercise were compared in the serum of male and female subjects using a discovery-based metabolomics platform. Methods On separate days, 40 healthy, active participants completed 45 min of aerobic cycling or resistance exercise, and blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after (T1) and 1 hour post-exercise (T2) to examine the serum metabolomic landscape. Results The two exercise metabolomes appeared more similar than different in this healthy cohort. Overall, metabolomic signatures of both exercise modalities were markedly altered from rest at T1, and returned toward baseline by T2. Metabolomic perturbations at T1 and the T1-T2 rate of recovery post-exercise were greater following aerobic cycling than resistance exercise. Shared signatures included elevations in purine metabolism, substrate catabolism and mobilization, and inflammatory signaling. Aerobic exercise resulted in greater substrate diversity and use of fatty acids, whereas resistance exercise displayed higher purine turnover and glycolytic flux. Discussion Individual metabolite differences between conditions were seen in magnitude but not direction. Metabolomic signatures of the exercise responses appeared fairly robust across exercise modalities. An initial perturbation and subsequent shift toward recovery by an hour post-exercise defined the signature in our healthy cohort. The expedited recovery following aerobic cycling may be explained by globally elevated lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Pellegrino
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Gillies
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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5
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Kumar A, Kumar M H S, C S R, Sabikhi L, Naik N L. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitory potential of alpha‐lactalbumin extracted from milk of
Gir
cows: A
Bos indicus
species. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation Jaipur Rajasthan 302 015India
| | - Sathish Kumar M H
- Dairy Technology Section SRS‐ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Adugodi Bengaluru Karnataka 560 030India
| | - Rajani C S
- Dairy Technology Section SRS‐ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Adugodi Bengaluru Karnataka 560 030India
| | - Latha Sabikhi
- Dairy Technology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana 132 001India
| | - Laxmana Naik N
- Dairy Chemistry Section SRS‐ICAR‐NDRI Bengaluru Karnataka 560 030 India
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Rempel AML, Barlow PB, Kaldjian LC. Medical Education and the Ethics of Self-Care: A Survey of Medical Students Regarding Professional Challenges and Expectations for Living Healthy Lifestyles. South Med J 2021; 114:783-788. [PMID: 34853855 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about medical students' attitudes regarding the healthy lifestyle habits they are taught to recommend to patients and whether they believe they have a professional responsibility to live a healthy lifestyle. Understanding students' attitudes and practices regarding healthy lifestyles may provide insights into the personal and professional challenges that students face as they navigate the ethical tension between obligations to care for others (altruism) and for themselves (self-care). METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, online survey of all medical students at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine in fall 2019, using descriptive statistics for analysis. RESULTS A total of 351 students participated (response rate, 52.0%). Most agreed that physicians (85.5%) and medical students (77.8%) have a responsibility to try to live a healthy lifestyle; that physicians who practice healthy behaviors are more confident in counseling patients (94.0%), more likely to counsel patients (88.3%), and more likely to have their advice followed (86.9%); that as students they are more likely to counsel patients if they practice the healthy behavior (90.0%); and that their medical school workload resulted in exercise (69.7%), sleeping (69.4%), and eating (60.2%) practices that were less healthy than they should be. CONCLUSIONS Most medical students support the professional responsibility to live a healthy lifestyle and believe doing so increases their effectiveness in counseling patients about healthy lifestyle habits. The medical school workload may limit some students' ability to live healthy lifestyles, however. Medical students need educational opportunities in ethics and professionalism to discuss challenges and expectations for living healthy lifestyles, with an eye toward practical approaches to living the life of a medical student that are professionally responsible and personally realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M L Rempel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Office of Consultation and Research in Medical Education, and the Program in Bioethics and Humanities, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Patrick B Barlow
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Office of Consultation and Research in Medical Education, and the Program in Bioethics and Humanities, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Lauris C Kaldjian
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Office of Consultation and Research in Medical Education, and the Program in Bioethics and Humanities, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
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Stöggl T, Kröll J, Helmberger R, Cudrigh M, Müller E. Acute Effects of an Ergometer-Based Dryland Alpine Skiing Specific High Intensity Interval Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1485. [PMID: 30405439 PMCID: PMC6200917 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To establish an alpine ski racing (ASR) specific dryland high intensity training protocol (HIT), we set out to analyze cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of three ASR specific HIT modes using a ski ergometer compared with a running HIT. Methods: Ten healthy international FIS level subjects (18 ± 1 years) performed an incremental running VO2max test, three different ASR specific HIT modes [slalom (SL), giant slalom (GS), and SL/GS mix] and a running HIT with measurements of VO2, heart rate (HR), blood lactate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The HIT protocols included 15 × 1-min intervals with >90% HRmax and 30 s active rest. Furthermore, one elite alpine skier performed an 8-week, 17 session HIT block using the SL/GS mixed mode. Results: Running HIT resulted in greater VO2peak and whole-body RPE compared with the three ASR-specific HIT modes. During all four exercise modes participants were able to reach exercise intensities high enough to be classified as HIT (>90% HRmax and >89% VO2max). Legs RPE was similar between the four HIT modes, while arms RPE was higher for the ski-specific HIT. For all studied parameters, similar results for the three skiing specific HIT modes were observed. The 8-week HIT block was feasible for the athlete and resulted in an 11% increase in VO2max at unchanged peak power output. Conclusion: Across all HIT protocols high cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses were achieved. Therefore, the ASR specific HIT was shown to be feasible, thus could offer new possibilities for endurance training in elite alpine skiers. It is suggested to use the SL/GS mixed mode in terms of movement variety. The reduced VO2 in the ski-specific modifications can be attributed to the concentric and eccentric muscle activity resulting in mechanical hindrance for O2 extraction. The long-term effectiveness of ASR specific HIT in elite alpine skiers needs to be proven in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Kröll
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Olympic Training Center Salzburg-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Helmberger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Cudrigh
- Olympic Training Center Salzburg-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Olympic Training Center Salzburg-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Zhang C, Liu H, Chen S, Luo Y. Evaluating the effects of IADHFL on inhibiting DPP-IV activity and expression in Caco-2 cells and contributing to the amount of insulin released from INS-1 cells in vitro. Food Funct 2018; 9:2240-2250. [PMID: 29553151 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a serine exo-peptidase that can inactivate incretins by removing N-terminal dipeptides. Currently, inhibiting the DPP-IV activity is a common treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The goal of this study is to investigate whether IADHFL, a novel DPP-IV inhibitory peptide identified from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), has the potential to modulate T2D. IADHFL remained stable after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and significantly decreased the activity and expression of both soluble and membrane-bound DPP-IV after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. Intact peptide absorption was observed, but a percentage of the peptide was degraded while passing through a monolayer of Caco-2 cells. In addition, a double-layered cell model showed that the peptide could increase insulin secretion from INS-1 cells after glucose treatments of 2.8 mM and 16.7 mM. Finally, IADHFL could regulate the expression levels of genes associated with insulin secretion and T2D in INS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Huaigao Liu
- Beijing Guotai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100011, China.
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Yongkang Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10083, China
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9
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Støa EM, Meling S, Nyhus LK, Glenn Strømstad, Mangerud KM, Helgerud J, Bratland-Sanda S, Støren Ø. High-intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and HbA1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:455-467. [PMID: 28160083 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It remains to be established how high-intensity aerobic interval training (HAIT) affects risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes (TD2). This study investigated effects of HAIT on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), glycated Hemoglobin type A1C (HbA1c), insulin resistance (IR), fat oxidation (FatOx), body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF), lactate threshold (LT), blood pressure (BP), and blood lipid profile (BLP) among persons with T2D. Results were compared to the effects after a moderate-intensity training (MIT) program. METHODS Thirty-eight individuals with T2D completed 12 weeks of supervised training. HAIT consisted of 4 × 4 min of walking or running uphill at 85-95% of maximal heart rate, and MIT consisted of continuous walking at 70-75% of maximal heart rate. RESULTS A 21% increase in VO2max (from 25.6 to 30.9 ml kg-1 min-1, p < 0.001), and a reduction in HbA1c by -0.58% points (from 7.78 to 7.20%, p < 0.001) was found in HAIT. BW and body mass index (BMI) was reduced by 1.9% (p < 0.01). There was a tendency towards an improved FatOx at 60% VO2max (14%, p = 0.065). These improvements were significant different from MIT. Both HAIT and MIT increased velocity at LT, and reduced %BF, waist circumference, hip circumference, and BP, with no significant differences between the two groups. Correlations were found between change in VO2max and change in HbA1c when the two intervention groups were combined (R = -0.52, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION HAIT is an effective exercise strategy to improve aerobic fitness and reduce risk factors associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Støa
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway.
| | - Sondre Meling
- Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, Former Hospital of Telemark, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lill-Katrin Nyhus
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Glenn Strømstad
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Karl Magnus Mangerud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Center, Hokksund, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway
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10
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Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Patti ME. Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:465-520. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Terada T, Wilson BJ, Myette-Côté E, Kuzik N, Bell GJ, McCargar LJ, Boulé NG. Targeting specific interstitial glycemic parameters with high-intensity interval exercise and fasted-state exercise in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2016; 65:599-608. [PMID: 27085769 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the acute glycemic responses to a bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and energy-matched moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) performed under fasted and postprandial conditions. METHODS A randomized, controlled, crossover design was used. Ten individuals with type 2 diabetes were each tested in five experimental conditions after an overnight fast: 1) fasted-state HIIE (HIIEfast); 2) post-breakfast HIIE (HIIEfed); 3) fasted-state MICE (MICEfast); 4) post-breakfast MICE (MICEfed); and 5) no exercise (control). MICE was performed at workload corresponding to 55% of V.V̇O2peak, whereas HIIE was composed of repetitions of three minutes at workload corresponding to 40% followed by one minute at workload corresponding to 100% V.V̇̇O2peak. Interstitial glucose was monitored by continuous glucose monitoring over 24h under standardized diet and medication. RESULTS Fasted-state exercise attenuated postprandial glycemic increments (p<0.05) to a greater extent than post-breakfast exercise did. HIIE reduced nocturnal and fasting glycemia on the day following exercise more than MICE did (main effect: both p<0.05). Compared to the control condition, HIIEfast lowered most interstitial glycemic parameters, i.e., 24-h mean glucose (-1.5mmol·l(-1); p<0.05), fasting glucose (-1.0mmol·l(-1); p<0.05), overall postprandial glycemic increment (-257mmol·360min·l(-1); p<0.05), glycemic variability (-1.79mmol·l(-1); p<0.05), and time spent in hyperglycemia (-283min; p<0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that HIIE is more effective than MICE in lowering nocturnal/fasting glycemia. Exercise performed in the fasted state reduces postprandial glycemic increments to a greater extent than post-breakfast exercise does. Performing HIIE under fasted condition may be most advantageous as it lowered most aspects of glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H9
| | - Ben J Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center-North Tower, 9th Floor 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 2T9
| | - Etienne Myette-Côté
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H9
| | - Nicholas Kuzik
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H9
| | - Gordon J Bell
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H9
| | - Linda J McCargar
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 2-012D Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H9
| | - Normand G Boulé
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H9.
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12
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Food protein-derived bioactive peptides in management of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Nutr 2015; 54:863-80. [PMID: 26154777 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the major common human health problems, is growing at an alarming rate around the globe. Alpha-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzymes play a significant role in development of T2D. Hence, reduction or inhibition of their activity can be one of the important strategies in management of T2D. Studies in the field of bioactive peptides have shown that dietary proteins could be natural source of alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory peptides. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of food protein-derived peptides as potential inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV with major focus on milk proteins. METHODS Efforts have been made to review the available information in literature on the relationship between food protein-derived peptides and T2D. This review summarizes the current data on alpha-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory bioactive peptides derived from proteins and examines the potential value of these peptides in the treatment and prevention of T2D. In addition, the proposed modes of inhibition of peptide inhibitors are also discussed. RESULTS Studies revealed that milk and other food proteins-derived bioactive peptides play a vital role in controlling T2D through several mechanisms, such as the satiety response, regulation of incretin hormones, insulinemia levels, and reducing the activity of carbohydrate degrading digestive enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The bioactive peptides could be used in prevention and management of T2D through functional foods or nutraceutical supplements. Further clinical trials are necessary to validate the findings of in vitro studies and to confirm the efficiency of these peptides for applications.
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Levinger I, Shaw CS, Stepto NK, Cassar S, McAinch AJ, Cheetham C, Maiorana AJ. What Doesn't Kill You Makes You Fitter: A Systematic Review of High-Intensity Interval Exercise for Patients with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2015; 9:53-63. [PMID: 26157337 PMCID: PMC4482383 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s26230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has gained popularity in recent years for patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Despite potential benefits, concerns remain about the safety of the acute response (during and/or within 24 hours postexercise) to a single session of HIIE for these cohorts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate the safety of acute HIIE for people with cardiometabolic diseases. Electronic databases were searched for studies published prior to January 2015, which reported the acute responses of patients with cardiometabolic diseases to HIIE (≥80% peak power output or ≥85% peak aerobic power, VO2peak). Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 156; clinically stable, aged 27-66 years), with 13 adverse responses reported (~8% of individuals). The rate of adverse responses is somewhat higher compared to the previously reported risk during moderate-intensity exercise. Caution must be taken when prescribing HIIE to patients with cardiometabolic disease. Patients who wish to perform HIIE should be clinically stable, have had recent exposure to at least regular moderate-intensity exercise, and have appropriate supervision and monitoring during and after the exercise session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. ; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. ; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. ; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samantha Cassar
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. ; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. ; Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig Cheetham
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands. ; School of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew J Maiorana
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth. ; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. ; Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Kuehnbaum NL, Gillen JB, Kormendi A, Lam KP, DiBattista A, Gibala MJ, Britz-McKibbin P. Multiplexed separations for biomarker discovery in metabolomics: Elucidating adaptive responses to exercise training. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2226-2236. [PMID: 25630301 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High efficiency separations are needed to enhance selectivity, mass spectral quality, and quantitative performance in metabolomic studies. However, low sample throughput and complicated data preprocessing remain major bottlenecks to biomarker discovery. We introduce an accelerated data workflow to identify plasma metabolite signatures of exercise responsiveness when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). This multiplexed separation platform takes advantage of customizable serial injections to enhance sample throughput and data fidelity based on temporally resolved ion signals derived from seven different sample segments analyzed within a single run. MSI-CE-MS was applied to explore the adaptive metabolic responses of a cohort of overweight/obese women (BMI > 25, n = 9) performing a 6-wk high-intensity interval training intervention using a repeated measures/cross-over study design. Venous blood samples were collected from each subject at three time intervals (baseline, postexercise, recovery) in their naïve and trained states while completing standardized cycling trials at the same absolute workload. Complementary statistical methods were used to classify dynamic changes in plasma metabolism associated with strenuous exercise and training status. Positive adaptations to exercise were associated with training-induced upregulation in plasma l-carnitine at rest due to improved muscle oxidative capacity, and greater antioxidant capacity as reflected by lower circulating glutathionyl-l-cysteine mixed disulfide. Attenuation in plasma hypoxanthine and higher O-acetyl-l-carnitine levels postexercise also indicated lower energetic stress for trained women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Kuehnbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Aleshia Kormendi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Karen P Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alicia DiBattista
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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15
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Weston M, Taylor KL, Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports Med 2015; 44:1005-17. [PMID: 24743927 PMCID: PMC4072920 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) appears to be an efficient and practical way to develop physical fitness. Objective Our objective was to estimate meta-analysed mean effects of HIT on aerobic power (maximum oxygen consumption [VO2max] in an incremental test) and sprint fitness (peak and mean power in a 30-s Wingate test). Data Sources Five databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, BIOSIS and Web of Science) were searched for original research articles published up to January 2014. Search terms included ‘high intensity’, ‘HIT’, ‘sprint’, ‘fitness’ and ‘VO2max’. Study Selection Inclusion criteria were fitness assessed pre- and post-training; training period ≥2 weeks; repetition duration 30–60 s; work/rest ratio <1.0; exercise intensity described as maximal or near maximal; adult subjects aged >18 years. Data Extraction The final data set consisted of 55 estimates from 32 trials for VO2max, 23 estimates from 16 trials for peak sprint power, and 19 estimates from 12 trials for mean sprint power. Effects on fitness were analysed as percentages via log transformation. Standard errors calculated from exact p values (where reported) or imputed from errors of measurement provided appropriate weightings. Fixed effects in the meta-regression model included type of study (controlled, uncontrolled), subject characteristics (sex, training status, baseline fitness) and training parameters (number of training sessions, repetition duration, work/rest ratio). Probabilistic magnitude-based inferences for meta-analysed effects were based on standardized thresholds for small, moderate and large changes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2, respectively) derived from between-subject standard deviations (SDs) for baseline fitness. Results A mean low-volume HIT protocol (13 training sessions, 0.16 work/rest ratio) in a controlled trial produced a likely moderate improvement in the VO2max of active non-athletic males (6.2 %; 90 % confidence limits ±3.1 %), when compared with control. There were possibly moderate improvements in the VO2max of sedentary males (10.0 %; ±5.1 %) and active non-athletic females (3.6 %; ±4.3 %) and a likely small increase for sedentary females (7.3 %; ±4.8 %). The effect on the VO2max of athletic males was unclear (2.7 %; ±4.6 %). A possibly moderate additional increase was likely for subjects with a 10 mL·kg−1·min−1 lower baseline VO2max (3.8 %; ±2.5 %), whereas the modifying effects of sex and difference in exercise dose were unclear. The comparison of HIT with traditional endurance training was unclear (−1.6 %; ±4.3 %). Unexplained variation between studies was 2.0 % (SD). Meta-analysed effects of HIT on Wingate peak and mean power were unclear. Conclusions Low-volume HIT produces moderate improvements in the aerobic power of active non-athletic and sedentary subjects. More studies are needed to resolve the unclear modifying effects of sex and HIT dose on aerobic power and the unclear effects on sprint fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK,
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16
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Bianco A, Pomara F, Patti A, Thomas E, Petrucci M, Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Paoli A, Palma A. The surprising influence of family history to type 2 diabetes on anaerobic performance of young male élite athletes. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:224. [PMID: 25045605 PMCID: PMC4101127 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS It is known that family history to type 2 diabetes induces anthropometric changes in various populations. Regular physical activity can induce adaptations in these subjects regularizing body composition and anthropometric parameters. The aim of this study is therefore to understand if family history to type 2 diabetes affects anaerobic performance in young male élite athletes. METHODS Forty six young male élite athletes were tested. Thirty three without family history to type 2 diabetes (FH-) and thirteen with family history to type 2 diabetes (FH+). Anthropometric parameters, body composition, physiological parameters and athletic performance were assessed. RESULTS Weight (p 0,0050), BMI (p 0,0019), waist circumference (p 0,0090), hips circumference (p 0,0490) and WHR (p 0,0339) were different between the two groups, showing greater values for the FH + subjects. Body composition showed lower FM and higher FFM percentages for the FH + group compared to the FH-. Anaerobic performance tests showed differences between the groups highlighting that the FH + group had higher anaerobic performance values (Wingate test for FH + 512,77 ± 107,93 W vs Wingate test for FH- 447,94 ± 56,95 W). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The élite athletes with FH + showed better anaerobic performances and a higher body mass. At this stage we cannot generalise, but in a sample of athletes we tested, all who were with FH + showed both interesting and unexpected results; if confirmed, this evidence may represent a remarkable knowledge for fitness coaches and professionals who are daily dealing with track and field athletes and their performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Patti
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Petrucci
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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17
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The Secondary Prevention of Cardiometabolic Disease in Diabetes Patients: Novel Advancements and the Way Forward. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-014-0396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Nongonierma AB, FitzGerald RJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory properties of a whey protein hydrolysate: Influence of fractionation, stability to simulated gastrointestinal digestion and food–drug interaction. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Zimmer P. [Your diabetic patient wants to exercise]. MMW Fortschr Med 2013; 155:71-74. [PMID: 24437145 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-013-0647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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20
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Minimal intensity physical activity (standing and walking) of longer duration improves insulin action and plasma lipids more than shorter periods of moderate to vigorous exercise (cycling) in sedentary subjects when energy expenditure is comparable. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55542. [PMID: 23418444 PMCID: PMC3572053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that excessive sitting time is associated with increased health risk, independent of the performance of exercise. We hypothesized that a daily bout of exercise cannot compensate the negative effects of inactivity during the rest of the day on insulin sensitivity and plasma lipids. Methodology/Principal Findings Eighteen healthy subjects, age 21±2 year, BMI 22.6±2.6 kgm−2 followed randomly three physical activity regimes for four days. Participants were instructed to sit 14 hr/day (sitting regime); to sit 13 hr/day and to substitute 1 hr of sitting with vigorous exercise 1 hr (exercise regime); to substitute 6 hrs sitting with 4 hr walking and 2 hr standing (minimal intensity physical activity (PA) regime). The sitting and exercise regime had comparable numbers of sitting hours; the exercise and minimal intensity PA regime had the same daily energy expenditure. PA was assessed continuously by an activity monitor (ActivPAL) and a diary. Measurements of insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) and plasma lipids were performed in the fasting state, the morning after the 4 days of each regime. In the sitting regime, daily energy expenditure was about 500 kcal lower than in both other regimes. Area under the curve for insulin during OGTT was significantly lower after the minimal intensity PA regime compared to both sitting and exercise regimes 6727.3±4329.4 vs 7752.0±3014.4 and 8320.4±5383.7 mU•min/ml, respectively. Triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B plasma levels improved significantly in the minimal intensity PA regime compared to sitting and showed non-significant trends for improvement compared to exercise. Conclusions One hour of daily physical exercise cannot compensate the negative effects of inactivity on insulin level and plasma lipids if the rest of the day is spent sitting. Reducing inactivity by increasing the time spent walking/standing is more effective than one hour of physical exercise, when energy expenditure is kept constant.
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Umpierre D, Ribeiro PAB, Schaan BD, Ribeiro JP. Volume of supervised exercise training impacts glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-regression analysis. Diabetologia 2013; 56:242-51. [PMID: 23160642 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Supervised exercise programmes improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, but training characteristics associated with reduction in HbA(1c) remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review with meta-regression analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the association between intensity and volume of exercise training (aerobic, resistance or combined) and HbA(1c) changes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched (1980-2012) to retrieve RCTs of at least 12 weeks' duration, consisting of supervised exercise training vs no intervention, that reported HbA(1c) changes and exercise characteristics. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection and data extraction. RESULTS Twenty-six RCTs (2,253 patients) met the inclusion criteria. In multivariate analysis, baseline HbA(1c) and exercise frequency explained nearly 58% of between-study variance. Baseline HbA(1c) was inversely correlated with HbA(1c) reductions after the three types of exercise training. In aerobic training, exercise volume (represented by frequency of sessions) was associated with changes in HbA(1c) (weighted r = -0.64), while no variables were correlated with glycaemic control induced by resistance training. In combined training, weekly volume of resistance exercise explained heterogeneity in multivariate analysis and was associated with changes in HbA(1c) levels (weighted r = -0.70). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Reduction in HbA(1c) is associated with exercise frequency in supervised aerobic training, and with weekly volume of resistance exercise in supervised combined training. Therefore, exercise volume is a major determinant of glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Umpierre
- Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica-LaFiex, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Terada T, Friesen A, Chahal BS, Bell GJ, McCargar LJ, Boulé NG. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of high intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013. [PMID: 23183390 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the feasibility of high intensity interval exercise (HI-IE) versus moderate intensity continuous exercise (MI-CE) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and to investigate the preliminary efficacy of HI-IE and MI-CE for improving glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and body composition. METHODS Individuals with T2D were recruited and randomly assigned to HI-IE and MI-CE. Exercise training was performed 5 days per week for 12 weeks. Recruitment, retention, adherence, feeling states and self-efficacy were analyzed for feasibility. Changes in HbA1c and percent body fat from baseline were investigated at 12 weeks to determine the preliminary efficacy. RESULTS Of 126 participants showing interest to join the study, 15 individuals were randomized and completed the program. No participants dropped out from the study after enrollment. Adherence rates were high and did not differ between HI-IE and MI-CE (p>0.05; >97.2% of the eligible exercise sessions for both groups). Feeling states and self-efficacy did not differ between the groups. Percent trunk fat decreased in both HI-IE and MI-CE (p=0.007 and 0.085, respectively). Total percent body fat, percent leg fat, and subcutaneous fat width were significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.05), whereas HbA1c did not change from baseline (p>0.05). The degree of improvement was similar between the interventions (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In individuals with T2D, implementing a 12-week structured HI-IE training can be as feasible as MI-CE training. Both interventions are equally effective in lowering total body fat but have little impact on HbA1c in relatively well controlled participants with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.
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Bird SR, Hawley JA. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: new prescription for an old problem. Maturitas 2012; 72:311-6. [PMID: 22748760 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 50 years, the prevalence of a cluster of chronic, inactivity-related diseases including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), collectively referred to as 'metabolic syndrome' (MetS) has reached global epidemic proportions. Appropriate exercise training is a clinically proven, cost-effective, primary intervention that delays and in many cases prevents the health burdens associated with MetS. Indeed, there is no single intervention with greater efficacy than physical exercise to reduce the risk of virtually all chronic diseases simultaneously. However compliance to National guidelines for physical activity remains low, with "a lack of time" the most frequently cited barrier to exercise participation by adults, irrespective of age, sex and ethnic background. Part of the growing apathy to modify lifestyle habits is that current public health recommendations may be unrealistic and unattainable for the majority of the populace. Hence, there is an urgent need for innovations in exercise prescription that can be incorporated into daily living and induce clinically beneficial health outcomes. Here we focus attention on a novel form of exercise prescription, high-intensity interval training (HIT), and provide evidence that HIT is a time-efficient and well-tolerated therapeutic intervention to improve cardio-metabolic health in a number of pre-clinical and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Bird
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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