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Kolle SN, Flach M, Kleber M, Basketter DA, Wareing B, Mehling A, Hareng L, Watzek N, Bade S, Funk-Weyer D, Landsiedel R. Plant extracts, polymers and new approach methods: Practical experience with skin sensitization assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105330. [PMID: 36599391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, research into methodologies to identify skin sensitization hazards has led to the adoption of several non-animal methods as OECD test guidelines. However, predictive accuracy beyond the chemical domains of the individual validation studies remains largely untested. In the present study, skin sensitization test results from in vitro and in chemico methods for 12 plant extracts and 15 polymeric materials are reported and compared to available in vivo skin sensitization data. Eight plant extracts were tested in the DPRA and h-CLAT, with the 2 out of 3 approach resulting in a balanced accuracy of 50%. The balanced accuracy for the 11 plant extracts assessed in the SENS-IS was 88%. Excluding 5 polymers inconclusive in vitro, the remainder, assessed using the 2 out of 3 approach, resulted in 63% balanced accuracy. The SENS-IS method, excluding one polymeric material due to technical inapplicability, showed 68% balanced accuracy. Although based on limited numbers, the results presented here indicate that some substance subgroups may not be in the applicability domains of the method used and careful analysis is required before positive or negative results can be accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcus Kleber
- BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany
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2
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Liebsch M, Spielmann H, Pape W, Krul C, Deguercy A, Eskes C. 3.8. UV-induced Effects. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:131-46. [PMID: 16194146 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Basketter D, Cockshott A, Corsini E, Gerberick GF, Idehara K, Kimber I, Van Loveren H, Matheson J, Mehling A, Omori T, Rovida C, Sozu T, Takeyoshi M, Casati S. An Evaluation of Performance Standards and Non-radioactive Endpoints for the Local Lymph Node Assay. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 36:243-57. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Basketter
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Frank Gerberick
- Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Innovation Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Henk Van Loveren
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Takashi Omori
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Costanza Rovida
- ECVAM, IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Casati
- ECVAM, IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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4
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Strauss V, Kolle SN, Honarvar N, Dammann M, Groeters S, Faulhammer F, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. Immunophenotyping does not improve predictivity of the local lymph node assay in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:434-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Sibylle Groeters
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Frank Faulhammer
- BASF SE; Product Safety, Regulatory Toxicology; Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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5
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Kim BH. Safety Evaluation and Anti-wrinkle Effects of Retinoids on Skin. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:61-6. [PMID: 24278507 PMCID: PMC3834457 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.1.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids have many beneficial effects on dermatological applications. But, retinoids cause skin irritation. In this study, the safety of retinoids was clarified via both primary skin irritation test in rabbits and sensitization study using an integrated model for the differentiation of chemical-induced allergic and irritant skin reaction (IMDS) , an alternative method to sensitization test. The effects of retinoids on the change of ultraviolet A (UVA) -induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human skin fibroblasts and the modulation of type-1 pN collagen synthesis in hairless mice were examined to clarify the anti-wrinkle effects. All-trans retinol (t-ROL) and its derivative, all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA) , showed mild skin irritation but did not induce the sensitization. t-ROL and t-RA exerted anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the UVA-induced MMP-1 in human skin fibroblasts and increasing the type-1 pN collagen synthesis in hairless mice. These findings suggest that retinoids do not induce the allergy, and show anti-wrinkle effects by decreasing MMP-1 activation and increasing collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
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6
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Boudon SM, Plappert-Helbig U, Odermatt A, Bauer D. Characterization of vemurafenib phototoxicity in a mouse model. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:259-67. [PMID: 24154489 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vemurafenib is a first-in-class, small molecule B-Raf kinase inhibitor for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma carrying the BRAFV600E mutation, commercially available since 2011. A general phototoxic potential was identified early during development; however, based on results of an animal study in hairless rats, it was concluded that there would exist no relevant risk for humans. Surprisingly, signs of clinical photosensitivity were reported in many patients during clinical development. Therefore, it became a fundamental question to understand this discrepancy. An established mouse model (oral UV-Local Lymph Node Assay, UV-LLNA) for the assessment of in vivo photosafety was used to investigate the impact of formulations, dose levels, duration of treatment, and timing of irradiation. Moreover, a basic pharmacokinetic profile was established within the same mouse strain. We were able to demonstrate dose- and time-dependent phototoxicity of vemurafenib using commercially available tablets (stabilized amorphous material). The lowest phototoxic dose was 350 mg/kg administrated for 3 consecutive days followed by exposure to UV-visible irradiation at a UVA-normalized dose of 10 J/cm². In comparison, pure vemurafenib, which easily forms crystalline variants and is known to have poor bioavailability, was tested at 350 mg/kg, and no signs of phototoxicity could be seen. The most apparent difference between the early study in hairless rats and this study in mice was the spectral range of the irradiation light source (350-400 nm vs 320-700 nm). Because vemurafenib does not absorb sufficiently light above 350 nm, this difference can easily explain the negative earlier study result in hairless rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Marie Boudon
- * Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Basketter D, Crozier J, Hubesch B, Manou I, Mehling A, Scheel J. Optimised testing strategies for skin sensitization – The LLNA and beyond. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Ceridono M, Tellner P, Bauer D, Barroso J, Alépée N, Corvi R, De Smedt A, Fellows MD, Gibbs NK, Heisler E, Jacobs A, Jirova D, Jones D, Kandárová H, Kasper P, Akunda JK, Krul C, Learn D, Liebsch M, Lynch AM, Muster W, Nakamura K, Nash JF, Pfannenbecker U, Phillips G, Robles C, Rogiers V, Van De Water F, Liminga UW, Vohr HW, Wattrelos O, Woods J, Zuang V, Kreysa J, Wilcox P. The 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test: Practical experience and implications for phototoxicity testing – The report of an ECVAM–EFPIA workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:480-8. [PMID: 22687423 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Kolle SN, Basketter D, Schrage A, Gamer AO, Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Further experience with the local lymph node assay using standard radioactive and nonradioactive cell count measurements. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
| | | | | | - Armin O. Gamer
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
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10
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Basketter D, Kolle SN, Schrage A, Honarvar N, Gamer AO, Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Experience with local lymph node assay performance standards using standard radioactivity and nonradioactive cell count measurements. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:590-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
| | | | | | - Armin O. Gamer
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
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11
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Ku HO, Jeong SH, Kang HG, Son SW, Yun SM, Ryu DY. Pathway analysis of gene expression in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to three different sensitizers. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:455-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ok Ku
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Jeong
- Toxicological Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan; 336-795; Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Son
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - So-mi Yun
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service; Anyang; 430-824; Republic of Korea
| | - Doug-Young Ryu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
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12
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Ulker OC, Atak A, Ates I, Karakaya A. Evaluation of auricular lymph node cell lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production as non-radioactive endpoints during murine contact allergy. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:131-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.547996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Ahuja V, Platzek T, Fink H, Sonnenburg A, Stahlmann R. Study of the sensitising potential of various textile dyes using a biphasic murine local lymph node assay. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:709-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Gene expression profiles and pathways in skin inflammation induced by three different sensitizers and an irritant. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:231-7. [PMID: 19647056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is often difficult to discriminate between chemically induced skin irritation and sensitization due to their similar clinical, pathological, and immunological responses. More information than that currently available from local lymph node assays (LLNAs), such as data from gene expression and pathway analysis, can provide more insightful data than the assay itself for distinguishing skin sensitization from skin irritation. This study investigated the gene expression profiles and pathways in ear skins of mice topically exposed daily for three consecutive days to the known strong contact sensitizer 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, the skin contact sensitizer 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone, the skin or respiratory sensitizer toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, or to the non-sensitizing irritant croton oil. All the sensitizers induced histological changes in ear tissues similar to those induced by the croton oil. In gene expression microarrays, sensitizers up-regulated 193 genes and down-regulated 61 genes in ear skin following chemical exposure. 13 genes whose expression was affected by more than two-fold by all three of the sensitizers, but not by the irritant, were selected by microarray analysis. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that, of these genes, the allergic inflammation-related genes Oasl2 and Zbp1 were up-regulated in skin inflammation by the sensitizers. In gene expression pathway analysis of all the sensitizers and the croton oil, the top functions of the 48 genes were related to cytokine and cytokine receptors interactions, and only two genes (Cxcl9 and Cxcl10) were specific to skin sensitizer-induced skin inflammation. Thus, although contact sensitizer-induced skin inflammation is similar to irritant-induced responses in terms of histological changes and gene expression profiles, the regulation of allergic inflammation-related gene transcripts, such as those of Oasl2 and Zbp1 or Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, could help to discriminate skin sensitization from chemically induced skin inflammation.
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15
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Appraisal of the sensitising potential of orally and dermally administered Mercaptobenzothiazol by a biphasic protocol of the local lymph node assay. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:933-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Local lymph node assay (LLNA): comparison of different protocols by testing skin-sensitizing epoxy resin system components. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:290-8. [PMID: 18824053 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen epoxy resin system components were tested in the LLNA with regard to their sensitizing potency. Lymph node stimulation was quantified not only by measuring the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into the ear lymph nodes but also the counts of cells recovered from these organs. Equivalent figures were obtained with both endpoints used for the evaluation of lymph node cell proliferation if the reference stimulation indices were adjusted. When dissolved in acetone, all test substances showed skin-sensitizing potential, mainly on the boundary between "strong" and "moderate" according to common potency evaluation schemes. Replacing acetone with acetone/olive oil (4:1) as a vehicle for four selected test items, resulted in considerably lower estimated concentrations for sensitization induction. The challenges in comparing the results obtained by different LLNA variations are discussed.
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17
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Ku HO, Jeong SH, Kang HG, Pyo HM, Cho JH, Son SW, Kim HR, Lee KJ, Ryu DY. Intracellular expression of cytokines and granzyme B in auricular lymph nodes draining skin exposed to irritants and sensitizers. Toxicology 2008; 250:116-23. [PMID: 18652873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been extensively utilized to evaluate sensitizing chemicals. However, there have been some concerns that its use to discriminate between classes of chemicals is minimal. It is thus desirable to identify better or alternative immune endpoints with in LLNA itself. Here, we evaluated the protein and/or mRNA levels of cytokines and granzyme B (GzmB), a cytotoxic lymphocyte product, to discriminate between sensitizers and irritants and to characterize the chemical sensitizers when used as supplemental indicators in LLNA endpoints. For this, CBA/N mice were topically treated daily with a well-known chemical sensitizer such as a strong contact sensitizer 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), a skin contact sensitizer 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone (OXA), and a skin or respiratory sensitizer toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), and the non-sensitizing irritants, croton oil (CRO) and nonanoic acid (NA), for 3 consecutive days. The protein and/or mRNA levels in auricular lymph nodes draining the ear skin were then analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and immunoassay. The sensitizers, but not the irritants, evoked pronounced interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3 and IL-4 or interferon (IFN)-gamma. Significantly, different sensitizers evoked different cytokine patterns of IL-4 and IFN-gamma, as DNCB strongly up-regulated both IFN-gamma and IL-4, OXA up-regulated IFN-gamma strongly but IL-4 weakly, and TDI up-regulated IL-4 strongly but IFN-gamma weakly. The sensitizers also strongly up-regulated GzmB mRNA, while the irritants had a much weaker effect. Thus, these cytokines and GzmB mRNA may be useful as additional endpoints for discriminating between irritants and sensitizers or contact and respiratory sensitizers in the LLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ok Ku
- Toxicology & Chemistry Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang 430-824, Republic of Korea
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18
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Kreiling R, Hollnagel H, Hareng L, Eigler D, Lee M, Griem P, Dreeßen B, Kleber M, Albrecht A, Garcia C, Wendel A. Comparison of the skin sensitizing potential of unsaturated compounds as assessed by the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1896-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Koeper LM, Schulz A, Ahr HJ, Vohr HW. In vitro differentiation of skin sensitizers by cell signaling pathways. Toxicology 2008; 242:144-52. [PMID: 18029079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal testing causes ethical problems and in view of EU regulations (e.g. EU-Guideline (76/768/EEC, February 2003)) or REACH the development of reliable in vitro assays has become even more important. Up to now, we use the modified local lymph node assay (IMDS) for toxicological hazard identification of sensitizing and irritant properties of chemicals in accordance with OECD Guideline 429. In this study, we investigated whether analyses of cell signaling pathways can provide a methodology for the detection of sensitizing compounds in vitro. Murine and human skin explants as well as reconstituted skin models (epidermal model EST-1000 and full-thickness model AST-2000) were exposed to sensitizing (oxazolone and DNFB) or irritant compounds (SDS and TritonX-100). Phosphorylation of MAP-kinases (p38, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2), STAT1 and PLCgamma were determined by cytometric bead array (CBA). In skin explants, all three MAP-kinases were exclusively activated after exposure to sensitizing compounds. For the reconstituted skin models phosphorylations of p38 and JNK1/2 were obtained after stimulation with allergens, whereas treatments with irritant compounds led to ERK1/2 activation. Activation of PLCgamma and STAT1 were never detected. In conclusion, MAP-kinase activation provides a promising in vitro tool for the discrimination between sensitizers and irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M Koeper
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Toxicology, Aprather Weg, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
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20
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Ku HO, Jeong SH, Kang HG, Pyo HM, Cho JH, Son SW, Ryu DY. Analysis of differential gene expression in auricular lymph nodes draining skin exposed to sensitizers and irritants. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Stahlmann R, Wegner M, Riecke K, Kruse M, Platzek T. Sensitising potential of four textile dyes and some of their metabolites in a modified local lymph node assay. Toxicology 2006; 219:113-23. [PMID: 16388883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the sensitising and allergenic potentials of the textile dyes disperse yellow 3, disperse orange 30, disperse red 82, disperse yellow 211 and two metabolites of disperse yellow 3, 4-aminoacetanilide and 2-amino-p-cresol, using modified protocols of the murine "local lymph node assay" (LLNA). Test substances were applied either to the dorsum of the mice ears (sensitisation protocol) or they were first applied to the skin of their backs and 2 weeks later to their ears (sensitisation-challenge protocol). In addition to the endpoints weight and cell number of the draining ear lymph nodes we analysed lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry. In the sensitisation protocol, disperse yellow 3 and its metabolite 4-aminoacetanilide did not induce significant effects, whereas in the sensitisation-challenge protocol cell number and lymph node weight increased significantly indicating a sensitising potential in NMRI mice. Hence, two-phase treatment (skin of the back, ear) increased the sensitivity of this assay. The second metabolite of disperse yellow 3, 2-amino-p-cresol, showed distinct effects in both treatment protocols; this applied mainly to the parameters cell number and lymph node weight. The dye disperse red 82 caused ambiguous increases in lymph node weight and cell number in the sensitisation protocol which were not reproduced in the sensitisation-challenge protocol, ruling out a relevant sensitising potential for this dye in NMRI mice. Disperse yellow 211 and disperse orange 30 did not induce relevant changes under our experimental conditions. Phenotyping of lymphocytes did not influence the assessment of these dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Stahlmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Ehling G, Hecht M, Heusener A, Huesler J, Gamer AO, van Loveren H, Maurer T, Riecke K, Ullmann L, Ulrich P, Vandebriel R, Vohr HW. An European inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints of the murine local lymph node assay: First round. Toxicology 2005; 212:60-8. [PMID: 15950356 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The new OECD guideline 429 (skin sensitization: local lymph node assay) is based upon a protocol, which utilises the incorporation of radioactivity into DNA as a measure for cell proliferation in vivo. The guideline also enables the use of alternative endpoints in order to assess draining lymph node (LN) cell proliferation. Here we describe the first round of an inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints in the LLNA conducted in seven laboratories. The validation study was managed and supervised by the Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, Swissmedic. Statistical analyses of all data were performed by an independent centre at the University of Bern, Department of Statistics. Ear-draining, LN weight and cell count were used to assess proliferation instead of radioactive labeling of lymph node cells. In addition, the acute inflammatory skin reaction was measured by ear swelling and weight of circular biopsies of the ears to identify skin irritating properties of the test items. Hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA) and three blinded test items were applied to female, 8--10 weeks old NMRI and BALB/c mice. Results were sent via the independent study coordinator to the statistician. The results of this first round showed that the alternative endpoints of the LLNA are sensitive and robust parameters. The use of ear weights added an important parameter assessing the skin irritation potential, which supports the differentiation of pure irritative from contact allergenic potential. There were absolute no discrepancies between the categorisation of the three test substances A--C determined by each single participating laboratories. The results highlighted also that many parameters do have an impact on the strength of the responses. Therefore, such parameters have to be taken into consideration for the categorisation of compounds due to their relative sensitizing potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ehling
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, ProTox, D-65795 Hattersheim, Germany
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Ehling G, Hecht M, Heusener A, Huesler J, Gamer AO, van Loveren H, Maurer T, Riecke K, Ullmann L, Ulrich P, Vandebriel R, Vohr HW. An European inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints of the murine local lymph node assay. Toxicology 2005; 212:69-79. [PMID: 15878228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The original local lymph node assay (LLNA) is based on the use of radioactive labelling to measure cell proliferation. Other endpoints for the assessment of proliferation are also authorized by the OECD Guideline 429 provided there is appropriate scientific support, including full citations and description of the methodology (OECD, 2002. OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals; Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay, Guideline 429. Paris, adopted 24th April 2002.). Here, we describe the outcome of the second round of an inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints in the LLNA conducted in nine laboratories in Europe. The validation study was managed and supervised by the Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic) in Bern. Ear-draining lymph node (LN) weight and cell counts were used to assess LN cell proliferation instead of [3H]TdR incorporation. In addition, the acute inflammatory skin reaction was measured by ear weight determination of circular biopsies of the ears to identify skin irritation properties of the test items. The statistical analysis was performed in the department of statistics at the university of Bern. Similar to the EC(3) values defined for the radioactive method, threshold values were calculated for the endpoints measured in this modification of the LLNA. It was concluded that all parameters measured have to be taken into consideration for the categorisation of compounds due to their sensitising potencies. Therefore, an assessment scheme has been developed which turned out to be of great importance to consistently assess sensitisation versus irritancy based on the data of the different parameters. In contrast to the radioactive method, irritants have been picked up by all the laboratories applying this assessment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ehling
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, ProTox, D-65795 Hattersheim, Germany
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24
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Hans-Werner V, Jürgen AH. The local lymph node assay being too sensitive? Arch Toxicol 2005; 79:721-8. [PMID: 16025312 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay (LLNA) and modifications thereof were recently recognized by the OECD as stand-alone methods for the detection of skin-sensitizing potential. However, although the validity of the LLNA was acknowledged by the ICCVAM, attention was drawn to one major problem, i.e., the possibility of false positive results caused by non-specific cell activation as a result of inflammatory processes in the skin (irritation). This is based on the fact that inflammatory processes in the skin may lead to non-specific activation of dendritic cells, cell migration and non-specific proliferation of lymph node cells. Measuring cell proliferation by radioactive or non-radioactive methods, without taking the irritating properties of test items into account, leads thus to false positive reactions. In this paper, we have compared both endpoints: (1) cell proliferation alone and (2) cell proliferation in combination with inflammatory (irritating) processes. It turned out that a considerable number of tests were "false positive" to the definition mentioned above. By excluding such false positive results the LLNA seems not to be more sensitive than relevant guinea pig assays. These various methods and results are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vohr Hans-Werner
- Toxicology, Bayer HealthCare AG, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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25
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Neumann NJ, Blotz A, Wasinska-Kempka G, Rosenbruch M, Lehmann P, Ahr HJ, Vohr HW. Evaluation of phototoxic and photoallergic potentials of 13 compounds by different in vitro and in vivo methods. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 79:25-34. [PMID: 15792876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phototoxic side effects of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products are of increasing concern for patients, dermatologists and the chemical industry. Moreover, the need of new chemicals and drugs puts pressure on pre-clinical test methods for side effects, especially interactive adverse-effects with UV-light. So, the predictive potential of different established test methods, which are used regularly in our departments in order to detect the phototoxic potential of chemicals, were analyzed. Namely the fibroblast 3T3 test, the photo hen's egg test, a guinea pig test for measuring acute photoreactions, and a modified Local Lymph Node Assay, the Integrated Model for the Differentiation of Skin Reactions. Various agents with different photoreactive potential were tested: quinolones like Bay y 3118, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, as well as promethazine, chlorpromazine, 8-methoxypsoralen and olaquindox serving as control. Special emphasis was taken to evaluate the capability of the employed test procedures to predict phototoxic side effects in patients. Following our results, both in vitro assays were useful tools to detect photoirritancy while the photoallergic potentials of tested compounds were exclusively detected by an in vivo assay. As long as no in vitro model for photoallergy is available, the UV-IMDS should be considered to evaluate photoallergic properties of a supposed photoreactive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Neumann
- Hautklinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Over the last couple of years the assessment of immunotoxic potential of human pharmaceuticals has drawn considerable attention worldwide. Regulatory agencies entrusted with the registration of pharmaceuticals (or other compounds) found an increased need for guidance on this issue. This has resulted in the release of guidance documents on immunotoxicity in Europe, USA and Japan in close succession. In Europe the CPMP has released their immunotoxicity guidance documents that are now in force. The FDA and the Japanese Authorities are in the process of doing so, and will shortly enforce them. Immune suppression and stimulation, hypersensitivity, photosensitivity, drug-induced autoimmunity and developmental immunotoxicity are the focus of regulatory testing. This review discusses these kinds of immunotoxicity and their clinical implications. The three regional guidelines and screening tools for detection are discussed. Additionally, the scientific background on which these guidelines are based is briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Putman
- Preclinical Assessment Group of the Medicines Evaluation Board, Laboratory for Medicines and Medical Devices, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Kimber I, Basketter DA, Butler M, Gamer A, Garrigue JL, Gerberick GF, Newsome C, Steiling W, Vohr HW. Classification of contact allergens according to potency: proposals. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1799-809. [PMID: 14563405 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that contact allergens vary substantially with regard to the relative potency with which they are able to induce skin sensitisation. Considerations of potency will in the future become a significant factor in the classification of skin sensitising chemicals. It is therefore appropriate to establish what is known of potency and thresholds in the induction of skin sensitisation and the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis, and to identify approaches that might be available for assessment of relative potency for the purposes of categorising chemical allergens. This paper was prepared by an ECETOC (European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology) Task Force that had the objective of recommending approaches for the measurement of potency and definition of thresholds for both the induction and elicitation of contact sensitisation. The deliberations recorded here build upon recommendations made previously by an ECETOC Task Force that considered the conduct of standard skin sensitisation test methods for the purposes of hazard identification and risk assessment (ECETOC, Monograph No. 29, Brussels, 2000). The emphasis in this present paper is also on standard and accepted methods for the assessment of skin sensitisation, and for which OECD guidelines are available: the local lymph node assay (LLNA), the guinea pig maximisation test and the occluded patch test of Buehler. For various reasons, discussed in detail herein, attention focused primarily upon consideration of categorisation of chemical allergens and the identification of thresholds with respect to the induction of skin sensitisation, rather than the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. It is concluded that although the LLNA is the method of choice for the determination of skin sensitisation potency for the purposes of categorisation, if data are already available from appropriate guinea pig tests then their judicious interpretation may provide information of value in determinations of potency and categorisation. Included here are detailed and specific recommendations for how best the results of the three test methods considered can be used for the categorisation of chemical allergens as a function of skin sensitisation potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK.
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28
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Suda A, Yamashita M, Tabei M, Taguchi K, Vohr HW, Tsutsui N, Suzuki R, Kikuchi K, Sakaguchi K, Mochizuki K, Nakamura K. Local lymph node assay with non-radioisotope alternative endpoints. J Toxicol Sci 2002; 27:205-18. [PMID: 12238144 DOI: 10.2131/jts.27.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay has recently been accepted by regulatory agencies as a stand-alone alternate method for predicting allergic contact dermatitis. To compare the sensitivity of non-radioisotope methods with that of the standard assay, we determined if these modified methods would affect evaluation of sensitization potency. For this reason, we used 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and benzocaine for different sensitizing criteria. Female CBA mice were treated for 3 days with a test compound or vehicle applied to each side of both ears. Bilateral auricular lymph node proliferative activity was assessed by the following endpoints with incorporation of 3H-methyl thymidine (3H-TdR), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vivo, and BrdU ex vivo, IL-2 production, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Ear thickness was also tested. The strong sensitizer DNCB was detectable by any of the non-radioisotope endpoints as well as by radioisotope-dependent standard assay. On the other hand, when evaluating the weak sensitizer benzocaine, significant changes were evident in BrdU incorporation ex vivo and in vivo, and IL-2 production. We believe that these non-radioisotope methods can assess allergic contact dermatitis caused by chemicals even in the laboratory, where it can be difficult to handle radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suda
- Toxicology Laboratory, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Center, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-8530, Japan
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29
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Steiling W, Basketter D, Berthold K, Butler M, Garrigue JL, Kimber I, Lea L, Newsome C, Roggeband R, Stropp G, Waterman S, Wiemann C. Skin sensitisation testing--new perspectives and recommendations. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:293-301. [PMID: 11295477 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various methodological aspects of skin sensitisation testing have been explored, particularly in the context of animal welfare considerations and reliability and sensitivity of test methods. Recommendations are made for the conduct of current and proposed OECD skin sensitisation tests with respect to appropriate test configurations for the purposes of hazard identification and labelling, and the requirement for positive controls. Specifically, the following aspects of guinea pig sensitisation test methods have been addressed: (1) the number of test and control animals required; (2) the option of using joint positive controls between independent laboratories; (3) the choice of positive control chemicals; (4) the optimal conduct and interpretation of rechallenge; and (5) the requirement for pretreatment with sodium lauryl sulfate. In addition, the use of the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been considered. A number of conclusions have been drawn and recommendations made as follows: In many instances, particularly with the conduct of the guinea pig maximisation test, it is acceptable to halve the number of test and control animals used. An optional scheme for the conduct of joint positive control studies within a co-ordinated group of laboratories is appropriate. Only one positive control chemical (alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde) is necessary for the routine assessment of assay sensitivity. The proper conduct and interpretation of rechallenge can provide valuable information and confirmation of results in guinea pig sensitisation tests. Sodium lauryl sulfate should no longer be used as a pretreatment in the guinea pig maximisation test. The LLNA is a viable and complete alternative to traditional guinea pig test methods for the purposes of skin sensitisation hazard identification. These recommendations provide the opportunity for both animal welfare benefits and improved hazard identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Steiling
- Henkel KGaA, Henkelstrasse 67, D-40191, Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Drug-induced skin phototoxicity: lessons from the fluoroquinolones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Spielmann H, Müller L, Averbeck D, Balls M, Brendler-Schwaab S, Castell JV, Curren R, Gibbs NK, Liebsch M, Lovell WW, Merk HF, Nash JF, Neumann NJ, Pape WJ, Ulrich P, Vohr HW. The second ECVAM workshop on phototoxicity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 42. Altern Lab Anim 2000; 28:777-814. [PMID: 11105201 DOI: 10.1177/026119290002800603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Spielmann
- ZEBET, BgVV, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Blotz A, Michel L, Moysan A, Blümel J, Dubertret L, Ahr HJ, Vohr HW. Analyses of cutaneous fluoroquinolones photoreactivity using the integrated model for the differentiation of skin reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 58:46-53. [PMID: 11195852 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently available test models for the differentiation of photoallergic and photoirritant reactions are extremely time consuming and the protocols are very heterogeneous. In vitro tests are of proven value in predicting irritant or toxic effects, but these tests fail to predict chemical-induced allergic side effects. We developed test systems for this endpoint which is not easily detected by existing assays. In a previous publication we were able to discriminate between a contact sensitizer and a skin irritant with a combination of primary ear swelling analysis and cell counting of the ear-draining lymph nodes [Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 153 (1998) 83; Arch. Toxicol. 73 (2000) 501]. This combination of tests was called the Integrated Model for the Differentiation of chemical-induced allergic and irritant Skin reactions (IMDS). In addition, it had been shown before that inclusion of UV irradiation in the local lymph node assay enables discrimination of photoallergic from photoirritant reactions after dermal application [Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 10 (1994) 57]. Because of the fact that fluoroquinolones are known to induce photoreactions after oral but not dermal treatment, the aim of the present study was to apply the IMDS for the fast and reliable differentiation of photoreactions due to fluoroquinolones after oral treatment. Enoxacin, lomefloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and BAY y 3118 were tested in this system. We found a good correlation between the results of UV light-irradiated IMDS and a guinea pig model with the quinolones as far as photoirritancy was concerned. This holds true also for the photoallergic standard olaquindox and the photoirritant standard 8-methoxypsoralen. However, in contrast to the guinea pig assays the IMDS is fast and extremely predictive for the risk of both photosensitization and photoirritancy depending on the route of exposure. Thus, the UV light-irradiated IMDS turned out to be a good tool for the preclinical risk assessment procedure in terms of discriminating photoreactions. In addition, flow cytometric analyses were used to underline the fact that antigen-independent activation occurred after the induction of photoirritant reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blotz
- Institute of Toxicology, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
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