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Pelayo D, Rivero MJ, Santos G, Gómez P, Ortiz I. Techno-economic evaluation of UV light technologies in water remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161376. [PMID: 36621496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection commonly follows conventional treatments in wastewater treatment and remediation plants aiming at reducing the presence of pathogens. However, the presence of the so called "micropollutants" has emerged as a serious concern, therefore developing tertiary treatments that are not only able to remove pathogens but also to degrade micropollutants is worth investigating. Nowadays, UV-C photo-degradation processes are widely used for disinfection due to their simplicity and easy operation; additionally, they have shown potential for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern. Conventional mercury lamps are being replaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that avoid the use of toxic mercury and can be switched on and off with no effect on the lamp lifetime. This work aims to comparatively evaluate the performance of several photo-degradation technologies for the removal of two targeted micropollutants, the pharmaceutical dexamethasone (DXMT) and the herbicide S-metolachlor (MTLC), using UV irradiation doses typical of disinfection processes. To this end, the technical performance of UV-A/UV-C photolysis, UV-A/UV-C photocatalysis, UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/NaOCl has been compared. The influence of operating conditions such as the initial concentration of the pollutants (3 mg L-1 - 30 mg L-1, concentrations found in membrane or adsorption remediation steps), pH (3-10), and water matrix (WWTP secondary effluent, and ultrapure water) on the degradation efficiency has been studied. The economic evaluation in terms of electricity and chemicals consumption and the carbon footprint has been evaluated. UV-C photolysis and UV-C photocatalysis appear as the most suitable technologies for the degradation of DXMT and MTLC, respectively, in terms of kinetics (1.53·10-1 min-1 for DXMT and 1.96·10-2 min-1 for MTLC), economic evaluation (1 € m-3 for DXMT and 32 € m-3 for MTLC) and environmental indicators (0.5 g-CO2 for DXMT and 223.1 g-CO2 for MTLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva Pelayo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - María J Rivero
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Germán Santos
- APRIA Systems, S.L., Bussines Park of Morero, Parcel P-2-12, Industrial Unit 1-Door 5, 39611 Guarnizo, Spain
| | - Pedro Gómez
- APRIA Systems, S.L., Bussines Park of Morero, Parcel P-2-12, Industrial Unit 1-Door 5, 39611 Guarnizo, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.
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2
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Kovačević M, Stjepanović N, Hackenberger DK, Lončarić Ž, Hackenberger BK. Toxicity of fungicide azoxystrobin to Enchytraeus albidus: Differences between the active ingredient and formulated product. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105198. [PMID: 36127052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the often-excessive usage of fungicides, increasing attention is being paid to their impact on soil and non-target organisms. Risk assessments are usually based on the pure active ingredient and not on the formulated products applied in the environment. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate how azoxystrobin, the best-selling strobilurin fungicide, affects non-target soil organisms Enchytraeus albidus. To investigate the effects of the different types of azoxystrobin, E. albidus was exposed to the pure active ingredient, AZO_AI, and the formulated product, AZO_FP. Survival, reproduction, and molecular biomarkers of E. albidus were determined for different exposure durations (seven and 21 days). AZO_FP (LC50 = 15.3 mga.i./kg) showed a slightly stronger effect on survival than AZO_AI (LC50 = 16.8 mga.i./kg), yet the impact on reproduction was much stronger. Namely, while the tested concentrations of AZO_AI (EC50≥ 8 mga.i./kg) had almost no effect on reproduction, AZO_FP (EC50 = 2.9 mga.i./kg) significantly inhibited reproduction in a dose-dependent manner. Changes in enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-s-transferase) and malondialdehyde levels in both treatments indicated oxidative stress. Although AZO_FP had a stronger negative effect, the impact depended on the exposure time and the tested concentration. The higher toxicity of AZO_FP was a consequence of increased bioavailability and activity of the active ingredient due to the presence of adjuvants. Overall stronger adverse effects of AZO_FP suggest that the toxicity of azoxystrobin in the agricultural environment on the enchytraeid population may be underestimated. Furthermore, the results of this study highlighted the importance of comparing the toxicity of the active ingredient and the formulated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Stjepanović
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Lončarić
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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3
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Sabzevari S, Hofman J. A worldwide review of currently used pesticides' monitoring in agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152344. [PMID: 34919921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of pesticides on the agricultural ecosystem have been matter of concern in recent decades. However, attention has mostly been directed to highly persistent chemicals leading to underestimating currently used pesticides. In this review we present an overview of the studies on monitoring currently used pesticides in agricultural soils around the world published in the last 50 years. Furthermore, all data available in the articles has been integrated into one united data set. Finally, an overall meta-analysis on the prepared data set was performed. The result of the meta-analysis has been presented in this article. It was revealed that the occurrence of currently used pesticides in the soil of agricultural regions was alarming in many countries, establishing the need for long-term monitoring programs, especially in regions with intensive agricultural activities, in order to determine real-world currently used pesticides fate and accumulation in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Sabzevari
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Herrero-Hernández E, Simón-Egea AB, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Andrades MS. Monitoring and environmental risk assessment of pesticide residues and some of their degradation products in natural waters of the Spanish vineyard region included in the Denomination of Origin Jumilla. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114666. [PMID: 32380396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution by pesticides used in agriculture is currently a major concern both in Spain and in Europe as a whole, prompting the need to evaluate water quality and ecological risk in areas of intensive agriculture. This study involved monitoring pesticide residues and certain degradation products in surface and ground waters of the Denomination of Origin (DO) Jumilla vineyard area in Spain. Sixty-nine pesticides were selected and evaluated at twenty-one sampling points using a multi-residue analytical method, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing reliable results. Twenty-six compounds from those selected were detected in the samples analyzed (eleven insecticides including one degradation product, nine herbicides, and six fungicides) and fifteen of them were found in concentrations over 0.1 μg L-1 (upper threshold established by the EU for pesticides detected in waters for human consumption). Indoxacarb was present in more than 70% of the samples, being the most frequently detected compound in water samples. Some pesticides were ubiquitous in all the water samples. Ecotoxicological risk indicators, toxic units (TUs) and risk quotients (RQs), for algae, Daphnia magna and fish were calculated to estimate the environmental risk of the presence of pesticides in waters. The compounds with the highest risk were the herbicides pendimethalin, with RQ values > 1 for the three aquatic organisms, and diflufenican, posing a high risk for algae and fish, and the insecticide chlorpyrifos, with a high risk for Daphnia magna and fish. The ∑TUi determined for water at each sampling point posed only a high risk for the three aquatic organisms in a sample. These results are important for considering the selection of pesticides with less environmental risk in intensive agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Herrero-Hernández
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ana B Simón-Egea
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, 51 Madre de Dios, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Soledad Andrades
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, 51 Madre de Dios, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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Aronzon CM, Peluso J, Coll CP. Mixture toxicity of copper and nonylphenol on the embryo-larval development of Rhinella arenarum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13985-13994. [PMID: 32036534 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper and nonylphenol are two commonly found chemicals in the aquatic environment, particularly in the distribution area of the amphibian Rhinella arenarum. The current work evaluated the lethal toxicity of equitoxic and non-equitoxic binary mixtures of copper and nonylphenol on embryos and larvae of the South America toad by means of the standardized test, AMPHITOX. Joint toxicity of mixtures was assessed in several proportions of these compounds at different exposure times and was analyzed at different level of mortality effect (LC10, LC50 and LC90). Considering the LC50, the equitoxic mixture was always antagonistic independently of the exposure time and the developmental stage. Joint toxicity showed mainly an antagonistic pattern; nonetheless, some time-dependent additive interactions were observed. Regarding the LC10, synergistic interactions were found in embryos and larvae exposed to two different mixture proportions at several exposure times. This highlights the possible synergism of these chemicals at environmentally relevant concentrations. These results point out the relevance of assessing joint toxicity of environmental pollutants for environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mariel Aronzon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia (1650), San Martin, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Peluso
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia (1650), San Martin, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia (1650), San Martin, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Gusmaroli L, Buttiglieri G, Petrovic M. The EU watch list compounds in the Ebro delta region: Assessment of sources, river transport, and seasonal variations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:606-615. [PMID: 31330352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of xenobiotics in the aquatic environment has drawn scientific concern due to possible detrimental effects on the ecosystems. With EU Decision 2015/495, a first Watch list of compounds that could potentially represent a threat for the environment was created, with the objective of gathering high quality monitoring data and support their prioritization. Literature data are still very scarce and the presence of many of the compounds has not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, all the 17 compounds of the EU Watch list 2015/495 were monitored in 14 sampling locations, comprised of freshwater and, for the first time, wastewater. The study was carried out in the Ebro delta, in the north east of Spain, a representative and crucial area not only for its environmental and naturalistic significance, but also for Spain's productivity, especially as regards rice agriculture. Results show that contamination originates both from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and agricultural activities. High levels of pharmaceuticals were detected in wastewater, with azithromycin and diclofenac present at mean concentrations of 1.65 μg/L and 636 ng/L respectively. In freshwater samples, besides antibiotics and diclofenac, substantial contamination by pesticides was reported, with oxadiazon reaching up to 591 ng/L and imidacloprid being present in 93% of samples. Moreover, the study provided insight into the origin of the selected contaminants. The removal of the studied micropollutants in WWTPs was low to moderate. The assessment of risk quotients, calculated based on the available PNECs, demonstrated that the concentrations recorded for these compounds may pose a significant risk in most sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gusmaroli
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Zante G, Boltoeva M, Masmoudi A, Barillon R, Trébouet D. Lithium extraction from complex aqueous solutions using supported ionic liquid membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Torrentó C, Bakkour R, Glauser G, Melsbach A, Ponsin V, Hofstetter TB, Elsner M, Hunkeler D. Solid-phase extraction method for stable isotope analysis of pesticides from large volume environmental water samples. Analyst 2019; 144:2898-2908. [PMID: 30896686 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool for assessing the fate of organic pollutants in the environment. However, the requirement of sufficient analyte mass for precise isotope ratio mass spectrometry combined with prevailing low environmental concentrations currently limits comprehensive applications to many micropollutants. Here, we evaluate the upscaling of solid-phase extraction (SPE) approaches for routine CSIA of herbicides. To cover a wide range of polarity, a SPE method with two sorbents (a hydrophobic hypercrosslinked sorbent and a hydrophilic sorbent) was developed. Extraction conditions, including the nature and volume of the elution solvent, the amount of sorbent and the solution pH, were optimized. Extractions of up to 10 L of agricultural drainage water (corresponding to up to 200 000-fold pre-concentration) were successfully performed for precise and sensitive carbon and nitrogen CSIA of the target herbicides atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor and chloridazon, and metabolites desethylatrazine, desphenylchloridazon and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide in the sub-μg L-1-range. 13C/12C and 15N/14N ratios were measured by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS), except for desphenylchloridazon, for which liquid chromatography (LC/IRMS) and derivatization-GC/IRMS were used, respectively. The method validated in this study is an important step towards analyzing isotope ratios of pesticide mixtures in aquatic systems and holds great potential for multi-element CSIA applications to trace pesticide degradation in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrentó
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Rani Bakkour
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Aileen Melsbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Violaine Ponsin
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Technical University of Munich, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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9
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Kerminen K, Le Moël R, Harju V, Kontro MH. Influence of organic matter, nutrients, and cyclodextrin on microbial and chemical herbicide and degradate dissipation in subsurface sediment slurries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1449-1458. [PMID: 29054658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides leaching from soil to surface and groundwater are a global threat for drinking water safety, as no cleaning methods occur for groundwater environment. We examined whether peat, compost-peat-sand (CPS) mixture, NH4NO3, NH4NO3 with sodium citrate (Na-citrate), and the surfactant methyl-β-cyclodextrin additions enhance atrazine, simazine, hexazinone, dichlobenil, and the degradate 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) dissipations in sediment slurries under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with sterilized controls. The vadose zone sediment cores were drilled from a depth of 11.3-14.6m in an herbicide-contaminated groundwater area. The peat and CPS enhanced chemical atrazine and simazine dissipation, and the peat enhanced chemical hexazinone dissipation, all oxygen-independently. Dichlobenil dissipated under all conditions, while BAM dissipation was fairly slow and half-lives could not be calculated. The chemical dissipation rates could be associated with the chemical structures and properties of the herbicides, and additive compositions, not with pH. Microbial atrazine degradation was only observed in the Pseudomonas sp. ADP amended slurries, although the sediment slurries were known to contain atrazine-degrading microorganisms. The bioavailability of atrazine in the water phase seemed to be limited, which could be due to complex formation with organic and inorganic colloids. Atrazine degradation by indigenous microbes could not be stimulated by the surfactant methyl-β-cyclodextrin, or by the additives NH4NO3 and NH4NO3 with Na-citrate, although the nitrogen additives increased microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kerminen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Romain Le Moël
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Vilhelmiina Harju
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Merja H Kontro
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
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10
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Ding G, Geng Q, Zhu J, Guo M, Duan Y, Wang B, Cao Y. Synthesis, characterization, and application of microbe-triggered controlled-release kasugamycin-pectin conjugate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4263-4268. [PMID: 25876441 DOI: 10.1021/jf5055062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The controlled and targeted release of pesticides with high water solubility has been a challenge for integrated pest management. In this paper, kasugamycin, an antibiotic broadly used in plant disease control, was covalently conjugated to pectin to form a kasugamycin-pectin conjugate by an amide bond. The conjugate was structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results showed that the conjugate was stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures, as well as under UV irradiation. When incubated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, the conjugate could be activated, releasing the kasugamycin, which made it a promising controlled-release formulation of pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglong Ding
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Juanli Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcheng Guo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yongheng Duan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Baitao Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsong Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
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11
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Chemometric assisted ultrasound leaching-solid phase extraction followed by dispersive-solidification liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in soil samples. Talanta 2015; 137:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Mohammadi M, Tavakoli H, Abdollahzadeh Y, Khosravi A, Torkaman R, Mashayekhi A. Ultra-preconcentration and determination of organophosphorus pesticides in soil samples by a combination of ultrasound assisted leaching-solid phase extraction and low-density solvent based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11959f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
USAL-SPE-LDS-DLLME has been applied for the determination of OPPs in soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoush Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- South Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
| | - Hamed Tavakoli
- The Young Research Club of the Islamic Azad University
- Nour
- Iran
| | | | - Amir Khosravi
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- North Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Rezvan Torkaman
- Oil and Gas Centre of Excellence
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
| | - Ashkan Mashayekhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- South Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
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13
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Gomes HI, Fan G, Mateus EP, Dias-Ferreira C, Ribeiro AB. Assessment of combined electro-nanoremediation of molinate contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:178-184. [PMID: 24946031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molinate is a pesticide widely used, both in space and time, for weed control in rice paddies. Due to its water solubility and affinity to organic matter, it is a contaminant of concern in ground and surface waters, soils and sediments. Previous works have showed that molinate can be removed from soils through electrokinetic (EK) remediation. In this work, molinate degradation by zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) was tested in soils for the first time. Soil is a highly complex matrix, and pollutant partitioning between soil and water and its degradation rates in different matrices is quite challenging. A system combining nZVI and EK was also set up in order to study the nanoparticles and molinate transport, as well as molinate degradation. Results showed that molinate could be degraded by nZVI in soils, even though the process is more time demanding and degradation percentages are lower than in an aqueous solution. This shows the importance of testing contaminant degradation, not only in aqueous solutions, but also in the soil-sorbed fraction. It was also found that soil type was the most significant factor influencing iron and molinate transport. The main advantage of the simultaneous use of both methods is the molinate degradation instead of its accumulation in the catholyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Guangping Fan
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISSCAS), East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Celia Dias-Ferreira
- CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Köck-Schulmeyer M, Ginebreda A, Postigo C, Garrido T, Fraile J, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Four-year advanced monitoring program of polar pesticides in groundwater of Catalonia (NE-Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1087-1098. [PMID: 24239830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination of groundwater is of paramount importance because it is the most sensitive and the largest body of freshwater in the European Union. In this paper, an isotopic dilution method based on on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (electrospray)-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC(ESI)-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of 22 pesticides in groundwater. Results were evaluated from monitoring 112 wells and piezometers coming from 29 different aquifers located in 18 ground water bodies (GWBs), from Catalonia, Spain, for 4 years as part of the surveillance and operational monitoring programs conducted by the Catalan Water Agency. The analytical method developed allows the determination of the target pesticides (6 triazines, 4 phenylureas, 4 organophosphorous, 1 anilide, 2 chloroacetanilides, 1 thiocarbamate, and 4 acid herbicides) in groundwater with good sensitivity (limits of detection <5 ng/L), accuracy (relative recoveries between 85 and 116%, except for molinate), and repeatability (RSD<23%), and in a fully automated way. The most ubiquitous compounds were simazine, atrazine, desethylatrazine and diuron. Direct relation between frequency of detection of each target compound and Groundwater Ubiquity Score index (GUS index) is observed. Desethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, metabolites of atrazine and simazine, respectively, presented the highest mean concentrations. Compounds detected in less than 5% of the samples were cyanazine, molinate, fenitrothion and mecoprop. According to the Directive 2006/118/EC, 13 pesticides have individual values above the requested limits (desethylatrazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine lead the list) and 14 samples have total pesticide levels above 500 ng/L. The GWB with the highest levels of total pesticides is located in Lleida (NE-Spain), with 9 samples showing total pesticide levels above 500 ng/L. Several factors such as regulation of the use of pesticides, type of activities in the area, and irrigation were discussed in relation to the observed levels of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Köck-Schulmeyer
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Garrido
- Catalan Water Agency, Provença 204-208, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Fraile
- Catalan Water Agency, Provença 204-208, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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15
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Guart A, Calabuig I, Lacorte S, Borrell A. Continental bottled water assessment by stir bar sorptive extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS/MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2846-2855. [PMID: 24146319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the presence of 69 organic contaminants in 77 representative bottled waters collected from 27 countries all over the world. All water samples were contained in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Target compounds were (1) environmental contaminants (including 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 31 pesticides including organochlorine (OCPs), organophosphorus, and pyrethroids; 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); and 7 triazines) and (2) plasticizers (including 6 phthalates and 5 other compounds). Samples were analyzed by stir bar sorptive extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PAHs, OCPs, PCBs, and triazines, which are indicators of groundwater pollution, were not detected in most of the samples, except for naphthalene (0.005-0.202 μg/L, n = 16). On the other hand, plastic components were detected in 77 % of the samples. Most frequently detected compounds were dimethyl phthalate and benzophenone at concentrations of 0.005-0.125 (n = 41) and 0.014-0.921 (n = 32), respectively. Levels detected are discussed in terms of contamination origin and geographical distribution. Target compounds were detected at low concentrations. Results obtained showed the high quality of bottled water in the different countries around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Guart
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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16
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Moreno-González R, Campillo JA, García V, León VM. Seasonal input of regulated and emerging organic pollutants through surface watercourses to a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:247-257. [PMID: 23399306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal input of organic pollutants through El Albujón Watercourse to the Mar Menor lagoon was estimated from Spring 2009 to Winter 2010, including regular periods and two flash flood events. 82 semivolatile organic pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, different groups of pesticides and others) were determined by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption followed by capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from surface waters with quantification limits of a few ngL(-1). Pesticide concentrations varied significantly along the watercourse due to the presence of different sources (groundwaters, wastewater effluent, tributary contributions, brackish waters, etc.) and physicochemical/biological processes that take place simultaneously. The most commonly detected analytes were propyzamide, triazine compounds and chlorpyrifos. A clear seasonal pattern has been detected, with a predominance of insecticides during Summer and of herbicides during Winter. The input of pesticides through this watercourse is particularly relevant during periods of heavy rain, representing more than 70% of total yearly input for many of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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17
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Salemi A, Rasoolzadeh R, Nejad MM, Vosough M. Ultrasonic assisted headspace single drop micro-extraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detector for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in soil. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 769:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Echeverría-Sáenz S, Mena F, Pinnock M, Ruepert C, Solano K, de la Cruz E, Campos B, Sánchez-Avila J, Lacorte S, Barata C. Environmental hazards of pesticides from pineapple crop production in the Río Jiménez watershed (Caribbean Coast, Costa Rica). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 440:106-114. [PMID: 23040047 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize environmental hazards of pesticides from pineapple production in riparian communities along the Jiménez River watershed. To achieve our objectives riparian ecological quality indices on riparian habitat and macroinvertebrate assemblages were combined with toxicity assays, fish biomarkers, physico-chemical water analysis and pesticide environmental hazards. During two consecutive years and two periods (July and October), three reference and four impacted sites were monitored. The ecological quality of benthic macroinvertebrates and of riparian habitats deteriorated from the reference sites downstream to the polluted reaches along the Jiménez River area affected by pineapple plantations. The toxicity of water to Daphnia magna also increased towards downstream reaches. Biomarkers of fish of the species Poecilia gillii and Bryconamericus scleroparius transplanted across the studied sites evidenced a clear anticholinergic effect towards downstream sites as well as increased levels of lipid peroxidation. Different pesticide residues were frequently detected in water samples collected across the Jiménez River watershed with herbicides (ametryn, bromacil, diuron), organophosphorus insecticides (diazinon and ethoprophos) and triazole fungicides being the greatest reaching levels above 1 μg L(-1) in downstream sites. Principal component and environmental hazard analysis of physico-chemical and biological responses established clear relationships among habitat deterioration and the ecological quality of macroinvertebrate communities, high levels of herbicides and poor plant growth, high levels of organophosphorus insecticides in water and anticholinesterase effects on fish, D. magna mortality and deterioration of macroinvertebrate communities. Fungicide and herbicide residue levels were also related with high levels of lipid peroxidation and high activities of glutathione S transferase in fish liver, respectively. These results indicated, thus, that riparian habitat deterioration due to deforestation and land use for agriculture and pesticide contamination are affecting river ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Echeverría-Sáenz
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Campus Omar Dengo, Heredia, Costa Rica
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20
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Jurado A, Vàzquez-Suñé E, Carrera J, López de Alda M, Pujades E, Barceló D. Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater in Spain: a review of sources, recent occurrence and fate in a European context. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 440:82-94. [PMID: 22985674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviewed the presence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) that have been found in the groundwater in Spain in both, rural and urban areas. The list of compounds included pesticides, pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), selected industrial compounds, drugs of abuse (DAs), estrogens, personal care products and life-style compounds. The main sources of pollution and possible pathways have been summarised in this review. EOCs are likely to enter to the aquifer mainly through the effluents of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and are present in groundwater at concentrations of ng/L to μg/L. The most studied compounds in Spanish groundwater were pesticides followed by industrial compounds and PhACs. It is important to mention that compared to other water bodies, such as rivers, groundwater is considerably less contaminated, which may be indicative of the natural attenuation capacity of the aquifers. However, some EOCs have sometimes been detected at higher concentration levels in the aquifer than in the rivers, indicating the need for further research to understand their behaviour in the aquifers. For a wide array of compounds, their maximum concentrations show values above the European groundwater quality standard for individual pesticides (0.1 μg/L). Therefore, to preserve groundwater quality against deterioration it is necessary to define environmental groundwater thresholds for the non-regulated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurado
- GHS, Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Cabanillas J, Ginebreda A, Guillén D, Martínez E, Barceló D, Moragas L, Robusté J, Darbra RM. Fuzzy logic based risk assessment of effluents from waste-water treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:202-210. [PMID: 23069933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new methodology to assess the risk of water effluents from waste-water treatment plants (WWTPs) based on fuzzy logic, a well-known theory to deal with uncertainty, especially in the environmental field where data are often lacking. The method has been tested using the effluent's pollution data coming from 22 waste-water treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Catalonia (NE Spain). Thirty-eight pollutants were analyzed along three campaigns performed yearly from 2008 to 2010. Whereas 9 compounds have been detected in more than 70% of the samples analyzed, 7 compounds have been found at levels equal or higher than the river Environmental Quality Standards set by the Water Framework Directive. Upon combination of both criteria (presence and concentration), compounds of greatest environmental concern in the WWTP studied are nickel, the herbicide diuron, and the endocrine disruptors nonyl and octylphenol. It is remarkable the low variability of the pollutant concentration just differing for the case of nickel and zinc. These low values of exposure together with other pollutants' characteristics provide a medium or low risk assessment for all the WWTPs. The results of this new method have been compared with COMMPS procedure, a solid method developed in the context of the Water Framework Directive, and they show that the fuzzy model is more conservative than COMMPS. This is due to different reasons: the fuzzy model takes into account the persistence of chemical compounds whereas COMMPS does not; the fuzzy model includes the weights provided by an expert group inquired in previous works and also considers the uncertainty of the environmental data, avoiding the crisp values and offering a range of overlapping between the different fuzzy sets. However, the results even if being more conservative with fuzzy logic, are in good agreement with a solid methodology such as the COMMPS procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Cabanillas
- Dept. Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Herrera-González VE, Ruiz-Ordaz N, Galíndez-Mayer J, Juárez-Ramírez C, Santoyo-Tepole F, Montiel EM. Biodegradation of the herbicide propanil, and its 3,4-dichloroaniline by-product in a continuously operated biofilm reactor. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:467-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Bono-Blay F, Guart A, de la Fuente B, Pedemonte M, Pastor MC, Borrell A, Lacorte S. Survey of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and herbicides in Spanish source waters intended for bottling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3339-3349. [PMID: 22421799 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE Groundwaters and source waters are exposed to environmental pollution due to agricultural and industrial activities that can enhance the leaching of organic contaminants. Pesticides are among the most widely studied compounds in groundwater, but little information is available on the presence of phthalates, alkylphenols and bisphenol A. These compounds are used in pesticide formulations and represent an emerging family of contaminants due to their widespread environmental presence and endocrine-disrupting properties. Knowledge on the occurrence of contaminants in source waters intended for bottling is important for sanitary and regulatory purposes. So the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of phthalates, alkylphenols, triazines, chloroacetamides and bisphenol A throughout 131 Spanish water sources intended for bottling. Waters studied were spring waters and boreholes which have a protection diameter to minimize environmental contamination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Waters were solid-phase extracted (SPE) and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quality control analysis comprising recovery studies, blank analysis and limits of detection were performed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Using SPE and GC-MS, the 21 target compounds were satisfactorily recovered (77-124 %) and limits of quantification were between 0.0004 and 0.029 μg/L for pesticides, while for alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates the limits of quantification were from 0.0018 μg/L for octylphenol to 0.970 μg/L for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Among the 21 compounds analysed, only 9 were detected at levels between 0.002 and 1.115 μg/L. Compounds identified were triazine herbicides, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and two phthalates. Spring waters or shallow boreholes were the sites more vulnerable to contaminants. Eighty-five percent of the samples did not contain any of the target compounds. CONCLUSIONS Target compounds were detected in a very low concentration and only in very few samples. This indicates the good quality of source waters intended for bottling and the effectiveness of the protection measures adopted in Spain. None of the samples analysed exceeded the maximum legislated levels for drinking water both in Spain and in the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bono-Blay
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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24
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Liu S, Zheng Z, Li X. Advances in pesticide biosensors: current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:63-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Development of a novel optical biosensor for detection of organophosphorus pesticides based on methyl parathion hydrolase immobilized by metal-chelate affinity. SENSORS 2012; 12:8477-90. [PMID: 23012501 PMCID: PMC3444059 DOI: 10.3390/s120708477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel optical biosensor device using recombinant methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) enzyme immobilized on agarose by metal-chelate affinity to detect organophosphorus (OP) compounds with a nitrophenyl group. The biosensor principle is based on the optical measurement of the product of OP catalysis by MPH (p-nitrophenol). Briefly, MPH containing six sequential histidines (6× His tag) at its N-terminal was bound to nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose with Ni ions, resulting in the flexible immobilization of the bio-reaction platform. The optical biosensing system consisted of two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and one photodiode. The LED that emitted light at the wavelength of the maximum absorption for p-nitrophenol served as the signal light, while the other LED that showed no absorbance served as the reference light. The optical sensing system detected absorbance that was linearly correlated to methyl parathion (MP) concentration and the detection limit was estimated to be 4 μM. Sensor hysteresis was investigated and the results showed that at lower concentration range of MP the difference got from the opposite process curves was very small. With its easy immobilization of enzymes and simple design in structure, the system has the potential for development into a practical portable detector for field applications.
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Stuart M, Lapworth D, Crane E, Hart A. Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:1-21. [PMID: 22209399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the UK. EGCs are compounds being found in groundwater that were previously not detectable or known to be significant and can come from agricultural, urban and rural point sources. EGCs include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, personal care products, fragrances, water treatment by-products, flame retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine. Many are relatively small polar molecules which may not be effectively removed by drinking water treatment. Data from the UK Environment Agency's groundwater screening programme for organic pollutants found within the 30 most frequently detected compounds a number of EGCs such as pesticide metabolites, caffeine and DEET. Specific determinands frequently detected include pesticides metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, nicotine, food additives and alkyl phosphates. This paper discusses the routes by which these compounds enter groundwater, their toxicity and potential risks to drinking water and the environment. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimise risk to drinking water and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
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27
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28
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Mao Z, Zheng XF, Zhang YQ, Tao XX, Li Y, Wang W. Occurrence and biodegradation of nonylphenol in the environment. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:491-505. [PMID: 22312266 PMCID: PMC3269700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an ultimate degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE) that is primarily used in cleaning and industrial processes. Its widespread use has led to the wide existence of NP in various environmental matrices, such as water, sediment, air and soil. NP can be decreased by biodegradation through the action of microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Half-lives of biodegradation ranged from a few days to almost one hundred days. The degradation rate for NP was influenced by temperature, pH and additions of yeast extracts, surfactants, aluminum sulfate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and phthalic acid esters. Although NP is present at low concentrations in the environment, as an endocrine disruptor the risks of long-term exposure to low concentrations remain largely unknown. This paper reviews the occurrence of NP in the environment and its aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation in natural environments and sewage treatment plants, which is essential for assessing the potential risk associated with low level exposure to NP and other endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Mao
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; E-Mails: (X.-F.Z.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-516-83500348; Fax: +86-516-83500348
| | - Xiao-Fei Zheng
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; E-Mails: (X.-F.Z.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Yan-Qiu Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; E-Mails: (X.-F.Z.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiu-Xiang Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yan Li
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; E-Mails: (X.-F.Z.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; E-Mails: (X.-F.Z.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.W.)
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Ukpebor J, Llabjani V, Martin FL, Halsall CJ. Sublethal genotoxicity and cell alterations by organophosphorus pesticides in MCF-7 cells: implications for environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:632-639. [PMID: 21298709 DOI: 10.1002/etc.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) toxicity is believed to be mediated through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Given their widespread distribution in aquatic systems and their ability to undergo chemical transformation, their environmental impacts at sublethal concentrations in nontarget organisms have become an important question. We conducted a number of mammalian-cell genotoxic and gene expression assays and examined cellular biochemical changes that followed low-dose exposure of MCF-7 cells to fenitrothion, diazinon, and the aqueous degradate of diazinon, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMP). After exposure to the OPPs at low concentrations (10(-12) M to 10(-8) M), greater than twofold elevations in micronucleus formation were noted in MCF-7 cell cultures that went on to exhibit greater than 75% clonogenic survival; these levels of chromosomal damage were comparable to those induced by 10(-6) M benzo[a]pyrene, a known genotoxic agent. At this low concentration range, a fenitrothion-induced twofold elevation in B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP1A1) gene expressions was observed. Principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) of derived infrared (IR) spectra of vehicle control (nonexposed) and OPP-exposed cells highlighted that both fenitrothion and diazinon induced marked biochemical alterations in the lipid, protein, and DNA/RNA absorbance regions. Our findings demonstrate that the two OPP parent chemicals and IMP degradate can mediate a number of toxic effects or cellular alterations at very low concentrations. These are independent of just selective inhibition of AChE, with potential consequences for nontarget organisms exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations. Further assays on relevant aquatic organism cell lines are now recommended to understand the mechanistic low-dose toxicity of these chemicals present in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Ukpebor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Suárez-Serrano A, Ibáñez C, Lacorte S, Barata C. Ecotoxicological effects of rice field waters on selected planktonic species: comparison between conventional and organic farming. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1523-1535. [PMID: 20721691 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the ecotoxicological effects of water coming from untreated organic and conventional rice field production areas in the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain) treated with the herbicides oxadiazon, benzofenap, clomazone and bensulfuron-methyl and the fungicides carbendazim, tricyclazole and flusilazole. Irrigation and drainage channels of the study locations were also included to account for potential toxic effects of water coming in and out of the studied rice fields. Toxicity tests included four species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Desmodesmus subcapitatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna), three endpoints (microalgae growth, D. magna mortality and feeding rates), and two trophic levels: primary producers (microalgae) and grazers (D. magna). Pesticides in water were analyzed by solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Negative effects on algae growth and D. magna feeding rates were detected mainly after application of herbicides and fungicides, respectively, in the conventional rice field. Results indicated that most of the observed negative effects in microalgae and D. magna were explained by the presence of herbicides and fungicides. The above mentioned analyses also denoted an inverse relationship between phytoplankton biomass measured as chlorophyll a and herbicides. In summary, this study indicates that in real field situations low to moderate levels of herbicides and fungicides have negative impacts to planktonic organisms and these effects seem to be short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Suárez-Serrano
- IRTA-Aquatic Ecosystems, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
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ZHAO X, LI Y, ZHANG H, NI Y, CHEN J. Applications of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of emerging organic pollutants. Se Pu 2010; 28:435-41. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yang XB, Ying GG, Peng PA, Wang L, Zhao JL, Zhang LJ, Yuan P, He HP. Influence of biochars on plant uptake and dissipation of two pesticides in an agricultural soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7915-7921. [PMID: 20545346 DOI: 10.1021/jf1011352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of two types of biochars on the bioavailability of two soil-applied insecticides (chlorpyrifos and fipronil) to Chinese chives ( Allium tuberosum ) and dissipation of the pesticides in the biochar-amended soils. The biochars (BC450 and BC850) prepared from the burning of cotton ( Gossypium spp.) straw chips at two different temperatures (450 and 850 degrees C) were thoroughly mixed into a soil to achieve 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% by soil dry weight. Chinese chives were grown for 5 weeks in the biochar-amended soils spiked with 50 mg kg(-1) of each pesticide. The loss of both pesticides in soils decreased significantly with increasing amounts of the biochars in the soil. After 35 days of incubation, 58-68% of the pesticides was lost from the control soil, whereas in the soil amended with 1.0% BC850 only 34% of chlorpyrifos and 32% of fipronil were dissipated. More losses of the pesticides were found in the soils with plants due to plant uptake and enhanced microbial degradation. Despite greater persistence of the two pesticide residues in the biochar-amended soils, plant uptake of the two pesticides from the amended soils decreased markedly with increasing biochar content in the soil. With the amendment of 1% of BC850 in the soil, the total chlorpyrifos and fipronil residues in plant biomass decreased to 19 and 48% of those in the control treatment, respectively. Thus, biochar BC850 was found to be effective in reducing the bioavailability of both pesticides from the soil. Biochar could be applied to sequester pesticide residues in contaminated soils and to reduce plant uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Cheng X, Shi H, Adams CD, Timmons T, Ma Y. Simultaneous screening of herbicide degradation byproducts in water treatment plants using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4588-4593. [PMID: 20297815 DOI: 10.1021/jf904454w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, herbicides are widely used in various combinations at many stages of cultivation and during postharvest storage. There are increasing concerns about the public health impact of herbicide degradation byproducts that may be present in water bodies used either as drinking water or for recreational purposes. This work investigated the sulfonic acid and oxanilic acid degradation products of metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and propachlor in a variety of water bodies. The objective was to develop a fast, accurate, and easy method for quantitative analysis of herbicide degradation products using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry without solid phase extraction, but performing levels of detection lower than those obtained in previous studies with solid phase extraction. This research also screened 68 water samples, both untreated source water and treated water, from 34 water treatment plants in Missouri. Finally, it examined seasonal trends in levels of those degradation products by collecting and testing samples monthly. This highly sensitive method can analyze these degradation products to low ng/L levels. The method limit of quantification ranges from 0.04 to 0.05 ppb for each analyte; and quantitative analyses show a precision with RSDs of around 0.6% to 3% in treated water and 2% to 19% in untreated source water. Concentrations of alachlor ESA, acetochlor OA, metolachlor OA, and metolachlor ESA were detected from the Missouri River and the Mississippi River water bodies in summer time. Occurrences of these compounds in treated water samples are all lower than those in the untreated source water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
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Latawiec AE, Reid BJ. Sequential extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using subcritical water. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1042-1048. [PMID: 20018343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A rapid sequential subcritical (superheated) water extraction method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil and sediment is presented. Decreasing the polarity of water by successive increase of the extraction temperature from 50 degrees C to 200 degrees C at the moderate pressure (10.3MPa) enabled selective, non-exhaustive extractions to be performed. Concurrent with increasing temperatures to 150 degrees C there was an increase in PAH extraction efficiencies. For the majority of determinations no significant differences between extractions at 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C were observed. Varied extraction efficiencies of PAHs at the same extraction conditions reflected dissimilarities between environmental matrices investigated. Selective subcritical water extraction of PAHs was proportional to their octanol-water partition coefficients. This technique may be applicable in evaluation of risks associated with PAH contaminated sites and in assessments of their bioremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Latawiec
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK
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Multivariate curve resolution of organic pollution patterns in the Ebro River surface water–groundwater–sediment–soil system. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 657:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martin OV, Voulvoulis N. Sustainable risk management of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:3895-3922. [PMID: 19736227 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters, particularly endocrine-disrupting compounds such as oestrogenic substances, has been the focus of much public concern and scientific attention in recent years. Due to the scientific uncertainty still surrounding their effects, the Precautionary Principle could be invoked for the interim management of potential risks. Therefore, precautionary prevention risk-management measures could be employed to reduce human exposure to the compounds of concern. Steroid oestrogens are generally recognized as the most significant oestrogenically active substances in domestic sewage effluent. As a result, the UK Environment Agency has championed a 'Demonstration Programme' to investigate the potential for removal of steroid oestrogens and alkylphenol ethoxylates during sewage treatment. Ecological and human health risks are interdependent, and ecological injuries may result in increased human exposures to contaminants or other stressors. In this context of limiting exposure to potential contaminants, examining the relative contribution of various compounds and pathways should be taken into account when identifying effective risk-management measures. In addition, the explicit use of ecological objectives within the scope of the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive poses new challenges and necessitates the development of ecosystem-based decision tools. This paper addresses some of these issues and proposes a species sensitivity distribution approach to support the decision-making process related to the need and implications of sewage treatment work upgrade as risk-management measures to the presence of oestrogenic compounds in sewage effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Martin
- Centre for Environmental Policy, , Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Hildebrandt A, Lacorte S, Barceló D. Occurrence and fate of organochlorinated pesticides and PAH in agricultural soils from the Ebro River basin. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:247-55. [PMID: 19052798 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the presence and fate of 22 organochlorinated pesticides (OCHs) and their degradation products and 16 Environmental Protection Agency-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of the Ebro River basin (NE Spain) during a 3-year period. The study site is characterized by a long and active agricultural history where pesticides have largely been used. Soils were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This procedure was optimized in terms of multiresidue analysis and effective cleanup and proved to have excellent analytical performance (recoveries ranging between 71% and 133%, standard deviation <14%, and a method detection limit from 0.19 to 7.38 microg/kg). Soils form the Ebro basin showed a prevalence of 4,4'-DDT and 4,4'-DDE, found in 53% and 88% of the soil samples between 0.13 and 58.17 microg/kg-dw (dry weight), respectively, indicating a slight decreasing trend of DDT within time. PAHs were detected in all soil samples at concentrations up to 465 microg/kg-dw, and the phenanthrene/anthracene (<10) and fluoranthene/pyrene (>1) ratios indicated combustion processes as the main source attributing to the burning of weeds and vegetable wastes after harvesting. No traces of any of the OCHs and PAHs were detected in groundwater, indicating that leaching for agricultural fields is not an important process of transport for these compounds. Overall, we propose the need to perform a monitoring program to evaluate the temporal tendencies and potential impact of pesticides and PAH in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Hildebrandt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Sun Y, Luo L, Wang F, Li J, Cao Y. Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography determination of amitrole in apple after solid-phase extraction and precolumn derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:465-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Baugros JB, Cren-Olivé C, Giroud B, Gauvrit JY, Lantéri P, Grenier-Loustalot MF. Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction by experimental design for quantification of pesticides and alkyl phenols in sludge, suspended materials and atmospheric fallout by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4941-9. [PMID: 19428019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study proposes an analytical method to quantify 10 alkylphenols and 12 pesticides at ultra-trace levels by liquid chromatography in reverse mode coupled to positive electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction procedure from environmental solids was optimised by pressurised liquid extraction using acetonitrile:isopropanol (1:1, v/v). The influence of several extraction experimental factors, temperature, pressure, duration and number of cycles, related to the PLE was investigated by an original and efficient chemometric approach. The optimised extraction method (80 degrees C, 40 bar, 10 min, 1 cycle) exhibited recoveries between 67 and 127% with RSD mostly under 13%. The whole method was applied to real samples: sludge, suspended materials, atmospheric fallouts and roof deposit. Pollutant levels were between 1 microg kg(-1) and 5.9 mg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Baugros
- Service Central d'Analyse du CNRS - USR59, Echangeur de Solaize Chemin du Canal, BP 22, Solaize, France
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Hildebrandt A, Guillamón M, Lacorte S, Tauler R, Barceló D. Impact of pesticides used in agriculture and vineyards to surface and groundwater quality (North Spain). WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:3315-3326. [PMID: 18502469 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An environmental monitoring program was carried out to determine the impact of eight pesticides on the surface and groundwater quality of agricultural areas within the Ebro, Duero and Miño river basins. Three triazines and their desethyl degradation products, metolachlor and metalaxyl, were monitored during 18 months in 63 sites. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using OASIS HLB 60 mg cartridges and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) provided good analytical quality parameters and limits of quantification of 0.01 microg/L. Environmental data were assessed using descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate data analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) to elucidate the relevant contamination patterns and provide a description of their seasonal trends, according to the pesticide application timing. Duero was the site with the highest frequency of detection and highest concentration levels, followed by the Ebro and Miño basins. The frequency of detection of the studied compounds, considering all surface and groundwater samples, was atrazine>desethylatrazine>simazine>desethylsimazine>metolachlor>desethylterbuthylazine>terbuthylazine>metalaxyl. Over all results, and taking into consideration the European Union (EU) maximum residual limit of pesticides in groundwater, only 12% of the results exceeded the 0.1 microg/L limit. However, sporadic high levels up to 2.46 mug/L in groundwater and 0.63 microg/L in surface water were detected. PCA permitted to state that Duero and Ebro river basins were especially affected by a contamination pattern dominated by atrazine, the Ebro river basin being occasionally affected by a contamination pattern dominated by simazine. Only trace levels were rarely detected in the Miño river basin. Groundwater levels were higher than surface water levels for the studied pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Hildebrandt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4373-402. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800660d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Céspedes R, Lacorte S, Ginebreda A, Barceló D. Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in sewage treatment plants and impact on receiving waters along the Ter River (Catalonia, NE Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:384-392. [PMID: 18262317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of alkylphenols in the dissolved and particulate matter of influents, effluents, accumulation onto sludge and the impact of sewage treatment plant upon receiving waters was studied along the Ter River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain). A solid-phase extraction or pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed and permitted to determine target compounds with high efficiency in waters, particulate material and sludge. Nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate, nonylphenol and octylphenol partitioned preferably upon particulate matter and sludge, whereas long chain NPE(3-15)O prevailed in the dissolved phase and was released by effluents. Within the treatment process, a net accumulation of alkylphenols in sludge was found, producing up to 148g/t/month. The removal efficiency of alkylphenols was of 37-90% and depended on the treatment. Assessment on the fate of these contaminants within STPs is discussed in terms of flow rates, biological oxygen demand and tons of sludge produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Céspedes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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Occurrence of Transformation Products in the Environment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2_011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ruiz-Gil L, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A, Martínez Vidal JL. Determination of pesticides in water samples by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:151-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Picó Y, Farré M, Soler C, Barceló D. Confirmation of fenthion metabolites in oranges by IT-MS and QqTOF-MS. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9350-63. [PMID: 18020315 DOI: 10.1021/ac071559l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification of degradation products of the organophophorous pesticide fenthion formed in two orange varieties, Valencia Navel and Navel Late, under field conditions has been assessed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ion trap mass spectrometry. The structural elucidation of the metabolites was accomplished by the accurate mass measurements provided by the quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in MS and MS/MS modes. This instrument achieved elemental composition diagnosis for the precursor and product ions with absolute mass error of <5 ppm, which unambiguously establishes the identity of the metabolites even at low concentration. The presence of these compounds was also confirmed by electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry, performing successive fragmentation steps (MS(n)). Once identified, each molecule was confirmed by comparison with its analytical standard, also used to explore the quantitative capabilities of both mass analyzers. The extraction method was evaluated because it predetermines the metabolites that can be found (e.g., according to their polarity). Recoveries ranged from 70% for fenoxon sulfoxide (the most polar) to 101% for fenthion (the most apolar), which also indicates the method's facility to extract other more polar metabolites if present. Satisfactory linear range (r > 0.99) of more than 2 orders of magnitude was obtained with both analyzers for standards prepared in methanol and in untreated orange extracts. However, the matrix-matched standards showed suppression of the mass signal due to the matrix effect, especially for fenoxon sulfoxide and sulfone. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.005 to 0.015 mg/kg. The QqTOF-MS provided better quantification limits for fenthion and its sulfoxide and sulfone than the IT-MS. The resulting fenthion degration curves in oranges indicated that it was mainly degraded by sunlight photolysis to its sulfoxide and sulfone. However, hydrolysis was also observed by the appearance of fenoxon, fenoxon sulfoxide, and fenoxon sulfone, but always in low concentrations, which can be related to the rain events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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