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Inhibitory effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil on rheumatoid arthritis in a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114067. [PMID: 36481405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Holistic healthcare practitioners have now started to focus on specific traditional medicinal mushrooms to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is one of the oldest mushrooms that have been used in ancient Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory ailments, including autoimmune diseases such as RA. Spores from this mushroom have specific effects on immunomodulation, aging, and cancer. However, the effect of G. lucidum spores (GLS) on arthritis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of GLS oil in a collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) model. Metabolomics analysis revealed that GLS oil contains ten acids, of which oleic acid (52.12%) and linoleic acid (16.77%) predominated. The GLS oil-treated CIA mice had a significantly lower clinical score (p = 0.0384) for RA than the control CIA mice. Moreover, GLS oil reduced CIA-induced cartilage degeneration and synovial membrane inflammation in the knee. The GLS oil group showed significantly reduced knee eosinophilia (p = 0.0056). Immunostaining of neutrophils revealed that neutrophils infiltrated the CIA group; however, infiltrated neutrophils were significantly reduced in the GLS oil group in both the knees (p = 0.0006) and ankles (p = 0.0023). GLS oil treatment substantially suppressed LPS- or TNF-α-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in primary cultured chondrocytes. IL-6 immunohistochemistry results showed that the protein levels of IL-6 were attenuated in the GLS oil group compared to the CIA group. These findings suggest that GLS oil may be useful for the development of RA drugs. Further clinical research is required to identify significant improvements.
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Lin W, Gu L, Zhu LY, Zhou S, Lian D, Xu Y, Zheng L, Liu X, Li L. Extract of Ganoderma sinensis spores induces cell cycle arrest of hepatoma cell via endoplasmic reticulum stress. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:704-714. [PMID: 34110966 PMCID: PMC8205061 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1931354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ganoderma sinensis Zhao, Xu et Zhang (Ganodermataceae) has been used for the prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer. OBJECTIVE We investigated the antitumor activity and mechanism of an extract from G. sinensis against hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A G. sinensis extract (GSE) was obtained from sporoderm-broken G. sinensis spores by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction. Hepatoma cells, HepG2 cells, were treated with emulsified sample of GSE at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 150 μg/mL for 24 h. The Alamar Blue assay was used to examine growth inhibitory effects. Changes in cell structure and morphology were assessed via transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope. Cell cycle distribution was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS GSE suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 cells (IC50=70.14 μg/mL). Extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation originating from dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was shown in GSE-treated HepG2 cells. GSE treatment also upregulated the expression of ER stress-related proteins in HepG2 cells. Cells tended to be arrested at the G2/M cell cycle stage after GSE treatment (30.8 ± 1.4% and 42.2 ± 2.6% at GSE with 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL vs. 21.03 ± 1.10%, control). Pre-treatment with salubrinal, an inhibitor of ER stress, effectively attenuated cell cycle arrest induced by GSE. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new evidence that GSE suppresses growth of cancer cells in vitro through activating the ER stress pathway. The GSE may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danhong Lian
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pan Y, Zhao A, Zhong Z, Pan X, Cai S. Ganoderma spore lipid protects mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoiesis from the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2869. [PMID: 31207156 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapeutic agents are frequently toxic to bone marrow and impair bone marrow functions. It is unclear whether ganoderma spore lipid (GSL) can protect bone marrow cells from the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy. To investigate the protective effects of GSL on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoiesis, we examined the effects of GSL on MSCs in vitro and hematopoiesis in vivo after treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide. MSCs and peripheral blood cells were isolated and counted from the bone marrow of normal mice were pre-treated with GSL before CTX treatment or co-treated with GSL and CTX, followed by examining the changes in phenotype, morphology, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation potentials. The results showed that GSL could reduce the CTX-induced changes in the phenotype of MSCs and maintain the elongated fibroblast-like morphology. MTT and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) analyses found that GSL pre-treatment and co-treatment increased the proliferation and decreased the apoptosis in CTX-treated MSCs. Furthermore, GSL improved the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials of CTX-treated MSCs. In vivo, GSL treatment increased the number of peripheral blood cells including white blood cells (WBC) and platelets (PLT) in the CTX-treated mice and enhanced the in vitro formation of hematopoietic lineage colonies (erythrocyte colony forming unit, CFU-E; erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-E; and granulocyte macrophage colony-forming units, CFU-GM) from bone marrow cells in these mice. These findings suggest GSL could protect MSCs and hematopoiesis from the cytotoxicity of CTX and might become an effective adjuvant to attenuate side effects of chemotherapy during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Andong Zhao
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The 1st Affiliate Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sa Cai
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Li Y, Guo LX, Zhou QZ, Chen D, Liu JZ, Xu XM, Wang JH. Characterization of Humic Substances in the Soils of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Habitats in the Sejila Mountain, Tibet: Implication for the Food Source of Thitarodes Larvae. Molecules 2019; 24:E246. [PMID: 30634712 PMCID: PMC6359227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humic substances in soil are considered to be an alternative food to the tender plant roots for Thitarodes larvae in the habitats of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, there is no report involving the evaluation of their potential as a food source from the composition and structure of habitat soils. In this work, the composition and structure of humic substances in habitat soils from the Sejila Mountain, Tibet were characterized by diverse techniques for evaluating the nutritional value and possibility of humus as the food source for Thitarodes larvae. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that humic acid may possess superior ability to provide the molecular segments for biosynthesizing lipids more than other humic fractions. Combining with the analysis of solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, the fractions of hydrophobic fulvic acid and hydrophilic fulvic acid are further considered as a potential food source for Thitarodes larvae. Overall, humic substances in habitat soils are rich in the molecular segments for biosynthesizing lipids and other important nutrients, which may provide the energy and material sources for maintaining the survival of Thitarodes larvae in the absence of tender plant roots, particularly in the annual cold winter. Combining with the evidence of physico-chemical parameters of habitat soils and stable carbon isotopic composition of major tender plant roots in the Sejila Mountain, the composition and structure of humic substances in habitat soils may provide a novel idea for the eco-friendly and semi-wild cultivation of Thitarodes larvae with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Qian-Zhi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Di Chen
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Jin-Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Gurovic MSV, Viceconte FR, Pereyra MT, Bidegain MA, Cubitto MA. DNA damaging potential of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 217:83-88. [PMID: 29421594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) is a medicinal mushroom historically used in Asian countries to treat a wide variety of diseases and prolong life. In the last years, G. lucidum has been internationally recognized as an effective adjuvant in cancer treatment. Among active components, the most recent research indicates that polysaccharides modulate the immune response favoring the recovery from toxicity of chemo and radiotherapy while triterpenes are cytotoxic to tumoral cells mainly by altering gene expression. Beyond this body of evidence on the efficacy of G. lucidum in cancer treatment, it is not yet understood whether these extracts exert the same mechanisms of action than current antitumoral drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we tested the DNA damaging potential of G. lucidum extracts by the β-galactosidase biochemical prophage induction assay (BIA) using doxorubicin, a DNA intercalating agent, as a positive control. This assay was traditionally used to screen microbial metabolites towards antitumoral agents. Here, we used this bacterial assay for the first time to assess DNA damage of herbal drugs. RESULTS After a bioguided assay, only a purified fraction of G. lucidum containing a mixture of C16 and C18:1 fatty acids exerted weak activity which could not be attributed to direct interaction with DNA. At the same concentrations, the induction observed for doxorubicin was clearly contrasting. CONCLUSIONS The micro BIA assay could be successfully used to demonstrate differences in cellular effects between G. lucidum extracts and doxorubicin. These results showed that G. lucidum extracts display weak DNA damaging potential. Since DNA injury promotes aging and cancer, our results substantiate the traditional use of this mushroom to prolong life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Vela Gurovic
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Fátima R Viceconte
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo T Pereyra
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avda. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano A Bidegain
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - María Amelia Cubitto
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Guo LX, Xu XM, Hong YH, Li Y, Wang JH. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes. Molecules 2017; 22:E1567. [PMID: 28927020 PMCID: PMC6151613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is one rare medicinal fungus produced in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Its quality and price varies hugely with different habitat, and its numerous substitutes have sprung up in functional food markets. This paper aims to discriminate the geographic origin of wild O. sinensis and its substitutes via element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ13C values of major fatty acids in the lipids of O. sinensis are characterized unanimously by the variation relation C18:0 < C18:2 ≈ C16:0 < C18:1, while their fluctuation intervals are notably different between those of neutral and polar lipids. The comparative analysis of the δ13C ratios of major fatty acids in lipids of O. sinensis suggests that the δ13C patterns may be sensitive potential indicators to discriminate its geographical origin. The δ13C values of individual major fatty acids of lipids from the cultivated stromata of Cordyceps militaris (SCM), the fermented mycelia of Hirsurella sinensis (FMH) and Paecilomyces epiali (FMP) range from -31.2‰ to -29.7‰, -16.9‰ to -14.3‰, and -26.5‰ to -23.9‰, respectively. Their δ13C pattern of individual major fatty acids may be used as a potential indicator to discriminate the products of natural O. sinensis and its substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yue-Hui Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Fungus-larva relation in the formation of Cordyceps sinensis as revealed by stable carbon isotope analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7789. [PMID: 28798416 PMCID: PMC5552863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than one thousand years, Cordyceps sinensis has been revered as a unique halidom in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for its mysterious life history and predominant medicinal values. This mysterious fungus-larva symbiote also attracted the over-exploitation, while several problems on the initial colonization of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the host larva have constrained artificial cultivation. In this work, stable carbon isotope analysis was employed to analyse the subsamples of C. sinensis from 5 representative habitats. The results demonstrated that these samples possessed similar δ13C profiles, i.e., a steady ascending trend from the top to the bottom of stroma, occurrence of the δ13C maximum at the head, a slight decrease from the head to the end of thorax, a sharply descent trend from the end of thorax to the forepart of abdomen, and maintenance of lower δ13C values in the rest parts of abdomen. Based on the data, we consider that the site near the head of the host larva may be the initial target attacked by O. sinensis, and the fungus growth is closely related to the digestive tract of its host larva. The growth stages of O. sinensis are accordingly speculated as the symptom-free, symptom-appearing, and stroma-germinating stages.
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Li L, Guo HJ, Zhu LY, Zheng L, Liu X. A supercritical-CO2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum spores inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell migration by reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:491-497. [PMID: 27064008 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is an oriental medical mushroom that has been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent and treat different diseases, including cancer. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cholangiocarcinoma cells. STUDY DESIGN This was an in vitro study with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells treated with varying concentrations of G. lucidum. METHODS A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores (GLE) was obtained from completely sporoderm-broken germinating G. lucidum spores by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCF-CO2) extraction. GLE pre-incubated with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells prior to TGF-β1 treatment (2ng/ml) for 48h. Changes in EMT markers were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The formation of F-actin stress fibers was assessed via immunostaining with phalloidin and examined using confocal microscopy. Additionally, the effect of the GLE on TGF-β1-induced migration was investigated by a Boyden chamber assay. RESULTS TGF-β1-induced reduction in E-cadherin expression was associated with a loss of epithelial morphology and cell-cell contact. Concomitant increases in N-cadherin and Fibronectin were evident in predominantly elongated fibroblast-like cells. The GLE suppressed the TGF-β1-induced morphological changes and the changes in cadherin expression, and also inhibited the formation of F-actin stress fibers, which are a hallmark of EMT. The GLE also inhibited TGF-β1-induced migration of TFK-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new evidence that GLE suppress cholangiocarcinoma migration in vitro through inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT. The GLE may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui-Jun Guo
- Basic Medical College Jiangxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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Marikkar JM, Nina Naquiah AN, Shuhaimi M. Differentiation of partial acylglycerols derived from different animal fats by EA-IRMS and GCMS techniques. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2016. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0757152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fatty Acid Composition in Ergosteryl Esters and Triglycerides from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Detecting intraannual dietary variability in wild mountain gorillas by stable isotope analysis of feces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21277-82. [PMID: 23236160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215782109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We use stable isotope ratios in feces of wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei) to test the hypothesis that diet shifts within a single year, as measured by dry mass intake, can be recovered. Isotopic separation of staple foods indicates that intraannual changes in the isotopic composition of feces reflect shifts in diet. Fruits are isotopically distinct compared with other staple foods, and peaks in fecal δ(13)C values are interpreted as periods of increased fruit feeding. Bayesian mixing model results demonstrate that, although the timing of these diet shifts match observational data, the modeled increase in proportional fruit feeding does not capture the full shift. Variation in the isotopic and nutritional composition of gorilla foods is largely independent, highlighting the difficulty for estimating nutritional intake with stable isotopes. Our results demonstrate the potential value of fecal sampling for quantifying short-term, intraindividual dietary variability in primates and other animals with high temporal resolution even when the diet is composed of C(3) plants.
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Lv GP, Zhao J, Duan JA, Tang YP, Li SP. Comparison of sterols and fatty acids in two species of Ganoderma. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22293530 PMCID: PMC3287153 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two species of Ganoderma, G. sinense and G. lucidum, are used as Lingzhi in China. Howerver, the content of triterpenoids and polysaccharides, main actives compounds, are significant different, though the extracts of both G. lucidum and G. sinense have antitumoral proliferation effect. It is suspected that other compounds contribute to their antitumoral activity. Sterols and fatty acids have obvious bioactivity. Therefore, determination and comparison of sterols and fatty acids is helpful to elucidate the active components of Lingzhi. Results Ergosterol, a specific component of fungal cell membrane, was rich in G. lucidum and G. sinense. But its content in G. lucidum (median content 705.0 μg·g-1, range 189.1-1453.3 μg·g-1, n = 19) was much higher than that in G. sinense (median content 80.1 μg·g-1, range 16.0-409.8 μg·g-1, n = 13). Hierarchical clustering analysis based on the content of ergosterol showed that 32 tested samples of Ganoderma were grouped into two main clusters, G. lucidum and G. sinense. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on the contents of ten fatty acids showed that two species of Ganoderma had no significant difference though two groups were also obtained. The similarity of two species of Ganoderma in fatty acids may be related to their antitumoral proliferation effect. Conclusions The content of ergosterol is much higher in G. lucidum than in G. sinense. Palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid are main fatty acids in Ganoderma and their content had no significant difference between G. lucidum and G. sinense, which may contribute to their antitumoral proliferation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China.
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Wang JH, Zhou YJ, Zhang M, Kan L, He P. Active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores-induced apoptosis in human leukemia THP-1 cells via MAPK and PI3K pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:582-589. [PMID: 22172327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) is traditionally drug, which has been traditionally effective used in the treatment of chronic hepatopathy, hypertension, hyperglycemia and cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS THP-1 and HL-60 apoptosis induced by active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores was quantified by flow cytometry using FITC-conjugated annexin V and PI; MAPK and Akt were measured by Western blot, and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities were also detected by spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS Our results showed that active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores decreased phosphorylation-ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2), P-Akt and increased P-JNK1/2, but did not affect expressions of P-p38 MAPK in THP-1 cells. Moreover, treatment of THP-1 cells with active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores resulted in activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. Furthermore, LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) or PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) significantly enhanced active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores-induced apoptosis in THP-1 cells, whereas caspase inhibitors or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), decreased apoptosis in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study for the first time suggests that active lipids of Ganoderma lucidum spores is able to enhance apoptosis in THP-1 cells, at least in part, through inhibition of ERK1/2, Akt and activation of JNK1/2 signaling pathways. Moreover, it also triggers caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation mediated apoptotic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-He Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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14
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Fatty acid composition of lipids in wild Cordyceps sinensis from major habitats in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Gao P, Hirano T, Chen Z, Yasuhara T, Nakata Y, Sugimoto A. Isolation and identification of C-19 fatty acids with anti-tumor activity from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi mushroom). Fitoterapia 2011; 83:490-9. [PMID: 22230194 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that ethanolic extracts of spores of Ganoderma lucidum inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of HL-60 cells. The active constituents appeared to be long-chain fatty acids, particularly carbon-19 (C-19) fatty acids which have not been reported in spores of Ganoderma lucidum. In the present study, two of these C-19 fatty acids which are key compounds in the activities, were identified as their 2-naphthyl ester derivatives after esterification of a mixture of fatty acids obtained from the spores. The active compounds were determines as nonadecanoic acid and cis-9-nonadecenoic acid. The location of the double bond of cis-9-nonadecenoic acid was demonstrated by GC-MS analysis, based on the fragmentation pattern of the adduct prepared from the fatty acid and dimethyl disulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Gao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
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16
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HUANG ZHIYAN, FANG FANG, WONG CHIWAI. GANODERMA LUCIDUM SPORE LIPID INDUCES PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA ACTIVITY. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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The comparative protective effects of ganoderma spores lipid and fish oil on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell lesion in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:903261. [PMID: 21660315 PMCID: PMC3108162 DOI: 10.1155/2011/903261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To compare Ganoderma spores lipid (GSL) and fish oil (FO) in inhibiting retinal photoreceptor cell lesions induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rats. Methods. 120 rats were untreated (normal control, NC group) or treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg MNU (MNU group) then treated with GSL (GSL group) or FO (FO group). Eyes were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. Results. Light microscopy assay demonstrated that GSL and FO alleviated rat retinal photoreceptor cell damage (GSL and FO versus MNU group P < .001) similarly (GSL versus FO group P = .980). Electron microscopy confirmed that GSL and FO reversed damage to photoreceptor segments and photoreceptor cell nuclei. GSL-treated rats showed significantly elevated a-wave and b-wave amplitudes over MNU group (P < .05) but less than NC group (P < .05) and not significantly different from FO group (P > .05). Conclusion. GSL, like FO, alleviates rat retinal photoreceptor cell damage induced by MNU.
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18
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Characterization and Authentication of Significant Chinese Edible Oilseed Oils by Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Gao Y, Deng XG, Sun QN, Zhong ZQ. Ganoderma spore lipid inhibits N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal photoreceptor apoptosis in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Zhang JP, Zheng L, Wang JH, Magnusson KE, Liu X. Lipid extract from completely sporoderm-broken germinating Ganoderma sinensis spores elicits potent antitumor immune responses in human macrophages. Phytother Res 2009; 23:844-50. [PMID: 19117333 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma sinensis has been used widely in Oriental countries for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Previous studies have shown that the lipid extract from Ganoderma exhibits direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Here, it is reported that the lipid extract from germinating G. sinensis spores, at lower concentrations that have no direct tumoricidal activity, induce potent antitumor immune responses in human monocytes/macrophages. Upon stimulation with the lipid extract, monocytes/macrophages exhibited markedly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and surface expression of costimulatory molecules. Conditioned medium from stimulated cells effectively suppressed the growth of tumor cells. Apparently, the lipid extract triggered macrophage activation via a mechanism different from that associated with LPS. Moreover, it was observed that the lipid extract could partially re-establish the antitumor activity of the immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages. These results indicated that in addition to its direct tumoricidal activity, the lipid extract from G. sinensis spores could exert antitumor activity by stimulating the activation of human monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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21
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Hrastar R, Petrisic MG, Ogrinc N, Kosir IJ. Fatty acid and stable carbon isotope characterization of Camelina sativa oil: implications for authentication. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:579-85. [PMID: 19123821 DOI: 10.1021/jf8028144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The importance of authenticity characterization is an increasing and pressing requirement for all foods. Vegetable oil is one of the most studied foods because of its nutritional and medicinal properties in a correct diet. In this study, a total of 53 Camelina sativa samples, from all known growing areas, were chemically and isotopically characterized. The fatty acid content of camelina oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC), and the ratios of stable carbon isotopes ((13)C/(12)C) of individual fatty acids and seed/bulk oil were determined by gas chromatography-combustion-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) and elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). A total of 17 different fatty acids were detected by GC, with omega3 R-linolenic acid (C(18:3n3)) being the most abundant (29.7-40.0 wt %). Oleic acid (C(18:1n9)), linoleic acid (C(18:2n6)) and eicosenoic acid (C(20:1n9)) all belong to the second group of major fatty acids. The stable carbon isotopic values (delta(13)C) fell into a range typical for C(3) plants. The use of delta(13)C(18:2n6) vs delta(13)C(18:3n3) correlation could show cases where impurity or adulteration is suspected, whereas principal component analysis clearly separates oil samples from different continents. Preliminary results on the camelina oil authentication procedure provide a basis for the investigation of geographical origin and the further distinction between camelina and camelina refined or other, less expensive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hrastar
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Zalec, Slovenia
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22
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Fukuzawa M, Yamaguchi R, Hide I, Chen Z, Hirai Y, Sugimoto A, Yasuhara T, Nakata Y. Possible Involvement of Long Chain Fatty Acids in the Spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi Houshi) to Its Anti-tumor Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1933-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fukuzawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Rie Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Yuko Hirai
- Department of Genetics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation
| | - Akiko Sugimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | | | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
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