1
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Heller AD, Valleriani A, Cipitria A. Phase diagrams of bone remodeling using a 3D stochastic cellular automaton. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304694. [PMID: 38861484 PMCID: PMC11166309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a 3D stochastic cellular automaton model, governed by evolutionary game theory, to simulate bone remodeling dynamics. The model includes four voxel states: Formation, Quiescence, Resorption, and Environment. We simulate the Resorption and Formation processes on separate time scales to explore the parameter space and derive a phase diagram that illustrates the sensitivity of these processes to parameter changes. Combining these results, we simulate a full bone remodeling cycle. Furthermore, we show the importance of modeling small neighborhoods for studying local bone microenvironment controls. This model can guide experimental design and, in combination with other models, it could assist to further explore external impacts on bone remodeling. Consequently, this model contributes to an improved understanding of complex dynamics in bone remodeling dynamics and exploring alterations due to disease or drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Dorothea Heller
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Angelo Valleriani
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Group of Bioengineering in Regeneration and Cancer, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Manual Therapy Facilitates Homeostatic Adaptation to Bone Microstructural Declines Induced by a Rat Model of Repetitive Forceful Task. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126586. [PMID: 35743030 PMCID: PMC9223642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of manual therapy in reducing the catabolic effects of performing repetitive intensive force tasks on bones has not been reported. We examined if manual therapy could reduce radial bone microstructural declines in adult female Sprague–Dawley rats performing a 12-week high-repetition and high-force task, with or without simultaneous manual therapy to forelimbs. Additional rats were provided 6 weeks of rest after task cessation, with or without manual therapy. The control rats were untreated or received manual therapy for 12 weeks. The untreated TASK rats showed increased catabolic indices in the radius (decreased trabecular bone volume and numbers, increased osteoclasts in these trabeculae, and mid-diaphyseal cortical bone thinning) and increased serum CTX-1, TNF-α, and muscle macrophages. In contrast, the TASK rats receiving manual therapy showed increased radial bone anabolism (increased trabecular bone volume and osteoblast numbers, decreased osteoclast numbers, and increased mid-diaphyseal total area and periosteal perimeter) and increased serum TNF-α and muscle macrophages. Rest, with or without manual therapy, improved the trabecular thickness and mid-diaphyseal cortical bone attributes but not the mineral density. Thus, preventive manual therapy reduced the net radial bone catabolism by increasing osteogenesis, while rest, with or without manual therapy, was less effective.
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3
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Simulation on bone remodeling with stochastic nature of adult and elderly using topology optimization algorithm. J Biomech 2022; 136:111078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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On the utility of hierarchical self-healing fiber bundle materials under different environments. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1021-1028. [PMID: 35391598 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bio-materials use a hierarchical structure to optimize their self-healing mechanical behavior. However, the utility may be restricted by different environments. In this paper, based on the previous work in Ji and Li (J Mater Sci 53:14858-14870, 2018) on the constitutive relation of hierarchical self-healing fiber bundle materials (FBMs), the stability is investigated for the mechanical-environmental interaction system established in Ji and Li (Int J Fract 212:105-112, 2018). With the principle of total potential, the stability criterion is proposed. The critical environment stiffness is derived and the system is therefore classified into the absolutely stable one and the conditionally stable one. For the conditionally stable system, the applied strain of FBMs reduces to be [0,[Formula: see text]], where [Formula: see text] is the cutoff strain. Finally, the toughness of hierarchical self-healing FBMs is studied for different interaction systems. The results show that in the absolutely stable system there exists a critical healing rate across which the toughness benefits from a hierarchical structure. In the conditionally stable system, the toughness is significantly affected by the environment stiffness, i.e., the toughness of a FBM increases with a rising hierarchical level, whereas it decreases with a rising healing rate. Moreover, the critical healing rate for toughness becomes greater compared to that in an absolutely stable system.
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5
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Perier-Metz C, Corté L, Allena R, Checa S. A 3D in Silico Multi-Tissue Evolution Model Highlights the Relevance of Local Strain Accumulation in Bone Fracture Remodeling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:835094. [PMID: 35433640 PMCID: PMC9008279 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.835094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 5–10% of all bone fractures result in non-healing situations, a thorough understanding of the various bone fracture healing phases is necessary to propose adequate therapeutic strategies. In silico models have greatly contributed to the understanding of the influence of mechanics on tissue formation and resorption during the soft and hard callus phases. However, the late-stage remodeling phase has not been investigated from a mechanobiological viewpoint so far. Here, we propose an in silico multi-tissue evolution model based on mechanical strain accumulation to investigate the mechanobiological regulation of bone remodeling during the late phase of healing. Computer model predictions are compared to histological data of two different pre-clinical studies of bone healing. The model predicted the bone marrow cavity re-opening and the resorption of the external callus. Our results suggest that the local strain accumulation can explain the fracture remodeling process and that this mechanobiological response is conserved among different mammal species. Our study paves the way for further understanding of non-healing situations that could help adapting therapeutic strategies to foster bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Perier-Metz
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Centre des Matériaux, MINES Paris–PSL, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Corté
- Centre des Matériaux, MINES Paris–PSL, Paris, France
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire et Matériaux, ESPCI Paris–PSL, Paris, France
| | - Rachele Allena
- Laboratoire Mathématiques and Interactions J. A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sara Checa,
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6
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Ihli J, Schenk AS, Rosenfeldt S, Wakonig K, Holler M, Falini G, Pasquini L, Delacou E, Buckman J, Glen TS, Kress T, Tsai EHR, Reid DG, Duer MJ, Cusack M, Nudelman F. Mechanical adaptation of brachiopod shells via hydration-induced structural changes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5383. [PMID: 34508091 PMCID: PMC8433230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The function-optimized properties of biominerals arise from the hierarchical organization of primary building blocks. Alteration of properties in response to environmental stresses generally involves time-intensive processes of resorption and reprecipitation of mineral in the underlying organic scaffold. Here, we report that the load-bearing shells of the brachiopod Discinisca tenuis are an exception to this process. These shells can dynamically modulate their mechanical properties in response to a change in environment, switching from hard and stiff when dry to malleable when hydrated within minutes. Using ptychographic X-ray tomography, electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we describe their hierarchical structure and composition as a function of hydration to understand the structural motifs that generate this adaptability. Key is a complementary set of structural modifications, starting with the swelling of an organic matrix on the micron level via nanocrystal reorganization and ending in an intercalation process on the molecular level in response to hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugénia Delacou
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jim Buckman
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas S Glen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melinda J Duer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maggie Cusack
- Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928 & Tralee, Kerry, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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7
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Xie J, Rittel D, Shemtov-Yona K, Shah FA, Palmquist A. A stochastic micro to macro mechanical model for the evolution of bone-implant interface stiffness. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:415-423. [PMID: 34129958 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon placement of an implant into living bone, an interface is formed through which various biochemical, biological, physical, and mechanical interactions take place. This interface evolves over time as the mechanical properties of peri-implant bone increase. Owing to the multifactorial nature of interfacial processes, it is challenging to devise a comprehensive model for predicting the mechanical behavior of the bone-implant interface. We propose a simple spatio-temporally evolving mechanical model - from an elementary unit cell comprising randomly oriented mineralized collagen fibrils having randomly assigned stiffness all the way up to a macroscopic bone-implant interface in a gap healing scenario. Each unit cell has an assigned Young's modulus value between 1.62 GPa and 25.73 GPa corresponding to minimum (i.e., 0) and maximum (i.e., 0.4) limits of mineral volume fraction, respectively, in the overlap region of the mineralized collagen fibril. Gap closure and subsequent stiffening are modeled to reflect the two main directions of peri-implant bone formation, i.e., contact osteogenesis and distance osteogenesis. The linear elastic stochastic finite element model reveals highly nonlinear temporal evolution of bone-implant interface stiffness, strongly dictated by the specific kinetics of contact osteogenesis and distance osteogenesis. The bone-implant interface possesses a small stiffness until gap closure, which subsequently evolves into a much higher stiffness, and this transition is reminiscent of a percolation transition whose threshold corresponds to gap closure. The model presented here, albeit preliminary, can be incorporated into future calculations of the bone-implant system where the interface is well-defined mechanically. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A simple, physically informed model for the mechanical characteristics of the bone-implant interface is still missing. Here, we start by extending the reported mechanical characteristics of a one cubic micrometre unit cell to a 250 µm long interface made of 1 µm thick layers. The stiffness of each cell (based on mineral content) is assigned randomly to mimic bone micro-heterogeneity. The numerical study of this interface representative structure allows for the simultaneous determination of the spatio-temporal evolution of the mechanical response at local (discrete element) and global (overall model) scales. The proposed model is the first of this kind that can easily be incorporated into realistic future models of bone-implant interaction with emphasis on implant stability and different loading conditions.
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8
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Tits A, Ruffoni D. Joining soft tissues to bone: Insights from modeling and simulations. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100742. [PMID: 34150954 PMCID: PMC8190669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Entheses are complex multi-tissue regions of the musculoskeletal system serving the challenging task of connecting highly dissimilar materials such as the compliant tendon to the much stiffer bone, over a very small region. The first aim of this review is to highlight mathematical and computational models that have been developed to investigate the many attachment strategies present at entheses at different length scales. Entheses are also relevant in the medical context due to the high prevalence of orthopedic injuries requiring the reattachment of tendons or ligaments to bone, which are associated with a rather poor long-term clinical outcome. The second aim of the review is to report on the computational works analyzing the whole tendon to bone complex as well as targeting orthopedic relevant issues. Modeling approaches have provided important insights on anchoring mechanisms and surgical repair strategies, that would not have been revealed with experiments alone. We intend to demonstrate the necessity of including, in future models, an enriched description of enthesis biomechanical behavior in order to unravel additional mechanical cues underlying the development, the functioning and the maintaining of such a complex biological interface as well as to enhance the development of novel biomimetic adhesive, attachment procedures or tissue engineered implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tits
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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9
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Pant A, Paul E, Niebur GL, Vahdati A. Integration of mechanics and biology in computer simulation of bone remodeling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 164:33-45. [PMID: 33965425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex physiological process that spans across multiple spatial and temporal scales and is regulated by both mechanical and hormonal cues. An imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in the process of bone remodeling may lead to various bone pathologies. One powerful and non-invasive approach to gain new insights into mechano-adaptive bone remodeling is computer modeling and simulation. Recent findings in bone physiology and advances in computer modeling have provided a unique opportunity to study the integration of mechanics and biology in bone remodeling. Our objective in this review is to critically appraise recent advances and developments and discuss future research opportunities in computational bone remodeling approaches that enable integration of mechanics and cellular and molecular pathways. Based on the critical appraisal of the relevant recent published literature, we conclude that multiscale in silico integration of personalized bone mechanics and mechanobiology combined with data science and analytics techniques offer the potential to deepen our knowledge of bone remodeling and provide ample opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Pant
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Elliot Paul
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Glen L Niebur
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ali Vahdati
- Multi-disciplinary Mechanics and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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10
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Lerebours C, Weinkamer R, Roschger A, Buenzli PR. Mineral density differences between femoral cortical bone and trabecular bone are not explained by turnover rate alone. Bone Rep 2020; 13:100731. [PMID: 33392366 PMCID: PMC7772649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density distributions (BMDDs) are a measurable property of bone tissues that depends strongly on bone remodelling and mineralisation processes. These processes can vary significantly in health and disease and across skeletal sites, so there is high interest in analysing these processes from experimental BMDDs. Here, we propose a rigorous hypothesis-testing approach based on a mathematical model of mineral heterogeneity in bone due to remodelling and mineralisation, to help explain differences observed between the BMDD of human femoral cortical bone and the BMDD of human trabecular bone. Recent BMDD measurements show that femoral cortical bone possesses a higher bone mineral density, but a similar mineral heterogeneity around the mean compared to trabecular bone. By combining this data with the mathematical model, we are able to test whether this difference in BMDD can be explained by (i) differences in turnover rate; (ii) differences in osteoclast resorption behaviour; and (iii) differences in mineralisation kinetics between the two bone types. We find that accounting only for differences in turnover rate is inconsistent with the fact that both BMDDs have a similar spread around the mean, and that accounting for differences in osteoclast resorption behaviour leads to biologically inconsistent bone remodelling patterns. We conclude that the kinetics of mineral accumulation in bone matrix must therefore be different in femoral cortical bone and trabecular bone. Although both cortical and trabecular bone are made up of lamellar bone, the different mineralisation kinetics in the two types of bone point towards more profound structural differences than usually assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Lerebours
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Li Z, Betts D, Kuhn G, Schirmer M, Müller R, Ruffoni D. Mechanical regulation of bone formation and resorption around implants in a mouse model of osteopenic bone. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180667. [PMID: 30890053 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mechanical stimulation is considered a promising approach to accelerate implant integration, our understanding of load-driven bone formation and resorption around implants is still limited. This lack of knowledge may delay the development of effective loading protocols to prevent implant loosening, especially in osteoporosis. In healthy bone, formation and resorption are mechanoregulated processes. In the intricate context of peri-implant bone regeneration, it is not clear whether bone (re)modelling can still be load-driven. Here, we investigated the mechanical control of peri-implant bone (re)modelling with a well-controlled mechanobiological experiment. We applied cyclic mechanical loading after implant insertion in tail vertebrae of oestrogen depleted mice and we monitored peri-implant bone response by in vivo micro-CT. Experimental data were combined with micro-finite element simulations to estimate local tissue strains in (re)modelling locations. We demonstrated that a substantial increase in bone mass around the implant could be obtained by loading the entire bone. This augmentation could be attributed to a large reduction in bone resorption rather than to an increase in bone formation. We also showed that following implantation, mechanical regulation of bone (re)modelling was transiently lost. Our findings should help to clarify the role of mechanical stimulation on the maintenance of peri-implant bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Li
- 1 Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Duncan Betts
- 1 Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gisela Kuhn
- 1 Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Ralph Müller
- 1 Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- 1 Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,3 Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
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12
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Weinkamer R, Eberl C, Fratzl P. Mechanoregulation of Bone Remodeling and Healing as Inspiration for Self-Repair in Materials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2019; 4:biomimetics4030046. [PMID: 31323943 PMCID: PMC6784298 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics4030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The material bone has attracted the attention of material scientists due to its fracture resistance and ability to self-repair. A mechanoregulated exchange of damaged bone using newly synthesized material avoids the accumulation of fatigue damage. This remodeling process is also the basis for structural adaptation to common loading conditions, thereby reducing the probability of material failure. In the case of fracture, an initial step of tissue formation is followed by a mechanobiological controlled restoration of the pre-fracture state. The present perspective focuses on these mechanobiological aspects of bone remodeling and healing. Specifically, the role of the control function is considered, which describes mechanoregulation as a link between mechanical stimulation and the local response of the material through changes in structure or material properties. Mechanical forces propagate over large distances leading to a complex non-local feedback between mechanical stimulation and material response. To better understand such phenomena, computer models are often employed. As expected from control theory, negative and positive feedback loops lead to entirely different time evolutions, corresponding to stable and unstable states of the material system. After some background information about bone remodeling and healing, we describe a few representative models, the corresponding control functions, and their consequences. The results are then discussed with respect to the potential design of synthetic materials with specific self-repair properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Christoph Eberl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Microsystems Technology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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13
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Currey JD, Dean MN, Shahar R. Revisiting the links between bone remodelling and osteocytes: insights from across phyla. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1702-1719. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Currey
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces; 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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14
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Razi H, Birkhold AI, Weinkamer R, Duda GN, Willie BM, Checa S. Aging Leads to a Dysregulation in Mechanically Driven Bone Formation and Resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1864-73. [PMID: 25857303 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is essential to maintain skeletal mass and structure, but its effect seems to diminish with age. To test the hypothesis that bone becomes less sensitive to mechanical strain with age, we used a combined in vivo/in silico approach. We investigated how maturation and aging influence the mechanical regulation of bone formation and resorption to 2 weeks of noninvasive in vivo controlled loading in mice. Using 3D in vivo morphometrical assessment of longitudinal microcomputed tomography images, we quantified sites in the mouse tibia where bone was deposited or resorbed in response to controlled in vivo loading. We compared the (re)modeling events (formation/resorption/quiescent) to the mechanical strains induced at these sites (predicted using finite element analysis). Mice of all age groups (young, adult, and elderly) responded to loading with increased formation and decreased resorption, preferentially at high strains. Low strains were associated with no anabolic response in adult and elderly mice, whereas young animals showed a strong response. Adult animals showed a clear separation between strain ranges where formation and resorption occurred but without an intermediate quiescent "lazy zone". This strain threshold disappeared in elderly mice, as mechanically induced (re)modeling became dysregulated, apparent in an inability to inhibit resorption or initiate formation. Contrary to what is generally believed until now, aging does not shift the mechanical threshold required to initiate formation or resorption, but rather blurs its specificity. These data suggest that pharmaceutical strategies augmenting physical exercise should consider this dysfunction in the mechanical regulation of bone (re)modeling to more effectively combat age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Razi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette I Birkhold
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Badilatti SD, Christen P, Levchuk A, Marangalou JH, van Rietbergen B, Parkinson I, Müller R. Large-scale microstructural simulation of load-adaptive bone remodeling in whole human vertebrae. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:83-95. [PMID: 26255055 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of individuals at risk of bone fractures remains challenging despite recent advances in bone strength assessment. In particular, the future degradation of the microstructure and load adaptation has been disregarded. Bone remodeling simulations have so far been restricted to small-volume samples. Here, we present a large-scale framework for predicting microstructural adaptation in whole human vertebrae. The load-adaptive bone remodeling simulations include estimations of appropriate bone loading of three load cases as boundary conditions with microfinite element analysis. Homeostatic adaptation of whole human vertebrae over a simulated period of 10 years is achieved with changes in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of less than 5%. Evaluation on subvolumes shows that simplifying boundary conditions reduces the ability of the system to maintain trabecular structures when keeping remodeling parameters unchanged. By rotating the loading direction, adaptation toward new loading conditions could be induced. This framework shows the possibility of using large-scale bone remodeling simulations toward a more accurate prediction of microstructural changes in whole human bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro D Badilatti
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Christen
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Levchuk
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javad Hazrati Marangalou
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Parkinson
- SA Pathology and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Birkhold AI, Razi H, Weinkamer R, Duda GN, Checa S, Willie BM. Monitoring in vivo (re)modeling: a computational approach using 4D microCT data to quantify bone surface movements. Bone 2015; 75:210-21. [PMID: 25746796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone undergoes continual damage repair and structural adaptation to changing external loads with the aim of maintaining skeletal integrity throughout life. The ability to monitor bone (re)modeling would allow for a better understanding in how various pathologies and interventions affect bone turnover and subsequent bone strength. To date, however, current methods to monitor bone (re)modeling over time and in space are limited. We propose a novel method to visualize and quantify bone turnover, based on in vivo microCT imaging and a 4D computational approach. By in vivo tracking of spatially correlated formation and resorption sites over time it classifies bone restructuring into (re)modeling sequences, the spatially and temporally linked sequences of formation, resorption and quiescent periods on the bone surface. The microCT based method was validated using experimental data from an in vivo mouse tibial loading model and ex vivo data of the mouse tibia. In this application, the method allows the visualization of time-resolved cortical (re)modeling and the quantification of short-term and long-term modeling on the endocortical and periosteal surface at the mid-diaphysis of loaded and control mice tibiae. Both short-term and long-term modeling processes, independent formation and resorption events, could be monitored and modeling (spatially not correlated formation and resorption) and remodeling (resorption followed by new formation at the same site) could be distinguished on the bone surface. This novel method that combines in vivo microCT with a computational approach is a powerful tool to monitor bone turnover in animal models now and is waiting to be applied to human patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette I Birkhold
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hajar Razi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Science Park Potsdam-Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Studart AR. Biologically Inspired Dynamic Material Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3400-16. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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19
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20
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Maurer MM, Weinkamer R, Müller R, Ruffoni D. Does mechanical stimulation really protect the architecture of trabecular bone? A simulation study. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:795-805. [PMID: 25501464 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although it is beyond doubt that mechanical stimulation is crucial to maintain bone mass, its role in preserving bone architecture is much less clear. Commonly, it is assumed that mechanics helps to conserve the trabecular network since an "accidental" thinning of a trabecula due to a resorption event would result in a local increase of load, thereby activating bone deposition there. However, considering that the thin trabecula is part of a network, it is not evident that load concentration happens locally on the weakened trabecula. The aim of this work was to clarify whether mechanical load has a protective role for preserving the trabecular network during remodeling. Trabecular bone is made dynamic by a remodeling algorithm, which results in a thickening/thinning of trabeculae with high/low strain energy density. Our simulations show that larger deviations from a regular cubic lattice result in a greater loss of trabeculae. Around lost trabeculae, the remaining trabeculae are on average thinner. More generally, thin trabeculae are more likely to have thin trabeculae in their neighborhood. The plausible consideration that a thin trabecula concentrates a higher amount of strain energy within itself is therefore only true when considering a single isolated trabecula. Mechano-regulated remodeling within a network-like architecture leads to local concentrations of thin trabeculae.
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A bone remodelling model including the effect of damage on the steering of BMUs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 32:99-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stenlund P, Murase K, Stålhandske C, Lausmaa J, Palmquist A. Understanding mechanisms and factors related to implant fixation; a model study of removal torque. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 34:83-92. [PMID: 24566379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Osseointegration is a prerequisite for achieving a stable long-term fixation and load-bearing capacity of bone anchored implants. Removal torque measurements are often used experimentally to evaluate the fixation of osseointegrated screw-shaped implants. However, a detailed understanding of the way different factors influence the result of removal torque measurements is lacking. The present study aims to identify the main factors contributing to anchorage. Individual factors important for implant fixation were identified using a model system with an experimental design in which cylindrical or screw-shaped samples were embedded in thermosetting polymers, in order to eliminate biological variation. Within the limits of the present study, it is concluded that surface topography and the mechanical properties of the medium surrounding the implant affect the maximum removal torque. In addition to displaying effects individually, these factors demonstrate interplay between them. The rotational speed was found not to influence the removal torque measurements within the investigated range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Stenlund
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Kohei Murase
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, 464-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Jukka Lausmaa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 412, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Lukas C, Ruffoni D, Lambers FM, Schulte FA, Kuhn G, Kollmannsberger P, Weinkamer R, Müller R. Mineralization kinetics in murine trabecular bone quantified by time-lapsed in vivo micro-computed tomography. Bone 2013; 56:55-60. [PMID: 23684803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone is a highly dynamic tissue due to bone remodeling, mineralization and demineralization. The mineral content and its spatial heterogeneity are main contributors to bone quality. Using time-lapsed in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), it is now possible to resolve in three dimensions where bone gets resorbed and deposited over several weeks. In addition, the gray values in the micro-CT images contain quantitative information about the local tissue mineral density (TMD). The aim of this study was to measure how TMD increases with time after new bone formation and how this mineralization kinetics is influenced by mechanical stimulation. Our analysis of changes in TMD was based on an already reported experiment on 15-week-old female mice (C57BL/6), where in one group the sixth caudal vertebra was mechanically loaded with 8N, while in the control group no loading was applied. Comparison of two consecutive images allows the categorization of bone into newly formed, resorbed, and quiescent bone for different time points. Gray values of bone in these categories were compared layer-wise to minimize the effects of beam hardening artifacts. Quiescent bone in the control group was found to mineralize with a rate of 8 ± 1 mgHA/cm(3) per week, which is about half as fast as observed for newly formed bone. Mechanical loading increased the rate of mineral incorporation by 63% in quiescent bone. The week before bone resorption, demineralization could be observed with a drop of TMD by 36 ± 4 mgHA/cm(3) in the control and 34 ± 3 mgHA/cm(3) in the loaded group. In conclusion, this study shows how time-lapsed in vivo micro-CT can be used to assess changes in TMD of bone with high spatial and temporal resolution. This will allow a quantification of how bone diseases and pharmaceutical interventions influence not only microarchitecture of trabecular bone, but also its material quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lukas
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Idhammad A, Abdali A, Alaa N. Computational simulation of the bone remodeling using the finite element method: an elastic-damage theory for small displacements. Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:32. [PMID: 23663260 PMCID: PMC3668218 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The resistance of the bone against damage by repairing itself and adapting to environmental conditions is its most important property. These adaptive changes are regulated by physiological process commonly called the bone remodeling. Better understanding this process requires that we apply the theory of elastic-damage under the hypothesis of small displacements to a bone structure and see its mechanical behavior. Results The purpose of the present study is to simulate a two dimensional model of a proximal femur by taking into consideration elastic-damage and mechanical stimulus. Here, we present a mathematical model based on a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and we develop the variational formulation for the mechanical problem. Then, we implement our mathematical model into the finite element method algorithm to investigate the effect of the damage. Conclusion The results are consistent with the existing literature which shows that the bone stiffness drops in damaged bone structure under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Idhammad
- Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (LAMAI), Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Cadi Ayyad University, Abdelkrim El Khattabi Avenue, Marrakech, Morocco.
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25
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Schulte FA, Ruffoni D, Lambers FM, Christen D, Webster DJ, Kuhn G, Müller R. Local mechanical stimuli regulate bone formation and resorption in mice at the tissue level. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62172. [PMID: 23637993 PMCID: PMC3634859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is able to react to changing mechanical demands by adapting its internal microstructure through bone forming and resorbing cells. This process is called bone modeling and remodeling. It is evident that changes in mechanical demands at the organ level must be interpreted at the tissue level where bone (re)modeling takes place. Although assumed for a long time, the relationship between the locations of bone formation and resorption and the local mechanical environment is still under debate. The lack of suitable imaging modalities for measuring bone formation and resorption in vivo has made it difficult to assess the mechanoregulation of bone three-dimensionally by experiment. Using in vivo micro-computed tomography and high resolution finite element analysis in living mice, we show that bone formation most likely occurs at sites of high local mechanical strain (p<0.0001) and resorption at sites of low local mechanical strain (p<0.0001). Furthermore, the probability of bone resorption decreases exponentially with increasing mechanical stimulus (R2 = 0.99) whereas the probability of bone formation follows an exponential growth function to a maximum value (R2 = 0.99). Moreover, resorption is more strictly controlled than formation in loaded animals, and ovariectomy increases the amount of non-targeted resorption. Our experimental assessment of mechanoregulation at the tissue level does not show any evidence of a lazy zone and suggests that around 80% of all (re)modeling can be linked to the mechanical micro-environment. These findings disclose how mechanical stimuli at the tissue level contribute to the regulation of bone adaptation at the organ level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Christen
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gisela Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Mai Z, Peng Z, Wu S, Zhang J, Chen L, Liang H, Bai D, Yan G, Ai H. Single bout short duration fluid shear stress induces osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells via integrin β1 and BMP2 signaling cross-talk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61600. [PMID: 23593489 PMCID: PMC3623893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid shear stress plays an important role in bone osteogenic differentiation. It is traditionally believed that pulsed and continuous stress load is more favorable for fracture recovery and bone homeostasis. However, according to our clinical practice, we notice that one single stress load is also sufficient to trigger osteogenic differentiation. In the present study, we subject osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells to single bout short duration fluid shear stress by using a parallel plate flow system. The results show that 1 hour of fluid shear stress at 12 dyn/cm2 promotes terminal osteogenic differentiation, including rearrangement of F-actin stress fiber, up-regulation of osteogenic genes expression, elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity, secretion of type I collagen and osteoid nodule formation. Moreover, collaboration of BMP2 and integrin β1 pathways plays a significant role in such differentiation processes. Our findings provide further experimental evidence to support the notion that single bout short duration fluid shear stress can promote osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Mai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuli Peng
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sihan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huangyou Liang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ding Bai
- Department of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Ai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Schulte FA, Zwahlen A, Lambers FM, Kuhn G, Ruffoni D, Betts D, Webster DJ, Müller R. Strain-adaptive in silico modeling of bone adaptation--a computer simulation validated by in vivo micro-computed tomography data. Bone 2013; 52:485-92. [PMID: 22985889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational models are an invaluable tool to test different mechanobiological theories and, if validated properly, for predicting changes in individuals over time. Concise validation of in silico models, however, has been a bottleneck in the past due to a lack of appropriate reference data. Here, we present a strain-adaptive in silico algorithm which is validated by means of experimental in vivo loading data as well as by an in vivo ovariectomy experiment in the mouse. The maximum prediction error following four weeks of loading resulted in 2.4% in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and 8.4% in other bone structural parameters. Bone formation and resorption rate did not differ significantly between experiment and simulation. The spatial distribution of formation and resorption sites matched in 55.4% of the surface voxels. Bone loss was simulated with a maximum prediction error of 12.1% in BV/TV and other bone morphometric indices, including a saturation level after a few weeks. Dynamic rates were more difficult to be accurately predicted, showing evidence for significant differences between simulation and experiment (p<0.05). The spatial agreement still amounted to 47.6%. In conclusion, we propose a computational model which was validated by means of experimental in vivo data. The predictive value of an in silico model may become of major importance if the computational model should be applied in clinical settings to predict bone changes due to disease and test the efficacy of potential pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike A Schulte
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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28
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DI SHENGMENG, MENG RUI, QIAN AIRONG, TIAN ZONGCHENG, LI JINGBAO, ZHANG RONG, SHANG PENG. IMPACT OF OSTEOCLAST PRECURSORS SUBJECTED TO RANDOM POSITIONING MACHINE ON OSTEOBLASTS. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519412005083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblast-osteoclast interaction plays an important role in the bone remodeling. During long duration space flight, astronauts undergo serious bone loss mainly due to the disruption of equivalence between bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoclast precursors often operate under the control of osteoblasts. However, here we show that the osteoclast precursors could in turn influence osteoblasts. RAW264.7 cells, the murine osteoclast precursors, were treated in the simulated weightlessness produced by a Random Positioning Machine (RPM). After 72 h, conditioned mediums (CM) by the RAW264.7 cells from RPM (RCM) or static control (CCM) were collected and were used to culture osteoblastic-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed that the RCM culture inhibited cell viability and slightly altered cell cycle, but the morphology of the MC3T3-E1 cells was not changed by RCM compared to that of CCM. Furthermore, the intracellular ALP level, NO release and expression of osteoblastic marker genes were all down-regulated by RCM culture. These results suggest that osteoclast precursors subjected to RPM exert negative regulation on osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHENGMENG DI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - RUI MENG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - AIRONG QIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - ZONGCHENG TIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - JINGBAO LI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - RONG ZHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - PENG SHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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Aland S, Landsberg C, Müller R, Stenger F, Bobeth M, Langheinrich AC, Voigt A. Adaptive diffuse domain approach for calculating mechanically induced deformation of trabecular bone. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012; 17:31-8. [PMID: 22417005 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2012.654606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Remodelling of trabecular bone is essentially affected by the mechanical load of the trabeculae. Mathematical modelling and simulation of the remodelling process have to include time-consuming calculations of the displacement field within the complex trabecular structure under loading. We present an adaptive diffuse domain approach for calculating the elastic bone deformation based on micro computer tomogram data of real trabecular bone structures and compared it with a conventional voxel-based finite element method. In addition to allowing for higher computational efficiency, the adaptive approach is characterised by a very smooth representation of the bone surface, which suggests that this approach would be suitable as a basis for future simulations of bone resorption and formation processes within the trabecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aland
- a Institut für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen , TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden , Germany
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Weinkamer R, Fratzl P. Mechanical adaptation of biological materials — The examples of bone and wood. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hartmann MA, Dunlop JWC, Bréchet YJM, Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. Trabecular bone remodelling simulated by a stochastic exchange of discrete bone packets from the surface. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:879-87. [PMID: 21616469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human bone is constantly renewed through life via the process of bone remodelling, in which individual packets of bone are removed by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts. Remodelling is mechanically controlled, where osteocytes embedded within the bone matrix are thought to act as mechanical sensors. In this computational work, a stochastic model for bone remodelling is used in which the renewal of bone material occurs by exchange of discrete bone packets. We tested different hypotheses of how the mechanical stimulus for bone remodelling is integrated by osteocytes and sent to actor cells on the bone's surface. A collective (summed) signal from multiple osteocytes as opposed to an individual (maximal) signal from a single osteocyte was found to lead to lower inner porosity and surface roughness of the simulated bone structure. This observation can be interpreted in that collective osteocyte signalling provides an effective surface tension to the remodelling process. Furthermore, the material heterogeneity due to remodelling was studied on a network of trabeculae. As the model is discrete, the age of individual bone packets can be monitored with time. The simulation results were compared with experimental data coming from quantitative back scattered electron imaging by transforming the information about the age of the bone packet into a mineral content. Discrepancies with experiments indicate that osteoclasts preferentially resorb low mineralized, i.e. young, bone at the bone's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hartmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Leoben, Austria
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32
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Kameo Y, Adachi T, Hojo M. Effects of loading frequency on the functional adaptation of trabeculae predicted by bone remodeling simulation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:900-8. [PMID: 21616471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The process of bone remodeling is regulated by metabolic activities of many bone cells. While osteoclasts and osteoblasts are responsible for bone resorption and formation, respectively, activities of these cells are believed to be controlled by a mechanosensory system of osteocytes embedded in the extracellular bone matrix. Several experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that the strain-derived interstitial fluid flow in lacuno-canalicular porosity serves as the prime mover for bone remodeling. Previously, we constructed a mathematical model for trabecular bone remodeling that interconnects the microscopic cellular activities with the macroscopic morphological changes in trabeculae through the mechanical hierarchy. This model assumes that fluid-induced shear stress acting on osteocyte processes is a driving force for bone remodeling. The validity of this model has been demonstrated with a remodeling simulation using a two-dimensional trabecular model. In this study, to investigate the effects of loading frequency, which is thought to be a significant mechanical factor in bone remodeling, we simulated morphological changes of a three-dimensional single trabecula under cyclic uniaxial loading with various frequencies. The results of the simulation show the trabecula reoriented to the loading direction with the progress of bone remodeling. Furthermore, as the imposed loading frequency increased, the diameter of the trabecula in the equilibrium state was enlarged by remodeling. These results indicate that our simulation model can successfully evaluate the relationship between loading frequency and trabecular bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kameo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Saparin P, Scherf H, Hublin JJ, Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. Structural Adaptation of Trabecular Bone Revealed by Position Resolved Analysis of Proximal Femora of Different Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 294:55-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Adachi T, Kameo Y, Hojo M. Trabecular bone remodelling simulation considering osteocytic response to fluid-induced shear stress. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:2669-2682. [PMID: 20439268 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In bone functional adaptation by remodelling, osteocytes in the lacuno-canalicular system are believed to play important roles in the mechanosensory system. Under dynamic loading, bone matrix deformation generates an interstitial fluid flow in the lacuno-canalicular system; this flow induces shear stress on the osteocytic process membrane that is known to stimulate the osteocytes. In this sense, the osteocytes behave as mechanosensors and deliver mechanical information to neighbouring cells through the intercellular communication network. In this study, bone remodelling is assumed to be regulated by the mechanical signals collected by the osteocytes. From the viewpoint of multi-scale biomechanics, we propose a mathematical model of trabecular bone remodelling that takes into account the osteocytic mechanosensory network system. Based on this model, a computational simulation of trabecular bone remodelling was conducted for a single trabecula under cyclic uniaxial loading, demonstrating functional adaptation to the applied mechanical loading as a load-bearing construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Adachi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-hommachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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