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Etschmaier V, Üçal M, Lohberger B, Absenger-Novak M, Kolb D, Weinberg A, Schäfer U. Disruption of Endochondral Ossification and Extracellular Matrix Maturation in an Ex Vivo Rat Femur Organotypic Slice Model Due to Growth Plate Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1687. [PMID: 37443722 PMCID: PMC10341345 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal bone fractures of the growth plate (GP) are often associated with regenerative complications such as growth impairment. In order to understand the underlying processes of trauma-associated growth impairment within postnatal bone, an ex vivo rat femur slice model was developed. To achieve this, a 2 mm horizontal cut was made through the GP of rat femur prior to the organotypic culture being cultivated for 15 days in vitro. Histological analysis showed disrupted endochondral ossification, including disordered architecture, increased chondrocyte metabolic activity, and a loss of hypertrophic zone throughout the distal femur. Furthermore, altered expression patterns of Col2α1, Acan, and ColX, and increased chondrocyte metabolic activity in the TZ and MZ at day 7 and day 15 postinjury were observed. STEM revealed the presence of stem cells, fibroblasts, and chondrocytes within the injury site at day 7. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that the ex vivo organotypic GP injury model could be a valuable tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of GP regeneration post-trauma, as well as other tissue engineering and disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Etschmaier
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
- Bio-Tech-Med Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Annelie Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
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Lee JK, Link JM, Hu JCY, Athanasiou KA. The Self-Assembling Process and Applications in Tissue Engineering. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a025668. [PMID: 28348174 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strives to create neotissues capable of restoring function. Scaffold-free technologies have emerged that can recapitulate native tissue function without the use of an exogenous scaffold. This review will survey, in particular, the self-assembling and self-organization processes as scaffold-free techniques. Characteristics and benefits of each process are described, and key examples of tissues created using these scaffold-free processes are examined to provide guidance for future tissue-engineering developments. We aim to explore the potential of self-assembly and self-organization scaffold-free approaches, detailing the recent progress in the in vitro tissue engineering of biomimetic tissues with these methods toward generating functional tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jarrett M Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jerry C Y Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Altered architecture and cell populations affect bone marrow mechanobiology in the osteoporotic human femur. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:841-850. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Akiyama M. Identification of UACA, EXOSC9, and ΤΜX2 in bovine periosteal cells by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5805-13. [PMID: 24696107 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inspection of patient-derived cells used in transplantation is non-invasive. Therefore, proteomics analysis using supernatants of cells cultured before transplantation is informative. In order to investigate the cell niche of bovine periosteal cells, supernatants of these cultured cells were subjected to 2-D electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, which identified type 1 collagen and the C-terminus of type 3 collagen. Only the C-terminal peptide from type 3 collagen was found in supernatants. It is known that type 3 collagen may be expressed intra- or extra-cellularly. Paraffin sections of the cultured cells were next examined by immunohistochemistry, which revealed that type 3 collagen regions besides the C-terminal peptide were present around the bovine periosteal cells but were not found in supernatants. Full-length type 3 collagen was closely associated with the cells, and only the C-terminal peptide was detectable in culture supernatants. Mass spectrometry analysis of partial peptide data combined with immunohistochemistry also indicated that uveal autoantigen with coiled coil domains and ankyrin repeats (UACA), exosome complex component RRP45 (EXOSC9), and thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2 (TMX2) were expressed in bovine periosteal cells. Results of this study indicate that analysis of culture supernatants before cell transplantation can provide useful biomarkers indicating the niche of cells used for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Akiyama
- Department of Biomaterials, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan,
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Gurkan UA, El Assal R, Yildiz SE, Sung Y, Trachtenberg AJ, Kuo WP, Demirci U. Engineering anisotropic biomimetic fibrocartilage microenvironment by bioprinting mesenchymal stem cells in nanoliter gel droplets. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2151-9. [PMID: 24495169 PMCID: PMC4096228 DOI: 10.1021/mp400573g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, bioprinting has emerged as a promising patterning strategy to organize cells and extracellular components both in two and three dimensions (2D and 3D) to engineer functional tissue mimicking constructs. So far, tissue printing has neither been used for 3D patterning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in multiphase growth factor embedded 3D hydrogels nor been investigated phenotypically in terms of simultaneous differentiation into different cell types within the same micropatterned 3D tissue constructs. Accordingly, we demonstrated a biochemical gradient by bioprinting nanoliter droplets encapsulating human MSCs, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF- β1), engineering an anisotropic biomimetic fibrocartilage microenvironment. Assessment of the model tissue construct displayed multiphasic anisotropy of the incorporated biochemical factors after patterning. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results suggested genomic expression patterns leading to simultaneous differentiation of MSC populations into osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotype within the multiphasic construct, evidenced by upregulation of osteogenesis and condrogenesis related genes during in vitro culture. Comprehensive phenotypic network and pathway analysis results, which were based on genomic expression data, indicated activation of differentiation related mechanisms, via signaling pathways, including TGF, BMP, and vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut A Gurkan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Marlow R, Honeth G, Lombardi S, Cariati M, Hessey S, Pipili A, Mariotti V, Buchupalli B, Foster K, Bonnet D, Grigoriadis A, Rameshwar P, Purushotham A, Tutt A, Dontu G. A Novel Model of Dormancy for Bone Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6886-99. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Tasoglu S, Gurkan UA, Wang S, Demirci U. Manipulating biological agents and cells in micro-scale volumes for applications in medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5788-808. [PMID: 23575660 PMCID: PMC3865707 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances provide new tools to manipulate cells and biological agents in micro/nano-liter volumes. With precise control over small volumes, the cell microenvironment and other biological agents can be bioengineered; interactions between cells and external stimuli can be monitored; and the fundamental mechanisms such as cancer metastasis and stem cell differentiation can be elucidated. Technological advances based on the principles of electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, acoustic, and mechanical forces lead to novel applications in point-of-care diagnostics, regenerative medicine, in vitro drug testing, cryopreservation, and cell isolation/purification. In this review, we first focus on the underlying mechanisms of emerging examples for cell manipulation in small volumes targeting applications such as tissue engineering. Then, we illustrate how these mechanisms impact the aforementioned biomedical applications, discuss the associated challenges, and provide perspectives for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Tasoglu
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - ShuQi Wang
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Craniosynostosis-associated Fgfr2(C342Y) mutant bone marrow stromal cells exhibit cell autonomous abnormalities in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:292506. [PMID: 23762837 PMCID: PMC3665166 DOI: 10.1155/2013/292506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that cranial bones of Fgfr2C342Y/+ craniosynostotic mice are diminished in density when compared to those of wild type mice, and that cranial bone cells isolated from the mutant mice exhibit inhibited late stage osteoblast differentiation. To provide further support for the idea that craniosynostosis-associated Fgfr mutations lead to cell autonomous defects in osteoblast differentiation and mineralized tissue formation, here we tested bone marrow stromal cells isolated from Fgfr2C342Y/+ mice for their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts. Additionally, to determine if the low bone mass phenotype of Crouzon syndrome includes the appendicular skeleton, long bones were assessed by micro CT. Fgfr2C342Y/+ cells showed increased osteoblastic gene expression during early osteoblastic differentiation but decreased expression of alkaline phosphatase mRNA and enzyme activity, and decreased mineralization during later stages of differentiation, when cultured under 2D in vitro conditions. Cells isolated from Fgfr2C342Y/+ mice also formed less bone when allowed to differentiate in a 3D matrix in vivo. Cortical bone parameters were diminished in long bones of Fgfr2C342Y/+ mice. These results demonstrate that marrow stromal cells of Fgfr2C342Y/+ mice have an autonomous defect in osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization, and that the Fgfr2C342Y mutation influences both the axial and appendicular skeletons.
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Cao J, Man Y, Li L. Electrical stimuli improve osteogenic differentiation mediated by aniline pentamer and PLGA nanocomposites. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:428-432. [PMID: 24648963 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation may improve the proliferation of animal cells. In the present study, osteoblasts were cultured on electroactive aniline pentamer (AP)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymer composites, on which electric pulse was imposed. The combination of polymer and electric pulse enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of the osteoblasts, characterized by the upregulated expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, collagen I and osteonectin and the phosphorylation of Samd4, in contrast to polymer or electrical pulse alone. This action occurred in a polymer content-dependent manner. Therefore, the action of the electric pulse, assisted by the electroactive polymer implant, may be promising in the expedition of injured bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033; ; Department of Orthopedics, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Man
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033
| | - Lisen Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033
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Gurkan UA, Fan Y, Xu F, Erkmen B, Urkac ES, Parlakgul G, Bernstein J, Xing W, Boyden ES, Demirci U. Simple precision creation of digitally specified, spatially heterogeneous, engineered tissue architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1192-8. [PMID: 23192949 PMCID: PMC3842103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yantao Fan
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Burcu Erkmen
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emel Sokullu Urkac
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gunes Parlakgul
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob Bernstein
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wangli Xing
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, 65 Landsdowne St. PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Shen FH, Werner BC, Liang H, Shang H, Yang N, Li X, Shimer AL, Balian G, Katz AJ. Implications of adipose-derived stromal cells in a 3D culture system for osteogenic differentiation: an in vitro and in vivo investigation. Spine J 2013; 13:32-43. [PMID: 23384881 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Healthy mammalian cells in normal tissues are organized in complex three-dimensional (3D) networks that display nutrient and signaling gradients. Conventional techniques that grow cells in a 2D monolayer fail to reproduce the environment that is observed in vivo. In recent years, 3D culture systems have been used to mimic tumor microenvironments in cancer research and to emulate embryogenesis in stem cell cultures. However, there have been no studies exploring the ability for adipose-derived stromal (ADS) cells in a 3D culture system to undergo osteogenic differentiation. PURPOSE To characterize and investigate the in vitro and in vivo potential for human ADS cells in a novel 3D culture system to undergo osteogenic differentiation. STUDY DESIGN Basic science and laboratory study. METHODS Human ADS cells were isolated and prepared as either a 2D monolayer or 3D multicellular aggregates (MAs). Multicellular aggregates were formed using the hanging droplet technique. Cells were treated in osteogenic medium in vitro, and cellular differentiation was investigated using gene expression, histology, and microCT at 1-, 2-, and 4-week time points. In vivo investigation involved creating a muscle pouch by developing the avascular muscular interval in the vastus lateralis of male athymic rats. Specimens were then pretreated with osteogenic medium and surgically implanted as (1) carrier (Matrigel) alone (control), (2) carrier with human ADS cells in monolayer, or (3) human ADS cells as MAs. In vivo evidence of osteogenic differentiation was evaluated with micro computed tomography and histologic sectioning at a 2-week time point. RESULTS Human ADS cells cultured by the hanging droplet technique successfully formed MAs at the air-fluid interface. Adipose-derived stromal cells cultured in monolayer or as 3D MAs retain their ability to self-replicate and undergo multilineage differentiation as confirmed by increased runx2/Cbfa2, ALP, and OCN and increased matrix mineralization on histologic sectioning. Multicellular aggregate cells expressed increased differentiation potential and extracellular matrix production over the same human ADS cells cultured in monolayer. Furthermore, MAs reseeded onto monolayer retained their stem cell capabilities. When implanted in vivo, significantly greater bone volume and extracellular matrix were present in the implanted specimens of MAs confirmed on both microCT and histological sectioning. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate the capability of human ADS cells in a 3D culture system to undergo osteogenic differentiation. The results confirm that MAs maintain their stem cell characteristics. Compared with analogous cells in monolayer culture, the human ADS cells as MAs exhibit elevated levels of osteogenic differentiation and increased matrix mineralization. Furthermore, the creation of uniform spheroids allows for improved handling and manipulation during transplantation. These findings strongly support the concept that 3D culture systems remain not only a viable option for stem cell culture but also possibly a more attractive alternative to traditional culture techniques to improve the osteogenic potential of human adipose stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Box 800159, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0159, USA.
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Smith EL, Kanczler JM, Roberts CA, Oreffo ROC. Developmental cues for bone formation from parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein in an ex vivo organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:984-94. [PMID: 22690868 PMCID: PMC4014091 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement and application of our understanding of skeletal developmental biology is critical to developing tissue engineering approaches to bone repair. We propose that use of the developing embryonic femur as a model to further understand skeletogenesis, and the effects of key differentiation agents, will aid our understanding of the developing bone niche and inform bone reparation. We have used a three-dimensional organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora to investigate the effects of two key skeletal differentiation agents, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), on bone and cartilage development, using a combination of microcomputed tomography and histological analysis to assess tissue formation and structure, and cellular behavior. Stimulation of embryonic day 11 (E11) organotypic femur cultures with PTH and PTHrP initiated osteogenesis. Bone formation was enhanced, with increased collagen I and STRO-1 expression, and cartilage was reduced, with decreased chondrocyte proliferation, collagen II expression, and glycosaminoglycan levels. This study demonstrates the successful use of organotypic chick femur cultures as a model for bone development, evidenced by the ability of exogenous bioactive molecules to differentially modulate bone and cartilage formation. The organotypic model outlined provides a tool for analyzing key temporal stages of bone and cartilage development, providing a paradigm for translation of bone development to improve scaffolds and skeletal stem cell treatments for skeletal regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Smith
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Gurkan UA, Golden R, Kishore V, Riley CP, Adamec J, Akkus O. Immune and inflammatory pathways are involved in inherent bone marrow ossification. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470:2528-40. [PMID: 22798134 PMCID: PMC3830098 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-012-2459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow plays a key role in bone formation and healing. Although a subset of marrow explants ossifies in vitro without excipient osteoinductive factors, some explants do not undergo ossification. The disparity of outcome suggests a significant heterogeneity in marrow tissue in terms of its capacity to undergo osteogenesis. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We sought to identify: (1) proteins and signaling pathways associated with osteogenesis by contrasting the proteomes of ossified and poorly ossified marrow explants; and (2) temporal changes in proteome and signaling pathways of marrow ossification in the early and late phases of bone formation. METHODS Explants of marrow were cultured. Media conditioned by ossified (n = 4) and poorly ossified (n = 4) subsets were collected and proteins unique to each group were identified by proteomic analysis. Proteomic data were processed to assess proteins specific to the early phase (Days 1-14) and late phase (Days 15-28) of the culture period. Pathways involved in bone marrow ossification were identified through bioinformatics. RESULTS Twenty-eight proteins were unique to ossified samples and eight were unique to poorly ossified ones. Twelve proteins were expressed during the early phase and 15 proteins were specific to the late phase. Several identified pathways corroborated those reported for bone formation in the literature. Immune and inflammatory pathways were specific to ossified samples. CONCLUSIONS The marrow explant model indicates the inflammatory and immune pathways to be an integral part of the osteogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- />Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, PRB 252, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Ryan Golden
- />Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Vipuil Kishore
- />Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Catherine P. Riley
- />Department of Research and Development Pathology Associates, Medical Laboratories, Spokane, WA 99204 USA
| | - Jiri Adamec
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- />Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- />Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA
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Demirbag B, Huri PY, Kose GT, Buyuksungur A, Hasirci V. Advanced cell therapies with and without scaffolds. Biotechnol J 2012; 6:1437-53. [PMID: 22162495 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine aim to produce tissue substitutes to restore lost functions of tissues and organs. This includes cell therapies, induction of tissue/organ regeneration by biologically active molecules, or transplantation of in vitro grown tissues. This review article discusses advanced cell therapies that make use of scaffolds and scaffold-free approaches. The first part of this article covers the basic characteristics of scaffolds, including characteristics of scaffold material, fabrication and surface functionalization, and their applications in the construction of hard (bone and cartilage) and soft (nerve, skin, blood vessel, heart muscle) tissue substitutes. In addition, cell sources as well as bioreactive agents, such as growth factors, that guide cell functions are presented. The second part in turn, examines scaffold-free applications, with a focus on the recently discovered cell sheet engineering. This article serves as a good reference for all applications of advanced cell therapies and as well as advantages and limitations of scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Demirbag
- METU, Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Unit, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Gurkan UA, Tasoglu S, Kavaz D, Demirel MC, Demirci U. Emerging technologies for assembly of microscale hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2012; 1:149-158. [PMID: 23184717 PMCID: PMC3774531 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of cell encapsulating building blocks (i.e., microscale hydrogels) has significant applications in areas including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and cell-based in vitro assays for pharmaceutical research and drug discovery. Inspired by the repeating functional units observed in native tissues and biological systems (e.g., the lobule in liver, the nephron in kidney), assembly technologies aim to generate complex tissue structures by organizing microscale building blocks. Novel assembly technologies enable fabrication of engineered tissue constructs with controlled properties including tunable microarchitectural and predefined compositional features. Recent advances in micro- and nano-scale technologies have enabled engineering of microgel based three dimensional (3D) constructs. There is a need for high-throughput and scalable methods to assemble microscale units with a complex 3D micro-architecture. Emerging assembly methods include novel technologies based on microfluidics, acoustic and magnetic fields, nanotextured surfaces, and surface tension. In this review, we survey emerging microscale hydrogel assembly methods offering rapid, scalable microgel assembly in 3D, and provide future perspectives and discuss potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Doga Kavaz
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melik C Demirel
- Materials Research Institute Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Is macroporosity absolutely required for preliminary in vitro bone biomaterial study? A comparison between porous materials and flat materials. J Funct Biomater 2011; 2:308-37. [PMID: 24956447 PMCID: PMC4030915 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous materials are highly preferred for bone tissue engineering due to space for blood vessel ingrowth, but this may introduce extra experimental variations because of the difficulty in precise control of porosity. In order to decide whether it is absolutely necessary to use porous materials in in vitro comparative osteogenesis study of materials with different chemistries, we carried out osteoinductivity study using C3H/10T1/2 cells, pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on seven material types: hydroxyapatite (HA), α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and b-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in both porous and dense forms and tissue culture plastic. For all materials under test, dense materials give higher alkaline phosphatase gene (Alp) expression compared with porous materials. In addition, the cell density effects on the 10T1/2 cells were assessed through alkaline phosphatase protein (ALP) enzymatic assay. The ALP expression was higher for higher initial cell plating density and this explains the greater osteoinductivity of dense materials compared with porous materials for in vitro study as porous materials would have higher surface area. On the other hand, the same trend of Alp mRNA level (HA > β-TCP > α-TCP) was observed for both porous and dense materials, validating the use of dense flat materials for comparative study of materials with different chemistries for more reliable comparison when well-defined porous materials are not available. The avoidance of porosity variation would probably facilitate more reproducible results. This study does not suggest porosity is not required for experiments related to bone regeneration application, but emphasizes that there is often a tradeoff between higher clinical relevance, and less variation in a less complex set up, which facilitates a statistically significant conclusion. Technically, we also show that the base of normalization for ALP activity may influence the conclusion and there may be ALP activity from serum, necessitating the inclusion of "no cell" control in ALP activity assay with materials. These explain the opposite conclusions drawn by different groups on the effect of porosity.
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