1
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Debaere SF, Weideli OC, Daly R, Milanesi EMC, Trujillo JE, Bouyoucos IA, Mourier J, Chin A, Planes S, De Boeck G, Rummer JL. The costs and healing rates of minor injuries in neonatal reef sharks. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2025. [PMID: 39891473 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 11/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/03/2025]
Abstract
Elasmobranch fishes (i.e., sharks, skates, and rays) exhibit remarkable wound-healing capabilities and consistently maintain a high capacity for tissue regeneration throughout their lives. This high capacity for wound healing may be particularly important for neonatal elasmobranchs that are still developing their immune system. However, little is known about the costs associated with wound healing and the potential influence of environmental variables or life history. In this study, we explore (1) the impact of minor, external injuries on the growth and body condition of neonatal blacktip reef (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and sicklefin lemon (Negaprion acutidens) sharks using a long-term fisheries-independent dataset from Moorea, French Polynesia, (2) the influence of ambient temperature on healing rates in neonatal blacktip reef sharks at two experimental temperatures (25°C and 29°C), and (3) variations in umbilical wound-healing rates between blacktip reef and sicklefin lemon sharks using an additional long-term dataset from St. Joseph Atoll, Seychelles. We found no impact of minor, external injuries on growth and body condition in neonatal blacktip reef and sicklefin lemon sharks, accelerated umbilical wound healing in neonatal blacktip reef sharks exposed to elevated ambient temperatures, and distinct umbilical wound-healing rates between neonatal blacktip reef and sicklefin lemon sharks. Enhancing our understanding of sharks' healing capabilities and the influence of environmental factors on this process is crucial for informing handling practices aimed at improving post-release survival rates of captured sharks under current and future oceanic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamil F Debaere
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ornella C Weideli
- EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, PSL Research University, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
- SOSF-D'Arros Research Centre (SOSF-DRC), Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Daly
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Elena M C Milanesi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - José E Trujillo
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, PSL Research University, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johann Mourier
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Andrew Chin
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Serge Planes
- EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, PSL Research University, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence 'CORAIL', EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Semba Y, Fujinami Y, Kurashima A. Development of new methods for attaching pop-up satellite archival tags to blue sharks (Prionace glauca). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2024; 579:152041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2024.152041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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3
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Waller MJ, Humphries NE, Womersley FC, Loveridge A, Jeffries AL, Watanabe Y, Payne N, Semmens J, Queiroz N, Southall EJ, Sims DW. The vulnerability of sharks, skates, and rays to ocean deoxygenation: Physiological mechanisms, behavioral responses, and ecological impacts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 105:482-511. [PMID: 38852616 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Levels of dissolved oxygen in open ocean and coastal waters are decreasing (ocean deoxygenation), with poorly understood effects on marine megafauna. All of the more than 1000 species of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) are obligate water breathers, with a variety of life-history strategies and oxygen requirements. This review demonstrates that although many elasmobranchs typically avoid hypoxic water, they also appear capable of withstanding mild to moderate hypoxia with changes in activity, ventilatory responses, alterations to circulatory and hematological parameters, and morphological alterations to gill structures. However, such strategies may be insufficient to withstand severe, progressive, or prolonged hypoxia or anoxia where anaerobic metabolic pathways may be used for limited periods. As water temperatures increase with climate warming, ectothermic elasmobranchs will exhibit elevated metabolic rates and are likely to be less able to tolerate the effects of even mild hypoxia associated with deoxygenation. As a result, sustained hypoxic conditions in warmer coastal or surface-pelagic waters are likely to lead to shifts in elasmobranch distributions. Mass mortalities of elasmobranchs linked directly to deoxygenation have only rarely been observed but are likely underreported. One key concern is how reductions in habitat volume as a result of expanding hypoxia resulting from deoxygenation will influence interactions between elasmobranchs and industrial fisheries. Catch per unit of effort of threatened pelagic sharks by longline fisheries, for instance, has been shown to be higher above oxygen minimum zones compared to adjacent, normoxic regions, and attributed to vertical habitat compression of sharks overlapping with increased fishing effort. How a compound stressor such as marine heatwaves alters vulnerability to deoxygenation remains an open question. With over a third of elasmobranch species listed as endangered, a priority for conservation and management now lies in understanding and mitigating ocean deoxygenation effects in addition to population declines already occurring from overfishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Waller
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Amy L Jeffries
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yuuki Watanabe
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nicholas Payne
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jayson Semmens
- Institue for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS, Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - David W Sims
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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4
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Nicole SA, Fernanda ZC, Mendoza-Nieto K, Briones-Mendoza J. Age and growth of the blue shark Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ecuadorian Pacific: Bayesian multi-models. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 105:34-45. [PMID: 38622835 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The blue shark Prionace glauca plays a critical role as a predator in marine ecosystems but is threatened by by-catch. To obtain more precise biological data, a Bayesian approach was used, and 536 vertebrae samples collected during 1 year at the landing stage called "Playita Mía" Manta, Ecuador, were analysed. The objective was to estimate the age and growth parameters of the species. The size of the specimens varied between 116 and 310 cm in total length (TL). Using a Bayesian approach based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, growth parameters were evaluated. The von Bertalanffy model was the one that best fitted the data and provided more adequate estimates (females: L ∞ = 325.50 cm,L 0 = 53.23 cm, and k = 0.12 years; males: L ∞ = 331.47 cm,L 0 = 51.59 cm, k = 0.12 years -1; combined sexes: L ∞ = 329.65 cm,L 0 = 53.64 cm, k = 0.11 year-1). The results indicated that females and males have a similar growth, and that the species has a slow growth. Further studies using multi-model Bayesian approaches and covering a broader range of sizes in the Pacific Ocean are suggested. These studies will provide crucial information for the management and conservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suárez-Aguilar Nicole
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Tecnologías, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria vía San Mateo, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Zambrano-Cedeño Fernanda
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Tecnologías, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria vía San Mateo, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Klever Mendoza-Nieto
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Tecnologías, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria vía San Mateo, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Jesus Briones-Mendoza
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Tecnologías, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria vía San Mateo, Manta, Ecuador
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5
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Shen Y, Hussey NE, David M, Wu F, Li Y. Vertebral microchemistry as an indicator of habitat use of the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1732-1742. [PMID: 38445757 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus, is a highly migratory, epipelagic top predator that is classified as critically endangered. Although this species is widely distributed throughout the world's tropical oceans, its assumed mobility and pelagic behavior limit studies to derive required lifetime data for management. To address this data deficiency, we assessed variation in the habitat use of C. longimanus by oceanic region and over ontogeny through time series trace element and stable isotope values conserved along the vertebral centra (within translucent annulus bands) of 13 individuals sampled from the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Elemental ratios of Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Fe:Ca, Zn:Ca, and Ba:Ca varied significantly among individuals from both sampling regions while principal component analysis of combined standardized elements revealed minimal overlap between the two areas. The limited overlap was also in agreement with stable isotope niches. These findings indicate that C. longimanus exhibit a degree of fidelity to sampling regions but also connectivity in a proportion of the population. The relatively stable Sr:Ca ratio supports its occurrence in oceanic environments. The decreasing trends in Ba:Ca, Mn:Ca, and Zn:Ca ratios, as well as in carbon and nitrogen isotope values along vertebral transects, indicate that C. longimanus undergo a directional habitat shift with age. Combined elemental and stable isotope values in vertebral centra provide a promising tool for elucidating lifetime data for complex pelagic species. For C. longimanus, management will need to consider subpopulation movement behavior in the Pacific to minimize the potential for localized depletions. Further work is now required to sample individuals across the entire Pacific and to link these findings with genetic and movement data to define population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Shen
- College of Marine Living Resources and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mboglen David
- College of Marine Living Resources and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wu
- College of Marine Living Resources and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Marine Living Resources and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Braun CD, Della Penna A, Arostegui MC, Afonso P, Berumen ML, Block BA, Brown CA, Fontes J, Furtado M, Gallagher AJ, Gaube P, Golet WJ, Kneebone J, Macena BCL, Mucientes G, Orbesen ES, Queiroz N, Shea BD, Schratwieser J, Sims DW, Skomal GB, Snodgrass D, Thorrold SR. Linking vertical movements of large pelagic predators with distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306357120. [PMID: 38150462 PMCID: PMC10666118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306357120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many predator species make regular excursions from near-surface waters to the twilight (200 to 1,000 m) and midnight (1,000 to 3,000 m) zones of the deep pelagic ocean. While the occurrence of significant vertical movements into the deep ocean has evolved independently across taxonomic groups, the functional role(s) and ecological significance of these movements remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate results from satellite tagging efforts with model predictions of deep prey layers in the North Atlantic Ocean to determine whether prey distributions are correlated with vertical habitat use across 12 species of predators. Using 3D movement data for 344 individuals who traversed nearly 1.5 million km of pelagic ocean in [Formula: see text]42,000 d, we found that nearly every tagged predator frequented the twilight zone and many made regular trips to the midnight zone. Using a predictive model, we found clear alignment of predator depth use with the expected location of deep pelagic prey for at least half of the predator species. We compared high-resolution predator data with shipboard acoustics and selected representative matches that highlight the opportunities and challenges in the analysis and synthesis of these data. While not all observed behavior was consistent with estimated prey availability at depth, our results suggest that deep pelagic biomass likely has high ecological value for a suite of commercially important predators in the open ocean. Careful consideration of the disruption to ecosystem services provided by pelagic food webs is needed before the potential costs and benefits of proceeding with extractive activities in the deep ocean can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camrin D. Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Alice Della Penna
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland1010, New Zealand
| | - Martin C. Arostegui
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA93950
| | - Craig A. Brown
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL33149
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | - Miguel Furtado
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | | | - Peter Gaube
- Applied Physics Laboratory–University of Washington, Seattle, WA98105
| | - Walter J. Golet
- The School of Marine Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME04469
- The Gulf of Maine Research Institute, Portland, ME04101
| | - Jeff Kneebone
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, Boston, MA02110
| | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Mucientes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
| | - Eric S. Orbesen
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL33149
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
| | | | | | - David W. Sims
- Marine Biological Association, PlymouthPL1 2PB, United Kingdom
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Derke Snodgrass
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL33149
| | - Simon R. Thorrold
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
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Waller MJ, Queiroz N, da Costa I, Cidade T, Loureiro B, Womersley FC, Fontes J, Afonso P, Macena BCL, Loveridge A, Humphries NE, Southall EJ, Sims DW. Direct measurement of cruising and burst swimming speeds of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) with estimates of field metabolic rate. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:864-883. [PMID: 37395550 PMCID: PMC10952363 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The shortfin mako shark is a large-bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have been reported for this species. Here, animal-borne bio-loggers attached to two mako sharks were used to provide direct measurements of swimming speeds, kinematics and thermal physiology. Mean sustained (cruising) speed was 0.90 m s-1 (±0.07 s.d.) with a mean tail-beat frequency (TBF) of 0.51 Hz (±0.16 s.d.). The maximum burst speed recorded was 5.02 m s-1 (TBFmax = 3.65 Hz) from a 2 m long female. Burst swimming was sustained for 14 s (mean speed = 2.38 m s-1 ), leading to a 0.24°C increase in white muscle temperature in the 12.5 min after the burst. Routine field metabolic rate was estimated at 185.2 mg O2 kg-1 h-1 (at 18°C ambient temperature). Gliding behaviour (zero TBF) was more frequently observed after periods of high activity, especially after capture when internal (white muscle) temperature approached 21°C (ambient temperature: 18.3°C), indicating gliding probably functions as an energy recovery mechanism and limits further metabolic heat production. The results show shortfin mako sharks generally cruise at speeds similar to other endothermic fish - but faster than ectothermic sharks - with the maximum recorded burst speed being among the highest so far directly measured among sharks, tunas and billfishes. This newly recorded high-oxygen-demand performance of mako sharks suggests it may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to climate-driven ocean deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Waller
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Ivo da Costa
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Tiago Cidade
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Bruno Loureiro
- CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do PortoCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Freya C. Womersley
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARUniversidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARUniversidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
| | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARUniversidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
| | | | | | | | - David W. Sims
- Marine Biological AssociationThe LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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8
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Royer M, Meyer C, Royer J, Maloney K, Cardona E, Blandino C, Fernandes da Silva G, Whittingham K, Holland KN. "Breath holding" as a thermoregulation strategy in the deep-diving scalloped hammerhead shark. Science 2023; 380:651-655. [PMID: 37167384 DOI: 10.1126/science.add4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish moving between different thermal environments experience heat exchange via conduction through the body wall and convection from blood flow across the gills. We report a strategy of preventing convective heat loss at the gills during excursions into deep, cold water by the tropical scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphryna lewini). Adult scalloped hammerhead sharks dive rapidly and repeatedly from warm (~26°C) surface waters to depths exceeding 800 meters with temperatures as low as 5°C. Biologgers attached to adult sharks show that warm muscle temperatures were maintained throughout the deepest portion of each dive. Substantive cooling only occurred during the latter stages of the ascent phase and, once initiated, was rapid. Heat transfer coefficient modeling indicated that convective heat transfer was suspended, probably by suppressing gill function during deep dives. This previously unobserved strategy has broad similarities to marine mammal "breath hold" diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Royer
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Carl Meyer
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - John Royer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Kelsey Maloney
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Edward Cardona
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Chloé Blandino
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Guilherme Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
- Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Kim N Holland
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
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9
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Saraiva BM, Macena BCL, Solleliet-Ferreira S, Afonso P, Fontes J. First insights into the shortfin mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus) fine-scale swimming behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230012. [PMID: 37153366 PMCID: PMC10154923 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As regional endotherms, lamnid sharks can sustain high cruising speeds and perform frequent speed bursts. However, since endothermy comes with high energetic costs, lamnids may adopt different swimming strategies to manage their energy budget. Understanding such strategies is essential to provide behavioural and physiological context to their broader movement ecology. The endangered shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) possibly has the highest energy requirements among lamnids, but our understanding of its swimming behaviour is still limited. We equipped three shortfin mako sharks with high-resolution multi-sensor tags to measure their swimming kinematics in the wild. While swimming horizontally, individuals favoured tail-beat frequencies around 0.6 Hz at speeds comparable to those of ectothermic sharks (ca 0.5 m s-1). All individuals displayed yo-yo-like diving patterns where, for a given tail-beat frequency, speeds were higher during descents, as expected for a negatively buoyant fish. Contrary to what was expected, gliding was almost absent (less than 1.31%). Speed bursts reaching up to 3.6 m s-1 were observed during the day but ceased shortly after dusk, implying a diel change in swimming behaviour. As large-scale research efforts are hindered by this species' increasing rarity, opportunistic high-resolution datasets, like the present, are fundamental to improve our understanding of shortfin mako's behaviour and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Saraiva
- Ocean Sciences Institute2014;OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
- Institue of Marine Research, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Ocean Sciences Institute2014;OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
- Institue of Marine Research, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Silvio Solleliet-Ferreira
- Ocean Sciences Institute2014;OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Ocean Sciences Institute2014;OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
- Institue of Marine Research, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Ocean Sciences Institute2014;OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
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Skelton ZR, Prinzing TS, Hastings PA, Wegner NC. Laboratory-based measures of temperature preference and metabolic thermal sensitivity provide insight into the habitat utilisation of juvenile California horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) and leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:829-843. [PMID: 36625095 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory-based studies examining fish physiological and behavioural responses to temperature can provide important insight into species-specific habitat preferences and utilisation, and are especially useful in examining vulnerable life stages that are difficult to study in the wild. This study couples shuttle box behavioural experiments with respirometry trials to determine the temperature preferences and metabolic thermal sensitivity of juvenile California horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) and leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata). As juveniles, these two species often occupy similar estuarine habitats but display contrasting behaviours and activity levels - H. francisci are relatively sedentary, whereas T. semifasciata are more active and mobile. This study shows that juvenile H. francisci and T. semifasciata have comparable thermal preferences and occupy similar temperature ranges, but H. francisci metabolism is more sensitive to acute changes in temperature as expressed through a higher Q10 (H. francisci = 2.58; T. semifasciata = 1.97; temperature range: 12-24°C). Underlying chronic temperature acclimation to both warm (21°C) and cool (15°C) representative seasonal temperatures did not appear to significantly affect these parameters. These results are discussed in the context of field studies examining known distributions, habitat and movement patterns of H. francisci and T. semifasciata to better understand the role of temperature in species-specific behaviour. Juvenile H. francisci likely target thermally stable environments, such as estuaries that are close to their preferred temperature, whereas juvenile T. semifasciata metabolism and behaviour appear less dependent on temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Skelton
- Ocean Associates Inc. under contract to Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tanya S Prinzing
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Philip A Hastings
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
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Hunting behavior of a solitary sailfish Istiophorus platypterus and estimated energy gain after prey capture. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1484. [PMID: 36707627 PMCID: PMC9883507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foraging behavior and interaction with prey is an integral component of the ecological niche of predators but is inherently difficult to observe for highly mobile animals in the marine environment. Billfishes have been described as energy speculators, expending a large amount of energy foraging, expecting to offset high costs with periodic high energetic gain. Surface-based group feeding of sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, is commonly observed, yet sailfish are believed to be largely solitary roaming predators with high metabolic requirements, suggesting that individual foraging also represents a major component of predator-prey interactions. Here, we use biologging data and video to examine daily activity levels and foraging behavior, estimate metabolic costs, and document a solitary predation event for a 40 kg sailfish. We estimate a median active metabolic rate of 218.9 ± 70.5 mgO2 kg-1 h-1 which increased to 518.8 ± 586.3 mgO2 kg-1 h-1 during prey pursuit. Assuming a successful predation, we estimate a daily net energy gain of 2.4 MJ (5.1 MJ acquired, 2.7 MJ expended), supporting the energy speculator model. While group hunting may be a common activity used by sailfish to acquire energy, our calculations indicate that opportunistic individual foraging events offer a net energy return that contributes to the fitness of these highly mobile predators.
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Pinti J, Shatley M, Carlisle A, Block BA, Oliver MJ. Using pseudo-absence models to test for environmental selection in marine movement ecology: the importance of sample size and selection strength. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 36581885 PMCID: PMC9798696 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the selection of environmental conditions by animals requires knowledge of where they are, but also of where they could have been. Presence data can be accurately estimated by direct sampling, sightings, or through electronic tag deployments. However, absence data are harder to determine because absences are challenging to measure in an uncontrolled setting. To address this problem, ecologists have developed different methods for generating pseudo-absence data relying on theoretical movement models. These null models represent the movement of environmentally naive individuals, creating a set of locations that animals could have been if they were not exhibiting environmental selection. METHODS Here, we use four different kinds of null animal movement models-Brownian motion, Lévy walks, Correlated random walks, and Joint correlated random walks to test the ability and power of each of these null movement models to serve as appropriate animal absence models. We use Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to detect environmental selection using two data sets, one of simulated animal tracks biased towards warmer sea surface temperatures, and one of 57 observed blue shark tracks of unknown sea surface temperature selection. RESULTS The four different types of movement models showed minimal difference in the ability to serve as appropriate null models for environmental selection studies. Selection strength and sample size were more important in detecting true environmental selection. We show that this method can suffer from high false positive rates, especially in the case where animals are not selecting for specific environments. We provide estimates of test accuracy at different sample sizes and selection strengths to avoid false positives when using this method. CONCLUSION We show how movement models can be used to generate pseudo-absences and test for habitat selection in marine organisms. While this approach efficiently detects environmental selection in marine organisms, it cannot detect the underlying mechanisms driving this selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Pinti
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 19958, USA.
| | - Matthew Shatley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 19958, USA
| | - Aaron Carlisle
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 19958, USA
| | - Barbara A Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Biology Department, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Matthew J Oliver
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 19958, USA
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Harding L, Gallagher A, Jackson A, Bortoluzzi J, Dolton HR, Shea B, Harman L, Edwards D, Payne N. Capture heats up sharks. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac065. [PMID: 36186915 PMCID: PMC9517936 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Catch-and-release fishing is an important component of ecotourism industries and scientific research worldwide, but its total impact on animal physiology, health and survival is understudied for many species of fishes, particularly sharks. We combined biologging and blood chemistry to explore how this fisheries interaction influenced the physiology of two widely distributed, highly migratory shark species: the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). Nineteen sharks were caught by drum line or rod-and-reel angling; subcutaneous body temperature measurements were taken immediately upon capture, with six individuals also providing subsequent subcutaneous body temperature measurements via biologging as they swam freely for several hours post-release. We found that short-term capture caused shark body temperature to increase significantly and rapidly, with increases of 0.6°C-2.7°C for blue sharks (mean, 1.2 ± 0.6°C) and 0.5°C-0.9°C for tiger sharks (mean, 0.7 ± 0.2°C) and with capture-induced heating rates of blue sharks averaging 0.3°C min-1 but as high as 0.8°C min-1. Blue shark body temperature was even higher deeper into the white muscle. These heating rates were three to eight times faster than maximum rates encountered by our biologging sharks swimming through thermally stratified waters and faster than most acute heating experiments conducted with ectotherms in laboratory experiments. Biologging data showed that body temperatures underwent gradual decline after release, returning to match water temperatures 10-40 mins post-release. Blood biochemistry showed variable lactate/glucose levels following capture; however, these concentrations were not correlated with the magnitude of body temperature increase, nor with body size or hooking time. These perturbations of the natural state could have immediate and longer-term effects on the welfare and ecology of sharks caught in catch-and-release fisheries and we encourage further study of the broader implications of this reported phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Harding
- Corresponding author: Lucy Harding, Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. E-mail:
| | | | - Andrew Jackson
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Jenny Bortoluzzi
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Haley R Dolton
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Brendan Shea
- Beneath the Waves, PO BOX 126, Herndon, VA 20172, USA
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, T23 N73K, Ireland
| | - David Edwards
- West Cork Charters, Shannonvale, Clonakilty, Co. Cork, , P85 FV00, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Payne
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
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