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Wekumbura C, Hettiarachchi GM, Sobin C. Estimating the proportion of bioaccessible lead (BaPb) in household dust wipe samples: a comparison of IVBA and PBET methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:127-138. [PMID: 36840601 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2178206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Established methods for using standardized dust wipes to collect and measure total lead in household dust are readily available but the use of dust wipes to measure bioaccessible lead (BaPb) is less clear. This study compared two in vitro methods for estimating the proportion of BaPb in dust collected into dust wipes including the US-EPA's in-vitro bioaccessible assay (IVBA) method at two pH (1.5 and 2.5) values; and the physiologically based extraction test (PBET 2.5 pH). Two types of simulated household dust samples (Pb-soil contaminated and Pb-paint contaminated) each with three Pb concentrations were created. Equal amounts of simulated dust were applied to a smooth surface and collected following the standard EPA dust wipe protocol and were analyzed for BaPb and total Pb (ASTM-E1644-17, ICP-OES). Estimated BaPb levels differed significantly by the method of extraction. Mean percent BaPb were IVBA pH 1.5, > 90% (Pb-paint) and 59-63% (Pb-soil); IVBA pH 2.5 78-86% (Pb-paint) and 45-50% (Pb-soil); PBET pH 2.5 56 to 61% (Pb-paint) and 41-50% Pb-soil). Particularly for lead-paint contaminated dust, PBET showed significantly greater discrimination as suggested by the broader range of BaPb values and closer approximation to total lead concentrations in simulated household dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Sobin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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2
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He X, Zhao Q, Chai X, Song Y, Li X, Lu X, Li S, Chen X, Yuan Y, Cai Z, Qi Z. Contribution and Effects of PM 2.5-Bound Lead to the Cardiovascular Risk of Workers in a Non-Ferrous Metal Smelting Area Considering Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1743-1754. [PMID: 36683337 PMCID: PMC10775141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead is known to have toxic effects on the cardiovascular system. Owing to its high concentration, transmission range, and absorption efficiency in organisms, inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-bound lead (PM2.5-Pb) may cause significant cardiovascular damage. However, the contribution and adverse effects of PM2.5-Pb on workers and residents in non-ferrous metal smelting areas are not fully understood. In this work, the concentration and chemical speciation of PM2.5-Pb were analyzed to determine its pollution characteristics at a typical non-ferrous metal smelting site. A panel study conducted among factory workers revealed that PM2.5-Pb exposure makes an important contribution to the human absorption of Pb. Although the chemical speciation of PM2.5-Pb suggested poor water solubility, a high bioavailability was observed in mice (tissue average value: 50.1%, range: 31.1-71.1%) subjected to inhalation exposure for 8 weeks. Based on the bioavailability data, the relationship between PM2.5-Pb exposure and cardiovascular damage was evaluated in animal simulation experiments. Finally, a damage threshold and cardiovascular-specific risk assessment model were established for the non-ferrous metal smelting area. Our project not only accurately estimates the risk of PM2.5-bound heavy metals on the cardiovascular system but also offers a scientific basis for future prevention and therapy of PM2.5-Pb-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochong He
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Qiting Zhao
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Xuyang Chai
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong00000, China
| | - Xuelan Li
- The
Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of
Shunde), 528300Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingwen Lu
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Shoupeng Li
- Analysis
and Test Center, Guangdong University of
Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The
Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of
Shunde), 528300Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong00000, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health,
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong
University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
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3
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Ettler V, Hladíková K, Mihaljevič M, Drahota P, Culka A, Jedlicka R, Kříbek B, Vaněk A, Penížek V, Sracek O, Bagai Z. Contaminant Binding and Bioaccessibility in the Dust From the Ni-Cu Mining/Smelting District of Selebi-Phikwe (Botswana). GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000683. [PMID: 36348990 PMCID: PMC9636585 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We studied the dust fractions of the smelting slag, mine tailings, and soil from the former Ni-Cu mining and processing district in Selebi-Phikwe (eastern Botswana). Multi-method chemical and mineralogical investigations were combined with oral bioaccessibility testing of the fine dust fractions (<48 and <10 μm) in a simulated gastric fluid to assess the potential risk of the intake of metal(loid)s contaminants. The total concentrations of the major contaminants varied significantly (Cu: 301-9,600 mg/kg, Ni: 850-7,000 mg/kg, Co: 48-791 mg/kg) but were generally higher in the finer dust fractions. The highest bioaccessible concentrations of Co, Cu, and Ni were found in the slag and mine tailing dusts, where these metals were mostly bound in sulfides (pentlandite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite). On the contrary, the soil dusts exhibited substantially lower bioaccessible fractions of these metals due to their binding in less soluble spinel-group oxides. The results indicate that slag dusts are assumed to be risk materials, especially when children are considered as a target group. Still, this exposure scenario seems unrealistic due to (a) the fencing of the former mine area and its inaccessibility to the local community and (b) the low proportion of the fine particles in the granulated slag dump and improbability of their transport by wind. The human health risk related to the incidental ingestion of the soil dust, the most accessible to the local population, seems to be quite limited in the Selebi-Phikwe area, even when a higher dust ingestion rate (280 mg/d) is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Ettler
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral ResourcesFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Hladíková
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral ResourcesFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mihaljevič
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral ResourcesFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | - Petr Drahota
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral ResourcesFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | - Adam Culka
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral ResourcesFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | - Radim Jedlicka
- Institute of Petrology and Structural GeologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | | | - Aleš Vaněk
- Department of Soil Science and Soil ProtectionFaculty of AgrobiologyFood and Natural ResourcesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6Czech Republic
| | - Vít Penížek
- Department of Soil Science and Soil ProtectionFaculty of AgrobiologyFood and Natural ResourcesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6Czech Republic
| | - Ondra Sracek
- Department of GeologyFaculty of SciencePalacký University in OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Zibisani Bagai
- Department of GeologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of BotswanaGaboroneBotswana
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Alankarage D, Juhasz AL. Impact of smelter re-development on spatial and temporal airborne Pb concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119952. [PMID: 35985437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particulate (TSP) and PM10 filters collected from two ambient air monitoring stations in Port Pirie were analysed to determine the impact of a lead (Pb) smelter redevelopment on air quality parameters including total elemental concentration, Pb isotopic ratio, Pb bioaccessibility and Pb speciation. Filters from 2009 to 2020 were analysed with a focus on samples from 2017 (immediately prior to smelter redevelopment) and 2020 (post-smelter redevelopment). Lead concentration in 2009-2020 TSP was variable ranging up to 6.94 μg m-3 (mean = 0.57 μg m-3), however, no significant decrease in Pb concentration was observed at either Port Pirie West (p = 0.56, n = 34) or Oliver Street (p = 0.32, n = 28) monitoring stations when 2017 and 2020 TSP values were compared. Similarly, no significant difference (p = 0.42) in PM10 Pb concentration was observed in 2017 (mean = 0.80 μg m-3) and 2020 (0.60 μg m-3) Oliver Street filters. Although no change in percentage Pb bioaccessibility was observed when 2017 and 2020 Port Pirie West TSP samples were compared (mean of 88.7% versus 88.0%), Pb bioaccessibility was lower (p < 0.005) in both 2020 TSP (mean of 83.9% versus 62.9%) and PM10 (mean of 70.8% versus 58.3%) Oliver Street filters compared to 2017. While scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy identified a number of Pb phases within filters (galena, anglesite, cerussite, conglomerates), differences in Pb speciation between 2017 and 2020 filters could not be identified although it was presumed that this influenced Pb bioaccessibility outcomes at Oliver Street. Data from this study suggests that recent smelter redevelopments have not significantly decreased the concentrations of airborne Pb in Port Pirie although re-entrainment of soil-Pb from historical impact may also be a contributing Pb source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Australia.
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5
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Pérez-Sirvent C, Martínez-Martínez LB, Martínez-Lopez S, Hernández-Perez C, García-Lorenzo ML, Bech J, Martínez-Sánchez MJ. Assessment of risk from lead intake in mining areas: proposal of indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:447-463. [PMID: 34146209 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study discusses an estimate of the risk associated with the intake of soil contaminated by lead, based on the nature of the source, through a detailed study of the parameters that can influence the bioaccessibility of the element from soil intake. Statistical variables that are related to the solubility and bioavailability of lead are used for this purpose. This includes considering the values of pH, electrical conductivity, particle size, mineralogical composition and the bioaccessibility/bioasimilability of lead. Obtaining an algorithm, represented by different probability distributions of the parameters considered, needs a thorough knowledge of the source materials, which may allow estimating/evaluating the intake health risk provided by the concentration of the metal present. The selected materials are from sites affected by mining activities in the Region of Murcia (SE of Spain) and soils in nearby areas, using a total of 186 samples. Soil samples, once screened and homogenized, were parameterized by determining pH, electrical conductivity, granulometry, both total and water-extractable Pb content. Oral bioaccessibility tests were also performed, and a detailed mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Pérez-Sirvent
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lucia Belén Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvadora Martínez-Lopez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Perez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mari Luz García-Lorenzo
- Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Moncloa Campus of International Excellence, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Bech
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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6
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Ettler V, Cihlová M, Jarošíková A, Mihaljevič M, Drahota P, Kříbek B, Vaněk A, Penížek V, Sracek O, Klementová M, Engel Z, Kamona F, Mapani B. Oral bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in dust materials from mining areas of northern Namibia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:205-215. [PMID: 30654327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ore mining and processing in semi-arid areas is responsible for the generation of metal(loid)-containing dust, which is easily transported by wind to the surrounding environment. To assess the human exposure to dust-derived metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn), as well as the potential risks related to incidental dust ingestion, we studied mine tailing dust (n = 8), slag dust (n = 5) and smelter dust (n = 4) from old mining and smelting sites in northern Namibia (Kombat, Berg Aukas, Tsumeb). In vitro bioaccessibility testing using extraction in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was combined with determination of grain-size distributions, chemical and mineralogical characterizations and leaching tests conducted on original dust samples and separated PM10 fractions. The bulk and bioaccessible concentrations of the metal(loid)s were ranked as follows: mine tailing dusts < slag dusts ≪ smelter dusts. Extremely high As and Pb bioaccessibilities in the smelter dusts were caused by the presence of highly soluble phases such as arsenolite (As2O3) and various metal-arsenates unstable under the acidic conditions of SGF. The exposure estimates calculated for an adult person of 70 kg at a dust ingestion rate of 50 mg/day indicated that As, Pb (and also Cd to a lesser extent) grossly exceeded tolerable daily intake limits for these contaminants in the case of slag and smelter dusts. The high risk for smelter dusts has been acknowledged, and the safety measures currently adopted by the smelter operator in Tsumeb are necessary to reduce the staff's exposure to contaminated dust. The exposure risk for the local population is only important at the unfenced disposal sites at Berg Aukas, where the PM10 exhibited high levels of bioaccessible Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Ettler
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Cihlová
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Jarošíková
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mihaljevič
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Drahota
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Kříbek
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Vaněk
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Penížek
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondra Sracek
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mariana Klementová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Engel
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Fred Kamona
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ben Mapani
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
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7
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Jin ZF, Zhang ZJ, Zhang H, Liu CQ, Li FL. Assessment of lead bioaccessibility in soils around lead battery plants in East China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1247-1254. [PMID: 25460768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil ingestion is an important human exposure pathway for lead (Pb). A modified physiologically based extraction test was applied to 70 soil samples from five battery plants in East China. The mean values for soil pH, soil organic matter, Fe and Mn concentrations ranged from 5.9% to 8.1, 0.37% to 2.2%, 2.78% to 3.75%, and 507-577 mg kg(-1), respectively, while Pb concentrations ranged widely in 14.3-2000 mg kg(-1). The isotopic ratios of 14 soils from one of the five battery plants formed a straight line in the plot of (208)Pb/(206)Pb vs. (207)Pb/(206)Pb, indicating Pb emissions from the lead battery plant as the dominant anthropogenic source within 200 m. Lead bioaccessibility in the soils ranged from 4.1% to 66.9% in the gastric phase and from 0.28% to 9.29% in the gastrointestinal phase. Multiple step regressions identified modes as BAgastric=-106.8+0.627[Pb]+19.1[Fe]+11.3[SOM], and BAgastrointestinal=-2.852+0.078[Pb].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan-Fang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhuo-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Fei-Li Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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8
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Argyraki A. Garden soil and house dust as exposure media for lead uptake in the mining village of Stratoni, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:677-692. [PMID: 24292695 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between two exposure media, garden soil and house dust, were studied for Pb uptake in Stratoni village in northern Greece, an industrial area of mining and processing of sulphide ore. Lead data for the two media were assessed in terms of total and bioaccessible content, measurement and geochemical variability, and mineralogical composition. It was found that total Pb was enriched in house dust samples by a factor of 2 on average. Total Pb concentration in soil samples had a maximum of 2,040 mg/kg and reached a maximum of 7,000 mg/kg in house dust samples. The estimated variability due to measurement uncertainty was dominated by the sampling process, and the proportion of sampling variance was greater for soil samples, indicating a higher degree of Pb heterogeneity in soil on the given spatial scale of sampling strata. Although the same general spatial trend was observed for both sampling media with decreasing Pb concentration by increasing distance from the ore-processing plant, Pb in dust samples displayed the highest concentrations within a 300-600-m zone from the ore-processing facility. The significant differences which were observed in Pb speciation between the studied media were explained by differences in mineralogical composition of outdoor soil and indoor dust. Lead-enriched Fe and Mn oxides predominated in soil samples while fine galena grains (<10-20 μm diameter) were the major Pb-bearing phase in dust samples. The integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model was used to predict the risk of elevated blood lead levels in children of Stratoni. Model prediction indicated an average probability of 61 % for blood-Pb to exceed 10 μg/dl. The results underline the importance of house dust in risk assessment and highlight the effect of outdoor and indoor conditions on the fate of Pb in the particular environment of Stratoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Argyraki
- Department of Economic Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece,
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9
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Senila M. Real and simulated bioavailability of lead in contaminated and uncontaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:108. [PMID: 25097761 PMCID: PMC4114113 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a toxic element that occurs in elevated concentrations in soils, mostly as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assess the Pb bioavailability in soils from two areas with different contamination level using Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT) technique, single extractions and metal contents of vegetables grown on contaminated soils. RESULTS In the area situated far from mining and smelting activities, the pseudo total Pb concentration (12 - 51 mg kg(-1) dw) was found to be comparable to that normally found in unpolluted areas. In the area from the vicinity of the Pb smelter very high concentrations of pseudo-total Pb (850 - 9300 mg kg(-1) dw) were found. The average concentrations of Pb accumulated in onion, garlic, carrot, and parsley grown on this contaminated soils were 18, 48, 38 and 91 mg kg(-1) dw, respectively, and represent a risk factor for the consumers. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the utility of DGT technique for the assessment of Pb bioavailability, since, generally, better correlations are obtained between the effective Pb concentration and Pb concentration in vegetables than for bioavailable Pb determined by chemical extractions and Pb concentration in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Senila
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, ICIA, 67 Donath, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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10
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Wragg J, Cave M, Basta N, Brandon E, Casteel S, Denys S, Gron C, Oomen A, Reimer K, Tack K, Van de Wiele T. An inter-laboratory trial of the unified BARGE bioaccessibility method for arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4016-30. [PMID: 21703664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe (BARGE) has carried out an inter-laboratory trial of a proposed harmonised in vitro physiologically based ingestion bioaccessibility procedure for soils, called the Unified BARGE Method (UBM). The UBM includes an initial saliva phase and simulated stomach and intestine compartments. The trial involved the participation of seven laboratories (five European and two North American) providing bioaccessibility data for As (11 samples), Cd (9 samples) and Pb (13 samples) using soils with in vivo relative bioavailability data measured using a swine model. The results of the study were compared with benchmark criteria for assessing the suitability of the UBM to provide data for human health risk assessments. Mine waste and slag soils containing high concentrations of As caused problems of poor repeatability and reproducibility which were alleviated when the samples were run at lower soil to solution ratios. The study showed that the UBM met the benchmark criteria for both the stomach and stomach & intestine phase for As. For Cd, three out of four criteria were met for the stomach phase but only one for the stomach & intestine phase. For Pb two, out of four criteria were met for the stomach phase and none for the stomach & intestine phase. However, the study recommends tighter control of pH in the stomach phase extraction to improve between-laboratory variability, more reproducible in vivo validation data and that a follow up inter-laboratory trial should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Cui Y, Chen X. Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) bioaccessibility in various soils from south China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 177:481-492. [PMID: 20700649 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen soil samples with various concentrations of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) were collected from five provinces of south China, and bioaccessibility of Pb and As in the soils were examined using a physiologically based extraction test. The results showed that the bioaccessibility ranged from 24.6% to 82.5% and 2.3% to 57.5% for Pb, 2.5% to 65.5% and 1.2% to 31.8% for As in the gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively. The effect of soil properties on the bioaccessible of Pb/As was evaluated. Path analysis showed that coefficients of determination (R (2)) for the bioaccessible Pb were 0.93 in the both gastric and small intestinal phases and for the bioaccessible As were 0.98 and 0.99 in the gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively. Among all the soil characteristics, OM, DCBFe, CEC, and WAs were significant for controlling PbD, and CEC, CaCl(2)-Pb, and WAs were important for controlling PbI. Partitioning by path analysis also showed significant direct effects by CaCl(2)-Pb and WAs on AsD, and OM, CEC, CaCl(2)-Pb, and WAs on AsI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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