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Mosquera-Vivas CS, Celis-Ossa RE, González-Murillo CA, Obregón-Neira N, Martínez-Cordón MJ, Guerrero-Dallos JA, García-Santos G. Empirical model to assess leaching of pesticides in soil under a steady-state flow and tropical conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 21:1301-1320. [PMID: 38223844 PMCID: PMC10784402 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-05038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Abstract An empirical model of leaching of pesticides was developed to simulate the concentration of fungicides throughout unsaturated soil. The model was based on chemical reactions and the travel time of a conservative tracer to represent the travel time required for water to flow between soil layers. The model's performance was then tested using experimental data from dimethomorph and pyrimethanil applied to the soil under field and laboratory conditions. The empirical model simulated fungicide concentration on soil solids and in soil solution at different depths over time (mean square error between 2.9 mg2 kg-2 and 61mg2 kg-2) using sorption percentages and degradation rates under laboratory conditions. The sorption process was affected by the organic carbon, clay, and the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil. The degradation rate values of dimethomorph (0.039 d-1-0.009 d-1) and pyrimethanil (0.053 d-1-0.004 d-1) decreased from 0 to 40 cm and then remained constant in deeper soil layers (60-80 cm). Fungicide degradation was a critical input in the model at subsurface layers. The model was determined to be a reliable mathematical tool to estimate the leachability of pesticides in tropical soil under a steady-state flow. It may be extended to other substances and soils for environmental risk assessment projects. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-05038-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Mosquera-Vivas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, At current Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avenue 45th, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - R. E. Celis-Ossa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrícola, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avenue 45th, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - C. A. González-Murillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrícola, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avenue 45th, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - N. Obregón-Neira
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Avenue 7th, 110231 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - M. J. Martínez-Cordón
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avenue 45th, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - J. A. Guerrero-Dallos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avenue 45th, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - G. García-Santos
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, Alpen-Adria-University, Lakesidepark Haus B02, Ebene 2, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
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2
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Duan X, Li J, Li Y. The fate of three typical persistent organic pollutants in bioretention columns as revealed by stable carbon isotopes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138996. [PMID: 37211166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of simple and effective methods to quantify the fate processes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in bioretention systems. In this study, the fate and elimination processes of three typical 13C-labeled POPs in regularly added bioretention columns were quantified using stable carbon isotope analysis techniques. The results showed that the modified media bioretention column removed more than 90% of Pyrene, PCB169 and p,p'-DDT. Media adsorption was the dominant removal mechanism for the reduction of the three exogenous organic compounds (59.1-71.8% of the input) although plant uptake (5.9-18.0%) was also important. Mineralization was effective in degrading pyrene (13.1%) but had a very limited effect on p,p'-DDT and PCB169 removal (<2.0%), the reason for which may be related to the aerobic conditions of the filter column. Volatilization was relatively weak and negligible (<1.5%). The presence of heavy metals inhibited the removal of POPs to some extent: media adsorption, mineralization and plant uptake were reduced by 4.3-6.4%, 1.8-8.3% and 1.5-3.6% respectively. This study suggests that bioretention systems are an effective measure for the sustainable removal of POPs from stormwater and that heavy metals can inhibit the overall performance of the system. Stable carbon isotope analysis techniques can help to investigate the migration and transformation of POPs in bioretention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Jiake Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Yuxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
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Li H, Gong W, Lv W, Wang Y, Dong W, Lu A. Target and suspect screening of pesticide residues in soil samples from peach orchards using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114664. [PMID: 36807059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soil contamination by pesticide residues has become a serious issue of increasing concern due to their high persistence and toxicity to non-target species. However, as the world's largest peach producer, national scale surveys on pesticide residues in peach orchard soils are scarce in China. In this study, a target and suspect screening method covering over 200 pesticides commonly used in peach orchards was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in MSE. An identification strategy using different data processing parameters was developed to identify the pesticide occurrence in soil. The method was applied to soil samples from typical peach orchards in 12 regions across China. The present work also discusses in detail the frequency of occurrence, concentration of pesticides, spatial distribution of multiresidues, and relationship between pesticide occurrence and soil properties. In the tested soil samples, 21 herbicides (level 1), 31 fungicides (level 2a), 24 insecticides (level 2a), and 3 growth regulators (level 2a) were identified. The total concentrations of quantifiable herbicides in the soil samples ranged from 1.05 to 327 ng/g. Only in 5.4% of the soil samples, no pesticide residues were present. By contrast, more than 86% of the total contained multiple residues. This study represents the first large-scale survey of pesticides in soil from peach orchards and provides comprehensive and accurate information on the pesticide residue status for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenwen Gong
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenxiao Lv
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Youran Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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4
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Yuan L, Chai Y, Li C, Liu R, Chen Z, Li L, Li W, He Y. Dissipation, residue, dietary, and ecological risk assessment of atrazine in apples, grapes, tea, and their soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35064-35072. [PMID: 33661496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is one of the most used herbicides in China. It is a persistent organic pollutant but has been widely used on Chinese farmlands for a long time. To assess its dietary and ecological risks to human and environment, in this study, atrazine residues were extracted with acetonitrile and then plant samples were detected with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and soil samples were determined with gas chromatography coupled with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.01 mg/kg for all matrices. The recoveries ranged from 82.0 to 105.4% for plant samples and 75.6 to 85.6% for soil samples. The final residues of atrazine in all plant samples were lower than LOQ. Dietary risk assessment suggested that under good agricultural practices (GAP) conditions, intake of atrazine from apples, grapes, and tea would exhibit an acceptably low health risk on consumers. However, the final residues of atrazine in soil samples were <0.01-9.2 mg/kg, and the half-lives were 2.0-9.1 days. Based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) model, the potential affected fraction (PAF) of atrazine in soil samples ranges from 0.01 to 65.8%. Atrazine residues in 43.1% soil samples were higher than 0.11 mg/kg, which was the hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) of atrazine in soil. These results suggested that the ecological risks of atrazine in apples, grapes, and tea garden soil would exhibit a high risk on environmental species even under the same GAP conditions. This study could provide guidance for comprehensive risk assessment of atrazine properly used in apple, grape, and tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yida Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Congdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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Das A, Jaswal V, Yogalakshmi KN. Degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil using laccase immobilized iron oxide nanoparticles and their competent role in deterring the mobility of chlorpyrifos. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125676. [PMID: 31918078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Covalent-immobilization of the laccase enzyme onto the iron oxide nanoparticles was achieved using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as cross-linkers. The presence of sulphur moeity in the laccase immobilized nanoparticles (LNPs) observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) spectra confirmed the immobilization of laccase enzyme. The TEM analysis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FNPs), chitosan coated iron nanoparticles (CNPs) and laccase immobilized nanoparticles (LNPs) confirmed their sizes around 12, 15 and 20 nm, respectively. The effect of LNPs in degrading chlorpyrifos under field conditions was studied by simulating the conditions in a column. Column A, which was used as control showed more leaching of chlorpyrifos as compared to column B containing LNPs. The sorption coefficient (Kd) value obtained for control (column A) and LNPs containing column B were 21.6 and 112.3 L/kg, respectively. LNPs altered the Kd values of soil thereby showing lesser leaching potential. Higher the Kd value, lesser will be the leaching potential in the ground water. Copper in laccase enzyme resulted in hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos. Chitosan used for coating on FNPs and soil organic matter resulted in the adsoption of chlorpyrifos. Current results will allow a better assessment of the role of LNPs as a competent deterrent in chlorpyrifos mobility and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Das
- Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vijay Jaswal
- Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - K N Yogalakshmi
- Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
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Farner Budarz J, Cooper EM, Gardner C, Hodzic E, Ferguson PL, Gunsch CK, Wiesner MR. Chlorpyrifos degradation via photoreactive TiO 2 nanoparticles: Assessing the impact of a multi-component degradation scenario. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 372:61-68. [PMID: 29254886 PMCID: PMC5995634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of pesticides enter surface waters following agricultural application, raising environmental and human health concerns. The use of photoreactive nanoparticles has shown promise for contaminant degradation and surface water remediation. However, it remains uncertain how the complexity of natural waters will impact the photodegradation process. Here, we investigate the photoreactivity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, the capability to degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos, and the effect of and impact on bacteria during the photodegradation process. Loss of chlorpyrifos in solution resulted solely from photocatalytic oxidation, with 80% degradation observed after 24 h in our reactor, either in the presence or absence of bacteria. Degradation of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol was observed via LC/MS-MS and effectively modeled for the given reactor conditions. Bacterial inactivation occurred over 60 min and was not impacted by the presence of chlorpyrifos. The relative affinity of bacteria and chlorpyrifos for the nanoparticle surface decreased the amount of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) detected in the bulk by up to 94%, suggesting that ROS measurements in simplified systems may overestimate the reactivity of photoreactive nanoparticles in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Farner Budarz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ellen M Cooper
- Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Courtney Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Emina Hodzic
- Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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7
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Liu X, Wu H, Hu T, Chen X, Ding X. Adsorption and leaching of novel fungicide pyraoxystrobin on soils by 14C tracing method. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:86. [PMID: 29349621 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyraoxystrobin, (E)-2-(2-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate, is a newly developed strobilurin fungicide with high antifungal efficiency. It has high potential to enter soil environments that might subsequently impact surface and groundwater. Therefore, 14C-labeled pyraoxystrobin was used as a tracer to study the adsorption/desorption and migration behavior of this compound under laboratory conditions in three typical agricultural soils. The adsorption isotherms conformed with the Freundlich equation. Single factor analysis showed that organic matter content was the most important factor influencing the adsorption. The highest adsorption level was measured in soil with low pH and high organic carbon content. Once adsorbed, only 2.54 to 6.41% of the adsorbed compound could be desorbed. In addition, the mobility results from thin-layer chromatography and column leaching studies showed that it might be safe to use pyraoxystrobin as a fungicide without causing groundwater pollution from both runoff and leaching, which might be attributed to its strong hydrophobicity. High organic matter content enhanced pyraoxystrobin adsorption and desorption because of the rule of similarity (lipid solubility). In the column leaching study, 95.02% (minimum value) of the applied 14C remained within the upper 4.0-cm layer after 60 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyue Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Huiming Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Xingcheng Ding
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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Mugni H, Paracampo A, Demetrio P, Pardi M, Bulus G, Ronco A, Bonetto C. Toxicity Persistence of Chlorpyrifos in Runoff from Experimental Soybean Plots to the Non-target Amphipod Hyalella curvispina: Effect of Crop Management. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:257-64. [PMID: 26142121 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity persistence to the nontarget amphipod Hyalella curvispina in runoff events following chlorpyrifos applications to soy experimental plots was compared in conventional and no-till management. Two application scenarios were compared: an early-season application with the soil almost bare and a late-season application after the foliage had attained complete soil cover. H. curvispina was exposed to chlorpyrifos using two different test systems: a short-term (48 h) runoff water exposure and a long-term (10 days) soil exposure. Both commonly used crop management practices for soybean production resulted in runoff toxicity following pesticide applications and represent a toxicity risk for adjacent inland waters. Toxicity persistence was longer after the earlier than the late season application, likely because of higher volatilization and photodecomposition losses from the soy canopy than from the soil. For the early-season application, toxicity persisted longer in the no-till plots than in the conventional tillage plots. Suspended matter was higher in the conventional treatment. Chlorpyrifos sorption to suspended matter likely contributed to the shorter persistence. For the late-season application, toxicity persisted longer in the conventional treatment. The causes remain conjectural. The soil organic carbon content was higher in the no-till treatment. Sorption to organic matter might have contributed to the shorter chlorpyrifos toxicity persistence in no-till management. Late applications are more frequent and prevail longer throughout the soy growing season. Overall, the no-till management practice seems preferably because shorter toxicity persistence in runoff represents a lower environmental risk for the adjacent inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Mugni
- ILPLA (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - UNLP Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl. A. Ringuelet", Boulevard 120 y 62, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina.
| | - Ariel Paracampo
- ILPLA (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - UNLP Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl. A. Ringuelet", Boulevard 120 y 62, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Pablo Demetrio
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CIMA, Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
- CONICET, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Pardi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, Estación Experimental Julio Hirschhorn, Av. 66 y 168, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Bulus
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CIMA, Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
- CIC, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Ronco
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, CIMA, Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
- CONICET, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Bonetto
- ILPLA (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - UNLP Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl. A. Ringuelet", Boulevard 120 y 62, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
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Halimah M, Ismail BS, Nashriyah M, Maznah Z. Mobility Studies of (14)C-Chlorpyrifos in Malaysian Oil Palm Soils. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:120-124. [PMID: 26546229 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of (14)C-chlorpyrifos using soil TLC was investigated in this study. It was found that chlorpyrifos was not mobile in clay, clay loam and peat soil. The mobility of (14)C-chlorpyrifos and non-labelled chlorpyrifos was also tested with silica gel TLC using three types of developing solvent hexane (100%), hexane:ethyl acetate (95:5, v/v); and hexane:ethyl acetate (98:2, v/v). The study showed that both the (14)C-labelled and non-labelled chlorpyrifos have the same Retardation Factor (Rf) for different developing solvent systems. From the soil column study on mobility of chlorpyrifos, it was observed that no chlorpyrifos residue was found below 5 cm depth in three types of soil at simulation rainfall of 20, 50 and 100 mm. Therefore, the soil column and TLC studies have shown similar findings in the mobility of chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Halimah
- Analytical and Quality Development Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - B Sahid Ismail
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mat Nashriyah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Tembila Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zainol Maznah
- Analytical and Quality Development Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Liu Y, Mo R, Tang F, Fu Y, Guo Y. Influence of different formulations on chlorpyrifos behavior and risk assessment in bamboo forest of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20245-20254. [PMID: 26308925 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two formulations (emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granule (G)) on the distribution, degradation, sorption, and residue risk of chlorpyrifos (CHP) were investigated in two producing areas of bamboo shoot. The results showed that CHP was mainly distributed in the topsoil (0-5 cm, P < 0.05), with the proportion of CHP in the total quantity ranging from 76.0 to 100.0 % (G) and 12.0 to 98.1 % (EC), respectively. The degradation of CHP-EC in soils (half-life 27.7-36.4 days) was faster than that of CHP-G in soils (half life above 120-150 days). The main metabolite of CHP, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), was found in soil samples. CHP showed good sorption ability in the two tested soils, with the sorption coefficient (KF) of 43.76 and 94.43 mg/kg. The terminal residues of CHP in bamboo shoots were in the range of 15.2-75.6 (G) and 10.4-35.7 μg/kg (EC), respectively. The soil type had a notable effect on the CHP behaviors in soil (P < 0.05, especially for CHP-G), but it did not affect the metabolite of CHP. Although some positive bamboo shoot samples (CHP residue exceeding maximum residue limits) were found, the hazard quotients did not exceed 7 %, which meant there was a negligible risk associated with the exposure to CHP via the consumption of bamboo shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Runhong Mo
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China
| | - Fubin Tang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yirong Guo
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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11
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El-Nahhal Y, Hamdona N. Phytotoxicity of Alachlor, Bromacil and Diuron as single or mixed herbicides applied to wheat, melon, and molokhia. SPRINGERPLUS 2015. [PMID: 26207198 PMCID: PMC4510307 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the phytotoxicity of herbicides applied singly or as mixtures to different crops under greenhouse conditions. Growth inhibition of the crops was taken as an indicator of phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity of mixtures was estimated by calculating EC50 value in toxic units. EC50 (mg/kg soil) of Alachlor, Bromacil and/or Diuron were: 11.37, 4.77, 1.64, respectively, on melon; 0.11, 0.08, 0.24, respectively, on molokhia, and 3.91, 3.08, 1.83, respectively, on wheat. EC50 values of binary mixture tests of (Alachlor + Bromacil), (Alachlor + Diuron), and (Bromacil + Diuron) were 12.21, 5.84, 10.22 on melon, 0.982, 925.4, 38.1 on molokhia, and 0.673, 1.34, 0.644 on wheat. Tertiary mixture tests showed EC50 values (TU/kg soil) of (Alachlor + Bromacil + Diuron) was 633.9 on melon, 3.02 on molokhia and 32.174 on wheat. Diuron was more toxic than Alachlor and Bromacil to the tested crops based on individual tests. Molokhia was the most sensitive crop to herbicides. Binary mixtures showed a synergistic effect as compared to the tertiary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser El-Nahhal
- Department of Environment and Earth Science, Faculty of Science, The Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Nisreen Hamdona
- Department of Environment and Earth Science, Faculty of Science, The Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine
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Chen L, Li Y, Wang T, Jiang Y, Li K, Yu Y. Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2322-30. [PMID: 25458688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos (CPF-MC) in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos (CPF-EC) in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 (±0.33) and 5.92 (±1.20) mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels (p>0.05). Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20mg/kg treatments (p<0.05) and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures (p<0.05) and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Yanli Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yali Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Tiwari MK, Guha S. Kinetics of biotransformation of chlorpyrifos in aqueous and soil slurry environments. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 51:73-85. [PMID: 24394307 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The attenuation of chlorpyrifos (CPF) by the enriched indigenous soil microorganism was studied in 15 d aerobic and 60 d anaerobic batch experiments in aqueous and soil slurry (1:3 w/w) media. At the end of the batch experiments, 2.78 ± 0.11 μM of CPF was degraded by 82% in aerobic and 66% in anaerobic aqueous environments, while 12.4 ± 0.5 μM of CPF was degraded by 48% in aerobic and 31% in anaerobic soil slurries. The reduced degradation in the soil slurries was due to the significantly (2-10 times) slower rate of degradation of soil phase CPF compared with its degradation rate in water. The pathways of degradation of CPF were identified, including a partial anaerobic degradation pathway that is constructed for the first time. The simulation of the various conversions in the degradation pathways using first order kinetics was used to analyze relative persistence of metabolites. The common metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) accumulated (increased monotonically during the period of experiments) in aerobic soil slurry and in anaerobic aqueous as well as soil slurry systems but did not accumulate in aerobic aqueous system. The most toxic compound in the pathway, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPFO) was not detected in anaerobic environment. In aerobic environment, CPFO was short lived in aqueous medium, but accumulated slowly in the soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Saumyen Guha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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14
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Zhang X, Shen Y, Yu XY, Liu XJ. Dissipation of chlorpyrifos and residue analysis in rice, soil and water under paddy field conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 78:276-280. [PMID: 22195763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The analytical method for the residues of chlorpyrifos in rice plants, water and soil was developed and dissipation of chlorpyrifos under field conditions was studied. The limit of detection (LOD) of chlorpyrifos was 0.006 mg kg(-1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.04 mg kg(-1) in rice plant (water) and 0.02 mg kg(-1) in the other substrates, respectively. The results showed that the initial residues of chlorpyrifos in Nanjing and Guangxi were 4.99 and 6.05 mg kg(-1) (rice plant), 1.35 and 1.58 mg kg(-1) (water) and 0.51 and 0.63 mg kg(-1) (soil), respectively. The half-lives of chlorpyrifos in rice plant, water and soil from Nanjing were 4.28, 0.58 and 1.35 day, respectively, and the half-lives of those from Guangxi were 3.86, 0.52 and 1.21 day, respectively. The husked rice, rice hull and straw samples were found to contain chlorpyrifos well below the maximum residue limit (MRL) following the recommended dosage, the residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were undetectable under all application levels and frequencies after 28 day of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Chang NB, Mani S, Parvathinathan G, Kanth RS. Pesticide Impact Assessment via Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Technique in the Lower Rio Grande River Basin, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12403-009-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Chai LK, Mohd-Tahir N, Hansen S, Hansen HCB. Dissipation and leaching of acephate, chlorpyrifos, and their main metabolites in field soils of Malaysia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:1160-1169. [PMID: 19398513 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Preventive treatment with insecticides at high dosing rates before planting of a new crop- soil drenching- is a common practice in some tropical intensive cropping systems, which may increase the risk of leaching, soil functioning, and pesticide uptake in the next crop. The degradation rates and migration of acephate and chlorpyrifos and their primary metabolites, methamidophos and 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), have been studied in clayey red yellow podzolic (Typic Paleudults), alluvial (Typic Udorthents), and red yellow podzolic soils (Typic Kandiudults) of Malaysia under field conditions. The initial concentrations of acephate and chlorpyrifos in topsoils were found to strongly depend on solar radiation. Both pesticides and their metabolites were detected in subsoils at the deepest sampling depth monitored (50 cm) and with maximum concentrations up to 2.3 mg kg(-1) at soil depths of 10 to 20 cm. Extraordinary high dissipation rates for weakly sorbed acephate was in part attributed to preferential flow which was activated due to the high moisture content of the soils, high precipitation and the presence of conducting macropores running from below the A horizons to at least 1 m, as seen from a dye tracer experiment. Transport of chlorpyrifos and TCP which both sorb strongly to soil organic matter was attributed to macropore transport with soil particles. The half-lives for acephate in topsoils were 0.4 to 2.6 d while substantially longer half-lives of between 12.6 and 19.8 d were observed for chlorpyrifos. The transport through preferential flow of strongly sorbed pesticides is of concern in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Chai
- Agriculture Research Centre, Semongok, Dep. of Agriculture Sarawak, Borneo Height Rd., 93720 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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Hua F, Yunlong Y, Xiaoqiang C, Xiuguo W, Xiaoe Y, Jingquan Y. Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:380-6. [PMID: 19634452 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory condition. The degradation half-live of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that the average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to a similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) was observed, but no significant difference among the values of the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in chlorpyrifos-treated soils. With an increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-life of chlorpyrifos was significantly (P < or = 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effect on soil microorganisms was aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hua
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Gorbatova ON, Koroleva OV, Landesman EO, Stepanova EV, Zherdev AV. Increase of the detoxification potential of basidiomycetes by induction of laccase biosynthesis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683806040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Montemurro N, Grieco F, Lacertosa G, Visconti A. Chlorpyrifos decline curves and residue levels from different commercial formulations applied to oranges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5975-5980. [PMID: 12358468 DOI: 10.1021/jf0256687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Residue levels and degradation rates of chlorpyrifos in orange fruits, orange leaves, and soil were investigated by using three different formulation types, that is, emulsifiable concentrate (EC), wettable granules (WG), and microencapsulates (ME). The pesticide degradation was studied for a period 131 days in orange fruits and for 161 days in orange leaves and soil. The experimental data were used to establish a mathematical model for the decline curves of chlorpyrifos residues as a function of time and to determine the relevant parameters describing such a process. Field trials showed a different degradation rate for EC and WG formulations as compared to ME formulation. For the first two formulations, the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in orange fruits was fast during the first phase and became much slower during the later period. Residue levels of chlorpyrifos from ME remained almost constant for approximately 65 days and then began to decrease. A similar behavior was observed for the three chlorpyrifos formulations on orange leaves and soil. Although microencapsulation of pesticides leads to improved handling safety, additional risks for the consumers, the agriculture workers, and the environment should be taken into account due to prolonged persistence of high residue levels in fruits as well as in leaves and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR, Viale L. Einaudi 51, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Wu L, Liu G, Yates MV, Green RL, Pacheco P, Gan J, Yates SR. Environmental fate of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied to a bentgrass putting green under southern California climatic conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2002; 58:335-342. [PMID: 11975181 DOI: 10.1002/ps.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Putting greens usually receive high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides to meet the high demand for visual quality and to overcome the stress from close mowing and traffic. In this study, two commonly used fungicides, metalaxyl (methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-DL-alaninate) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile), were evaluated for their partitioning and persistence in a bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) putting green under southern California climatic conditions. The putting green site was constructed according to the US Golf Association (USGA) specifications. Lysimeter assemblies installed at the center of each plot were used to monitor the leachate, flux chambers were used to measure volatilization, clippings were collected to determine the residues on grass, and soil cores were sampled to determine residues in the soil profile. Results showed that cumulative volatilization loss accounted for 0.10 and 0.02%, clipping removal 0.11 and 0.13%, and cumulative leaching 0.71 and 0.002% of the applied metalaxyl and chlorothalonil, respectively. The two fungicides were mainly found in the top 10 cm of the soil profile due to the high organic carbon content in the thatch and mat layers. The dissipation half-life was 1.4 days for metalaxyl and 4.9 days for chlorothalonil on grass, shorter than those found in agricultural fields. This study showed that, under normal turf management practices, the offsite transport of the parent fungicides was minimal. Future research should focus on investigating the fate and mobility of the metabolites of the fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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